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Due to the ageing of the world population, a better functional capacity for the elderly is needed. Hence the importance of detecting people at risk of frailty, dependence and death to fulfil an individualized approach. There are models that uses frailty indices, but none that use the Frail-VIG Index, based on the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Three predictive models of frailty, dependency and mortality for 70-year-old in the general population are presented. The risk factors for developing frailty or dependency are female gender, chronicity level 2 or 3, and marriage. For mortality, the risk factors are male gender, low educational level and being frail according to frail-VIG index. In conclusion, the health actions to prevent frailty and dependence should focus on reducing the chronicity level, especially in women. To delay mortality, an individualized approach should be implemented in frail people. Further studies are needed to determine other health and social risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MVA-BN is an orthopoxvirus vaccine that provides protection against both smallpox and mpox. In June 2022, Canada launched a publicly-funded vaccination campaign to offer MVA-BN to at-risk populations including men who have sex with men (MSM) and sex workers. The safety of MVA-BN has not been assessed in this context. To address this, the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network (CANVAS) conducted prospective safety surveillance during public health vaccination campaigns in Toronto, Ontario and in Vancouver, British Columbia. Vaccinated participants received a survey 7 and 30 days after each MVA-BN dose to elicit adverse health events. Unvaccinated individuals from a concurrent vaccine safety project evaluating COVID-19 vaccine safety were used as controls. Vaccinated and unvaccinated participants that reported a medically attended visit on their 7-day survey were interviewed. Vaccinated participants and unvaccinated controls were matched 1:1 based on age group, gender, sex and provincial study site. Overall, 1,173 vaccinated participants completed a 7-day survey, of whom 75 % (n = 878) also completed a 30-day survey. Mild to moderate injection site pain was reported by 60 % of vaccinated participants. Among vaccinated participants 8.4 % were HIV positive and when compared to HIV negative vaccinated individuals, local injection sites were less frequent in those with HIV (48 % vs 61 %, p = 0.021), but health events preventing work/school or requiring medical assessment were more frequent (7.1 % vs 3.1 %, p = 0.040). Health events interfering with work/school, or requiring medical assessment were less common in the vaccinated group than controls (3.3 % vs. 7.1 %, p < 0.010). No participants were hospitalized within 7 or 30 days of vaccination. No cases of severe neurological disease, skin disease, or myocarditis were identified. Our results demonstrate that the MVA-BN vaccine appears safe when used for mpox prevention, with a low frequency of severe adverse events and no hospitalizations observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum computing is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, such as superposition, entanglement, measurement, and decoherence. The basic units of computation are qubits, which are abstract objects with a mathematical expression to implement the quantum mechanics principles. Alongside quantum hardware, software is a principal element for conducting quantum computing. The software consists of logic gates and quantum circuits that implement algorithms for the execution of quantum programs. Due to those characteristics, quantum computing is a paradigm that non-physics experts cannot understand. Under this new scheme for developing software, it is important to integrate a conceptual framework of the fundamentals on which quantum computing is based. In this paper, we present a kind of taxonomical view of the fundamental concepts of quantum computing and the derived concepts that integrate the emerging discipline of quantum software engineering. We performed a quasi-systematic mapping for conducting the systematic review because the objective of the review only intends to detect the fundamental concepts of quantum computing and quantum software. The results can help computer science students and professors as a starting point to address the study of this discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung ultrasound (LU) has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing pulmonary aeration noninvasively, rapidly, and reliably in different neonatal conditions. However, its role in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is still poorly analyzed. We present a cohort of 8 patients diagnosed with CDH who underwent lung ultrasound examinations at various time points before and after surgical correction. The lung ultrasound patterns were compared between two groups: mechanical ventilation ≤ 7 days (MV ≤ 7) and mechanical ventilation > 7 days (MV > 7). The ultrasound findings were also compared to CT scans and chest X-ray images to assess its diagnostic capacity for identifying postoperative complications: pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and pneumonia. Group MV ≤ 7 exhibited a normal pattern even at 48 h postsurgery, while group MV > 7 presented interstitial or alveolointerstitial pattern in both lungs for prolonged periods (2–3 weeks). Furthermore, contralateral LU pattern may be predictive of respiratory evolution. Conclusion: Lung ultrasound is a valuable tool for evaluating the progressive reaeration of the lung following surgical correction in CDH patients. It demonstrates the ability to diagnose common postoperative complications without the need for radiation exposure while offering the advantages of quick and serial assessments. These findings highlight the potential of lung ultrasound as an effective alternative to conventional imaging methods in the management of CDH. What is Known: • Lung ultrasound evaluates lung aeration and predicts respiratory outcomes in neonatal patients. What is New: • Lung ultrasound is useful in the postsurgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients, detecting reaeration and respiratory complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock activity in Colombia is of great economic importance, but its productive indices are not optimal, due in part to the fact that most of the animals used are of foreign breeds insufficiently adapted to local environmental conditions, which prevents them from fully developing their genetic potential. This situation is favored