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Two, large weighing lysimeters were installed near the center of a level field and used to measure crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of trailing blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson 'Columbia Star') in western Oregon, USA. The lysimeters were constructed from steel and included an inner soil tank (1.0-m wide × 1.5-m long × 1.7-m deep) positioned within a slightly larger outer tank on four hermetically sealed, shear-beam load cells. Plants were spaced 1.5 × 3.0 m apart (one plant/lysimeter; 2153 plants/ha), irrigated by drip, and trained to a vertical two-wire trellis system. During the first year after planting, when only non-fruiting primocanes were present, ETc totaled 120 mm, or 18% of total potential evapotranspiration (ETo) for the growing season. That year, crop coefficients (Kc), calculated by dividing ETc by ETo obtained from a nearby agricultural weather station, was 0.24 when the measurements were initiated in early July 2020 and, with exception of a brief decline due to heavy wildfire smoke, steadily increased to 0.81 before leaf fall in early October. The following year, ETc doubled, reaching a total of 275 mm, or 34% of total ETo. At that point, Kc increased from 0.30 at budbreak to 0.48, before dropping to 0.27 when the plants were scorched during a heat dome event in late June. Yield was lower than expected in year 2 (2.15 kg/plant) due to 39% fruit loss from heat damage. Afterwards, Kc slowly increased with primocane development to its highest value of 0.85 just before leaf fall. By the third year, the plants reached full production (8.46 kg/plant), and ETc nearly doubled again, reaching a total of 511 mm, or 71% of total ETo. Weekly Kc in year 3 increased from an average of 0.55 in late June to 0.88 in mid-August and stayed relatively constant until the plants were pruned and trained in late September, where it dropped to 0.32. At full production, the plants required an average of 280 L of water to produce each kilogram of fruit. Soil water content readings indicated the plants extracted water primarily from the top 0.6 m of the soil profile on cooler days and up to 1.2 m deep on warmer days. Each year, ETc and Kc increased primarily with new primocane growth but fluctuated due to unusual weather events (i.e., wildfire smoke, heat dome) and pruning and training during the growing season. Results from the study provide new Kc values for estimating crop water requirements and scheduling irrigation from establishment to full production in trailing blackberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) often requires frequent irrigation for commercial production, but irrigation is becoming increasingly challenging for many growers because of warmer and drier weather conditions, increased water regulations, and other water-use limitations. The purpose of this study was to develop improved methods of irrigation to prepare the industry more effectively against future water uncertainties. Treatments were applied for 2 years (2021 and 2022) and included a combination of weather-based or fixed irrigation schedules using continuous or pulse irrigation in a commercial field of ‘Draper’ blueberry in eastern Washington, USA. The soil at the site was a silt loam, and irrigation was applied using two laterals of drip tubing per row. Plants on a fixed schedule were irrigated for 12 to 13 hours per application (set by the grower), whereas those on a weather-based schedule were irrigated according to daily estimates of crop evapotranspiration (downloaded from an automated weather station). In both cases, irrigation was applied every 2 to 4 days as a single, continuous application or in 30- to 50-minute pulses every 2 hours (up to nine times per day) with the same amount of water as the continuous treatment. During the first year of the study, weather-based scheduling maintained greater stem water potentials in the plants and, on average, increased yield by 3.4 t·ha–1, berry weight by 0.14 g/berry, berry diameter by 0.4 mm, and fruit bud set by 4.3% when compared with fixed scheduling. Likewise, pulse irrigation maintained greater stem water potentials and, on average, increased berry weight and diameter by 0.10 g and 0.4 mm, respectively, fruit bud set by 3.3%, and canopy cover by 2.4% relative to continuous irrigation. Yield and canopy cover were unaffected by any treatment in the second year, which was likely a result of uncharacteristically cool, wet weather in the spring. However, weather-based scheduling continued to maintain greater stem water potentials and, when combined with pulse irrigation, increased berry weight and diameter by 3.7 g and 1.0 mm, respectively, relative to continuous irrigation on a fixed schedule. Pulse drip irrigation also increased fruit bud set by 5.1% during the second year. These results demonstrate the potential benefits of using weather-based scheduling and pulse drip in northern highbush blueberry, especially when the plants are grown on light-textured soils in hot, dry climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse irrigation, the practice of applying water in small doses over time, is known to reduce deep percolation and runoff and, relative to irrigating in single continuous applications, can increase plant growth and production by supplying water and nutrients at an optimal rate. The objective of the present study was to determine whether pulse irrigation was beneficial in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. 'Wakefield'). Treatments included continuous or pulse drip irrigation and were evaluated for three growing seasons (2018-20) in a commercial field with silt loam soil. Continuous irrigation was applied up to 4 hours/day, whereas pulse irrigation was programmed to run for 30 minutes every 2 hours, up to eight times/day, using the same amount of water as the continuous treatment. Pulsing improved soil water availability relative to continuous irrigation and, by the second and third year, increased fruit production by 1210 to 1230 kg·ha21, which, based on recent market prices, was equivalent to $2420 to $2460/ha per year. Much of this yield increase occurred during the latter 3 to 4 weeks of the harvest season and was primarily due to larger fruit size during the second year and more berries per plant during the third year. In 1 or both years, pulse irrigation also produced more canopy cover, larger cane diameters, and higher concentrations of Mg and S in the leaves than continuous irrigation, but it reduced K and B in the soil and had variable effects on sugar-to-acid ratio in the berries. On the basis of these results, pulsing appears to be an effective means of irrigating raspberry plants in sandy or silty loam soils, but more research is needed to determine whether it is useful technique in heavier soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes citizen heritage science as an effective method to gather reliable data for monitoring and documenting heritage sites. For large heritage organisations the monitoring and documentation of sites in their care presents considerable challenges; continual monitoring of smaller, unstaffed, and more remote sites is often not practical. However, heritage sites are often popular destinations that receive high levels of visitors who carry increasingly sophisticated mobile phones. It seems logical that heritage organisations capitalise on using visitors' images to record and monitor remote heritage sites. We compare two methods for data collection: a 'guided' approach, in which on-site signage prompts visitor submissions; and an 'open' approach, in which the public is asked to send any photographs they have of the site in question. We analyse the different results in collected data from these two approaches and hope to encourage heritage institutions to set up similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research focusing on climate change and cultural heritage informs heritage management and policy. Fatorić and Seekamp assessed this field up to 2015, highlighting the need for periodic reassessment of the field given the observed growth and research that documents how cultural heritage contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Five years on, this systematic review reflects on the state of the art by evaluating 165 