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Background: Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia and eczema and is caused by a mutation in the WAS gene. WAS has heterogeneous clinical manifestations, and its clinically milder form is called X-linked thrombocytopenia (XLT). Patients with WAS/XLT sometimes have kidney complications, the most common of which is immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy associated with aberrant glycosylation of IgA. Case diagnosis/treatment: The patient was a 6-year-old girl who was diagnosed with female XLT at the age of 4 years; she presented with microscopic hematuria and proteinuria at a school urinalysis. Her father had thrombocytopenia and IgA nephropathy while in his 20 s. The patient and her father had the same WAS gene mutations. A kidney biopsy was performed, and no abnormal findings were observed by light microscopy. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a granular pattern of IgG staining along the capillary wall. Electron microscopy revealed small electron-dense deposits in subepithelial lesions. Consequently, we diagnosed her with membranous nephropathy (MN). Tissue PLA2R and THSD7A were negative, and she was judged unlikely to have secondary MN on the basis of blood test findings and IgG staining. We started the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and her proteinuria gradually decreased. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of MN in a female WAS/XLT patient. WAS protein expression defects affect all immune system cells; however, the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of autoimmunity are not completely understood. In WAS/XLT patients, MN may develop as a result of increased autoantibody production, similar to other types of immunodeficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The emergence of the Omicron strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of December 2021 has drastically increased the number of infected children in Japan, along with the number of children with febrile convulsions, but its clinical impact is unclear. Materials and Methods. We compared the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children hospitalized with febrile convulsions with the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with fever and respiratory symptoms without convulsions. Results. In 2021 and 2022, 49 and 58 children required emergency hospitalization for febrile convulsions (FC group) with status epilepticus or cluster spasms, in which 24 and 38 children underwent a Filmarray® respiratory panel test (FA test), respectively, and others received a quantitative antigen test for SARS-CoV-2. In 2022, only six patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (10.3%, 6/58). As a reference group, 655 children aged <10 years who underwent the FA test for fever and respiratory symptoms during the same period were investigated, and 4 (1.8%, 4/223) and 42 (9.7%, 42/432) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) was the most frequently detected virus (40.3%, 264/655), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (18.9%, 124/655) and parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3) (7.8%, 51/655). There was no significant difference in the trend of detected viruses between the two groups. Conclusions. The frequency and severity of febrile convulsions requiring hospitalization associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection of the Omicron strain may be similar to that of other respiratory viruses in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of pediatric infectious diseases and vasculitis, specifically immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) and Kawasaki disease (KD). The study found that the number of KD cases decreased significantly after the pandemic, suggesting a possible link between infections and KD development. However, the reduction in IgAV cases was marginal, possibly due to cultural, environmental, or ethnic differences. The study highlights the importance of epidemiological data analysis in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases and suggests the need for further research in low-income countries where gastrointestinal infections are prevalent. [Extracted from the article]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Obesity is a risk factor for infectious diseases. However, the relationship between obesity and febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) is controversial. This study aimed to determine the relationship between obesity and fUTI in young children.We analyzed the medical records of children aged <2 years who were admitted to our hospital because of fever between April 2013 to March 2018. The children were categorized into three groups of non‐obese, overweight, and obese according to the World Health Organization weight‐for‐length curves for children aged <2 years.A total of 600 patients were enrolled in this study, of whom 118 were diagnosed with first fUTI. Patients in the fUTI group were younger than those in the control group (patients who were diagnosed with other febrile diseases) (5 ± 5.11 vs 11 ± 6.53 months; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the populations of overweight and obese children between the fUTI and control groups. In the fUTI group, the duration of fever, types of pathogen, recurrent rate, the grades of vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring were not associated with obesity. The white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein levels were not significantly different among the three weight‐for‐length categories. The same results were obtained when the fUTI group was compared with an age‐matched control group (n = 192, 4 ± 2.55 months old; P = 0.261).Obesity is not a significant risk factor for fUTI in febrile hospitalized young children. Our study suggests that conducting urinalysis for febrile young children without obvious sources, irrespective of obesity, should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]