Search

BACKGROUND: Visceral fat has greater metabolic activity in obesity. Recent studies in Mexico show that the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is the best marker for diagnosing central obesity in children. Obesity is a risk factor for hypertension, which has its origins in childhood. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between central obesity in children and hypertension in a Family Medicine Unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Association study, conducted in July 2021 in children aged 6 to 11 years, in which obesity was determined by WHtR. Two groups of schoolchildren were established: those with central obesity as determined by waist-to-height ratio and participants without obesity. This were selected by nonrandom/non-probabilistic sampling for convenience. Sociodemographic and anthropometric variables were studied. Descriptive statistics, student t, χ² and odds ratio were used. RESULTS: Seventy-five school-age children with obesity were studied and were found to have association was found of central obesity and hypertension in children, with a P<0.001 value, OR of 11.13. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between the presence of central obesity by WHtR and high BP (blood pressure) in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR =0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR =0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p<0.001). There was no agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify preschool kids with CRFs and multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.0 to 0.23, p>0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR =0.5 disagree with BMI results, buti n school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children's nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Perceived stress has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). However, little is known about this association among women. Objective: To evaluate perceived stress in women with Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study, based on a non-randomized clinical trial, with patients from a public health center (RBR-43K52N). The outcome variable was MS, using the NCEP/ATPIII criteria. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, hemodynamic data and PSS application were collected. Results: The sample consisted of 75 women affected by MetS (47.69± 8.15 years old; 155.65±0.07 cm; 82.43±17.79 kg; BMI of 33.96±6,42). High WHR values were found among stressed and non-stressed women. The average PSS score was 27.73±9.17. In the groups, there was a significant difference for PSS between stressed and non-stressed women (35.24±5.22 and 20.42±5.53, respectively; p=0.001). It was also observed that stressed women had higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-c when compared to non-stressed women, although without statistical difference. Discussions: The findings suggest that women categorized as stressed had higher PSS scores, higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-c when compared to non-stressed women. Conclusions: the PSS score was significantly higher among women with altered MS lipid parameters, with lower levels of HDL- and increased triglycerides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: obesity is an excess of adiposity characterized by a low-grade inflammatory state due to an increase in proteins in the acute phase. Objective: to determine serum concentrations of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) and lipid profile in obese adolescents. Methodology: prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a simple randomized method of 225 obese adolescents, of both sexes and a control group of 100 eutrophic adolescents, evaluated by anthropometry with the curves of the World Health Organization and biochemical tests such as concentrations serum High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein by ELISA technique; total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, by dry analytical methodology and low-density lipoprotein by the Friedewald Formula: LDL (mmol/L)=total cholesterol -(TG/5)- HDL, the statistical analysis is performed with percentages, standard deviation and Student's t test considering statistical significance values of p<0.05. Results: in males there is a significant difference in weight, waist circumference and an increase in hsCRP of 4.8±1.6 mg/L, dyslipidemia with a significant difference in high-density hypolipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia with the others lipid profile parameters, in addition to a high cardiovascular risk with hsCRP levels above 3 mg/L. Conclusions: adolescents present central adiposity with high percentiles of waist circumference, components of the lipid triad (hypertriglyceridemia, high-density hypolipoprotinemia and low-density hyperlipoprotinemia) significant increase in hsCRP as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is currently considered as a "pandemic" because it is a health challenge both in developed and developing countries, reducing life expectancy by up to 20 years. Abdominal circumference (AC) serves for the diagnosis and prognosis of associations with chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To provide an overview of the cut- off point for AC. Methods: A literature review was performed; the sources of information were Medline, Scopus, Embase, Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Springer Link in Spanish and English, between 2016 and 2021. Results: With the bibliography collected, it can be determined that this anthropometric value reflects clinical usefulness for prognosis and diagnosis. The study showed there is a discrepancy regarding the reference point of the AC between WHO, ATPIII and ALAD. Conclusion: The impact of this review lies in the urgent search for a cut-off point for AC to provide a reference for health personnel in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: total kidney volume (TKV) increases in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which perturbs anthropometric measurements. Objectives: the primary objectives were to investigate the accuracy of waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) for determining abdominal obesity in patients with ADPKD by comparison with magnetic resonance images. The secondary objectives were to investigate the associations of energy/macronutrient intake with WC and WHR. Methods: sixty patients with ADPKD were recruited from a nephrology outpatient clinic in this cross-sectional study. Main outcome measures were: TKV, total subcutaneous fat (TSF), total intraperitoneal fat (TIF), WC, WHR, body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness (SFT), and energy/macronutrient intake. Results: mean age was 48.6 ± 11.3 years, 38 of 60 were women, median TKV was 1486 (IQR, 981-2847) mL. The patients classed as obese by the BMI had higher WC, TSF, TIF, and SFT than did non-obese; however, WHR was similar in obese and non-obese men. In the all-patients group, the WHR of obese and non-obese patients were also similar. TKV was positively correlated with WC and WHR in women, but not in men. In the multivariate analysis, TKV was an independent factor affecting WC and WHR in women. Dietary fat intake was similar in groups with and without abdominal obesity according to WC and WHR. Conclusions: in women with ADPKD, WC and WHR may not be accurate anthropometric measurements for evaluation of abdominal obesity; however, they may be associated with TKV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background: handgrip strength (HGS) is a health-status parameter associated with multicomorbidity in the adult population. Objective: the aim of the present study was to determine the association between HGS (i.e., absolute and relative) and abdominal obesity (AO), type-2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension (HT), as well as to determine the association between low relative HGS with the presence of multicomorbidity (i.e., the co-occurrence of two or more comorbidities together) in a Mexican population. Methodology: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 860 participants from the south of Mexico (661 women and 199 men). The age range evaluated was from 18 to 65 years. Assessments were made of sociodemographic data, clinical history, anthropometric parameters, and measurement of maximal HGS. Results: the regression models adjusted by age show that the presence of comorbidities (i.e., AO, HT and T2D) was linked negatively to HGS (i.e., absolute and relative). Moreover, in men, a low relative HGS in both hands reported an association with the presence of three simultaneous comorbidities (right, RR: 17.2, p < 0.001; left, RR: 11.92, p = 0.020). In women the same association was found (right, RR: 10.42, p < 0.001; left, RR: 9.90, p < 0.001). Conclusion: lower levels of relative HGS were linked to the presence of simultaneous comorbidities (i.e., the joint