publications (2016–2020) about cultural heritage and climate change. We find the field continues to grow, and remains rich in disciplinary and methodological diversity, but predominantly represents research in and about Europe. The number of publications about integrating cultural heritage into adaptation and mitigation are increasing but remain relatively few compared to those about physical impacts on individual buildings or sites. The impact of climate change on intangible heritage has rarely been the sole focus of recent research. Although researchers are increasingly situating their research in a wider context of opportunities and barriers, vague timescales, and unspecific references to changes in the natural environment are additional limitations. This review also identified a lack of international collaboration, highlighting the urgent need for global cooperation and knowledge exchange on climate change and cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt weathering is one of the most important causes of deterioration in the built environment. Two crucial aspects need further investigation to understand the processes and find suitable measures: the impact of different climatic environments and the properties of salt mixture crystallization. We demonstrate the importance of kinetics in quantifying crystallization and dissolution cycles by combining droplet and capillary laboratory experiments with climate data analysis. The results proved that dissolution times for pure NaCl are typically slower than crystallization, while thermodynamic modelling showed a lower RHeq of NaCl (65.5%) in a salt mixture (commonly found in the built heritage) compared to its RHeq as a single salt (75.5%). Following the results, a minimum time of 30 min is considered for dissolution and the two main RHeq thresholds could be applied to climate data analysis. The predicted number of dissolution/crystallization cycles was significantly dependent on the measurement frequency (or equivalent averaging period) of the climatic data. An analysis of corresponding rural and urban climate demonstrated the impact of spatial phenomena (such as the urban heat island) on the predicted frequency cycles. The findings are fundamental to improve appropriate timescale windows that can be applied to climate data and to illustrate a methodology to quantify salt crystallization cycles in realistic environments as a risk assessment procedure. The results are the basis for future work to improve the accuracy of salt risk assessment by including the kinetics of salt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carillons are a diverse and global form of musical and civic heritage: musical instruments comprised of a series of 23 or more bells, typically hung in a tower-like structure, tuned chromatically and played from a touch-sensitive manual and pedal console using an elaborate mechanical action. Carillon bells have a distinct series of musical overtones which should be accurately tuned to one another and with other bells they sound alongside. Although these overtones have been previously studied ex situ, this study assesses the acoustic characteristics of two early-twentieth century carillons in Toronto, Canada as a combination of structure, bells, and mechanical action. Thus, the instrument and its context are considered holistically, more accurately reflecting the musical sensitivity of a carillonist. Spectral analysis of audio samples of each bell at different musical dynamic levels enabled the analysis of the acoustic qualities of the bells and the mechanical action of the instruments. The tuning of bells in the instruments varied; most importantly, there was a significant difference between the audial intensity of the bell tones produced by the instruments, demonstrating the importance of the mechanical action as part of the 'carillon system'. This was represented with a resistive power-law model, that represents the sensitivity of intensity to carillonist musical dynamic level. A discussion of the implications for artistic and heritage practice follows. Understanding the in situ physical acoustics of the carillon as a holistic instrument in its context informs performers, arrangers, and composers of how they can best embrace the instrument's unique qualities to improve artistic pursuits and support the appreciation of carillons as heritage instruments and function as civic voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Research suggests that imagined experiences can produce brain responses similar to those produced by actual experiences. Shared brain responses that support both imagination and perception may underlie the functional nature of mental imagery. In a previous study, we combined acupuncture and imagery to develop a new treatment method, video-guided acupuncture imagery treatment (VGAIT). We found that VGAIT significantly increased pain thresholds in healthy subjects. The aim of this study is to extend our previous finding by investigating whether VGAIT can relieve symptoms in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods. We first performed a single-arm study in which we administered video-guided acupuncture imagery treatment (VGAIT) on patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) (Study 1, n = 18 , 12 females). We then compared our findings to those from a recently published study in which real or sham acupuncture treatment was applied on patients with cLBP (Study 2, n = 50 , 31 females) using a similar protocol. All patients in Studies 1 and 2 received 6 treatments over 4 weeks. Results. All three treatments (VGAIT, real, and sham acupuncture) significantly reduced pain severity as measured by a low back pain bothersomeness score. VGAIT produced similar effects to real acupuncture (p = 0.97) and nonsignificantly greater pain bothersomeness relief compared to sham acupuncture (p = 0.14). Additional analysis showed that there was no significant difference on the sensations evoked by different treatment modalities. Conclusion. These findings support VGAIT as a promising method for pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a fundamental control on the deterioration of historic stone masonry, of which wind-driven rain (WDR) is an important source in the UK. Non-destructive testing methods for moisture measurement can characterise the response of masonry to short (but intense) periods of wind-driven rain. An important part of this response is how masonry functions as a system of stone units and mortar joints, in which mortar can act as a conduit for moisture. While non-destructive techniques are common in moisture surveying of built heritage, there are no agreed best practice methods for collection, handling, and visual representation of data. This study explores the comparative advantages of microwave and radar measurements in two field experiments of exposure to short (but intense) simulated wind-driven rain exposure to demonstrate when and how they are most effectively employed. A novel method of representing data as percentiles is explored to facilitate effective communication of moisture measurements. In the case of the granite wall (e.g. with components of strongly contrasting hygric properties), microwave and radar provided similar information. The average travel time of the radar signal (from the back wall reflection) demonstrated that radar can non-destructively identify water penetration through mortar joints. In the sandstone tower, the microwave measurements were able to clearly identify four different moisture regimes as a result of different intensities of WDR exposure. The radar measurements were suited to identifying distinctions between localised moisture contents within masonry units and mortar joints, which characterised how the masonry was functioning as a holistic system. The measurements on both the granite wall and the sandstone tower demonstrated that the radar is influenced by environmental conditions which influence surface condensation and equilibrium moisture contents. Representing the measurements as percentiles improved visual representation of measurements with colour scales and minimised potential skewing of normalisation and scales from extreme values/outliers. This paper demonstrates that both microwave and radar techniques can be useful for monitoring moisture in stone masonry systems. Material