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Despite their similarities, Scandinavian countries have adopted starkly different automobile tax regimes. The Danish system entails very high and convex tax rates with moderate CO2 differentiation. In Norway, tax rates are high and convex with strong CO2 differentiation and total exemptions for zero emission vehicles, even from value added tax. Sweden practices feebates – CO2 dependent subsidization along with moderate taxation. Relying on a disaggregate discrete choice model of automobile purchase, we simulate the demand for passenger cars as of 2016 in Norway under a set of conditions resembling, respectively, the Danish, Norwegian or Swedish fiscal incentives before and after recent reforms. In all cases, implications are derived in terms of energy technology market shares, average type approval CO2 emission rates, and aggregate fiscal revenue. The automobile taxation system is seen to have remarkable impacts on all three accounts. In essence, among the three jurisdictions examined, the Norwegian fiscal regime has by far the strongest CO2 abatement effect. The Danish system is less effective in terms of CO2 abatement, but provides twice as much government revenue. The Swedish feebate strategy is by far the least effective in terms of both CO2 mitigation and revenue collection. Automobile taxation is a powerful greenhouse gas abatement instrument. Tax exemptions for battery electric cars accelerate their market uptake. The disparate experiences of the three Scandinavian countries are quite instructive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: While the number of fatalities on Danish roads has decreased in the last 40 years, research has not investigated the contribution of legislation changes, enforcement measures, technological enhancements, infrastructural improvements and human factors to this reduction. In the context of a Danish car market with remarkably high registration tax that causes potential buyers to hold longer onto old cars, the relationship between technological enhancements of vehicles and severity of crashes requires particular attention. The current study investigated the relationship between car generation (i.e., car''s first registration year) and injury severity sustained by car drivers involved in accidents in Denmark between 2004 and 2010. A generalized ordered logit model was estimated while controlling for several characteristics of the crash, the vehicle and the persons involved, and a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of car generation on drivers’ injury severity. Results illustrate that newer car generations are associated to significantly lower probability of injury and fatality, and that replacing older cars with newer ones introduces significant and not to be overlooked benefits for both population and society. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper evaluates different air quality models for estimation of exposure factors and their implication for assessing the marginal external pollution costs of transportation using the impact pathway methodology. An element of the impact chain is the relation between changes in population exposure due to a change in emissions including a regional exposure factor and a local exposure factor. The focus is on Danish national air quality and human exposure models. Comparisons are made with similar calculations using the European Commission’s EcoSenseTransport model that is based on a simpler regional air quality exposures model that generates regional exposure factors that are higher than the Danish models. These differences may be explained by variations in geographical coverage, and by different estimations of absolute levels of exposures within the same area. Local exposure factors are derived for different city sizes as well as rural areas to differentiate the marginal external costs by degree of urbanisation. The Danish models produced lower marginal external costs than the EcoSenseTransport model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]