by the adverse environmental conditions typical of the tropics, such as the high temperatures that imply situations of thermal stress, and the low quality of forages with a marked fluctuation in their nutritional content, which conditions low energy and protein levels in them. All of the above ends up generating deficiencies in the nutrients offered with respect to the requirements of the animals, which imply imbalances or negative interactions between minerals, proteins and energy, and which end up being expressed with low productive parameters. In such unfavorable conditions, the Blanco Orejinegro Cattle (BON) is one of the Creole cattle breeds of Colombia, which have naturally adapted to the environment of the area, and which is being widely used in tropical regions of America for its reproductive and productive capacity, resistance to diseases, and for its good ability expressed in crosses with specialized meat and dairy breeds. This article reviews these aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the seeding technique the nucleation rate for the formation of ice at room pressure will be estimated for the TIP4P/ICE model using longer runs and a smaller grid of temperatures than in the previous work. The growth rate of ice will be determined for TIP4P/ICE and for the mW model of water. Although TIP4P/ICE and mW have a similar melting point and melting enthalpy, they differ significantly in the dynamics of freezing. The nucleation rate of mW is lower than that of TIP4P/ICE due to its higher interfacial free energy. Experimental results for the nucleation rate of ice are between the predictions of these two models when obtained from the seeding technique, although closer to the predictions of TIP4P/ICE. The growth rate of ice for the mW model is four orders of magnitude larger than for TIP4P/ICE. Avrami's expression is used to estimate the crystallization time from the values of the nucleation and growth rates. For mW the minimum in the crystallization time is found at approximately 85 K below the melting point and its value is of about a few ns, in agreement with the results obtained from brute force simulations by Moore and Molinero. For the TIP4P/ICE the minimum is found at about 55 K below the melting point, but its value is about ten microseconds. This value is compatible with the minimum cooling rate required to avoid the formation of ice and obtaining a glass phase. The crossover from the nucleation controlled crystallization to the growth controlled crystallization will be discussed for systems of finite size. This crossover could explain the apparent discrepancy between the values of J obtained by different experimental groups for temperatures below 230 K and should be considered as an alternative hypothesis to the two previously suggested: internal pressure and/or surface freezing effects. A maximum in the compressibility was found for the TIP4P/ICE model in supercooled water. The relaxation time is much smaller than the crystallization time at the temperature at which this maximum occurs, so this maximum is a real thermodynamic feature of the model. At the temperature of minimum crystallization time, the crystallization time is larger than the relaxation time by just two orders of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether pre- and postoperative follow-up based on lung ultrasound is associated with the respiratory and clinical evolution of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the neonatal period. Methods: Prospective observational unicentric study from December 2020 to October 2023 in a neonatal intensive care unit, a referral center for congenital heart diseases (CHD). Neonates with CHD exposed to heart surgery or percutaneous catheterization in their first 28 days of life were included. LU follow-up was performed before surgery (LUSpre) and on days 1 (LUS_1), 3 (LUS_3), and 7 (LUS_7) afterwards by mean of a dedicated score (LUS) ranging from 0 to 3 points in 8 areas (total score 0–24). Results: Fifty-five neonates were included. Median gestational age was 39.1 weeks (37.8–40.1), birth weight 3088 g (IQR 2910–3400). Forty-nine received surgery and 6 only percutaneous catheterization. Median LUSpre score was associated with total respiratory support in the first 30 postoperative days (p = 0.034). Median postoperative LUS was significantly higher than LUSpre in the surgery cohort at all time points (p < 0.05). LUS_1 was associated with respiratory and several clinical outcomes: for each point increase in the ultrasound score, the days on invasive mechanical ventilation, the need for any respiratory support within the first 30 postoperative days, and the length of NICU stay increased significantly (p < 0.05). The presence of consolidations in any area in the postoperative lung ultrasounds was associated with worse respiratory outcomes: higher invasive mechanical ventilation duration (6.84 days), longer total respiratory support (6.07 days), and NICU admission (21.61 days). The presence of consolidations in LUS_7 was significantly associated with the occurrence of ipsilateral diaphragmatic paralysis (odds ratio of 10.25 (95% CI 2.05–51.26, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Performance of lung ultrasound follow-up in CHD in the NICU is feasible and predictive of the respiratory evolution of the patient. LUS_1 presented the highest predictive values. The presence of consolidations is associated with a worse respiratory evolution and if they persist for a week after the procedure, it may raise suspicion of ipsilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. What is known: • Lung ultrasound evaluates lung aeration and predicts respiratory outcomes in premature infants. What is new: • Follow-up based on lung ultrasound in congenital heart diseases postoperative period is associated with respiratory evolution and length of admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of zero impact ionization, zero subthreshold swing field-effect transistor (Z2-FET) has been modified by stacking a half side of back-gate (BG) with a heavily doped silicon layer instead of full covered BG. Through the modification, the memory window and retention time are significantly improved. For the modified Z2-FET, the retention time of “0”-state increases from 800 μs to 800 ms by reducing the read voltage from 1.1 to 1.0 V compared to the conventional Z2-FET. The simulation results show that the half BG helps the potential barrier to sustain the “0”-state longer without the potential collapse. The modified devices have wider memory window and larger sense margin than the conventional Z2-FET with full covered BG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material