characteristics of the masonry system and the objective(s) of the investigation should be considered during selection of the appropriate technique(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the presence and movement of water is crucial to understanding stone deterioration and rock weathering but hard to obtain. Non-destructive, non-invasive measurements of electromagnetic phenomena can provide proxy data on water contents within porous stone and rock. Commercial geophysical devices, such as radar and microwave moisture sensors, produce raw data or readings in arbitrary units, but can be related to absolute water contents through gravimetric calibration. Calibration procedures typically either equilibrate samples to a set of relative humidities (RH%) using salt solutions or environmental chambers (requiring specialised equipment), or monitor ambient drying which yields less homogenous moisture distributions and takes time. This study proposes and tests a cost- and time-effective 'isolated diffusion' gravimetric calibration procedure in which a set of samples are sealed at specific water contents and equilibrated. The procedure is compared to ambient drying over 120 h for three United Kingdom building stones and evaluated with modelled reflection coefficients and relative permittivities. The calibrations determined from isolated diffusion more closely follow modelled behaviour than those from ambient drying, as the calibrations developed from the latter were affected by uneven distributions of moisture. Calibrations for radar measurements developed from two types of back interfaces (air and metal) were very similar to one another, suggesting that measurements are consistent regardless of the type of back interface used. The isolated diffusion calibration procedure provides a cost-effective and simple method to facilitate comparison between different non-destructive testing methods and enables accurate measurement of water contents in porous geomaterials. • A procedure is proposed for 'isolated diffusion' gravimetric calibration. • Calibrations were developed for radar and microwave sensors for UK building stones. • Dielectric constants and reflection coefficients were modelled. • 'Isolated diffusion' calibrations more closely matched models than ambient drying. • The procedure produces low-cost, accurate calibrations without specialised equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is rain given a horizontal velocity component by wind and falling obliquely. It is a prominent environmental risk to built heritage, as it contributes to the damage of porous building materials and building element failure. While predicted climate trends are well-established, how they will specifically manifest in future WDR is uncertain. This paper combines UKCP09 Weather Generator predictions with a probabilistic process to create hourly time series of climate parameters under a high-emissions scenario for 2070–2099 at eight UK sites. Exposure to WDR at these sites for baseline and future periods is calculated from semi-empirical models based on long-term hourly meteorological data using ISO 15927-3:2009. Towards the end of the twenty-first century, it is predicted that rain spells will have higher volumes, i.e. a higher quantity of water will impact façades, across all 8 sites. Although the average number of spells is predicted to remain constant, they will be shorter with longer of periods of time between them and more intense with wind-driven rain occurring for a greater proportion of hours within them. It is likely that in this scenario building element failure – such as moisture ingress through cracks and gutter over-spill – will occur more frequently. There will be higher rates of moisture cycling and enhanced deep-seated wetting. These predicted changes require new metrics for wind-driven rain to be developed, so that future impacts can be managed effectively and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract One method of estimating WDR exposure is semi-empirical formulae based on hourly meteorological data including ISO 15927–3:2009 and BS 8104:1992. These provide protocols to estimate extreme WDR exposure, such as the worst spell likely to occur in any given three-year period. This study characterises the amount of annual WDR exposure and the frequency and duration of directional WDR spells for eight sites in the UK from 1986 to 2015. To assess the utility of these standards for evaluating extreme WDR exposure at those sites, the worst spell likely to occur in any given three-year period is determined using a ‘return period’ approach from extreme value analysis (EVA). It is shown that in the context of the prevailing wind patterns in the UK wall orientation is an important factor in determining the frequency and duration of WDR spell properties. EVA is applied for eight sites in the UK from 1959 to 1991 to evaluate the methods and climatic data used in BS 8104:1992 and their relevance to current climate. Both standards underestimate the volumetric exposure of the ‘once every three years’ spell compared to EVA for methodological reasons but are useful tools to assess annual exposure and compare between sites. Highlights • Recent annual and ‘once every three year’ WDR exposure is assessed for 8 UK sites. • Wall orientation strongly influences frequency and duration of WDR spells in the UK. • ISO 15927 and BS 8104 underestimate extreme WDR compared to extreme value analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a dozen studies have examined the efficacy of post-retrieval extinction (PRE) in healthy adults in the fear conditioning laboratory, with a recent meta-analysis reporting an overall small-moderate effect on attenuating the return of fear compared to standard extinction. The current study was designed to extend PRE effects to a mixed sample of healthy and anxious individuals, explore potential moderators, and examine the benefit of PRE for a memory conditioned over multiple days. Healthy ( n  = 49) and anxious ( n  = 43) adults received either one day of acquisition followed by PRE, one day of acquisition followed by extinction, or three days of acquisition followed by PRE. Comparing participants who received one day of acquisition followed by PRE or extinction, no significant effect of PRE was observed on differential skin conductance response reinstatement or reactivity to the conditioned stimulus alone. Anxiety symptoms did not moderate outcomes. There was no difference in return of fear for anxious participants who received three days of acquisition followed by PRE versus one day of acquisition followed by PRE. These results further highlight the variability of findings in the PRE literature and need for further examination of individual difference factors that may moderate PRE effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common challenge in fear conditioning studies is that a relatively large proportion of individuals fail to acquire a differential conditioned skin conductance response (SCR). Researchers have identified demographic factors associated with poorer fear learning and explored the use of different fear conditioning paradigms across various populations. However, few studies have strategically aimed to enhance acquisition by manipulating the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). In the current manuscript, we examined whether demographic factors predicted failure to condition ( n  = 274) and explored whether modifications to the UCS enhanced fear learning ( n  = 143). Results indicated that race, but not age, education, or gender, predicted failure to condition. Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that race was the most influential of these predictors; African Americans were less likely to acquire a conditioned SCR, compared to non-African Americans. Also, use of a compound UCS (i.e., electric shock combined with a scream noise) led to nearly double the rate of acquisition of a conditioned SCR. Hence, use of a compound UCS may provide a way to reduce the number of excluded individuals in studies of fear-conditioned SCR and thereby improve the representativeness of research samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over three decades, there has been considerable research documenting increased physiological reactivity to trauma-related stimuli as a characteristic feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study explored the potential for physiological assessment to aid in defining and validating screening criteria for the presence of significant PTSD-related symptoms in a sample of OEF/OIF/OND Veterans seeking care in a VA post-deployment health clinic. Heart rate reactivity scores during the imagining phase of the script-driven imagery paradigm were compared across groups of individuals with and without probable PTSD diagnoses, as defined by PCL-IV cutoff scores ranging from 40 to 60. Significant differences were found for groups defined by PCL-IV cutoff scores of 50 and 60, with 50 producing the largest effect size. Diagnosing PTSD is made challenging by the presence of overlapping symptoms shared with other diagnoses, as well as by the necessity for patients to accurately report their symptoms. An objective physiological measure capable of accurately differentiating individuals with and without PTSD provides potential adjunctive diagnostic and treatment information to clinicians. The present findings support the validity of physiological reactivity during SDI as a NIMH RDoC measure that can be used in research and clinical applications assessing trauma-related symptom severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy-three women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from rape or physical assault participated in a loud-tone procedure, while skin conductance (SC), heart rate, and electromyogram responses were recorded. Pearson correlations were examined between each psychophysiological response and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) symptom scores. Significant correlations were adjusted for each remaining individual PTSD symptom score. Heart rate response (HRR) significantly correlated with CAPS total score and with CAPS nightmares. The relationship between HRR and nightmares remained significant after controlling for each of the other 16 individual PTSD symptoms, for the remaining reexperiencing cluster, and for CAPS total score. The zero-order correlations between SC response and nightmares and between electromyography response and nightmares were both not significant. The association of nightmares with larger HRR in the absence of an association with larger SC response likely reflects reduced parasympathetic tone. Thus, our findings indirectly support a role for reduced parasympathetic tone in PTSD nightmares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance use disorders are characterized by excessive seeking and taking of drugs in the face of adverse consequences. Impaired learning of contingencies around negative outcomes may influence such drug-use patterns. To our knowledge, no studies to date have examined fear conditioning in drug-dependent humans, nor have they investigated the association between fear conditioning outcomes and neuropsychological functioning. The current study compared de novo fear conditioning in a sample of opiate-dependent outpatients to that in a healthy and an affective-disordered sample in an attempt to isolate the contribution of substance dependence on conditioning outcomes, relative to the substantial comorbidity present in substance using samples. Additionally, a brief neuropsychological battery was completed in the substance dependent sample. We found consistent evidence across three indices of fear acquisition-simple conditioning, differential conditioning, and contingency awareness-that the opiate-dependent learned the cue association less well than the control groups. Some of these deficits were significantly related to impairments in attention and memory. As such, substance use and/or associated neuropsychological impairments may make associative learning difficult, and may contribute to the persistence of maladaptive patterns and the failure to change behavior in response to aversive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Context: Patient satisfaction is and will continue to become an important metric in the American health care system. To our knowledge, there is no current literature exploring the factors that impact patient satisfaction in outpatient orthopedic spine surgery clinic.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine which factors impact patient satisfaction in an outpatient orthopedic spine clinic.Study Design: This is a case series, level of evidence IV.Patient Sample: We reviewed the Press Ganey Associates database to identify patients seen in an orthopedic spine surgery clinic from 2013 to 2015.Outcome Measures: Outcome measures were self-reported, which included visual analog pain scores and Press Ganey satisfaction scores.Methods: Retrospective computerized Press Ganey survey review was performed to identify patient demographics and patient visit characteristics. Bivariate analysis was used by splitting the patient response into the following: 0-3 (not satisfied), 4-7 (somewhat satisfied), and 8-11 (satisfied). Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher exact test were used to evaluate the significance of patient and visit characteristics. Any variable that had a p-value less than .20 was subjected to the Poisson regression model.Results: Overall, 353 patients were seen in an orthopedic spine surgery clinic and completed the Press Ganey survey. Three hundred and thirty-two patients were satisfied with their visit. Patients who were satisfied had a mean pain score of 4.02; patients who were somewhat satisfied or not satisfied had a pain score of 7 and 6, respectively (p=.009). Of 21 patients who felt the provider did not spend enough time with him or her, five (24%) patients were not satisfied with their visit. Poisson regression model confirmed significance of pain score and "provider time spent with you." Most impactful was "provider spent enough time with you" where a "yes, definitely" answer predicted a nearly 60% increase in Press Ganey overall satisfaction score.Conclusions: Two patient variables that have a statistical significance on Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores were pain score and "provider spent enough time with you." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fear acquisition and extinction are central constructs in the cognitive-behavioral model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which underlies exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Youth with OCD may have impairments in fear acquisition and extinction that carry treatment implications. We examined these processes using a differential conditioning procedure.Methods: Forty-one youth (19 OCD, 22 community comparisons) completed a battery of clinical interviews, rating scales, and a differential conditioning task that included habituation, acquisition, and extinction phases. Skin conductance response (SCR) served as the primary dependent measure.Results: During habituation, no difference between groups was observed. During acquisition, differential fear conditioning was observed across participants as evidenced by larger SCRs to the CS+ compared to CS-; there were no between-group differences. Across participants, the number and frequency of OCD symptoms and anxiety severity was associated with greater reactivity to stimuli during acquisition. During extinction, a three-way interaction and follow-up tests revealed that youth with OCD showed a different pattern of SCR extinction compared to the community comparison group.Conclusions: Youth with OCD exhibit a different pattern of fear extinction relative to community comparisons. This may be attributed to impaired inhibitory learning and contingency awareness in extinction. Findings suggest the potential benefit of utilizing inhibitory-learning principles in CBT for youth with OCD, and/or augmentative retraining interventions prior to CBT to reduce threat bias and improve contingency detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective We aimed to examine whether pretreatment with escitalopram would be associated with reduced fear acquisition and enhanced extinction learning in a fear conditioning paradigm, compared with placebo. Methods Healthy volunteers were randomized in double-blind fashion, to 14 days of escitalopram 10 mg/day ( n = 18) or placebo ( n = 20) prior to a classical fear conditioning paradigm. Results Although escitalopram was associated with a smaller skin