presence of AO, T2D and HT). Furthermore, HGS (i.e., absolute and relative) presented an inverse association with individual anthropometric and clinical parameters related to cardiovascular risk in the Mexican population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Waist circumference (WC) value reflects abdominal adiposity, but the amount abdominal fat that is associated to cardiometabolic risk factors varies among ethnicities. Determination of metabolic abnormalities has not undergone a WC adaptation process in Venezuela. The aim of the study was (1) to determine the optimal WC cutoff value associated with =2 cardiometabolic alterations and (2) incorporating this new WC cutoff, to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors related in Venezuela. Methods: The study was national population-based, cross-sectional, and randomized sample, from 2014 to 2017. To assess performance of WC for identifying cardiometabolic alterations, receiver operating characteristics curves, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were calculated. Results: Three thousand three hundred eighty-seven adults were evaluated with mean age of 41.2 ± 15.8 years. Using the best tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity, WC cutoffs of 90 cm in men (sensitivity = 72.4% and specificity = 66.1%) and 86 cm in women (sensitivity = 76.2% and specificity = 61.4%) were optimal for aggregation of =2 cardiometabolic alterations. AUC was 0.75 in men and 0.73 in women using these new cutoffs. Prevalence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was 59.6% (95 CI; 57.5-61.7) and 47.6% (95 CI; 45.2-50.0), respectively. Cardiometabolic risk factors were associated with being men, higher age, adiposity, and living in northern or western regions. Conclusion: The optimal WC values associated with cardiometabolic alterations were 90 cm in men and 86 cm in women. More than half of the Venezuelan population had abdominal obesity incorporating this new WC cutoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Antecedentes: el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) se utiliza ampliamente para evaluar la asociación de la obesidad abdominal con el infarto de miocardio (IM). Objetivo: nuestro propósito era determinar si el riesgo asociado a la ICC produce sesgo. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles en 252 varones. Usamos la estratificación como criterio para eliminar los efectos del sesgo. Creamos una covariable basal (ICC0,95-0,99) para una nueva muestra emparejada en el estrato de valores entre 0,95 y 0,99. Este estrato coincide con el área común de solapamiento de la distribución de puntos, donde todos los sujetos tienen un índice de propensión similar. Consideramos otra covariable (ICCS) condicionada en ICC < 1 y una circunferencia de cintura (CC) donde la asignación de riesgo fuera espúrea. Hipotetizamos que restando CC del valor de la cadera se calculaba otra variable aritmética (DCC) que podría ser esencial para evidenciar el efecto de confusion que genera el ICC. Resultados: IMC: ABC: 0,694, IC 95 % (0,628-0,760); OR: 3,8. CC: ABC: 0,743, IC 95 % (0,681-0,805); OR: 5,7. ICC: ABC: 0,798, IC 95 % (0,740-0,855); OR: 8,6. Índice cintura-talla (ICT): ABC: 0,782, IC 95 % (0,724-0,840); OR: 8,5. DCC: ABC: 0,204, IC 95 % (0,146-0,261); OR: 0,36. Prevalencia en los casos: ICC ≥ 0,95 (84,1 % vs. 38 %; OR: 8,6); ICC < 1 (36,3 % vs. 85,7 %; OR: 2,3); ICC ≥ 1 (63,4 % vs. 14,2 %; OR: 4,4); CC ≥ 94,4 (71,4 % vs. 30,1 %; OR: 5,7); DCC ≥ 2,2 (27,7 % vs. 75,3 %; OR: 7,9); ICCs (50 % vs. 25 %; OR: 2). Conclusiones: el ICC produce un sesgo de asociación en los casos de IM. Ello puede extrapolarse a otras poblaciones de estudio. El sesgo se explica por un error de concepto matemático que sobreestima el efecto protector de la cadera con respecto a la CC y la altura. El riesgo asociado al ICC por encima del de la CC o el ICT presenta inconsistencia antropométrica y sesgo, llegando a ser epidemiológicamente falso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: early detection of childhood obesity plays a crucial role in the prevention of diseases during adulthood. At present, the most commonly used screening tool for detecting overweight/obesity in children is the percentile for age of body mass index, although this rate is unable to provide information about fat distribution. An emerging marker of abdominal fat distribution is waist circumference (WC). Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between the different diagnostic criteria available to define overweight and obesity in order to establish the optimal WC cut-off values for the Spanish children population. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 8,241 schoolchildren aged 3 to 12 years from Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid, Spain). WC (cm), weight (kg) and height (cm) were measured according to the recommendations of the Society for the Advancement of Kineanthropometry (ISAK). The values obtained for the diagnostic criteria (Spanish Orbegozo Foundation (OF), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and the World Health Organization (WHO) were compared using McNemar's test for paired proportions. The kappa coefficient (κ) was used to assess the degree of agreement of the three classifications. We analyzed the validity of body mass index (BMI) and WC using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The Youden index was used to determine cut-off values for WC that identify childhood obesity Results: overweight and obesity prevalences were calculated according to the OF, IOTF, and WHO criteria. There was a "substantial" agreement for the overweight and obesity categories between the Spanish criteria and IOTF (κ = 0.636), while agreement was "slight" between the Spanish criteria and those of WHO (κ = 0.198). The estimated cut-off WC criteria ranged from 54.5 to 88.0, varying according to sex and age. Conclusion: the proposed WC cut-off values, stated for the first time in a young Spanish population, are a simple and valid alternative as diagnostic criteria of abdominal obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background: the goal of this study was to define waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHRt) smoothed reference percentiles for assessing abdominal obesity in Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 18 years in order to investigate possible obesity cut-offs of WHR and WHtR, and to compare WC percentiles with those of other adolescents. Methods: the research was conducted on a sample of 2,490 adolescents of the Republic of Macedonia aged 11 to 18 years: 1,288 males and 1,202 females. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), WC, hip circumference (HC), WHR and WHtR were measured and percentiles were calculated using Cole's Lambda, Mu and Sigma (LMS) method. The relation between WHR, WHtR and general obesity, as defined by the International Obesity Task Force, was investigated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: the boys had statistically significant higher values in all anthropometric measures except in HC, where statistically significant gender differences were not found. BMI, WC, and HC showed an increasing trend with age. The WHtR variable is a better indicator for assessing general obesity in both boys and girls (AUC, 95 % CI: 0.905-0.928) than WHR, which showed lower AUC values (95 % CI: 0.697-0.734) in predicting IOTF obesity; the WHtR cut-off of 0.5 had a sensitivity of 74 % and a specificity of 92 % for both genders and all age groups. Conclusions: the obtained reference percentile curves can be used temporarily for early detection of abdominal obesity among Macedonian adolescents aged 11 to 18 years; a WHtR of 0.5 may also be used as an obesity threshold in these age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the nutritional status among Colombian children and adolescents and to determine the relationship between the nutritional status according to the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference (WC). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6.383 children and adolescents with age of 9 to 17.9 years old from Bogota, Colombia. Participants completed the Krece Plus questionnaire validated by the enKid study as an indicator of the nutritional level with the following categories: high (test ≥ 9), medium (test 6-8) and low (test ≤ 5). Other measures were: weight, height, WC and BMI as markers of the nutritional status. Results: Overall, 57.9% of the participants were girls (mean age 12.7 ± 2.3 years old). The nutritional status was low with out large differences by sex and decreasing by age. In all categories of BMI, over 50% of boys and girls follow lower-quality diet, shown worse with advancing age. In both sexes, trends were observed between low nutritional level with the development of overweight. Also, WC was associated with a lower score in the Krece Plus in both sexes. Conclusions: The low nutritional level is related to changes in the nutritional status (WC and BMI) in scholars from Bogota. These findings may encourage further interventions for the improvement of nutritional habits among scholars from Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Describe two cardiovascular risk indicators (CVR), in a university population for 4 years. Material and method. A retrospective descriptive study is carried out during 4 years of blood pressure and abdominal perimeter in the university community. Variables in average, standard deviation and confidence intervals were described, a comparative analysis was made by sex; analysis of variance and Chi square were performed and a value of p <0.05 was considered for statistically significant differences. Results. On average 402 people participated semiannually, 66.57% students, 17.57% administrative, 7.18% teachers and other 7.03%. Women 46.01% and men 53.99%. The average age was 28.79 years. The average abdominal perimeter was 82.37 centimeters and the blood pressure 113/73 on average. Statistically significant relationships were found in student participation is mostly male with 36.91% and 29.63% female. And the administrative staff is mostly female with 10.26% and male 7.31%. The average abdominal perimeter presents a progressive increase and a statistically significant relationship (value of p <0,05) with age, sex and status. A statistically significant relationship was found with sex, age and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p value <0,05). Discussion and conclusion. The abdominal perimeter and blood pressure are on average in normal limits, however, the abdominal perimeter increases progressively and 15.9% CVR was found in the university community with these indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and abdominal obesity; its pathophysiologic basis, insulin resistance, has been shown to act as agent in thyroid cell proliferation. Few studies analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodular disease, with a substantial knowledge gap. Objective: Determine the association between metabolic syndrome and nodular thyroid disease in a region with adequate iodine intake. Methods: Case-control study. A total of 182 patients referred to radiology to undergo thyroid ultrasonography due to suspicion of thyroid disease. Cases had at least one thyroid nodule greater than 3 mm (n= 91). Controls did not have evidence of thyroid nodules (n= 91). Results: Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of thyroid nodule (OR 2.56, 95% CI: 1.41-4.66, p <0.05). Low levels of HDL (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.54-5.12, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.05, 95%CI 1.10 to 3.78, p <0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of thyroid nodule, independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome. Multivariate analysis maintained the association between metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodule with an OR of 2.96 (95%CI 1.47 to 5.95, p <0.05); similarly, the associations of low levels of HDL (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.44 to 5.3, p <0.05) and impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.23, 95%CI 1.14 to 4.34, p<0.05) with thyroid nodule remained significant. Conclusion: The thyroid nodular disease is associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome, specifically decreased HDL and impaired fasting glucose levels were the factors that increased association was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to analyze the correlation and concordance between Waist Circumference and Waist-Height Ratio with Body Mass Index according to ATP-III and IDF for Sudamerica and Europe criteria in adults. Methods: an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out in 339 patients. The variables were gender, age, weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-height ratio and diagnosis under inclusion and exclusion criteria stablished by Seguro Social Universitario of the Universidad Mayor of San Simón. It was calculated the Chi-squared test, Pearson's correlation, Cronbach's alpha reliability and Kappa concordance coefficients. Results: the 66,4% of the sample is female. There is more correlation (0.65) and concordance (0.32) between Waist Circumference and Waist-Height Ratio with Body Mass Index in males. Conclusion: there is a better correlation and reliability between clinical risk indicators and cut points to, Waist Circumference and Waist-Height Ratio according to ATP-III criteria, with Body Mass Index in the evaluated population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Objective: to describe the characteristics of food consumption and energy intake of women with central obesity of socioeconomic classes A/B vs C/D/E. Methodology: a cross-sectional study in which a structured questionnaire was answered containing data on socioeconomics and physical activities. Weight and waist circumference (WC) were measured and the 24-hour recall was assessed (24hR) in relation to food consumption. Biochemical exams were analyzed. The dietary analysis was performed on the Nutwin software and statistical analysis on the SPSS 23.0. Results: there were 89 women assessed in each group and no significant differences were observed in relation to age, with averages of 51.2 ± 12.2 years vs 49 ± 14.4 years for classes C/D/E vs A/B, respectively. A sedentary lifestyle was predominant for class C/D/E 82 (92.13%) vs 22 (24.71%) (p < 0.001).Significant differences were observed between the groups for variables of hypertriglyceridemia (p < 0.001), predominant in the C/D/E socioeconomic group, and HDL-C (p < 0.001), predominant in the A/B socioeconomic group. Total energy consumption of women from class C/D/E vs A/B presented mean values of 1,528.72 kcal (1,128.8-1,697.3) vs 2,267.48 kcal (1,670.3-2,625.84), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the consumption of fiber between groups C/D/E vs A/B (p < 0.001), with less consumption in class C/D/E. With reference to income and schooling levels, we observed heterogeneity in the results and emphasize the marked contrast between low and high income that could influence the choice of food, contributing in the lower income to monotonous diets, less energy consumption and, furthermore, low quality in the ingested food. Conclusion: in this study, all of the women presented metabolic profiles in different manners among the groups and, also, women of class C/D/E, who presented insufficient fiber consumption, directly contributing to this condition of obesity, also presented worse lipid (total cholesterol and triglycerides) and glycemic profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To maximize somatotype and body image (BI) as predictors of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in university students in northern Mexico. Methods: Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), waist circumference (WC, cm), somatotype and self-perception of the BI from 329 college students (17-35 years, 51% males) were evaluated; Sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy of said variables were also evaluated, using ROC curves and classification/regression tree analysis. Results: Average BMI and WC were 24 ± 4 and 79 ± 9 (male) and 25 ± 5 and 81 ± 10 (female). Somatotype and BI changes predicted both BMI (≥ 82.6%) and WC (≥ 87.4%); A somatotype scale ≥ 5.35 (endomorphy), ≥ 4.75 (mesomorphy) and ≤ 1.25 (ectomorphy), or an BI> 3.5 predicted overweight/obesity, while a somatotype ≥ 6.55 (endomorphy), ≥ 5.45 (mesomorphy), ≤ 1.15 (ectomorphy), or a BI ≥ 4.5 predicted abdominal obesity and thinness idealization. Conclusions: Somatotype and the BI are useful tools to predict overall and abdominal obesity in Mexican college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Background: there is limited information about the usefulness of the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) to identify Colombian adolescents with cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF). Objective: to compare the utility of WHtR, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) to identify adolescents with CRF. Methods: a study with 346 youths (aged 14.0 ± 2.3 years) was performed. Anthropometric measurements were collected and BMI, WC and WHtR were calculated. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured; the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was computed. The presence of multiple non-WC metabolic syndrome (MetS) factors (high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) was analyzed. The area under the curve (AUC) and the odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Results: the BMI, WC and WHtR were comparable at identifying adolescents with high HOMA-IR (AUC = 0.686, 0.694 and 0.641, respectively), low HDL-C (AUC = 0.623, 0.652 and 0.572, respectively) and multiple non-WC MetS factors (AUC = 0.694, 0.715 and 0.688, respectively). The OR of having multiple non-WC MetS factors was similar in overweight adolescents (1.65, 95% CI: 0.86-3.14) and those with WHtR ≥ 0.50 (3.76, 95% CI: 1.95-7.3). There were no OR differences of having multiple non-WC MetS factors among adolescent with obesity (9.88, 95% CI: 3.1-31.7), WC ≥ P90 (18.3, 95% CI: 4.0-83.5) and WHtR ≥ 0.55 (11.0, 95% CI: 3.0-4.4). Conclusions: WHtR, BMI and WC have similar capacities to identify Colombian adolescents with CRF. WHtR showed to be an alternative tool to BMI and WC measurements when screening adolescents for cardiometabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: metabolic syndrome (MS) components are independent risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, major causes of mortality in the world.Objective: to evaluate the frequency of MS components and its association with sociodemographic variables and physical activity among young health professionals at the University of Guadalajara.Methods: a cross-sectional study entitled LATIN America METabolic Syndrome Mexico (LATINMETS-Mex) was conducted. Weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, glucose and HDL cholesterol were measured. Socio-demographic and physical activity data were surveyed. MS components were diagnosed based on the revised criteria of Alberti et al. (2009). Associations were assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.Results: a total of 316 volunteer subjects were analyzed (70.9% women, 83.8% ≤ 29 years). The frequency of MS was 7.0% and 55.5% of subjects presented one or more MS components (27.2% abdominal obesity, 26.6% low HDL cholesterol). After adjustment, abdominal obesity, high blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia were positively associated with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. High blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia were negatively associated with being female while low HDL cholesterol was positively associated with this gender after adjustment. Abdominal obesity was the only component negatively associated with physical activity (300 to 600 minutes per week) after adjusting for age and sex. No association between MS and sociodemographic variables or physical activity was found.Conclusions: half of the participants presented one or more metabolic syndrome components. Actions are required to reduce cardiometabolic risk in the study population considering the sociodemographic and lifestyle variables associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The identification of risk or protective behavioral patterns associated with abdominal adiposity may aid in prevention and health promotion measures.Objective: To identify and to associate behavioral patterns of risk and protection to abdominal adiposity in adults in a Brazilian city.Material and Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Viçosa, Brazil, with 1,226 adults of both sexes. Information on social-demographic characteristics, food intake, level of physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking were collected by using a questionnaire. The anthropometric measurement of waist circumference and anthropometric indices waist/hip ratio and waist/height ratio were indicators of abdominal adiposity. To identify behavioral patterns, exploratory factor analysis was applied for the variables considered as risk or protective factors. The association of the identified patterns with abdominal adiposity was estimated by multiple linear regression, adjusted for gender, age and social economical class.Results: Two patterns were obtained, "healthy" and "risk". The "healthy" pattern, comprised of the clustering of the variables food consumption, fruits, fresh fruit juices, raw and cooked vegetables and the appropriate level of physical activity, was negatively associated with abdominal adiposity identified by waist circumference (p = 0.048), waist/hip (p = 0.013) and waist/height (p = 0.018) indices. The "risk" pattern, composed of smoking, alcohol beverage abuse and habit of consuming visible fat in fat-rich red meat or poultry skin, was positively associated with abdominal adiposity identified by waist circumference (p = 0.002) and waist/hip (p = 0.007) and waist/height indices (p = 0.006).Conclusions: Two behavioral patterns were identified, a risk pattern and a protective pattern for abdominal adiposity in the assessed population. The study shows the importance of conducting clustering of multiple risk and protective factors to better explain the health conditions of a group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Introducción Los niveles bajos de vitamina D se han asociado con una gama de condiciones clínicas como obesidad, resistencia a la insulina y diabetes mellitus. Existen pocos estudios donde se hayan realizado mediciones de la forma activa de la vitamina D (1,25 (OH) 2 vitamina D) en niños con obesidad. Sin embargo, los datos publicados no son concluyentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los niveles de la forma activa de la vitamina D en niños con obesidad y sobrepeso y determinar la asociación entre los niveles bajos de esta vitamina, la obesidad y las alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa. Métodos Estudio transversal analítico en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad con exceso de adiposidad determinado por el índice cintura-estatura y el índice Z de masa corporal. Se midieron niveles de glucosa, insulina, perfil de lípidos completo, modelo homeostático para evaluar la resistencia a la insulina y la forma activa de la vitamina D. Se consideraron como niveles bajos de vitamina D aquellos menores a 30 pg/ml. Resultados La prevalencia de niveles bajos de la forma activa de la vitamina D fue del 36%. La asociación entre niveles bajos de la forma activa de la vitamina D y niveles altos de insulina resultó estadísticamente significativa. No se encontró asociación significativa entre los niveles de la vitamina y las medidas de adiposidad. Conclusiones Se encontraron niveles bajos de la forma activa de la vitamina D en el 36% de la población estudiada, y se demostró su asociación con la resistencia a insulina e hiperinsulinemia. Background Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with a range of clinical conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus, among others. There are few studies that measure the active form of vitamin D (1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D) in obese children. However, published data are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the active levels of vitamin D in obese and overweight children and to find an association between low levels of vitamin D, obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. Methods A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 6 to 12-year-old children with excess adiposity determined by waist-stature index and body mass index. Levels of glucose, insulin, complete lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment and the active form of vitamin D were measured in each patient. Levels < 30 pg/ml were considered as low levels of vitamin D. Results The prevalence of low levels of active vitamin D was 36%. A significant association between low levels of active vitamin D and high levels of insulin was found. No significant association was found between vitamin levels and adiposity measures. Conclusions Low levels of active vitamin D were found in 36% of the population studied. A significant association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It seems relevant to analyze the body composition in the early childhood. However, there is not an agreement in the protocol to assess body composition in this age range/group.Objective: To determine the most useful equation to estimate the body fat percentage that preschool children contain and the utility of the waist-to-height ratio to determine abdominal obesity.Methods: We measured (weight, height, waist circumference and skinfolds) in 285 children aged 2 to 7 years old. BMI Z-Score, waist-to-height ratio and body fat percentage were estimated by Brook and Lukaski, Siri, Goran, Slaughter, Deurenberg, Huang, Dezenberg and Hoffman equations.Results: It was found 26% combined overweight and obesity, with similar distribution in both sexes. The body fat obtained with the Hoffman equation (15.6-31.9%) showed the highest correlation with children BMI Z-Score. Waist-to-height ratio also presented a good relationship with children weight status. There were not significant differences between gender and body fat percentage or waist-to-height ratio.Conclusions: Hoffman equation and waist-to-height ratio could be adequate to estimate body fat percentage and abdominal obesity respectively in Spanish preschool children from medium-low socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a huge evidence in adults, that a high level of physical activity and a low level of sedentariness are associated independently with a reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF). This association has been poor evaluated in young people and the results are not conclusive. Objective: To estimate the association between CMRF, physical activity and sedentariness in Chilean university students. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Sample of 326 students who enrolled at University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile, in 2014. They were selected randomly and stratified according to faculty, career and gender. We measured anthropometry, blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemia, insulin resistance, tobacco and alcohol consumption. These variables were associated with physical activity level (PAL) and sedentariness using the IPAQ questionnaire. Results: The students with a low PAL had a higher probability of abdominal obesity (OR: 4.68; IC 95% 1.86-11.73), metabolic syndrome (OR: 3.80; IC 95% 1.23-11.73) and triglycerides elevated (OR: 2.61 IC 95%; 1.18-5.75), compared with students with moderate and vigorous PAL (p < 0.05). There were no association between CMRF and sedentariness, even after fit by physical activity. Conclusions: We found an association between CMRF and PAL which was independent of sedentatiness. We believe it is very important to implement effective physical activity programs at universities. It is necesary to encourage students in order to increase the physical activity level to a moderate and vigorous range with the purpose of decreasing their cardiovascular risk. We consider it is recommendable to keep studying the association between sedentariness and CMRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine associations between abdominal obesity (AOb) and the other components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in young Mexicans in a cross-sectional survey completed during a 4 year period.Methods: This cross-sectional study reports on components and prevalence of MetS by using Alberti et al. (16) criteria, as well as association between AOb and elevated blood pressure (BP) of 2,993 Mexican university students, ages 17 to 25 years (66% women) from central and northern Mexico, over a 4-year survey (2010-2013).Results: The most prevalent MetS components in the total sample were low HDL-C concentration (43.6%) and AOb (41.1%). MetS prevalence was 11.8%, more men than women were classified with MetS (14.3% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.01). BP was the MetS component with the lowest prevalence (8.6%). A strong association between AOb and altered BP with in both men and women was found (OR 4.3, IC95% 2.5-7.4).Conclusions: Even BP was the component with the lowest prevalence, AOb was more strongly associated with it. This fact, could explain the prevalence of hypertension among young Mexican adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a very prevalent disease with multiple chronic complications that decrease or disappear after a small (5-10%) but maintained weight loss. Nevertheless, maintaining weight loss after the treatment is very difficult and it involves one of the biggest challenges to control this epidemic. Although the reasons that contribute to regain the lost weight are diverse and related to the biological response to caloric restriction and the lack of adherence to treatment, up to 20% of the patients are able to keep it off. The keys to success, involve the maintenance of healthy habits, exercise and a reasonable daily calorie intake to allow a normal way of life, without sacrificing the social life. At this point, learning to distinguish food and drink options in a society where social life often revolves around the table is very important. We review the keys to keep the weight off after a diet as well as the role of fermented beverages such as beer, in this process. In conclusion, maintenance the weight loss is harder than losing it. The mild-to-moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as beer is not associated with weight increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: observe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with cholecystitis and analyze the relation with its severity. Materials and Methods: cross-sectional study in female patients with acute cholecystitis. Divided into two groups: group I - patients with acute cholecystitis without any other complication and, group II - patients with acute cholecystitis with any complication as: mucocele, empyema, choledocolithiasis, cholangitis, biliary pancreatitis, necrosis and, perforation. Variables measured were: weight, body mass index, waist, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipids levels, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Results: of 204 patients studied, 80 (39,2%) patients were complicated. There were statistical differences between groups in waist (98,9 cm vs 103,4 cm; p=0,04), patients with risk tryglicerides level (=150 mg/dL) (41,9% vs 75%; p=0,001), and presence of metabolic syndrome (46,8% vs 67,5%; p=0,004). However, when adjusted logistic regression were realized, just risk tryglicerides level (=150 mg/dL) were found as real risk factor (OR 4,058, IC 95% 1,870-8,807; p=0,000) for complicated cholecystitis group. Conclusion: neither metabolic syndrome nor waist circumference appear as risk factors for complicated cholecystitis, however, if the patients present tryglicerides level =150 mg/dL, the risk for complication increases significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective was to evaluate the possible association between metabolic syndrome and its components with idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's palsy). Methods: A case-control study was designed and undertaken during six months. Cases were included with idiopathic facial palsy of evolution of at least six months. Age- and sex-matched controls were also included. ATP-III guidelines were used for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate putative risk factors, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Results: There were differences between 51 cases and 100 controls in the results of glycaemia, serum triglycerides and blood pressure. Hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and high blood pressure were independently and significantly associated to the metabolic syndrome with OR 2.57 (95% CI: 1.26-5.22), 2.32 (95% CI: 1.01-5.36), 2.09 (95% CI: 1.05-4.16) and 2.06 (95% CI: 1.03-4.11), respectively. Conclusion: Components of the metabolic syndrome are risk factors for idiopathic facial palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivos: los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar el nivel nutricional en una población de niños y adolescentes colombianos y determinar la posible relación entre el nivel nutricional y el estado nutricional según el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (CC).Material y métodos: estudio transversal en 6.383 niños y adolescentes de entre 9 y 17,9 años de edad, de Bogotá, Colombia. Se aplicó de manera autodiligenciada el cuestionario Krece Plus validado en el estudio enKid como indicador del nivel nutricional con las categorías alto (test ≥ 9), medio (test 6-8) y bajo (test ≤ 5). Se tomaron medidas de peso, talla, CC, y se calculó el IMC como marcadores del estado nutricional.Resultados: de la población general, el 57,9% eran chicas (promedio de edad 12,7 ± 2,3 años). En todas las categorías del IMC, más del 50% de chicos y chicas siguen una dieta de muy baja calidad, que empeora progresivamente con el avance en edad. En ambos sexos, se observaron tendencias entre un nivel nutricional muy bajo con el desarrollo de sobrepeso. Asimismo, la obesidad abdominal por CC se relacionó con una puntuación baja en el Krece Plus en ambos sexos.Conclusiones: en escolares de Bogotá, una dieta de muy baja calidad se relacionó con alteraciones del estado nutricional (IMC y CC), especialmente entre chicas y adolescentes. Estos resultados deben alentar el desarrollo de intervenciones orientadas a mejorar los hábitos nutricionales entre los escolares colombianos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The objective was to evaluate the possible association between metabolic syndrome and its components with idiopathic facial palsy (Bell's palsy). Methods: A case-control study was designed and undertaken during six months. Cases were included with idiopathic facial palsy of evolution of at least six months. Age- and sex-matched controls were also included. ATP-III guidelines were used for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate putative risk factors, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated. Results: There were differences between 51 cases and 100 controls in the results of glycaemia, serum triglycerides and blood pressure. Hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and high blood pressure were independently and significantly associated to the metabolic syndrome with OR 2.57 (95% CI: 1.26-5.22), 2.32 (95% CI: 1.01-5.36), 2.09 (95% CI: 1.05-4.16) and 2.06 (95% CI: 1.03-4.11), respectively. Conclusion: Components of the