characterization requires the use of different analysis techniques that complement each other. This work is a Review of some commonly used polymer preparation techniques for the characterization of these materials by transmission electron microscopy. Among them will be treated: staining with atoms or groups of atoms such as OsO4, RuO4 and HSO3Cl, permanganic attack in an acid medium as well as physical attack with Chemical Plasma. In the same way, examples of techniques used in the preparation of samples for their observation by means of scanning electron microscopy are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the impact of a 3-month course of intracortical injections of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) upon ovarian reserve markers versus no intervention in women with low ovarian reserve prior to undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods: Prospective controlled, non-randomized comparative study conducted in a private fertility clinic, in Venezuela. Women with abnormal ovarian reserve markers (FSH, AMH and AFC) who declined oocyte donation were allocated to one of the following groups according to patient choice: monthly intracortical ovarian PRP injections for three cycles, or no intervention. Primary outcomes were the change in FSH, AMH and AFC pre- and post-treatment. Secondary outcomes included the number of oocytes collected and fertilized, biochemical/clinical pregnancy rates and miscarriage and live birth rates. Results: Eighty-three women were included, of which 46 received PRP treatment and 37 underwent no intervention. Overall median age was 41 years (IQR 39–44). There were no demographic differences between the study groups. At the 3-month follow-up, women treated with PRP experienced a significant improvement in FSH, AMH and AFC, whereas there was no change in the control group. Furthermore, overall rates of biochemical (26.1% versus 5.4%, P = 0.02) and clinical pregnancy (23.9% versus 5.4%, P = 0.03) were higher in the PRP group, while there was no difference in the rates of first trimester miscarriage and live birth between groups. Conclusion: PRP injections are effective and safe to improve markers of low ovarian reserve prior to ART, although further evidence is required to evaluate the impact of PRP on pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated high-resolution maps of carbon stocks and biodiversity that identify areas of potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation can help facilitate the implementation of global climate and biodiversity commitments at local levels. However, the multi-dimensional nature of biodiversity presents a major challenge for understanding, mapping and communicating where and how biodiversity benefits coincide with climate benefits. A new integrated approach to biodiversity is therefore needed. Here, we (a) present a new high-resolution map of global above- and belowground carbon stored in biomass and soil, (b) quantify biodiversity values using two complementary indices (BIp and BIr) representing proactive and reactive approaches to conservation, and (c) examine patterns of carbon- biodiversity overlap by identifying 'hotspots' (20% highest values for both aspects). Our indices integrate local diversity and ecosystem intactness, as well as regional ecosystem intactness across the broader area supporting a similar natural assemblage of species to the location of interest. The western Amazon Basin, Central Africa and Southeast Asia capture the last strongholds of highest local biodiversity and ecosystem intactness worldwide, while the last refuges for unique biological communities whose habitats have been greatly reduced are mostly found in the tropical Andes and central Sundaland. There is 38 and 5% overlap in carbon and biodiversity hotspots, for proactive and reactive conservation, respectively. Alarmingly, only around 12 and 21% of these proactive and reactive hotspot areas, respectively, are formally protected. This highlights that a coupled approach is urgently needed to help achieve both climate and biodiversity global targets. This would involve (1) restoring and conserving unprotected, degraded ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics and Indomalaya, and (2) retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-stage process of dark fermentation (DF) and photo fermentation (PF), using fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and cheese whey powder (CWP), was used as an approach to enhance the hydrogen (H 2) production. FVW and CWP at C/N ratios of 34, 39, 60, 71 and 82 were tested as substrates for DF. Dilution (1:2, 1:5, 1:10) of the DF effluents was used as a coupling strategy. DF effluents with low-butyrate and high lactate concentrations were obtained as a function of an increased C/N ratio, which results in high H 2 production during the PF. Maximum overall H 2 yields of 793.7 and 695.4 mLH 2 /gChemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were obtained using a 1:10 dilution, at a C/N ratio of 60 and 70, respectively. These H 2 yields were higher than those obtained with the individual processes. The C/N ratio at the DF stage regulate not only H 2 production but also the distribution and concentrations of by-products. These metabolites, in turn, control the H 2 production during the PF. Predominant microbial population for both processes (DF: C/N = 34 Acetobacter lovaniensis , Clostridium butyricum ; C/N = 39 C. butyricum, Enterobacter sp , Bifidobacterium ; C/N = 82 Lactobacillus casei ; PF: Rhodopseudomonas palustris) were in accordance with the final metabolic products. Image 1 • Enhanced H 2 production by dark-photo (DF-PF) fermentations was demonstrated. • Fruit and vegetable waste and cheese whey as substrate allows waste removal and H 2 production. • Increased C/N ratio reduces H 2 yield at DF, but increase the H 2 production at PF. • DF effluents with high lactate concentrations promotes high H 2 production at PF. • Microbial population for both DF, PF in accordance with the final metabolic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical reasoning as cognitive process regulator of medical diagnosis has experienced considerable changes through the history. This work is intended to carried out a historical description of clinical reasoning, to contribute in the reinforcement of its relevance as rational component of the clinical method, responsible to a great extent, of the medical diagnosis efficiency. The study covered the transformations of the clinical reasoning from the Ancient times to the Contemporary Age, taking into account the main effective philosophical tendencies existing in each