conductance (SC) orienting response during habituation, no medication effects on fear acquisition were found. Escitalopram was associated with faster extinction of SC responses, compared with placebo, as revealed by a significant drug × conditioned stimulus × trial interaction for early extinction ( F(3, 30) = 3.26, p = 0.035) and late extinction ( F(3, 30) = 3.27, p = 0.035) trials. After adjustment for age, orienting response, and acquisition, results from linear contrast remained significant for early extinction ( F(1, 29) = 5.43, p = 0.027). Conclusions Escitalopram administered for 14 days prior to a fear conditioning paradigm did not influence acquisition of a conditioned fear response but did facilitate extinction learning. Impairments in extinction learning have been identified as a key component of posttraumatic stress disorder; our preliminary findings suggest that additional experimental and clinical studies assessing the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for posttraumatic stress disorder prevention are warranted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research tests the hypothesis that social identities play a key role in the success or failure of democracy, since individuals often hold ethnic and regional identities in particular in a mutually exclusive fashion, resisting calls to act politically on other identities that cut across them. Activists in women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were interviewed in Latvia, Poland, and Ukraine, in order to examine the policy process in an area that cuts across ethnic and regional lines. In newer democracies, the effects of identities should be strongest, since institutions are new, and have less ability to constrain political behavior. The hypothesis that ethnic and regional divisions inhibit cooperation within and between NGOs was tested against alternative hypotheses that attribute cooperation, or the lack of it, to outside funding. The results support the argument that ethnic and regional divisions harm cooperation on women's issues, though the other hypotheses cannot be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recall of fear extinction, which is thought to aid in recovery from a psychologically traumatic event, is hypothesized to be deficient in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but this has not yet been demonstrated in the laboratory, nor has its origin been investigated. To address these two issues, 14 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure, in 7 of which the combat-exposed twin had PTSD, underwent a two-day fear conditioning and extinction procedure. On Day 1, subjects viewed colored light conditioned stimuli, some of which were paired with mild electric shock, followed by extinction of the conditioned responses. On Day 2, recall of Day 1 extinction learning (i.e., extinction retention) was assessed. Skin conductance response (SCR) was the dependent measure. There were no group differences during acquisition or extinction learning. However, a significant PTSD Diagnosis (in the exposed twin)×combat Exposure interaction emerged during extinction recall, with the PTSD combat veterans having larger SCRs than their own co-twins, and than the non-PTSD combat veterans and their co-twins. These results indicate that retention of extinction of conditioned fear is deficient in PTSD. Furthermore, they support the conclusion that this deficit is acquired as a result of combat trauma leading to PTSD, rather than being a predisposing factor to developing PTSD upon the stress of combat. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The β-adrenergic blocker propranolol given within hours of a psychologically traumatic event reduces physiologic responses during subsequent mental imagery of the event. Here we tested the effect of propranolol given after the retrieval of memories of past traumatic events. Subjects with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder described their traumatic event during a script preparation session and then received a one-day dose of propranolol (n =9) or placebo (n =10), randomized and double-blind. A week later, they engaged in script-driven mental imagery of their traumatic event while heart rate, skin conductance, and left corrugator electromyogram were measured. Physiologic responses were significantly smaller in the subjects who had received post-reactivation propranolol a week earlier. Propranolol given after reactivation of the memory of a past traumatic event reduces physiologic responding during subsequent mental imagery of the event in a similar manner to propranolol given shortly after the occurrence of a traumatic event. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An aversively conditioned SC response was assessed in 18 males meeting DSM-IV criteria for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 10 trauma-exposed males who never developed PTSD. Effects of beta blockade on acquisition and retention of a conditioned response (CR) were examined by administering propranolol HCl before acquisition or following extinction trials. Retention of the CR was assessed 1 week following acquisition under conditions of non-threat and threat. Conditioned stimuli were colored circles and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was a “highly annoying” electrical stimulus. The propranolol failed to produce any measurable effects on acquisition or retention of the CR and there was no evidence of increased conditionability in individuals diagnosed with PTSD. One week following acquisition, the differential CR to the reinforced stimulus was evident only in the threat condition. This suggests that belief in the presence of a threat is necessary and sufficient for activating a previously established CR. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This preliminary study investigated the effect of emotional distance on psychophysiologic concordance and perceived empathy in a clinical population. Participants included 20 adult outpatients from a mental health clinic that underwent a brief semi-structured interview with a trained psychiatrist in either an emotionally neutral or an emotionally distant condition. Simultaneous skin conductance (SC) levels of the patient and interviewer were recorded and used to calculate a measure of psychophysiologic concordance. Interviewer gaze was rated by an independent observer and used as a proxy indicator of emotional distance. Observer ratings of interviewer gaze, SC concordance, and patient ratings of perceived interviewer empathy were significantly lower in the emotionally distant condition compared with the emotionally neutral condition ( p < 0.05). Results suggest that increased emotional distance is associated with decreased psychophysiologic concordance and reduced subjective ratings of perceived empathy. The observed differences in psychophysiologic concordance support the use of this measure as a potential marker of empathy in a clinical population in an interview setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinct memories are formed during fear conditioning and subsequent extinction. In animals, the expression of the latter is gated by the context. The recall of extinction memory after a long delay, and the contextual modulation thereof, has not been directly tested in humans. Mentally healthy volunteers underwent a 2-day fear conditioning and extinction protocol that examined the recall of extinction memory and its relationship to context. Conditioned stimuli were paired with an aversive electric shock in one visual context and extinguished in a different context. Extinction recall and renewal were examined 24 h after training. We found that skin conductance responses were small when the conditioned stimulus was presented in the extinction context, but responses were renewed when the conditioned stimulus was presented in the conditioning context. This finding demonstrates context dependency of extinction recall in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses differential conditioning in 15 medication-free individuals meeting `Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders' criteria for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma-exposed individuals who never developed PTSD. Higher resting heart rate of individuals with PTSD; Higher sympathetic nervous system arousal.

