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Introduction: Altered DNA methylation pattern in sperms has been associated with infertility in males demonstrating defective spermatogenesis or low semen quality. Vitamin B-12, by affecting 1-carbon metabolism pathways, might alter the DNA methylation pattern. We aimed to study the correlation of serum vitamin B12 levels with aberrant DNA methylation in infertile male patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 17 oligozoospermic infertile males (WHO criteria, 2010) and 10 healthy fertile males. Serum vitamin B12 levels were estimated using the chemiluminescence method. Global methylation was determined using the ELISA system (Imprint Methylated DNA Quantification Kit, Sigma–Aldrich). The levels of global DNA methylation were calculated and compared relative to the methylated (100%) control DNA provided with the kit. Results: Mean serum vitamin B12 concentration in the control group was higher than that of the case group. This difference in serum vitamin B12 concentration in both groups was found statistically significant. Although the results of this study show that oligozoospermic men have relatively lower global DNA methylation as compared to normozoospermic control, the values could not reach a statistically significant level. A small positive correlation was found between serum vitamin B12 levels and percent methylation defect (r = 0.14) but was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Our study concludes that oligozoospermic infertile males have a significant deficiency of vitamin B12 as compared to normozoospermic fertile males. This study did not find any significant difference in global DNA methylation between the two groups. The present study does not suggest any correlation between serum vitamin B12 level and percent DNA methylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quandles are non-associative algebraic structures with defining axioms modelled on the three Reidemeister moves of planar diagrams of links in the 3-space. The paper gives two approaches to write efficient presentations for a large class of quandles, called Dehn quandles, using presentations of their underlying groups. The first approach gives finite presentations for Dehn quandles of a class of Garside groups and Gaussian groups. The second approach is for general Dehn quandles when the centralisers of generators in their underlying groups are known. Several examples including Dehn quandles of spherical Artin groups, surface groups and mapping class groups of orientable surfaces are given to illustrate the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joining of Ti to stainless steel would allow cost-effective and light weight designs for many applications. For friction stir spot welding of Ti to steel with lap configuration, dwell time is an important process parameter. The higher dwell time promotes higher heat generation, which helps material movement and mixing for joint creation. However, higher dwell time also leads to higher peak temperature and incubation time, which encourage undesirable IMC formation. This research focuses on the impact of dwell duration on the elemental diffusion and IMC growth during FSSW of CP-Ti and SS 304. This research numerically and experimentally analyzes the diffusion of elements, intermetallic compound formation, and shear strength of stainless steel 304 and titanium dissimilar friction stir spot welds. The temperature profiles from numerical thermal model show that the peak temperatures at the dissimilar joint interface increases as dwell time increases. The diffusion model and characterization results reveal that Ni, Fe, and Cr diffuse across the dissimilar joint interface from steel to titanium side. Since Ni, Fe, and Cr are β-Ti stabilizers, the β-Ti stabilizes next to the dissimilar interface. The α-β Ti needles are observed between the stabilized β-Ti and α-Ti region towards base material. The numerical predictions of β-Ti and Fe-Ti IMC compare well against the experimental results. From shear strength (tensile) tests, the maximum shear strength (tensile) of ~ 8 kN is achieved from the SS 304-CP-Ti joint performed with 10 s dwell time. At the joint interface, the presence of β-Ti strengthens the joint and the presence of Fe-Ti IMCs encourages abrupt brittle failure and reduces strength. With dwell times less than 10 s, the Fe-Ti IMC thickness is less than 1 μm, which leads to higher shear strength (tensile) with higher β-Ti thickness as dwell time increases. With 20 s dwell time, the Fe-Ti IMC thickness of about 1 μm leads to reduced shear strength (tensile). The EDS analysis of the fracture surfaces reveal that dissimilar SS 304-CP-Ti joints failed from the dissimilar interface containing Fe-Ti IMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid crosslinked hydrogel-based drug delivery systems can deliver therapeutically beneficial drug release effects through controlled release on a temporal and spatial scale. Due to their tuneable physicochemical properties and the ability to prevent drug degradation, these systems facilitate different physicochemical interactions that control drug release. This research aims to synthesize a potent pH-sensitive crosslinked chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel using different ratios of both the polymers and varying the glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent amount by the solution casting technique for controlled amoxicillin-release properties to mitigate gastrointestinal tract bacterial infection. The effect of polymer ratios and glutaraldehyde amount is investigated by the developing porosity, gel fraction, and extent of swelling in simulated physiological fluids of pH 1.2, 6.8, and 7.4 and in vitro biodegradation at pH 7.4. Interaction between the polymers with the formation of crosslinked structures, good stability, amorphous phase nature, and honeycomb-like structures of the hydrogels is revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Based on these properties, a chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel (ratio of 60:40) crosslinked with 600 μL glutaraldehyde in 8 g of the polymers displaying adequate swelling in acidic to basic pH and in vitro biodegradation at pH 7.4 is chosen for the in situ loading of 200 mg of the drug amoxicillin. The cumulative drug release in simulated physiological fluids and the drug release kinetics using different models show that the best-fit Korsmeyer-Peppas model suggests amoxicillin release from the matrix follows diffusion and swelling-controlled time-dependent non-Fickian transport related to hydrogel erosion. This composition displays excellent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High thoracic epidural anesthesia in cardiac surgery as the sole anesthetic technique is used in a select groups of patients having severe pulmonary co morbidities. We describe a case series of three patients at high risk for post operative pulmonary complications where this technique was used along with dexmedetomidine infusion for conscious sedation in off pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Proper selection of patients, proper placement of the epidural catheter at the appropriate level and timing of catheter insertion and removal are of paramount importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are a group of ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of chemically reactive epoxides to yield corresponding dihydrodiols. Despite extensive studies on EHs from different clades, generic rules governing their substrate specificity determinants have remained elusive. Here, we present structural, biochemical and molecular dynamics simulation studies on MiEH2, a plant epoxide hydrolase from Mangifera indica. Comparative structure-function analysis of nine homologs of MiEH2, which include a few AlphaFold structural models, show that the two conserved tyrosines (MiEH2Y152 and MiEH2Y232) from the lid domain dissect substrate binding tunnel into two halves, forming substrate-binding-pocket one (BP1) and two (BP2). This compartmentalization offers diverse binding modes to their substrates, as exemplified by the binding of smaller aromatic substrates, such as styrene oxide (SO). Docking and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the linear epoxy fatty acid substrates predominantly occupy BP1, while the aromatic substrates can bind to either BP1 or BP2. Furthermore, SO preferentially binds to BP2, by stacking against catalytically important histidine (MiEH2H297) with the