period. It was concluded that the description of the stream of consciousness related to the reasoning through the historical and philosophical development of humanity favors to keep the postulates of the clinical reasoning in line with the medical practice and the teaching-learning process of the clinical subjects in the contemporary conceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3-D numerical technology computer-aided design simulations, based on experimental results, are performed to study the origin of the large Z2-FET dynamic random access memory (DRAM) memory cell-to-cell variability on fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) technology. The body width, cross section shape, and the passivation-induced lateral and top interface state density impacts on the device dynamic memory operation are investigated. The width and body shape arise as marginal metrics not strongly inducing fluctuations in the device triggering conditions. However, the interface state (${D}_{\text {it}}$) control, especially at the top of the ungated section, emerges as the main challenge since traps significantly increase the ON-voltage variability threatening the capacitor-less DRAM operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ternary nitride films (MXN) of transition metals (X) have been extensively investigated due to their high hardness, corrosion and wear resistance. Tantalum nitride (TaN) coatings offer the possibility of high thermal stability, hardness, and biocompatibility. It has been reported that the combination of transition metals such as Ti, Cr or Zr in the TaN matrix enhance the tribological properties of the coatings. This work presents the mechanical and tribological properties of the monolayer (TaZrN) and multilayer (TaZrN/TaZr/TaZrN) films deposited by reactive DC Magnetron co-Sputtering. The mono and multilayer films presented a combined structure of TaN and Ta phases. Both the mono and multilayer exhibited a columnar morphology with thicknesses greater than 1.5 μm. The multilayer film had a hardness of 24 GPa whilst the hardness of the monolayer was 18 GPa for the 5 mN indenter load tests. The friction and wear rate were similar for both of the coating, however, the monolayer film had fractures and suffered film spallation. Raman spectroscopy studies of the debris and the zones with material accumulation in the wear tracks showed a band related to Tantalum Oxide (Ta 2 O 5) at 650 cm−1. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Mono and multilayer of TaZrN were produced by reactive magnetron sputtering on 316L (SS). • Mono layer film presented a combined microstructure with TaN, Ta 5 N 6 , and Ta metallic phase. • Multilayer had the TaN with high quantity of Ta metallic due to the metallic layers in the film. • The multilayer combination modifies the adhesion failure behavior. • Although the wear rate was similar the multilayer presented a better wear performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recently reported zero impact ionization and zero subthreshold swing device Z2FET is a promising candidate for capacitor-less dynamic random access memory (DRAM) memory cell. In the memory operation, data retention time determines refresh frequency and is one of the most important memory merits. In this paper, we have systematically investigated the Z2FET retention time based on a newly proposed characterization methodology. It is found that the degradation of HOLD “0” retention time originates from the gated-silicon on insulator (SOI) portion rather than the intrinsic-SOI region of the Z2FET. Electrons accumulate under front gate and finally collapse the potential barrier turning logic “0”–“1.” It appears that Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) generation is the main source for electrons accumulation. Z2FET scalability has been investigated in terms of retention time. As the Z2FET is downscaled, the mechanism dominating electrons accumulation switches from SRH to parasitic injection of electrons from the cathode. The results show that the downscaling of Lg has little effect on data “0” retention, but Lin is limited to ~125 nm. An optimization method of the fabrication process is proposed based on this new understanding, and Lin can be further scaled down to 75 nm. We have demonstrated by 2-D TCAD simulation that Z2FET is a promising DRAM cells’ candidate particularly for Internet-of-Things applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effects of electroactive morphing on a 70 cm chord A320 wing by means of near trailing edge slight deformation and vibration. Wing morphing is performed by Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) piezoelectric actuators distributed along the span of the "Reduced Scale" (RS) prototype of the H2020 European research project "Smart Morphing and Sensing for aeronautical configurations" - (SMS). The configuration studied corresponds to a low-subsonic regime (Mach number 0.063) with a 10 ∘ incidence and a Reynolds number of 1 Million. The numerical simulations are carried out with the Navier-Stokes Multi-Block (NSMB) solver, which takes into account the deformation of the rear part of the wing implemented experimentally with the piezoelectric actuators. A detailed physical analysis of the morphing effects on the wake dynamics and on the aerodynamic performance is conducted with a constant amplitude of 0.7 m m over a wide range of actuation frequencies [ 10 - 600 ] H z. Optimal vibration ranges of [ 180 - 192 ] H z and [ 205 - 215 ] H z were found to respectively provide a 1% drag reduction and a 2% lift-to-drag ratio increase compared to the non-morphing (static) configuration. The natural frequencies associated with the shear layer Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) vortices and the Von-Kármán (VK) vortex shedding were found to play a central role in the modification of the wake dynamics by morphing as well as in the increase of the aerodynamic performance. Actuating at (or close to) the upper shear layer (USL) natural frequency (∼ 185 H z) provides an order of 1% drag reduction and 1% lift-to-drag ratio increase, while actuating at (or close to) the lower shear layer (LSL) natural frequency (∼ 208 H z) provides an order of % lift increase and 2% lift-to-drag increase. Furthermore, the linear modulation in time of the actuation frequency (wobulation)demonstrated, through an appropriate mapping, the ability to quickly and efficiently detect optimal constant actuation frequency ranges providing aerodynamic performance increase and simultaneously reducing the amplitude of the main instability modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the biohydrogen (bioH2) production