Damage to porous materials in heritage buildings caused by salt mixture crystallization is driven by the surrounding environmental conditions. To understand the crystallization behavior of a mixed salt solution as a function of changing climatic conditions (i.e., relative humidity and temperature), excluding factors such as the internal pore structure, the thermodynamic model ECOS/RUNSALT is the only freeware available that requires simple input and includes the most relevant ions for heritage buildings and solids. We suggest the use of specific terminology and describe how to use the model and how to interpret the output, with emphasis on key limitations for which solutions are provided. When used correctly, the model output can be trusted, specifically when it is used to inform preventive conservation (e.g., environmental conditions in which salt crystallization cycles should not occur). However, salt mixture kinetics and the internal pore structure remain crucial parameters that are not considered in the model. These aspects need further attention to develop a better understanding and correctly model salt damage in relation to climatic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a psychophysiologic assessment of women with posttraumatic stress disorder due to childhood sexual abuse. Physiologic responses during imagery of personal nonabyse experiences; Responses of women with recovered versus continuous memories; Self-reported responses during imagery.

Investigates autonomic and eyeblink reactivity to startling tones in women with histories of childhood sexual abuse. Comparison of results in women with lifetime but not current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to those who never had PTSD; Implication of heightened autonomic responsivity to startling stimuli in PTSD.

Investigates the source of emotional Stroop interference effects in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by measuring reaction times and P3 latencies and amplitudes to personal traumatic, personal positive and neutral words in a modified Stroop paradigm. Replication of Stroop interference in PTSD; Delayed P3 components in individuals with PTSD.

Two groups of Vietnam veterans—Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 17) .and non-PTSD (n =80)—were developed from a sample of treatment seeking alcohol abusers. The subjects completed a Combat Experiences Questionnaire, a PTSD Symptom Scale, the MMPI, and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). The MPQ proved to be a useful adjunct to the MMPI in describing the major manifestations of PTSD among alcohol-abusing veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses physiologic responses of Israeli survivors of noncombat traumas using a script-driven imagery technique. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Measurement of heart rate, skin conductance, and left lateral frontalis electromyogram level.

Resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBF) were measured on 3 successive mornings in the homes of drug-free Vietnam combat veterans, classified on the basis of DSM-III-R criteria into current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 20) or non-PTSD ( n = 15). Responses to three generic stressor challenges (orthostatic, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor) were also measured. In the orthostatic stressor condition, DBP increased over time in the non-PTSD, but not in the PTSD, veterans, suggesting a paradoxically reduced autonomic response in PTSD. There were no other significant group differences in resting levels or responses to any of the challenges for any measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates eyeblink and autonomic components of the acoustic startle response in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure to 15 consecutive 95-dB, 500-ms, 1000-Hz tones with 0-ms rise and fall times; Orbicularis oculi electromyogram; Skin conductance; Heart rate responses.

Assesses the heart rate, skin conductance, and left lateral frontalis electromyographic responses of World War II (WWII) and Korean War male veterans to recollection of their combat experiences by using a script-driven imagery technique previously validated in Vietnam veterans. Method; Results; Discussion.