conserved lid tyrosines engaging its epoxide oxygen. Residue (MiEH2L263) next to the catalytic aspartate (MiEH2D262) modulates substrate binding modes. Thus, the divergent binding modes correlate with the differential affinities of the EHs for their substrates. Furthermore, long-range dynamical coupling between the lid and core domains critically influences substrate enantioselectivity in plant EHs. • Structure of epoxide hydrolase from Mangifera indica , MiEH2, has been determined. • Sequence-structure comparison of plant EHs unravel substrate specificity determinants. • Docking and MD simulations highlight enantiospecificity defining residues for SO. • Dynamical sectoral analysis shows long-range coupling between core and lid residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First work on the effect of varied notch locations on FCGR for SS316 WAAM-substrate interface. • Deposition direction cracks deviate towards WAAM region due to asymmetric material distribution. • Build direction cracks experience crack growth rate acceleration when entering WAAM. • WAAM's FCGR behaviour comparable with wrought alloy shows potential for repair and fabrication of SS316. The tensile and fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) behavior of SS316L wire deposited on SS316 substrate using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) was studied to assess its potential for fabrication and repair applications. Five initial notch locations near the WAAM-substrate interface were considered for FCGR. Cracks in the deposition direction propagated towards the WAAM region. FCGR of cracks in the build direction accelerated in the WAAM region due to its favorable columnar grain orientation. Overall, FCGR behavior near the WAAM-substrate interface is comparable with wrought alloy, suggesting WAAM's viability for SS316 fabrication and repair, with satisfactory structural integrity observed in tensile and FCGR behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the possibility of various edge-passivating elements for armchair boron phosphide nanoribbons (ABPNR), we performed first-principles computation under the flagship of density functional theory. The bare and H, O, F-passivated structures were considered for the present calculations. The possibility of probable edge-passivation using these elements was assured by the binding energy analysis. Moreover, O emerges as the most efficient passivating element which is stable by more than 400 meV over F-passivation for nanoribbons of smallest width. It is predicted that considered passivating elements affected structural as well as electronic properties of the ABPNR. It is observed that O-passivation leads to narrow band gap behavior while F-passivations yields a band gap of 1.07 eV to 1.55 eV. The Stone–Wales defects are also discussed, showcasing their potential to tune the electronic properties of ABPNR for future semiconductor devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of atmospheric pollutants are causing significant concern across the globe and in India. The aggravated level of atmospheric pollutants in the surrounding environment poses serious threats to normal living conditions by deteriorating air quality and causing adverse health impacts. Pollutant concentration increases during harvesting seasons of Kharif/Rabi due to stubble burning and is aggravated by other points or mobile sources. The present study is intended to monitor the spatio-temporal variation of the major atmospheric pollutants using Sentinel-5P TROPOMI data through cloud computing. Land Use/Land Cover (LULC-categorization or classification of human activities and natural coverage on the landscape) was utilised to extract the agricultural area in the study site. It involves the cloud computing of MOD64A1 (MODIS Burned monthly gridded data) and Sentinel-5P TROPOMI (S5P Tropomi) data for major atmospheric pollutants, such as CH4, NO2, SOX, CO, aerosol, and HCHO. The burned area output provided information regarding the stubble burning period, which has seen post-harvesting agricultural residue burning after Kharif crop harvesting (i.e., rice from April to June) and Rabi crop harvesting (i.e., wheat from September to November). The long duration of stubble burning is due to variation in farmers' harvesting and burning stubble/biomass remains in the field for successive crops. This period was used as criteria for considering the cloud computing of the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI data for atmospheric pollutants concentration in the study site. The results showed a significant increase in CH4, SO2, SOX, CO, and aerosol concentration during the AMJ months (stubble burning of Rabi crops) and OND months (stubble burning of Kharif crops) of each year. The results are validated with the ground control station data for PM2.5/PM10. and patterns of precipitation and temperature-gridded datasets. The trajectory frequency for air mass movement using the HYSPLIT model showed that the highest frequency and concentration were observed during OND months, followed by the AMJ months of each year (2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021). This study supports the role and robustness of Earth observation Sentinel-5P TROPOMI to monitor and evaluate air quality and pollutants distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasticized filled poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends incorporating acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) as an elastomeric crosslinking co-agent were subjected to gamma radiation by a Co60 source for total doses 25 to 100 kGy. Changes in total insoluble contents, physicomechanical properties (before and after thermal aging), morphology, spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical behavior as a function of NBR loading and total dose were investigated. An increase in total insoluble contents with both NBR loading and total dose indicates that within the parameters of the study, the blends underwent crosslinking as the predominant effect with an increase of hardness. Unaged mechanical properties (tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break) of the blends were significantly modified. These same properties, after aging at 90 °C, 168 h are again modified due to further crosslinking reactions above the glass transition temperatures. The obtained results indicate that there exists a loading range for NBR for which an optimal combination of room temperature and aged mechanical properties may be obtained. Abrasion resistance of the blends improves due to the formation of chemically bonded networks. The mechanism of the crosslinking reaction was elucidated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electron scanning microscopy shows single-phase blend morphologies for all blends and reveals a reduction in matrix ductility on crosslinking. Dynamic mechanical analysis conducted to study the change in loss tangent, storage modulus, and loss modulus at 100 kGy total dose shows an increase in these parameters and that the modification of physicomechanical properties are due to both crosslinking as well as enhanced interaction between PVC and NBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a physics-based analytical model for two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) charge density (n s) and pinch-off voltage (V off) in β -(Al x Ga1âˆ' x )2O3/Ga2O3 heterostructure field effect transistor (HFET) is reported. The modeling approach includes solving the Poissonâ€"Schrödinger equation in β -(Al x Ga1âˆ' x )O3 barrier layer followed by using standard Fermiâ€"Dirac statistics equations for calculating 2DEG charge density in the potential well. The developed model is then used to analyze the effect of Al composition (x) and barrier thickness (d) of β -(Al x Ga1âˆ' x )2O3 layer on 2DEG charge density. The obtained parameters from our model for charge density and pinch-off voltages are validated with the experimental results in the literature demonstrating a good accuracy. It was observed that the 2DEG charge density increases with Al composition and Al x Ga1âˆ' x O barrier layer thickness, but at the cost of increased pinch off voltage. A trade-off between both is necessary to achieve parametric optimization of β -(Al x Ga1âˆ' x )2O3/Ga2O3 HFET. This model will be useful to study the various parametric constraints for device optimization in terms of 2DEG charge density and pinch off voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the biofuel potential of raw coffee parchment and its pellets to