of a microbial consortium was optimized by adjusting the type and configuration of two impellers, the mixing regimen and the mass transfer process (KLa coefficients). A continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) system, with a nonstandard geometry, was characterized. Two different mixing configurations with either predominant axial (PB4 impeller) or radial pumping (Rushton impeller) were assessed and four different impeller configurations to produce bioH2. The best configuration for an adequate mixing time was determined by an ANOVA analysis. A response surface methodology was also used to fully elucidate the optimal configuration. When the PB4 impellers were placed in best configuration, c/Dt = 0.5, s/Di = 1, the maximum bioH2 productivity obtained was 440 mL L−1 hr−1, with a bioH2 molar yield of 1.8. The second best configuration obtained with the PB4 impellers presented a bioH2 productivity of 407.94 mL L−1 hr−1. The configurations based on Rushton impellers showed a lower bioH2 productivity and bioH2 molar yield of 177.065 mL L−1 hr−1 and 0.71, respectively. The experiments with axial impellers (PB4) showed the lowest KLa coefficient and the highest bioH2 production, suggesting that mixing is more important than KLa for the enhanced production of bioH2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of skills related to clinical problems occupies a central site in the teaching-learning process of medical education, due to its special meaning in the general doctor professional performance. Due to the absence of this skill in the curriculum of the medicine career, this reflection study was carried out with the objective of supporting its incorporation to the skills system of the clinical method in the Cuban medical education. On the other hand, the skill in question was defined and its functional invariants were determined; that when being part of a methodological procedure, facilitate their integration to the system of teaching-learning methods to be used in the different forms of organization of the subjects that integrate the main discipline of the study plan D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial crack path is analysed in a series of fretting fatigue tests with cylindrical contact. In such tests, both specimens and pads are made of Al7075-T651 alloy and a non-proportional multiaxial stress state with a significant stress gradient is present. The crack initiation path along the fracture surface is optically measured using a focus variation technique. The contact stress/strain fields analytically obtained, in conjunction with either the Fatemi-Socie (FS) or Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) multiaxial fatigue parameters, allow us to determine the controlling parameters of the crack initiation process observed in the tests, and to estimate the crack path during the early stage of the crack growth. These estimations are compared with the experimental results. Finally, a fracture mechanics approach is also employed where the crack paths measured are compared with the stress intensity factor (SIF) of cracks with different lengths and orientations showing also good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing demand for food and fibre by the growing human population is driving significant land use (LU) change from forest into intensively managed land systems in tropical areas. But empirical evidence on the extent to which such changes affect the soil-atmosphere exchange of trace gases is still scarce, especially in Africa. We investigated the effect of LU on soil trace gas production in the Mau Forest Complex region, Kenya. Intact soil cores were taken from natural forest, commercial and smallholder tea plantations, eucalyptus plantations and grazing lands, and were incubated in the lab under different soil moisture conditions. Soil fluxes of nitrous oxide (NO), nitric oxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO) were quantified, and we approximated annual estimates of soil NO and NO fluxes using soil moisture values measured in situ. Forest and eucalyptus plantations yielded annual fluxes of 0.3-1.3 kg NO-N ha a and 1.5-5.2 kg NO-N ha a. Soils of commercial tea plantations, which are highly fertilized, showed higher fluxes (0.9 kg NO-N ha a and 4.3 kg NO-N ha a) than smallholder tea plantations (0.1 kg NO-N ha a and 2.1 kg NO-N ha a) or grazing land (0.1 kg NO-N ha a and 1.1 kg NO-N ha a). High soil NO fluxes were probably the consequence of long-term N fertilization and associated soil acidification, likely promoting chemodenitrification. Our experimental approach can be implemented in understudied regions, with the potential to increase the amount of information on production and consumption of trace gases from soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the initial crack path in a fretting fatigue test of Al7075-T651 alloy with a cylindrical contact and compares the capability of some multiaxial fatigue criteria to predict the crack initiation path. The experimental crack initiation paths obtained in the tests are optically measured along the fracture surface using a focus variation technique. The Fatemi-Socie (FS) and Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) multiaxial fatigue parameters obtained from an analytical model, allow us to determine the controlling parameters of the crack initiation process observed in the tests and to estimate the crack path during the early stage of the crack growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconfigurable FETs (RFETs) are optimized in planar Fully Depleted (FD) SOI. Their basics, electrostatics and performance are studied and compared with standard 28 nm FDSOI and other RFETs results in the literature. The main challenge for future broad adoption is analyzed and commented. Finally, some tips to improve the performance such as the asymmetric silicidation at source/drain are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the flux patterns promoted by a reactor's impeller distribution on the biological hydrogen (bioH 2 ) production by a microbial consortium was determined. The flux patterns were analyzed and characterized by the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD, ANSYSS Fluent 14.5). Two different mixing systems; predominantly axial (pitched blade PB4) or radial flow (Rushton) impellers were evaluated. Based on CFD results, four different impeller configurations were experimentally assessed to produce bioH 2 . The highest bioH 2 productivity of 440 mL/Lh was determined with PB4 impellers, under the best configuration. In the second-best configuration, also obtained with the PB4, a bioH 2 productivity of 407.94 mL/Lh was measured. The configurations based on Rushton impellers showed lower bioH 2 productivity (177.065 mL/Lh average). Therefore, the experiments where the axial pumping was favored showed the highest bioH 2 production as a consequence of the enhanced transfer of the bioH 2 from the liquid phase to the reactor headspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ciclosporin is a selective immunomodulator used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs. A new 100 mg/ml oral solution formulation (Cyclavance®, Virbac) was developed as a pharmaceutical equivalent to the marketed capsule formulations (Atopica®, Novartis Animal Health) containing 25, 50 mg, or 100 mg of ciclosporin A. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the pharmacokinetic profiles and bioequivalence of the two formulations following a single oral administration to dogs. This randomised, two-period, two-sequence, crossover bioequivalence study was conducted in 40 healthy dogs under fasting conditions. Each dog received either one 50 mg capsule of Atopica® or 0.5 ml of Cyclavance®. After dosing, blood samples were collected during a 48-h time period at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Blood ciclosporin A concentrations were measured by using an HPLC-MS/MS method. Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞ and Kel were determined for the two ciclosporin formulations. Bioequivalence was to be concluded if the 90 % confidence intervals were within the range of 80 % to 125 % for Cmax and AUC0-t. Dogs were monitored once daily throughout the study period for adverse effects. Results: The 90 % confidence intervals for Cyclavance®/Atopica® mean ratios of the log-transformed pharmacokinetic variables Cmax and AUC0-t were within the conventional bioequivalence range of 80 % to 125 % (Point estimate: 101.2 % and 101.4 % respectively). Except for salivation reported after administration of both products, or vomiting and diarrhoea reported after Atopica® administration, both formulations were well tolerated in the 40 healthy dogs over the 48-h study period. Conclusions: The two ciclosporin oral formulations demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic profiles and were found to be bioequivalent, and therefore, interchangeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through 3D-TCAD simulations this work aims to demonstrate the benefits of Reconfigurable FETs based on dual doping with respect to the Schottky junctions counterparts using the 28 nm FDSOI platform. These devices feature both N and P dopant species at source and drain to allow for electron and hole symmetrical currents instead of using mid-gap metallic regions. Quasi-static results reveals much larger currents thanks to the enhanced carrier injection with analogous capacitances, leading to faster logic circuits in mixed-mode simulations. Dynamic results also show lower energy-delay products making these devices more efficient and appealing to implement reprogrammable logic. • Dual doped Reconfigurable FETs are functional with two top gates. • Dual doped RFETs have greater currents than Schottky barrier RFETs. • DD RFETs are more immune to manufacturing variability than SB RFETs. • DD RFETs are appealing for 28 FDSOI technology to implement in-situ reprogrammable logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effectiveness of phages on meats and goat cheese contaminated withSalmonellaEnteritidis (SE). In meats, reductions of SE were observed during the whole experiment, while in goat cheese a reduction was only observed at day 3. We discuss the relevance of phages as a biocontrol in food. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents two multiaxial fatigue life prediction models applied to a commercial dental implant. One model is called Variable Initiation Length Model and takes into account both the crack initiation and propagation phases. The second model combines the Theory of Critical Distance with a critical plane damage model to characterise the initiation and initial propagation of micro/meso cracks in the material. This paper discusses which material properties are necessary for the implementation of these models and how to obtain them in the laboratory from simple test specimens. It also describes the FE models developed for the stress/strain and stress intensity factor characterisation in the implant. The results of applying both life prediction models are compared with experimental results arising from the application of ISO-14801 standard to a commercial dental implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the feasibility of 4D spatiotemporal image correlation (4D STIC) in the 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) using FetalHQ® software. EP19.22: Feasibility of 2D speckle-tracking analysis from 4D spatiotemporal image correlation imaging Conclusions These results suggest that 4D STIC is feasible for the speckle-tracking analysis using FetalHQ® after completing a learning curve. [Extracted from the article]

This work analyses colonial rock art documented in western and northern areas of the Sierras Grandes (Argentinean central area). We question and discuss some of the social implications of this form of expression and its role in the game of power framed in the Spanish colonial domination system in America. We propose that pre-Hispanic rock art became part of a related group of social practices that guaranteed the social reproduction of the population. This practice continued during the early colonial period, and it not only implied the incorporation of the figure of the dominant in the traditional framework but also represented a form of symbolic resistance against colonial imposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the influence that the type of geometry used to obtain the stress/strain fields in a cylindrical contact has on fretting fatigue life predictions. In addition, this work considers the effect that the fatigue crack shape assumed has on these fretting fatigue life predictions. The strain/stress fields are calculated using a series of finite elements models that consider the following three types of behaviour: plane stress, plane strain (2D geometries) and 3D. Each of these models gives a different crack initiation life and a different evolution of the stress intensity factor (SIF), which are calculated using the weight function method. These models therefore provide different fretting fatigue life predictions. Finally, the lives obtained using the numerical models are compared with experimental lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multiaxial fatigue life model that considers the presence and cyclic relaxation of