The decay rates of building stones and, the processes leading to their deterioration is governed by intrinsic properties such as texture, mineralogy, porosity and pore size distribution, along with other extrinsic factors related to the climate and anthropogenic activities. For urban cities such as London, the influence of extrinsic factors like temperature and rainfall, as well as the concentrations of air pollutants, such as sulphur and nitrogen oxides, along with the emissions of carbonaceous aerosols, can be particularly significant. While considering the long-term preservation of building stones used in various heritage sites in the city, it is imperative to consider how the stone could be affected by the changing air pollutant concentrations, superimposed on the effects of climate change in the region, including rising average annual temperature and precipitation with a hotter, drier summer and, warmer, wetter winter months. This paper deals with the intrinsic rock properties of the common building stones of London, including limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, slate, flint as well as bricks, building on known characteristics including strength and durability that determine how and where they are placed in a building structure. The study reviews how these stones decay due to different processes such as salt weathering in sandstone, microcracking of quartz with kaolinisation of K-feldspar and biotite in granite and dissolution of calcite and dolomite, followed by precipitation of sulphate minerals in the carbonate rocks of limestone and marble. In the urban environment of London, with progressive build up in the concentration of atmospheric nitrogen oxides leading to an increasingly acidic environment and, with predicted climate change, the diverse stone-built heritage will be affected. For example, there can be enhanced carbonate dissolution in limestone with increased annual precipitation. Due to the prolonged wetter winter, any sandstone building stone will also undergo greater damage with a deeper wetting front. On the other hand, due to predicted wetter and warmer winter months, microcracking of any plagioclase in a granite is unlikely, thereby reducing the access of fluid and air pollutants to the Ca-rich core of the zoned crystals limiting the process of sericitisation. Management of the building stones in London should include routine expert visual inspection for signs of deterioration, along with mineralogical and compositional analyses and assessment of any recession rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building performance and material change of cultural heritage in urban areas are negatively impacted by wind-driven rain (WDR). The frequency and intensity of WDR exposure are modified by climate change. Current approaches to exposure assessment emphasise prolonged exposure. Here, we propose indices to represent the exposure of cultural heritage to extreme WDR events. The indices are derived in two stages: (1) time-binning of long-term exposure, and (2) statistical representation of the occurrence of infrequent but intense events by fitting to the Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. A comparison to an existing exposure assessment procedure demonstrates that the proposed indices better represent shorter, more intense, and more consistent WDR events. Indices developed for seasons had greater statistical confidence than those developed for annual exposure. One index is contextualised within a model of a gutter on a terraced building: this converts the index from a measure of exposure to potential impact. This evaluation demonstrated the importance of maintenance to reduce the potential impact of WDR events. This work has direct and indirect implications for developing robust assessment procedures for cultural heritage exposure to extreme weather events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When rain impacts a building façade, it is essential that once it has entered, it leaves by evaporation to help the building dry out. Accumulation of moisture can lead to internal dampness, mould and decay of valuable masonry by salt weathering. In a solid masonry wall where the stone is of low permeability, such as granite which is found in many historic buildings, rain water mainly enters and leaves through mortar joints. If granite stone masonry needs repointing, the repair mortar must allow the overall masonry to dry out. This study evaluates the drying response of various lime-based repointing mortars mixes in small granite stone masonry constructions (test walls) subjected to a simulated intense short rain event and then left to dry. It determines the moisture movement through mortar joints, the influence of materials, joint types and workmanship, and whether repointing could mitigate moisture ingress and help masonry dry out. This study developed a novel experimental protocol which allowed comparison of the drying response of different mortar types in a low-porosity stone masonry system and the effect of repointing. Five test walls were built of Cornish granite with five different lime mortar mixes combining NHL 3.5 (St Astier) gauged with non-hydraulic quicklime (Shap), quartz and calcitic sand and biomass wood ash as additives. Simulated intense rain was sprayed on each wall over a 3.25 h spell. Drying was monitored over a week with a microwave moisture device (MOIST350B). Measurements were done at surface and depth on both mortar joints and granite units. Each wall was then repointed with the same mortar mix initially used when built and the same rain simulation was performed to evaluate differences repointing could make to the moisture dynamics. The importance of mortar in dealing with moisture movements in the test wall and absorbing moisture from the stones was demonstrated. Gauged binder and wood ash additives decreased the capillary absorption capacity of mortars while retaining a good drying rate. This study has also showed that after repointing water did not penetrate as deep under the same conditions. Therefore repointing reduces the threat of water ingress and shows that it could be a suitable conservation intervention to mitigate water ingress and accelerate drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal models suggest that experiencing high-stress levels induces changes in amygdalar circuitry and gene expression. In humans, combat exposure has been shown to alter amygdalar responsivity and connectivity, but abnormalities have been indicated to normalize at least partially upon the termination of stress exposure. In contrast, other evidence suggests that combat exposure continues to exert influence on exposed individuals well beyond deployment and homecoming, as indicated by longitudinal psychosocial evidence from veterans, and observation of greater health decline in veterans late in life. Accordingly, the experience of combat stress early in life may affect amygdalar responsivity late in life, a possibility requiring careful consideration of the confounding effects of aging, genetic factors, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Here, we investigated amygdalar responsivity in a unique sample of 16 male monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs in their sixties, where one but not the other sibling had been exposed to combat stress in early adulthood. Forty years after combat experience, a generally blunted amygdalar response was observed in combat-exposed veterans compared to their non-exposed twin siblings. Spatial associations between these phenotypical changes and patterns of gene expression in the brain were found for genes involved in the synaptic organization and chromatin structure. Protein-protein interactions among the set of identified genes pointed to histone modification mechanisms. We conclude that exposure to combat stress early in life continues to impact brain function beyond the termination of acute stress and appears to exert prolonged effects on amygdalar function later in life via neurogenetic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ability to extinguish a maladaptive conditioned fear response is crucial for healthy emotional processing and resiliency to aversive experiences. Therefore, enhancing fear extinction learning has immense potential emotional and health benefits. Mindfulness training enhances both fear conditioning and recall of extinguished fear; however, its effects on fear extinction learning are unknown. Here we investigated the impact of mindfulness training on brain mechanisms associated with fear-extinction learning, compared to an exercise-based program. Methods: We investigated BOLD activations in response to a previously learned fear-inducing cue during an extinction paradigm, before and after an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program (MBSR, n = 49) or exercise-based stress management education program (n = 27). Results: The groups exhibited similar reductions in stress, but the MBSR group was uniquely associated with enhanced activation of salience network nodes and increased