metabolic syndrome are risk factors for idiopathic facial palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radical prostatectomy is associated with perioperative bleeding and multiple transfusions. Abdominal obesity is a perioperative risk factor. We suggest that the adipocytes have a protective effect in oncological patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. The aim was to evaluate the effect of waist-hip ratio (WHR) on the amount of bleeding and perioperative transfusion requirements in oncological patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Methods: We performed a cohort study in 156 patients. We had two groups: the control group (WHR < 0.95) and the problem group (WHR = 0.95). Blood loss and fractions transfused during surgery and in the postoperative period were recorded. In the analysis of variables, for descriptive statistics we used measures of central tendency and dispersion. Inferential statistics was obtained by chi square, Student's t test, Mann- Whitney U and ANOVA. A p < 0.05 was significant. Results: We found significant differences in weight, body mass index, waist, WHR, perioperative bleeding, fractions transfused, permanence of the catheter, and hospital days. Conclusion: Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with a WHR = 0.95 had a magnitude of perioperative bleeding and transfusion requirements with a WHR < 0.95. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to determine the prevalence of asthma risk associated with anthropometric indicators of excess weight and body fat distribution.Methodology: cross-sectional study including adolescents between 10 and 19 years of age. The anthropometric indicator used to classify excess weight was the body mass index (BMI-Z); those used for abdominal adiposity were waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the conicity index (CI). Asthma characteristics were evaluated using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The significance level was 5%, and the analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 18.0.Results: adolescent students (n = 1362; 788 [57.9%] female) with a mean age of 15.65 ± 1.24 years were evaluated. A high prevalence of asthma, excess weight (BMI-Z) and excess abdominal adiposity (WC and WHtR) was observed in the females. Only CI values for excess abdominal adiposity were higher for males than for females. Adolescents with excess abdominal adiposity, as shown by the WHtR, had a 1.24 times higher risk of having asthma compared with non-obese adolescents. Boys with excess abdominal adiposity, as classified by CI, presented a 1.8 times greater risk of asthma. The risk of severe asthma was 3 times higher among adolescents who were classified as severely obese via the BMI-Z.Conclusion: this study showed that excess body weight and abdominal obesity are associated with an increased risk of asthma and asthma severity in adolescents. Thus, additional BMI measurements are suggested for asthmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To quantify the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related factors in a cross-sectional, observational study of Caribbean students using the results of three recent surveys of health behavior among undergraduates in Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica. Methods. A total of1 578 Caribbean undergraduate students from Barbados, Grenada, and Jamaica (ages 18-30 years) completed questionnaires and had physical measurements recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs)for the association of nutrition behaviors with prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m²); elevated waist-to-height ratio (W/ht) (> 0.50); and high waist circumference (WC) (> 88 cm infemales, > 102 cm in males). Models were adjusted for age, year in university, socioeconomic status, and sex. Results. There was a higher prevalence of obesity (13% versus 10%), high WC (21% versus 7%), and high W/ht (35% versus 25%) infemales relative to males. Compared to females, males had reduced odds of obesity (OR 0.46), high WC (OR 0.22), and high W/ht (OR 0.61) (P < 0.05 for all). Both females (46%) and males (24%) reported high levels of physical inactivity. Fruit and vegetable consumption was low (approximately two servings per day). Many students reported avoiding fatty foods (40%); this behavior was associated with high W/ht (OR 1.68), obesity (OR 1.90), and high WC (OR 1.82) (P < 0.05 for all). Irregular breakfast consumption, age, and year of study were also positively associated with obesity. Physical activity was not significantly associated with any obesity measure. Conclusions. There was a low prevalence of healthy behaviors and a high prevalence of obesity in this sample of Caribbean young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: The nutritional assessment may detect a state of malnutrition, overweight and cardiometabolic risk in the elderly. Easy to apply instruments enable the identification of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Objective: to analyze the applicability of Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) in the prediction of MS components in the elderly.Methods: cross-sectional study with 221 elderly at a mean age of 70.65 ± 7.34 years; 53.4% female and 46.4% male. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and blood pressure (BP), data was obtained, as well as information about lifestyle. There were calculated the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and the VAI. The adiposity measures were compared with the components of MS, and for the VAI there was determined the capability of predicting the occurrence of MS components.Results: by analyzing the association among the biochemical and pressoric variables and MS components with the anthropometric indicators of obesity, there was a direct and significant correlation of the BMI, the weight and the VAI with blood glucose, HDL and TG (p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is considered a global public health problem, and is the most frequently type diagnosed in Mexican women. Therefore, it is important to study the risk factors associated to this neoplasia in order to establish prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hormonal contraceptives and hormone therapy (HT) use and period of use, breastfeeding practice, abdominal obesity and weight gain in adulthood, on the risk of BC in adult women from Northwest Mexico. This was a case-control study that included 162 women (81 cases and 81 controls). A sociodemographic and health questionnaire, and a survey history of body weight were applied to participants. Measurements of body weight, height and waist circumference were performed. To assess the association between BC risk and exposing factors, a multivariate logistic regression model was used. Average age of cases and controls were 51.8 ± 11.7 and 51.4 ± 11.3 years, respectively. No significant association was found between the use and period of use of hormonal contraceptives and HT with the risk of BC. The practice of breastfeeding (OR=0.34, 95% Cl: 0.12- 0.92) and the time of exclusive breastfeeding (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.42-0.97; crude) were protective against the risk of BC. Abdominal obesity (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.90-0.97) and weight gain in early adulthood (OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.95) were inversely associated to the risk of BC. In conclusion, the practice of breastfeeding may help prevent BC in Mexican women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome predictors in 2-to-7- year-old children according to nutrition state. Method: A descriptive study with quantitative analysis was conducted in 260 2-to-7-year-oId children (135 girls and 125 boys), 66% of the total census. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured and BMI, body fat by Hoffman and waist-to-height ratio (ICT) were calculated. Subgroups according BMI Z-Score by age and gender (low weight, normal weight, overweight and obesity), body fat (normal and excess), ICT (normal and abdominal obesity) and systolic pressure (normotensive and hypertensive by age and gender) were performed. BMI Z-Score classification was primary endpoint used. Results: Combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 27%, with no difference by sex. Nutritional state was significantly associated with blood pressure, body fat and abdominal obesity as waist-to-height ratio. Higher percentage of obese children had high systolic blood pressure versus normal weight children (OR = 4.1; 95% Cl 1.7-9.8; p <0.001). Higher hypertension risk was found in abdominal obesity group (OR = 84.4,95% Cl 17.8-194.0; p <0.001). ICT correlates with groups of systolic blood pressure (p <0.00I). Distribution by ICT is consistent with the BMI Z-Score ones, increasing abdominal obesity with BMI (in 96.8% of obese match both criteria). Conclusion: A direct relation between overweight and obesity with hypertension, body fat and abdominal obesity in preschoolers is presented. It is showed the validity of accessible anthropometric (ICT and body fat percentage) to study metabolic syndrome risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple epidemic studies demonstrate that, the coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD) presents a high prevalence and a strong association between the CAD and the abdominal obesity. Our objective work was, to determine the presence of abdominal obesity, as factor of risk for CAD in asymptomatic young adults. In the Clinical Laboratory «Dayana» of the Paschal Parish, City of Guayaquil was carried out a descriptive observational traverse study of asymptomatic young adults of both sexes and 30 to 45 years that previously had given the consent to participate. The blood pressure (BP) and the indirect indicators of obesity, index of the body mass (IBM), circumference of the waist (CW), (WHI) waist/height ratio and, the levels in serum of the triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CT), cholesterol-lipoprotein of high density (C-HDL) they were measured by enzymatic methods; while, for C-LDL the formula of Friedewald was used, when the [TG] ≥ 400 mg/dL and, the family pathological antecedents (FPA) and the habits and non healthy lifestyles, were those declared by each participant. For the statistical analysis of the studied variables the software SPSS version was used 21. In the results it was significant association (p < 0.05) between the probability of the presence of the SM and the distribution of values of risk of the variables: IBM, CW, IWS, c-LDL and Chol. On the other hand, the statistical comparison of the variables with values of risk versus the rest, demonstrated a significant correlation (p < 0.05) or (p < 0.01). This suggests a high potential risk for cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS or/and CAD) of the participants in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Visceral fat accumulation is associated with several changes, such as, increased production of inflammatory biomarkers, especially, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Anthropometric measurements for central adiposity evaluation, such as, waist circumference (WC) and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) have been highlighted. However, there is no consensus on the best anatomical site for measurement. Objective: To evaluate the reliability of different measurements of WC and SAD and verify their capacity to discriminate changes in inflammatory biomarkers. Method: 130 men (20-59 years) were assessed, having measurements of weight, height, WC and SAD. It was considered as the cutoff point for high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) values ≥ 0.12 mg/dL and for fibrinogen the 50th percentile of the evaluated sample. Results: All measurements presented an intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.998 and 0.999. WC measured at the umbilical level (AUC=0.693±0.049) and the smallest circumference between the thorax and the hips (AUC=0.607±0.050) had greater ability to discriminate changes in concentrations of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, respectively. SAD (umbilical level) showed the better ability to detect changes in concentrations of hs-CRP (AUC=0.698± 0.049) and fibrinogen (AUC=0.625±0.049), according to the ROC analysis (p<0.05). Conclusion: WC (smallest circumference between the thorax and the hips) and SAD (umbilical level) are the anatomic sites of measurement for use in predicting the inflammatory risk in apparently health men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the correlation between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in adults of Trujillo according to diagnostic criteria. Materials and methods. Observational, prospective and cross-sectional study with a sample of 500 adults in Trujillo, selected by probability sampling and stratified by sex and age. Information on anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and biochemical tests was collected; Criteria proposed by the ATP III and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) for MS, as well as Gomez and JIS for HTGW were applied. EPIDAT software was used to calculate Z test, Student t test and the Kappa (k) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results. Information regarding 239 men and 261 women were collected. The frequency of HTGW according to Gomez criteria was 30% in the total sample, 29.7% in men and 30.3% women. According to JIS criteria the frequency was 34% in the total sample, 38.1% in men and 30.3% women. Metabolic Syndrome with JIS criteria had good agreement with HTGW according to Gomez criteria with k = 0.63 and according to JIS criteria with k = 0.66. Conclusions. Good agreement was evidenced between the HTGW according to Gomez and JIS criteria and MS according to JIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate anthropometric parameters' (APs) cut-off points and association for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a total of 434 adult women from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, in 2012. APs measured were waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-height ratio (WHtR). Cut-off points were estimated by a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Logistic regression was applied to estimate possible associations. Results. Cut-off points for WC, BMI, BAI, WHR and WHtR were 85 cm, 28 kg/m2, 39%, 0.80 and 56, respectively. Only WHtR was associated to MetS (OR=1.11, CI95% [1.07-1.15]). Conclusion. WC cut-off point was higher than those proposed for Latin-American women by the Joint Interim Statement (JIS). WHtR had a low predictive value for MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to identify potential correlations between abdominal fat mass obtained by DXA and several parameters obtained by anthropometric conventional techniques as well as lipid profile in postmenopausal women with MS. This historical cohort study included a total of 1326 postmenopausal women aged > 45 years old who had routinely undergone DXA to measure their bone mineral density between January 2006 and January 2011. The regions of interest envisaged in our study by using DXA were the lumbar regions L1-L4 and L4-L5. At the same time, they underwent a complete medical examination including personal medical history assessment, biochemical blood analysis, blood pressure measurements and anthropometrical evaluation. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed attending to the criteria established by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult The current study was conducted to identify potential correlations between abdominal fat mass obtained by DXA and several parameters obtained by anthropometric conventional techniques as well as lipid profile in postmenopausal women with MS. This historical cohort study included a total of 1326 postmenopausal women aged > 45 years old who had routinely undergone DXA to measure their bone mineral density between January 2006 and January 2011. The regions of interest envisaged in our study by using DXA were the lumbar regions L1-L4 and L4-L5. At the same time, they underwent a complete medical examination including personal medical history assessment, biochemical blood analysis, blood pressure measurements and anthropometrical evaluation. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed attending to the criteria established by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NECP-ATP-III). This protocol was approved by an Institutional Ethics Committee. Several significant correlations were found between DXA and indices of body fat distribution as well as lipid profile. The strongest correlations were found between fat mass L1-L4 and waist circumference (r= 0.77; p= 0.0016) and levels of HDL-cholesterol (r= -0.58; p= 0.0290). It was concluded that waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol may be recommended to predict fat mass in regions of interest L1-L4 and L3-L4 in postmenopausal women with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The various diagnostic classifications in the literature concur as regards the important role of abdominal obesity in the onset and progression of metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, this study was aimed at clarifying whether central obesity measurements assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) may predict metabolic syndrome in Spanish postmenopausal women. Material and methods: This historical cohort study included a total of 1326 postmenopausal women aged > 45 years old who had routinely undergone DXA to measure their bone mineral density between january 2006 and january 2011. The regions of interest (ROI) envisaged in our study by using DXA were the lumbar regions L1-L4 and L4-L5. At the same time, they underwent a complete medical examination including personal medical history assessment, biochemical blood analysis, blood pressure measurement and anthropometrical evaluation. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed attending to the criteria established by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NECP-ATP-III). Results: During the observation period, 537 women, representing 40.5% of the total studied, met the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome. L1-L4 and L4-L5 abdominal fat mass determinations were associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in all regression models tested, showing an increasing gradient from the lowest to highest quintile. Conclusion: Central adiposity measurements assessed by DXA, especially L1-L4 region of interest, could be considered a powerful predictor of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify factors that correlate with insulin values and to examine its independent associations among adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted among adolescents aged 12-16,9 years old. A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed. Anthropometric measurements and nutritional survey were performed, and fasting blood samples for insulin were obtained. Statistics: Multiple lineal regression. Results: 379 adolescents were included. Mean age was 14.08 ± 1.30 years. Factors associated with higher fasting insulin levels were puberty [β 4.55 (95% IC 0.42-8.69)], abdominal obesity [β 6.11 (95% IC 3.93-8.29)] and to be born small for gestational age (SGA) [β 7.45 (95% IC 2.47-12.44)]. It was observed a negative association between the regular intake of olive oil at home and insulin values [β -4.14 (95% IC -7.31- -0.98)]. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity and SGA were factors associated with higher fasting insulin values. In contrast, the regular intake of olive oil at home was an independent protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies seeking to establish an association between migraine and anthropometric parameters have thus far been inconclusive. Furthermore, drugs used for migraine prophylaxis may be associated with changes in body weight. Objective: To investigate the potential association of anthropometric parameters and body fat percentage with attack patterns and use of prophylactic medication in migraineurs. Methods: Cross-sectional study that assessed the body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage and related clinical variables (characteristics of attacks and the use of prophylactic medication) in female outpatients with migraine. Results: 166 female migraineurs aged ≥ 18 years (mean age, 45 ± 14 years) were included in the study. Migraine without aura was most prevalent (71.7%). Mean body mass index and body fat percentage were 27.8±6.0 kg/m2 and 36.4 ± 8.3% respectively. Body mass index and waist circumference were weakly correlated with frequency of attacks over 6 months (rs = 0.162, p < 0.05 and rs = 0.187, p < 0.05 respectively). These correlations remains weak considering only premenopausal women, but disappear in the older women. Stratification of analysis by migraine type field shows a moderate correlation between migraine with aura and frequency of attacks over 6 months and body mass index (rs = 0.369, p < 0.05), as well as waist circumference (rs = 0.423, p < 0.01). Patients who were on prophylactic medication had higher body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percentage values (p < 0.01, Student t-test). Conclusion: This study revealed a potential, though tenuous association between migraine and anthropometric parameters and frequency of attacks, which does not reflect on the duration, severity, and disability of attacks, with patterns differing by migraine type, reproductive age and prophylactic medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Late-onset hypogonadism is more common in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus that in the general population. Objectives: To determine the frequency of late-onset hypogonadism in adult males with type 2 diabetes mellitus and erectile sexual dysfunction. Methods: An observational, descriptive study in diabetic men attending the Andrology Consultation Diabetes Care Center at the National Institute of Endocrinology between January 2008 and December 2012. In 283 medical records we studied clinical, biochemical and hormonal variables. Results: Of the sample, 76.3% had late-onset hypogonadism. Age, duration of diabetes mellitus, smokers and diabetic neuropathy was higher in hypogonadal. Hypogonadism is associated with body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Conclusions: chronological age, age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, smoking, presence of hypertension and diabetic peripheral neuropathy is associated with the presence of late-onset hypogonadism. There is no association between hypogonadism and severity of sexual erectile dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was examined the abdominal obesity prevalence and association with medical-related absenteeism. A cross-sectional study in 185 men from the metal-mechanical industry was conducted. Sociodemograic and antropometrics data of was gathered, waist circumference was measured as an indicator of abdominal obesity. The prevalence of central obesity was 28.7 %. Subjects with higher values of central obesity showed higher frequency, higher duration and higher costs of medical-related absenteeism, however, this relationship was not significant. We conclude that abdominal obesity is highly frequent in this sample; however, since it's a reversible risk, enterprises could get benefits from preventive and promotional programs destiny to control this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity among Mexicans is alarming in both the child and adult populations. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in pre-school (PS), elementary (ES), and middle high (MHS) public school children from Tijuana. From February to April of 2011, a bietapic random sample was selected by cluster method of 30 PS, 30 ES, and 30 MHS children. And a sample of 30 groups for each level was chosen. Twenty elementary teachers and eight graduate students were trained at one central location on how to take anthropometric measurements using a portable scale, a stadiometer, and a measuring tape to determine weight, height, and waist circumference. Body Mass Index values were computed and compared to age/ gender BMI percentiles according to WHO criteria. Waist circumference for-age at the 90th percentile from NHANES III (Mexican-American) was used to define abdominal obesity. The sample was composed of 646 PS children, 961 ES children, and 1,095 MHS children. Their ages ranged from 4-16 years. Results showed an overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in younger than 5y preschool children (> 2 SD) of 23.1%, in > 5 y PS (> 1 SD) of 33.8%, in ES children of 46.3%, and in MHS children of 41.9%. Abdominal obesity in PS children was 18%, in ES children was 16.7%, and in MHS children was 15.2%. These results warrant immediate and comprehensive actions to prevent a critical public health problem in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although there are several studies in the international literature regarding hepatic steatosis, few large-scale studies of risk factors are available. Objective: To verify potential risk factors associated with hepatic steatosis, such as: alcohol consumption, overweight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This is a case series study including a control group (without hepatic steatosis), carried out at the gastroenterology outpatient clinic in Northeast Brazil. The sample was composed of 219 patients with hepatic steatosis and 82 without the disease. Results: There was an association between hepatic steatosis and socioeconomic status. Prevalence Ratio (PR) for family income ≤ 2 minimum wage was (PR = 1.35 CI 95%, 1.18-1.54) and education level < primary education (PR = 1.44, CI 95%, 1.27-1.64). Regarding anthropometric and clinical characteristics and lipid profile, there was an association with overweight (PR = 1.59, CI 95%, 1.38-1.83), abdominal circumference in the range of very high risk (PR = 2.28, IC 95%,1.68-3.09), hypertension (PR = 1.30, CI 95%, 1.15-1.48) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (PR = 1.23, CI 95%, 1.07-1.64), low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 1,96, CI 95%, 1.55-2.48), hypertriglyceridemia (PR = 2.10, CI 95%, 1.64-2.68). In the regression model three variables remained independently associated to hepatic steatosis, abdominal circumference in the range of very high risk (PRadjusted = 1.74), low HDL-cholesterol (PRadjusted = 1.39) and overweight (Pradjusted = 1.28). Conclusion: The results showed an association of hepatic steatosis with some risk factors, being abdominal circumference (very high risk) the most strongly associated, followed by low HDL-cholesterol and overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]