a residual stress field. Although the model has been developed for fretting fatigue under spherical contact conditions, and considers a residual stress field induced by specific laser and shot-peening treatments, its general structure can be applied to other fatigue configurations in which a residual stress field is present. The model predicts the total fatigue life as a combination of the life spent during the initiation phase and the life associated with the propagation phase. The transition length is not previously fixed but depends on the particular loading conditions, geometry and material properties of the analysed problem. The residual stress field was measured and introduced in the model as cycle dependent stresses, and thus, two types of relaxations were introduced in the model: plastic and cyclic. All fatigue life estimations are compared to the experimental results to understand the effect of stress relaxation on fretting fatigue life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper studies the fatigue behaviour of dental implants made of commercially pure titanium grade 4. This work analyses the influence of different factors: stress concentration at the external thread and the surface treatment. This objective is achieved by designing a series of fatigue tests in simple geometries (smooth specimens with and without the surface treatment) and in commercial implants. On the other hand, the stresses in the implant have been modelled with ANSYS, from these stresses the stress intensity factor is calculated and the initiation and propagation phases are analysed. Finally the theoretical and experimental results are compared. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• We perform DFT calculations of few-layer MoS 2 with perpendicular electric field. • We model the numerical results with a simple layered model. • We extract the dielectric constant of the distinct layers and an overall effective dielectric constant for mono- and multi-layer MoS 2. We employ atomistic calculations to study charge distribution in few-layer MoS 2 structures with an applied perpendicular electric field. The results suggest a simple continuum model consisting of alternating regions which represent the semiconductor layers and the Van der Waals gaps between them. Such model is a first step towards an accurate simulation of MoS 2 in TCAD tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dual doped Reconfigurable FETs are functional with two top gates. • Dual doped RFETs have greater currents than Schottky barrier RFETs. • DD RFETs are more immune to manufacturing variability than SB RFETs. • DD RFETs are appealing for 28 FDSOI technology to implement in-situ reprogrammable logic. In this work, the electrical performance of a novel reprogrammable FDSOI device with dual-doping at source/drain and only two top gates is investigated through advanced 3D TCAD simulations. The static and dynamic operations are evaluated and compared with those of traditional Schottky barrier RFETs and standard 28 nm FDSOI MOS transistors under manufacturable geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" and "Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional FEDER" (grant numbers PI20/00637 and CIBERCV16/11/00486) and Conselleria de Educación – Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2021/008). Aim To evaluate the potential deleterious effect of serum from STEMI patients on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived edema, hemorrhage and microvascular obstruction as well as on the grade of permeability in vitro by promoting endothelial cell apoptosis and necrosis in vitro. Methods Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were incubated with serum isolated 24h post-reperfusion from 43 STEMI patients submitted to CMR and from 10 control subjects. Using a multidisciplinary approach on HCAEC, the effect of serum from STEMI patients on the activation of apoptosis and necrosis as well as on changing the permeability and structure of the endothelial monolayer was assessed. The association between the serum-induced apoptosis and necrosis in vitro on HCAEC and CMR-derived edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction as well as the grade of permeability in vitro was also dissected. Results Serum from STEMI patients activated apoptosis (p<0.01) and necrosis (p<0.05) in HCAEC, evaluated by flow cytometry, enzymatic, genetic, and morphological analysis, and also provoked an increased in the permeability of the endothelial monolayer in vitro (p<0.01), due to enlarged intercellular spaces (p<0.05). Those patients whose serum induced higher necrosis in vitro displayed extensive CMR-derived edema (p<0.01), hemorrhage (p<0.01), and microvascular obstruction (p<0.05) as well as more endothelial permeability in vitro (p<0.05). Conclusions By activating apoptosis and necrosis on endothelial cells, serum from STEMI patients participates in the appearance of edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction as well as in increasing endothelium permeability. The negative effect of serum on the endothelial barrier can contribute to the adverse cardiac structure post-STEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – EU funding. Main funding source(s): "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" and "Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional FEDER" and Conselleria de Educación – Generalitat Valenciana. Introduction After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the lack of oxygen and nutrients leads to cardiomyocyte necrosis and eventually to the formation of a collagen-based scar. Infarct scar characteristics, such as collagen bundle orientation, have a relevant influence on scar mechanics, the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, left ventricular dilation or aneurysm formation, wall stiffness, and the development of wall rupture or heart failure. However, the most adequate method for collagen bundle orientation (CBO) measurement in myocardial scar is not established. Purpose We aim to compare the measurement of collagen bundle orientation in infarct scar by Fourier analysis in three different histopathological techniques. Methods Juvenile swine (n=21) were subjected, by means of percutaneous balloon inflation, to a transient 90-min occlusion of mid left anterior descending artery followed by one month of reperfusion (chronic AMI group). Samples were obtained from the infarcted zone and stained with Masson's trichrome, Picrosirius red and Haematoxylin-Eosin (H-E) standard protocols. Five microphotographs of the myocardial scar were taken at 200x magnification with light, polarised and confocal microscopy, respectively. A