hippocampal engagement. Conclusions: Our results suggest that mindfulness training increases attention to anticipatory aversive stimuli, which in turn facilitates decreased aversive subjective responses and enhanced reappraisal of the memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An implementation intention intervention was tested. • It reduced mobile phone use in specified driving situations. • It did not reduce mobile phone in unspecified driving situations. • It did not change general goal intentions or motivational pre-cursors. Implementation intentions are IF-THEN plans that have the potential to reduce mobile phone use while driving and thus contribute towards the prevention of road traffic crashes. We tested whether an intervention, designed to promote the formation of implementation intentions, could reduce drivers' use of mobile phones. A randomized controlled design was used. The participants (N = 136) were randomised to an implementation intention or a control condition. Self-report questionnaires were administered to all participants at both pre- and one-month post-intervention to measure the use of mobile phones while driving, goal intentions and the theoretically derived motivational pre-cursors of goal intentions (attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control). Immediately following the pre-intervention questionnaire, the participants in the implementation intention condition (n = 67) were given a volitional help sheet, which asked them to form implementation intentions by specifying target driving situations that tempted them the most to use a mobile phone and linking them with goal-directed responses that could be used to resist the temptation. The participants in the control condition (n = 69) were asked to specify target situations that tempted them the most to use a mobile phone while driving and to generally try to avoid using a mobile phone in those situations. One-month post-intervention, the participants in the implementation intention condition reported using a mobile phone less often while driving in their specified target driving situations than did the participants in the control condition. As expected, no differences were found between the conditions in the reported frequency of mobile phone use in unspecified driving situations, goal intentions or any motivational pre-cursor of goal intentions. The implementation intention intervention that was tested in this study is a potentially effective tool for reducing mobile phone use while driving in target driving situations, where behaviour-change is most needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety disorders are characterized by difficulty distinguishing safe contexts from previous or imagined threats. Conditioned fears spread beyond what is reasonable or adaptive, leading to broad and interfering anxieties when people overgeneralize their fears. Difficulties with mnemonic discrimination, a component process of memory supporting the integration of old and new experiences, may foster overgeneralization and increase risk for anxiety disorders. Individuals along a spectrum of anxiety severity (n = 117) completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm and the computerized Mnemonic Similarity Task. The task measures mnemonic discrimination by requiring individuals to differentiate between highly similar old and new entities. We predicted that low mnemonic discrimination would be associated with overgeneralization, i.e., flatter slopes of change in response to stimuli increasingly dissimilar to the conditioned stimulus. Conditional growth models showed that as expected, participants with the highest mnemonic discrimination scores also exhibited the steepest declines in fear ratings as stimuli increasingly differed from the conditioned stimulus. Results were unchanged after adjusting for recognition memory, self-reported anxiety, and clinical diagnoses and symptoms. Results support the hypothesis that memory interference (i.e., low mnemonic discrimination) could increase vulnerability for overgeneralization. Findings justify additional exploration of mnemonic discrimination and its role in anxious psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot and sunny weather can cause a considerable amount of fruit damage in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and result in millions of dollars of crop loss each year. To combat this issue, many growers use over-canopy sprinkler or microsprinkler systems to cool the fruit, but questions remain on the amount of time and frequency these systems should be run and whether they have any effect on fruit quality. Two series of studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of using sprinklers or microsprinklers for reducing blueberry fruit temperature and improving fruit quality in western Oregon. With sprinklers, treatments were applied in 2014 and 2015 to 'Elliott' blueberry and included irrigation (night) and cooling (day) with sprinklers, sprinkler irrigation (at night only) with no cooling, and drip irrigation with no cooling. The sprinklers were run for cooling for 15 minutes every hour whenever air temperature was ≥32 or 35 8C. Berry temperature declined rapidly within the first 15 minutes of cooling and never exceeded ambient air temperature during the cooling cycles. While the percentage of fruit with heat damage was low even without cooling (<2%), cooling reduced damage to nearly 0% in 1 of 2 years and increased berry weight relative to no cooling in both years when it was run at ≥32 °C. Cooling also reduced the concentration of soluble solids (sugars) in the berries in 2014 but had no effect on yield, fruit firmness, titratable acidity, harvest date, or the total content of phenolics or anthocyanins in the berries in either year. With microsprinklers, cooling was tested at a commercial farm and at an experimental site. At the farm, 1.3-ha blocks of 'Aurora' blueberry were irrigated by drip and either had no cooling or were cooled using microsprinklers run continuously or pulsed in 1-hour or 20- minute cycles during three extreme heat events (≥35 °C) in 2015. Continuous cooling was the most effective treatment for reducing berry temperature, but it resulted in wetter conditions, which might impede fruit harvest afterward and increase the presence of slugs, insect pests, and fungal diseases. Pulsed cooling, especially with short cycles, effectively maintained fruit temperatures near that of ambient air and reduced water use by 50%. At the experimental site, cooling with microsprinklers, which in this case were pulsed in 20- min cycles when air temperature was ≥ 32 °C, reduced heat damage in 'Aurora' and 'Elliott' in 2016. Cooling at this site also increased berry weight by an average of 10% in both cultivars and increased fruit firmness by 32% during the first of three harvests in 'Aurora'; however, it reduced the concentration of soluble solids in the berries in both cultivars. In general, cooling with microsprinklers used considerably less water than cooling with sprinklers, but it appeared to be equally effective at reducing berry temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• About two thirds of youth with OCD treated with CBT were responders. • Treatment responders and non-responders habituated and acquired conditioned fear in a similar manner. • CBT responders were better able to discriminate in extinction trials between conditioned and control/safety stimuli. • Non-responders showed poorer discrimination between conditioned and control/safety stimuli during early and late extinction. While cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for many children and adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), therapeutic response is variable. Fear conditioning and extinction are central constructs underlying exposure-based CBT. Fear extinction learning assessed prior to CBT may be a useful predictor of CBT response for guiding treatment decisions. Sixty-four youth who participated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of CBT with and without d-cycloserine (DCS) completed a fear conditioning task. Skin conductance response (SCR) scores were used to measure fear acquisition and extinction to determine whether extinction learning could predict CBT response. CBT responders and non-responders appeared to acquire conditioned fear SCRs in a similar manner. However, differences between treatment responders and non-responders emerged during the extinction phase. A responder (responder, non-responder) by conditioned stimulus type (CS+, CS−) interaction showed that CBT responders differentiated the stimulus paired with (CS+) and without (CS−) the unconditioned stimulus correctly during early and late extinction, whereas the CBT non-responders did not (p =.004). While the small sample size makes conclusions tentative, this study supports an emerging literature that differential fear extinction may be an important factor underlying clinical correlates of pediatric OCD, including CBT response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]