supplement the energy demand of the cement industries of Ethiopia by characterizing their combustion characteristics and ash qualities for clinker production. The raw and pelletized coffee parchments were characterized for ultimate and proximate composition, calorific value, heavy metals, and ash oxides. The ultimate analysis confirmed higher carbon (45.5%) and hydrogen (6.5%) content and lower nitrogen (0.4%) and sulfur (0.1%) content in the pellets as compared to the commonly used biomass fuels. The moisture content (11.2%) and ash content (5.97%) of the pellets meet the ISO standard for non-wood pellets (ISO 17225–6, 2014). Pelletization of the coffee parchment enhanced the gross heating value of the biomass. The ash analysis revealed that the ash may supplement a sufficient amount of oxides of calcium, silica, aluminum, and iron required for clinker production. Overall, the results signify that coffee parchment and its pellets have suitable properties to be used as cheap, sustainable and eco-friendly bio-fuel for the cement industries of Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Mod(Sg) be the mapping class group of the closed orientable surface Sg of genus ≥2. In this paper, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which two torsion elements in Mod(Sg) will have conjugates that generate a non-abelian finite split metacyclic subgroup of Mod(Sg). As applications of the main result, we give a complete characterization of the finite dihedral and the generalized quaternionic subgroups of Mod(Sg) up to a certain equivalence that we will call weak conjugacy. Furthermore, we show that any finite-order mapping class whose corresponding orbifold is a sphere has a conjugate that lifts under certain finite-sheeted regular cyclic covers of Sg. Moreover, for ≥5, we show the existence of an infinite dihedral subgroup of Mod(Sg) that is generated by an involution and a root of a bounding pair map of degree 3. Finally, we provide a complete classification of the weak conjugacy classes of the non-abelian finite split metacyclic subgroups of Mod(S3) and Mod(S5). We also describe nontrivial geometric realizations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the refractive impact of dual‐focus (DF) myopia control contact lenses (CLs) on accommodating young myopic adults. Methods: Phase 1: accommodative accuracy was assessed in 40 myopic participants. Phase 2: a subset of four subjects who demonstrated accurate accommodation and six who chronically underaccommodated were fitted with single vision (SV, Proclear 1 day) and centre‐distance DF myopia control CLs (MiSight 1 day) with approximately +2.00 D of additional power in two surrounding annular zones. While binocularly viewing high contrast characters at 4.00, 1.00, 0.50, 0.33, 0.25 and 0.20 m, aberrometry data were captured across the central ±30° of the horizontal retina. Local refractive errors were pooled for each area of the pupil covered by the central distance or first annular defocus zone of the DF CLs. Results: In the "good" accommodator group fitted with SV CLs, accommodative lags were generally absent except at the closest viewing distance (mean errors: −0.09 ± 0.22 D, −0.12 ± 0.26 D, −0.05 ± 0.37 D and +0.38 ± 0.54 D for −2.00, −3.00, −4.00 and −5.00 D target vergences, respectively) but significantly larger in the "poor" accommodating participants (+0.81 ± 0.21 D, +0.97 ± 0.27 D, +1.18 ± 0.39 D, +1.47 ± 0.55 D). For most viewing distances, hyperopic defocus observed in the region of the pupil covered by the first annular zone was replaced with myopic defocus when fitted with the DF CLs. Myopic defocus created by the first annular region was present across the central 30° of the retina. Conclusions: Some young adult myopes chronically experience high levels of hyperopic defocus when viewing near targets, which was replaced by myopic defocus in the annular part of the pupil covered by the treatment zones when fitted with a centre‐distance myopia control DF CL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of ocular drug delivery system is one of the most technically challenging tasks, when compared with other routes of drug delivery. Eye (an intricate organ) is highly sophisticated and sensitive organ due to presence of various structurally differed anatomical layers, which many times limits the drug delivery approaches. Despite several limitations, many advancements have been made as evidence from various recent studies involving improvement of both residence time and permeation of the drug at the ocular region. In the last few decades, albumin(s) based ophthalmic products have been gained most attention to solve the major challenges associated with conventional ocular drug delivery systems. Interestingly, an albumin-based micro, nano, conjugates, and genetically fused target specific to ligand(s) formulation being exploited through many studies for successful ocular delivery of bioactives (mostly repurposed drugs). Past and current studies suggested that albumin(s) based ocular drug delivery system is multifunctional in nature and capable of extending both drug residence time and sustaining the release of drugs to deliver desired pharmacological outcomes. Despite wide applications, still complete progress made in albumin based ocular drug delivery is limited in literature and missing in market. So, herein we presented an overview to explore the key concepts of albumin-based nanocarrier(s) including strategies involved in the treatment of ocular disease, that have yet to be explored. • It is well known that albumin has multiple physiological effects. • Albumin based nanocarrier(s) significantly improves physiological functions. • Albumin binding improves transportation of drugs to the action sites. • Albumin as a carrier holds considerable promising in future for treatment of ocular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The priority of research efforts over the past two decades has been focused on the effective detection of harmful gases and the development of small, efficient, and reliable nanodimensional sensors. The adsorption of carbon monoxide (CO) gas molecules on zigzag gallium phosphide nanoribbons (zGaPNRs) has been studied using first-principle calculations within the context of Density Functional Theory (DFT). Here, we have evaluated the potential of single-atom thick zGaPNRs in different configurations of nanoribbons for the detection of CO. Many possible configurations of studying the CO molecule adsorption on zGaPNRs have been explored. It is established that the interaction of CO molecules has an impact on the electrical and transport properties of zGaPNRs. The H-GaP-H is the most stable structure with the binding energy ( E b ) of −5.70 eV. The stability is compromised with CO adsorption with CO-GaP-CO being the least stable structure. Pristine structure is semiconducting with the energy band gap ( E G ) of −3.95 eV. The computed sensitivity (S) values are found to be highest for Co-GaPNRs with the S value of 1. 7 7 × 1 0 1 8 and the least sensitive structure is H-GaP-CO with the computed S as 3. 8 4 × 1 0 1 7 . Additionally, it is noted that CO molecules always establish a stable chemical bond with the nanoribbon edges through the C-side. The unique behavior is revealed by the transport characteristics, which demonstrates that when CO adsorption occurs near the Ga edge, the current magnitude is noticeably greater. Our research demonstrates the potential of specific CO adsorption and detection for the development of nanosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rietveld refinement technique has been used to determine the extent of intergrowth of the Bi2Sr2CuO6+x phase and co‐crystallization of competing phases in the high‐temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x (Bi‐2212). The refinement was done on powder diffractograms obtained on powders made by grinding single crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x grown using two different self‐flux techniques, namely the pressure technique and the regrowth technique, and ground for either 2 min or 2 h. The Rietveld programs JANA and FULLPROF were used for the refinement and both gave consistent results. The Bi and Sr atom positions were refined in the average structure of centrosymmetric space group Bbmb. To incorporate Bi‐atom modulation and extract information about the modulation vector, refinement was done in the centrosymmetric space group (Bbmb(0γ1)). The b* component of the modulation vector decreases with a decrease in the superconducting transition temperature in the pressure‐technique sample compared with the regrowth sample, suggesting a better alignment of the CuO2 planes with respect to the Bi–O planes in the pressure‐technique sample. All the samples exhibit a strong preferred orientation effect. Values of the March–Dollase parameters corresponding to the preferred orientation function were obtained. Brindley absorption contrast factors tϕ were also calculated, together with the effect of microabsorption on the number of phases present in each sample. Rietveld refinements incorporating all the factors resulted in excellent values for the goodness‐of‐fit parameters for all the samples, with the lowest value of 2.08 for the pressure‐technique sample ground for 2 min. Additionally, the powders corresponding to the pressure‐technique crystals have no co‐crystallizing phase and ∼94% of the Bi‐2212 phase, suggesting that crystals grown by the pressure technique are of extremely good quality, much better than those grown by the regrowth flux technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoribbons exhibit peculiar electron confinements which could be further tuned via controlled edge passivations. In this direction, we used density functional theory (DFT) to reveal the structural, electronic and transport characteristics of zigzag BP nanoribbons (ZBPNR) having various possible edge passivations with H and/or F. We categorized the considered nanoribbons in different groups depending upon type of passivations. It is revealed that sp 2 and sp 3 passivations of ZBPNR with H/F are always energetically feasible with comparable binding energies. The covalent (ionic) bonding has been confirmed for B-P (B/P-F) on the basis of charge density and electron localization analysis. The magnitude of band gap is reciprocal of the ribbon width and a semiconductor to metallic transition is also witnessed in selected configurations. Amongst semiconductor nanoribbons, the obtained band gap varies from 1.41 eV (direct) to 0.11 eV (indirect). Furthermore, the electron transport analysis reveals p–n junction like characteristics whereas the negative differential resistance phenomenon has been confirmed for selective nanoribbons. These findings can play a pivotal role in designing beyond Si semiconductor nano-electronic devices. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An anal fissure is a cut or split in the epithelial lining of the anal canal distal to the dentate line. Various topical ointments been described for its treatment. Aim and Objectives: To study Lignocaine (3%) with Zinc (5%) with Hydrocortisone (0.25%) combination (LZH) ointment in comparison to Lignocaine (4%) with Sucralfate (7%) with Metronidazole (1%) combination (LSM) ointment with respect to pain relief, healing, patient satisfaction and safety in Acute Fissure In Ano (AFIA). Material and Methods: This was a prospective randomized study. Sixty patients with AFIA were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients each. In group A, LZH ointment and in group B, LSM ointment was prescribed and followed up weekly for six weeks. Results: Our study shows less pain score in group B as compared to group A. The rate of healing was statistically significantly better in group B from 3rd week onwards. The patient satisfaction score was better in group B (P value = 0.0004). No complication was seen in any patient. Conclusion: Our study shows that the LSM ointment in comparison to LZH ointment is associated with early pain relief, better healing, better overall patient satisfaction, and equally safe in patients with AFIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have reinvestigated photochemistry of 2,5‐dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHBA) in a series of organic solvents of different polarities and the aqueous solution of varying pH from 1 to 14. The investigation was carried out using steady‐state and nanosecond (ns) time‐domain fluorescence measurement techniques at room temperature. Some hitherto not explored spectral features with new insight on different forms of DHBA are reported. It is found that DHBA exists as monoanionic and neutral forms in various polar protic, aprotic, and nonpolar solvents. In aqueous solution (pH 1 to 14), neutral, monoanionic, and dianion forms are found to be responsible for the observed optical spectral profiles. The observed significant Stokes shift in emission is attributed to species undergoing excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in different solvents. The analysis presented in this work elucidates and validate the presence of various species and conformers of DHBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhamnolipids (RLs) are surface-active compounds and belong to the class of glycolipid biosurfactants, mainly produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to their non-toxicity, high biodegradability, low surface tension and minimum inhibitory concentration values, they have gained attention in various sectors like food, healthcare, pharmaceutical and petrochemicals. The ecofriendly biological properties of rhamnolipids make them potent materials to be used in therapeutic applications. RLs are also known to induce apoptosis and thus, able to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. RLs can also act as immunomodulators to regulate the humoral and cellular immune systems. Regarding their antimicrobial property, they lower the surface hydrophobicity, destruct the cytoplasmic membrane and lower the critical micelle concentration to kill the bacterial cells either alone or in combination with nisin possibly due to their role in modulating outer membrane protein. RLs are also involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles for in vivo drug delivery. In relation to economic benefits, the post-harvest decay of food can be decreased by RLs because they prevent the mycelium growth, spore germination of fungi and inhibit the emergence of biofilm formation on food. The present review focuses on the potential uses of RLs in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food and health-care industries as the potent therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decline in insulin sensitivity due to dysfunction of adipose tissue (AT) is one of the earliest pathogenic events in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesize that differential DNA methylation (DNAm) controls insulin sensitivity and obesity by modulating transcript expression in AT. Integrating AT DNAm profiles with transcript profile data measured in a cohort of 230 African Americans (AAs) from the African American Genetics of Metabolism and Expression cohort, we performed cis-expression quantitative trait methylation (cis-eQTM) analysis to identify epigenetic regulatory loci for glucometabolic trait-associated transcripts. We identified significantly associated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide regions for 82 transcripts (false discovery rate [FDR]-P < 0.05). The strongest eQTM locus was observed for the proopiomelanocortin (POMC; ρ = -0.632, P = 4.70 × 10-27) gene. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) further identified 155, 46, and 168 cytosine-guanine dinucleotide regions associated (FDR-P < 0.05) with the Matsuda index, SI, and BMI, respectively. Intersection of EWAS, transcript level to trait association, and eQTM results, followed by causal inference test identified significant eQTM loci for 23 genes that were also associated with Matsuda index, SI, and/or BMI in EWAS. These associated genes include FERMT3, ITGAM, ITGAX, and POMC In summary, applying an integrative multiomics approach, our study provides evidence for DNAm-mediated regulation of gene expression at both previously identified and novel loci for many key AT transcripts influencing insulin resistance and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decline in insulin sensitivity due to dysfunction of adipose tissue (AT) is one of the earliest pathogenic events in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesize that differential DNA methylation (DNAm) controls insulin sensitivity and obesity by modulating transcript expression in AT. Integrating AT DNAm profiles with transcript profile data measured in a cohort of 230 African Americans (AAs) from the African American Genetics of Metabolism and Expression cohort, we performed cis-expression quantitative trait methylation (cis-eQTM) analysis to identify epigenetic regulatory loci for glucometabolic trait–associated transcripts. We identified significantly associated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide regions for 82 transcripts (false discovery rate [FDR]-P < 0.05). The strongest eQTM locus was observed for the proopiomelanocortin (POMC; ρ = −0.632, P = 4.70 × 10−27) gene. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) further identified 155, 46, and 168 cytosine-guanine dinucleotide regions associated (FDR-P < 0.05) with the Matsuda index, SI, and BMI, respectively. Intersection of EWAS, transcript level to trait association, and eQTM results, followed by causal inference test identified significant eQTM loci for 23 genes that were also associated with Matsuda index, SI, and/or BMI in EWAS. These associated genes include FERMT3, ITGAM, ITGAX, and POMC. In summary, applying an integrative multiomics approach, our study provides evidence for DNAm-mediated regulation of gene expression at both previously identified and novel loci for many key AT transcripts influencing insulin resistance and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: High sampling density optical metrology combined with pupil‐ and image‐plane numerical analyses were applied to evaluate a novel spectacle lens containing multiple small zones designed to slow myopia progression. Methods: High‐resolution aberrometry (ClearWave, www.lumetrics.com) was used to sample wavefront slopes of a novel spectacle lens, Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) (www.hoya.com), incorporating many small, positive‐powered lenslets in its periphery. Using wavefront slope and error maps, custom MATLAB software ('Indiana Wavefront Analyzer') was used to compute image‐plane point‐spread functions (PSF), modulation transfer functions (MTF), simulated images and power distributions created by the dual‐focus optic for different pupil sizes and target vergences. Results: Outside of a central 10 mm zone containing single distance optical power, a hexagonal array of small 1 mm lenslets with nearest‐neighbour separations of 0.5 mm were distributed over the lens periphery. Sagittal and curvature‐based measures of optical power imperfectly captured the consistent +3.50 D add produced by the lenslets. Image plane simulations revealed multiple PSFs and poor image quality at the lenslet focal plane. Blur at the distance optic focal plane was consistent with a combination of diffraction blur from the distance optic and the approximately +3.50 D of defocus from the 1 mm diameter near optic zones. Conclusion: Converging the defocused beams generated by the multiple small (1 mm diameter) lenslets to a blurred image at the distance focal plane produced a blur magnitude determined by the small lenslet diameter and not the overall pupil diameter. The distance optic located in between the near‐add lenslets determines the limits of the optical quality achievable by the lens. When compared to the optics of a traditional concentric‐zone dual‐focus contact lens, the optics of the DIMS lens generates higher‐contrast images at low spatial frequencies (<7 cycles per degree), but lower‐contrast at high spatial frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystal x-ray diffraction measurements on both as-grown as well as oxygenated single crystals of an aluminium doped high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3−xAlxO6+δ revealed the crystal structure to be orthorhombic with space group Pmmm, in contrast to, tetragonal crystal structures corresponding to space group P4/mmm, previously reported for as-grown YBa2Cu3−xAlxO6+δ, and conflicting structures on oxygenated YBa2Cu3−xAlxO6+δ. The orthorhombic crystal structure was confirmed by powder x-ray diffraction that showed the presence of two peaks corresponding to (020) and (200) reflections associated with orthorhombic structures of space group Pmmm, instead of a single (200) reflection corresponding to tetragonal crystal structures with space group P4/mmm. All the as-grown crystals were found to be superconducting. An oxygen-vacancy cluster distribution model is proposed to explain the differences in the obtained magnetisation hysteresis loop and the broad superconducting transition temperature. The model proposes the existence of two oxygen deficient clusters of (Al-..-Cu-O-Cu)n and (Cu-O-Cu-..)n juxtaposed with each other whose number and size vary as the as-grown single crystals of YBa2Cu3−xAlxO6+δ are subjected to oxygenation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements showed the existence of two distinct peaks in each of the spectrum of O, Cu, Y and Ba in YBa2Cu3−xAlxO6+δ crystals corresponding to the two different types of clusters. The relative intensities of each XPS peak was found to decrease in the oxygenated crystals as compared to the as-grown ones confirming the change in the number and size of clusters in the as-grown crystals after oxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'The micro/nano reinforced particle' aluminum metal matrix composites (Al-MMCs) are widely used in manufacturing sector due to light-weight, superior strength-to-weight ratio, better fracture toughness, improved fatigue, and tensile property, enhanced corrosion resistance to harsh environment, etc. This article provides an overview of the manufacturing processes and different reinforcing elements used during the synthesis of Al-MMCs. Generally, the reinforced particles like carbides, nitrides, and compounds of oxides are used. Different organic, inorganic, industrial and agricultural waste which can be used for reinforcement in the aluminum matrix is highlighted with their feasible applications. The common mechanical properties (i.e. hardness, tensile and compressive strength, etc.) reported by different researchers are thoroughly discussed with the aim to highlight the amount of reinforcement and improvement occurred during processing. The formation and methodology for mixing condition and sintering behaviour of Al-MMCs are discussed to impart knowledge about the processing circumstances in powder metallurgical route. The affecting conditions during operating and responsible factor for the tribological behaviour are deliberated in a precise manner to recognize the potentiality of reinforcing particles in Al-MMCs. Finally, the different shortcomings and future prospects of the Al-MMCs are given to encourage the future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative phosphorylation is regulated by mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) in health and disease. In physiological states, Ca2+ enters via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter and rapidly enhances NADH and ATP production. However, maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis is critical: insufficient Ca2+ impairs stress adaptation, and Ca2+ overload can trigger cell death. In this review, we delve into recent insights further defining the relationship between mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics and oxidative phosphorylation. Our focus is on how such regulation affects cardiac function in health and disease, including heart failure, ischemia-reperfusion, arrhythmias, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, mitochondrial cardiomyopathies, Barth syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia. Several themes emerge from recent data. First, mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation is critical for fuel substrate selection, metabolite import, and matching of ATP supply to demand. Second, mitochondrial Ca2+ regulates both the production and response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the balance between its pro- and antioxidant effects is key to how it contributes to physiological and pathological states. Third, Ca2+ exerts localized effects on the electron transport chain (ETC), not through traditional allosteric mechanisms but rather indirectly. These effects hinge on specific transporters, such as the uniporter or the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and may not be noticeable acutely, contributing differently to phenotypes depending on whether Ca2+ transporters are acutely or chronically modified. Perturbations in these novel relationships during disease states may either serve as compensatory mechanisms or exacerbate impairments in oxidative phosphorylation. Consequently, targeting mitochondrial Ca2+ holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for a variety of cardiac diseases characterized by contractile failure or arrhythmias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing sp3‐hybridized carbon‐enriched molecules is of particular interest due to their high success rate in clinical trials. The installation of aliphatic chains onto aromatic scaffolds was accomplished by nickel‐catalyzed C(sp2)−C(sp3) cross‐electrophile coupling with arylsulfonium salts. Thus, simple non‐prefunctionalized arenes could be alkylated through the formation of aryldibenzothiophenium salts. The reaction employs an electrochemical approach to avoid potentially hazardous chemical redox agents, and importantly, the one‐pot alkylation proved also viable, highlighting the robustness of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Synthese sp3‐hybridsierter kohlenstoffreicher Moleküle ist aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung und ihres Erfolgs insbesondere in klinischen Studien von besonderem Interesse. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Einbringen von aliphatischen Ketten auf ein aromatisches Gerüst durch eine Nickel‐katalysierte C(sp2)−C(sp3) elektrophile Kreuzkupplungen mit Arylsulfoniumsalzen erreicht. So konnten einfach, nichtpräfunktionalisiere Arene durch die Bildung von Aryldibenzothiopheniumsalze alkyliert werden. Durch den elektrochemischen Ansatz können potenziell gefährliche chemische Redoxreagenzien vermieden werden. Insbesondere die Ein‐Topf Alkylierung erwies sich als praktikabel, was die Robustheit unseres Ansatzes unterstreicht. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pro-inflammatory macrophages retain iron. • PCBP1 acts as chaperone to load iron into ferritin. • LPS inhibits PCBP1 translation and affects its interaction with ferritin. • Elevated labile iron pool is detected in LPS-induced macrophages. • Removal of labile iron pool dampens LPS-induced expression of cytokines. Macrophages play a key role in maintaining systemic iron homeostasis and immunity. During pro-inflammatory stage macrophages retain iron due to the decrease of the unique iron exporter ferroportin. Increased cellular iron is sequestered in to storage protein ferritin by iron chaperone poly(rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1). However, the fate of PCBP1 and its interaction with ferritin in pro-inflammatory macrophages has not been studied so far. Here we report that PCBP1 protein level is down-regulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated macrophages. LPS did not alter PCBP1 mRNA and protein stability suggesting inhibition of translation as a mechanism of PCBP1 down-regulation that was confirmed by 35S‐methionine incorporation assay. PCBP1 interacts with ferritin-H (Ft-H) subunit to load iron into ferritin. We detected a decreased interaction between PCBP1 and Ft-H after LPS-stimulation. As a result iron loading in to ferritin was affected with simultaneous increase in labile iron pool (LIP). Pre-treatment of cells with iron chelator dampened LPS-induced expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA. Silencing of PCBP1 increased the magnitude of expression of these cytokines compared to control siRNA transfected LPS-treated macrophages. In contrast, overexpression of PCBP1 resulted a decrease in expression of these cytokines compared to vector transfected macrophages. Our results reveal a novel regulation of PCBP1 and its role in expression of cytokines in LPS-induced pro-inflammatory macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actinomycete strain NAA9 exhibiting cellulase production potential was identified based on 16S rDNA sequencing and was found belonging to Streptomyces group. On studying the effect of different lignocellulosic biomass on cellulase production by Streptomyces sp. NAA9, Parthenium hysterophorus weed biomass induced highest levels of enzyme production. The enzyme production was further enhanced by optimization of various parameters, under submerged fermentation conditions. The optimized conditions of 2% (w/v) substrate concentration, 40°C temperature, pH 6.0, an incubation period of 6 days and supplementation of the medium with 0.5% ammonium sulfate, resulted in maximum 0.990±0.012 U/ml endoglucanase production. The findings demonstrate the improved cellulase production by Streptomyces strain NAA9 using P. hysterophorus and indicate the potential of this weed biomass in acting as a low-cost natural substrate for cellulase production. The enzyme produced by actinomycete strain can also be utilized in various applications based on the bioconversion of the cellulosic biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance (IR) is a harbinger of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and partly determined by genetic factors. However, genetically regulated mechanisms of IR remain poorly understood. Using gene expression, genotype, and insulin sensitivity data from the African American Genetics of Metabolism and Expression (AAGMEx) cohort, we performed transcript-wide correlation and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses to identify IR-correlated cis-regulated transcripts (cis-eGenes) in adipose tissue. These IR-correlated cis-eGenes were tested in the European ancestry individuals in the Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) cohort for trans-ethnic replication. Comparison of Matsuda index-correlated transcripts in AAGMEx with the METSIM study identified significant correlation of 3,849 transcripts, with concordant direction of effect for 97.5% of the transcripts. cis-eQTL for 587 Matsuda index-correlated genes were identified in both cohorts. Enoyl-CoA hydratase domain-containing 3 (ECHDC3) was the top-ranked Matsuda index-correlated cis-eGene. Expression levels of ECHDC3 were positively correlated with Matsuda index, and regulated by cis-eQTL, rs34844369 being the top cis-eSNP in AAGMEx. Silencing of ECHDC3 in adipocytes significantly reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. RNA sequencing analysis identified 691 differentially expressed genes in ECHDC3-knockdown adipocytes, which were enriched in γ-linolenate biosynthesis, and known IR genes. Thus, our studies elucidated genetic regulatory mechanisms of IR and identified genes and pathways in adipose tissue that are mechanistically involved in IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ion bombardment on graphene sheets can produce atomic vacancies that can trap metal atoms. In this paper, we demonstrated that these trapped metal atoms can effectively bind other molecules with heteroatoms, making them chemisorbed to the graphene. The trapped cobalt atom can bind sarin molecule through fluorine atom with dissociation energy significantly higher than the one bonded via oxygen atom. This suggests that it can displace water molecule and therefore pledge for sarin chemisorbent in atmospheric environment. Our investigations also revealed that metallic character is enhanced upon sarin adsorption unlike the bonding of water molecule with trapped metal atom in graphene lattice which causes an opening of small (0.02 eV) band gap. Present findings can have promising application towards detecting the presence of toxic sarin molecules. Graphical Abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Graphene with cobalt-filled monovacancies bind sarin molecules through fluorine atoms • Sarin can displace water molecules, bonded with cobalt in graphene monovacancies • Graphene with cobalt-filled divacancies is poor chemisorbent for sarin • Sarin on cobalt in graphene monovacancy changes electronic structure of graphene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract New nanocomposite films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with different wt% (0.6, 1.6, 2.4) of Se 80 Te 15 Bi 5 glass have been prepared by solution casting method for flexible optical device applications. X-ray diffractogram (XRD) of films exhibit polycrystalline nature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the formation of nanoclusters having a mean diameter of 60 nm. Elemental composition of the samples was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) spectra. The optical constants of films were calculated based on the spectral data obtained using UV–Visible spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 200–800 nm. The possible optical transition in these films was found to be allowed indirect transition with energy gap values which decreases from 4.0 eV for pure PVA to 1.6 eV for the nanocomposite with 2.4 wt% of the glass. The calculated refractive index exhibits a normal dispersion and increases from 1.42 for pure PVA to 3.17 for the nanocomposite with 2.4 wt% of the glass. The optical dispersion parameters were determined according to Wemple and DiDomenico (WDD) model. Decrease in optical band gap while the increase in other optical parameters may be attributed to the formation of clusters during the dissolution of glass. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • New nanocomposite films Se 80 Te 15 Bi 5 /PVA have been prepared by solution casting method. • Semi-crystalline nanocomposites with nanoclusters of 60 nm mean diameter were formed. • Increase in refractive index and decrease in optical band gap was observed with increase in glass concentration in polymer matrix. • Tuneable optical properties based on wt% of Se 80 Te 15 Bi 5 glass in PVA, make the new nanocomposites suitable for optical storage and optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract First-principle calculations have been performed to study the sensing of CO gas in various considered configurations. The adsorption of CO on zigzag BN nanoribbon (ZBNNR) and zigzag AlN nanoribbon (ZAlNNR) was modelled in five different possibilities. The effect of CO adsorption is to reduce the band gap in both types (BN/AlN) of the nanoribbons. Interestingly, a finite magnetic moment (0.96 μ B for ZBNNR and 0.69 μ B for ZAlNNR) has been obtained which depends upon the adsorption configuration of CO. Half-metallicity was also observed upon selective CO adsorption on ZAlNNR irrespective of the ribbon width. Present findings suggest that CO gas molecules could be detected through adsorption on BN/AlN nanoribbons via changes in electronic and/or magnetic properties. Highlights • Zigzag BN/AlN nanoribbons (ZXNNR, X=B/Al) exhibit sensing properties towards CO adsorption. • Adsorption of CO on BN/AlN nanoribbon is energetically favorable and exothermic process. • After CO adsorption, ZXNNR settled in magnetic ground state. • The magnetic character of selective structures is robust against thermal excitations (∼26 meV). • Band gap of ZXNNR is found sensitive towards percentage of CO coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DICER1 gene alterations and decreased expression are associated with developmental disorders and diseases in humans. Oscillation of Dicer1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulates its function during the oocyte-to-embryo transition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dicer1 is also phosphorylated upon FGF stimulation at conserved serines in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and HEK293 cells. However, whether phosphorylation of Dicer1 has a role in mammalian development remains unknown. To investigate the consequence of constitutive phosphorylation, we generated phosphomimetic knock-in mouse models by replacing conserved serines 1712 and 1836 with aspartic acids individually or together. Dicer1S1836D/S1836D mice display highly penetrant postnatal lethality, and the few survivors display accelerated aging and infertility. Homozygous dual-phosphomimetic Dicer1 augments these defects, alters metabolism-associated miRNAs, and causes a hypermetabolic phenotype. Thus, constitutive phosphorylation of Dicer1 results in multiple pathologic processes in mice, indicating that phosphorylation tightly regulates Dicer1 function and activity in mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Erythropoietin (EPO), a cytokine molecule, is best-known for its role in erythropoiesis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that EPO has robust neuroprotective effects that appear to be independent of erythropoiesis. It is also being clinically tested for the treatment of neuropsychiatric illnesses due to its behavioral actions. A major limitation of EPO is that long-term administration results in excessive red blood cell production and increased blood viscosity. A chemical modification of EPO, carbamoylated erythropoietin (CEPO), reproduces the behavioral response of EPO in animal models but does not stimulate erythropoiesis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the behavioral effects of CEPO are not known. To obtain molecular insight we examined CEPO induced gene expression in neuronal cells. PC-12 cells were treated with CEPO followed by genome-wide microarray analysis. We investigated the functional significance of the gene profile by unbiased bioinformatics analysis. The Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software was employed. The results revealed activation of functions such as neuronal number and long-term potentiation. Regulated signaling cascades included categories such as neurotrophin, CREB, NGF and synaptic long-term potentiation signaling. Some of the regulated genes from these pathways are CAMKII, EGR1, FOS, GRIN1, KIF1B, NOTCH1. We also comparatively examined EPO and CEPO-induced gene expression for a subset of genes in the rat dentate gyrus. The CEPO gene profile shows the induction of genes and signaling cascades that have roles in neurogenesis and memory formation, mechanisms that can produce antidepressant and cognitive function enhancing activity. Highlights • CEPO induces a neurotrophic gene profile and signaling cascades. • CEPO and EPO produce comparable gene regulation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. • Genes regulated by CEPO have been implicated in antidepressant activity and cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated how the structural and electronic properties of armchair GaN nanoribbons (AGaNNR) are affected under the influence of fluorine (F 2) molecule adsorption. The adsorption was modeled considering different combinations of adsorption sites and orientations of the molecule. It was revealed that adsorption of F 2 -molecule over AGaNNR proceeds via exothermic process. The magnetic stabilization is also noticed which is greater than the thermal excitation energy and pledges magnetic properties for practical applications. The adsorption of F 2 molecule causes a semiconductor to metallic transition in all the considered structures. The concentration effects were also investigated which revealed remarkable findings and may further lead to spintronic-device applications. [Display omitted] • Fluorine molecule (F 2) adsorption is energetically feasible on armchair GaN nanoribbons (AGaNNR). • A p-type character is noticed for F 2 adsorption on AGaNNR. • The adsorbed molecule gets dissociated and the two F atoms make stable chemical bonds with nearest Ga. • The charge density and ELF plots confirm the ionic bonding between F and the host ribbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle the persistent global issue of nonbiodegradable petro‐plastics, this study undertakes the challenge of developing environmentally sustainable and active packaging alternatives. The approach involves preparing composite films by blending poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) while integrating olive oil and zinc oxide to augment their effectiveness. The films are fabricated by mixing different concentrations of ZnO (0.5% to 2.5%) and 10% olive oil into PHB/PLA (70/30) matrix using solvent‐casting. A comprehensive analysis is conducted to assess the properties of prepared films, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, mechanical testing, water vapor permeability, and UV‐blocking properties. Among the tested samples, film containing 1.5% ZnO (referred to as PPOZ1.5) displays highest tensile strength (30.8 MPa) along with improved water vapor permeability. Consequently, PPOZ1.5 film is selected for further investigations which include DPPH (diphenyl‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, and antimicrobial activity. PPOZ1.5 film exhibits exceptional antioxidant activity (>65%) and significant antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger. Moreover, when utilized to package bread samples, PPOZ1.5 film effectively inhibits microbial growth, ensuring food safety for an extended storage period of more than 12 days, ultimately contributing to the preservation and safety of packaged bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the telemedicine‑based pulmonary rehabilitation programme in COVID‑19 pneumonitis. Design: Prospective intervention study. Setting: Rehabilitation outpatient department, Tertiary-Care institute. Participants: Consecutive sample of patients (N = 50) in recovered COVID‑19 infection. Intervention: Six weeks of telemedicine‑based pulmonary rehabilitation in recovered patients of COVID‑19 infection. Outcome Measures: All patients were clinically assessed by six minutes walk test (6MWT), Modified Medical Research Council Scale (mMRC), 30s‑STS and SF 36 at zero week and six weeks post‑intervention. Statistical Analysis: Difference in means of pre‑ and post‑intervention was compared using paired t‑test. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The 6MWT, mMRC Scale, 30 seconds sit‑to‑stand test, and WHO QoL scale‑SF 36 were assessed and post‑rehabilitation sessions, all the patients’ showed improvement in the prescribed parameters. After six weeks of respiratory rehabilitation, the distance covered in the 6MWT was significantly longer than that of before the intervention. There was a significant difference between zero and six weeks during the PR intervention. mMRC and 30s‑STS results showed a significant difference between zero and six weeks (2.36 ± 0.598, 4.54 ± 1.94. Quality of life improved significantly after six weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation in eight domains of the SF‑36. Conclusion: Six‑week pulmonary rehabilitation programme delivered through telemedicine platform improves respiratory function, QoL and anxiety in patients with post‑COVID‑19 pneumonia during a recovery phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, ocular morbidities are one of the most underdiagnosed, underreported, and undertreated public health concern. Among estimated 39 billion blind in world, India shares major proportions, with majority of them living in rural population. In India, religious festivals like Kumbh Mela that involve mass gatherings are mainly attended by middle and elderly population who are usually susceptible to various ocular diseases. Therefore, we analyzed the data of our eye camp to document pattern and magnitude of ocular morbidities among pilgrims attending a mega religious festive event. Methods: In a cross‑sectional, descriptive study, we included all those patients who participated in a mega eye camp “Netrakumbh” from January to March 2019 at Kumbh Mela, Prayagraj, India and were attended by voluntary ophthalmologist from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh. Presenting chief complaints and detailed history were collected from all participants. All patients underwent comprehensive eye examination including visual acuity, slit lamp biomicroscopic examination, tonometry, etc., Data were compiled and analyzed utilizing SPSS 22.0. Results: A total of 47142 eyes of 23571 persons of all age groups (range 5 years to 70 years) with approximate equal gender distribution attending the mega eye camp were examined. The most common ocular morbidity noticed after ocular examination was refractive error with underlying cause majorly as presbyopia, followed by cataract, after cataract, convergence insufficiency, lids, and adnexal disease, etc. Conclusions: This study highlights the changing pattern of common ocular morbidities presently among middle and elderly populations in developing countries like India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Cancer Policy Forum of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine sponsored a workshop on July 24 and 25, 2017 on Long-Term Survivorship after Cancer Treatment. The workshop brought together diverse stakeholders (patients, advocates, academicians, clinicians, research funders, and policymakers) to review progress and ongoing challenges since the Institute of Medicine (IOM)'s seminal report on the subject of adult cancer survivors published in 2006. This commentary profiles the content of the meeting sessions and concludes with recommendations that stem from the workshop discussions. Although there has been progress over the past decade, many of the recommendations from the 2006 report have not been fully implemented. Obstacles related to the routine delivery of standardized physical and psychosocial care services to cancer survivors are substantial, with important gaps in care for patients and caregivers. Innovative care models for cancer survivors have emerged, and changes in accreditation requirements such as the Commission on Cancer's (CoC) requirement for survivorship care planning have put cancer survivorship on the radar. The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation's Oncology Care Model (OCM), which requires psychosocial services and the creation of survivorship care plans for its beneficiary participants, has placed increased emphasis on this service. The OCM, in conjunction with the CoC requirement, is encouraging electronic health record vendors to incorporate survivorship care planning functionality into updated versions of their products. As new models of care emerge, coordination and communication among survivors and their clinicians will be required to implement patient- and community-centered strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Development of novel electronic devices is an area of active research which reveals the potential of organic nano-materials towards efficient nano-devices application. In this letter, we have investigated the electronic transport properties of nitrogen (N) doped disconnected zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNR). Six different configurations viz. N1, N2, N3, N4, N5 and N6 were studied to reveal the effect of N-impurity on tunnelling dependent electron transport. It is predicted that the magnitude of current through these disconnected ZGNR devices is a function of tunnelling width, however, the qualitative behavior is quite similar. Further, a negative differential resistance (NDR) was observed for pristine nanoribbons which revokes upon N doping except for N3 configuration. The magnitude of tunnelling current is governed by the position of N impurities and can be further enhanced via selective doping of N atoms in the disconnected edges of ZGNR. Moreover, while operating in low bias regime (below 0.5 V), all the considered structures exhibit linear I V characteristics. Present findings may find applications in upcoming organic devices working on tunnelling phenomena. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Current in disconnected zigzag graphene nanoribbons (DZGNR) is governed by tunnelling phenomena. • Pristine DZGNR shows negative differential resistance (NDR) effect. • N-doping induces n-type character in DZGNR. • Enhanced current could be obtained via selective N doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, polymer blend films based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were prepared by solution casting technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to investigate the structural details of the polymer blend. XRD pattern confirms the polycrystalline nature of the films. Sandwich structures of the type Ag-PVA/PEG-Ag were formed to study the dielectric and conduction properties in the frequency range 300 Hz–3 MHz and at different temperatures varying from 298 K to 420 K. Experimental results show that both dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (ε″) values were strong functions of frequency and temperature. The AC conductivity (σAC) was found to obey the power law Aωs and correlated barrier hopping as the conduction mechanism. The imaginary part of electric modulus shows peak shifting corresponding to relaxation mechanisms. Electric modulus study was also found to support the dielectric permittivity data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystals of a high temperature superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (2212) were grown using two different techniques, namely, regrowth technique as well as a pressure technique and the results are compared. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) performed on crystals grown using both techniques show no impurity or intergrowth phase. However, powder XRD reveals the presence of only Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6+ x (2201) intergrowth phase in crystals grown using pressure technique, with additional impurity phases also found in the crystals grown using regrowth technique. Rietveld refinement showed the weight fraction of 2212 as 93 % in crystals grown from pressure technique, confirming the excellent quality of the as-grown crystals. The transition temperature of crystals grown using both techniques was ∼ 90 K. It was found that pressure technique gives crystals that have a higher superconducting volume fraction ( ∼ 100) than that of crystals grown using regrowth technique. Structural and magnetization measurements reveal that the as-grown crystals grown using pressure technique are of high quality, comparable to those grown using traveling solvent floating zone technique. Crystals grown by both the techniques exhibit second magnetization peak anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]