single observer measured CBO by means of Fast Fourier Transform analysis using a semi-automated protocol. Comparability between techniques was studied by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), the coefficient of variation (CV) and the Bland-Altman (B&A) plots and limits of agreement. Results Measurement of CBO in Masson's trichrome tended to show higher (more "random-oriented") values than in Picrosirius and H-E+confocal techniques (ICC 0.79 and 0.7, p=0.001 and 0.005; B&A 0.29 to -0.02 and 0.43 to 0.01; CV 6.97% and 12.98%, respectively). However, measurement of CBO in Picrosirius and H-E+confocal techniques showed an "almost perfect" agreement (ICC 0.84, p<0.001; B&A 0.28 to -0.09; CV 17.33%). Selective staining and/or visualization of collagen in these latter techniques may underlie our findings, contrary to non-selective Masson's trichrome. Conclusion Picrosirius red staining (visualized with polarised microscopy) and Haematoxylin-Eosin (visualized with confocal microscopy) are comparable in terms of collagen bundle orientation measurement by Fourier analysis in an animal model of chronic infarct scar. Masson's trichrome (visualized with light microscopy) tends to show more "random-oriented" values, potentially due to non-specific staining and visualization of non-collagenous structures such as cells, and should not be recommended for this specific purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" and "Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional FEDER" (grant numbers PI20/00637 and CIBERCV16/11/00486) and Conselleria de Educación – Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2021/008). Introduction In the context of severe myocardial ischemia, cardiac metabolism shifts from beta oxidation to glycolisis. However, the temporal and spatial dynamics of the main regulators of myocardial metabolism during the ischemia-reperfusion process in the infarcted heart has not been fully characterized. Methods Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in swine by means of 90 minutes occlusion of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery using angioplasty balloons. Tetrazolium staining and intracoronary infusion of thioflavin-S were used to define the infarcted, adjacent, and remote areas. mRNA and protein expression of PGC1a, PPARa, ERRa, GLUT1, and GLUT4 were quantified in controls and in MI groups submitted to 48 hours and 3 weeks of reperfusion. Results Compared to controls, a severe and generalized drop of PGC1a mRNA gene and protein levels occurred in the infarcted, adjacent and remote areas since ischemia onset until 48 hours reperfusion that persists at 1 month in the infarcted region. Similar dynamics occurred in the infarcted, adjacent, and remote areas in the case of PPARa gene expresion; PPARa protein significantly decreased only until 48 hours reperfusion in the infarcted area. ERRa gene and protein expression persistenly decreased only in the infarcted region since ischemia onset until 1 month. Incrases in GLUT1 (since ischemia onset) and GLUT4 (at 1 month) were detected. Conclusions Dynamics and generalized changes in metabolism regulation to a shift from beta oxidation to glycolisis occur in the infarcted heart since ischemia onset until late after reperfusion. Further research in this field can be helpful for a better understanding of pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and to explore new therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work has been funded by "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" and "Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional FEDER" (Exp. PI20/00637) as well as by "Generalitat Valenciana" (Exp. PROMETEO/2021/008). Introduction Caveolae are lipid invaginations present in the membrane of most mammalian cells. They are mainly made up of three proteins: caveolin (Cav)-1, 2, and 3 and are involved in signal transduction and ion channels. Since caveolae regulate different signalling pathways to promote cardiac protection, the aim of this study is to compare the expression of Cav-1, 2, and 3 in the human myocardium of control subjects and in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Materials Myocardial samples from human autopsies of 4 controls and 4 MI patients with more than 6 months of evolution were isolated. The infarction and control area were identified by haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichromic stainings. The presence of Cav-1, 2 and 3 was detected by immunochemistry. Afterwards, 5 photographs were taken for each antibody and sample and the presence of each protein was morphometrically quantified using the image analyzer Image-Pro Plus. These results were also corroborated by immunofluorescence. Results A constitutive presence of Cav-1, 2, and 3 was observed in the myocardium of control patients, being Cav-1 and 3 higher expressed than Cav-2. Cav-2 and 3 were mainly found in cardiomyocytes, while Cav-1 was detected not only in cardiac muscle cells but also in endothelial cells. Comparing caveolae expression between the peri-infarct region of MI patients and controls, a significant reduction in the expression of the three proteins was observed by immunochemistry. Indeed, the decrease in Cav-2 and 3 could be also detected by immunofluorescence. Lastly, Cav-1 was more expressed in cardiomyocytes than in endothelial cells, but unlike muscle cells, its expression was not diminished after MI. Conclusions The presence of caveolin decreases in the myocardial tissue after MI. Further studies are needed to confirm the cardioprotective role of caveolae post-AMI and their use as potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by "Instituto de Salud Carlos III" and "Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional FEDER" (grant numbers PI20/00637 and CIBERCV16/11/00486) and Conselleria de Educación – Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2021/008). Introduction The His bundle is responsible for transmitting the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles where it connects with the Purkinje cells in both normal and abnormal hearts. The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric analysis of His bundle characteristics of in humans, dogs, horses and pigs and compare them in these studied species. Methods We analyzed five hearts of human male adults, five male pig hearts, five hearts from male horses and five hearts of male dogs. Histological sections of 5 μm thickness were obtained and stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson's trichrome; the desmin and periodic acid–Schiff methods were also used for precise identification of cells. Results The His bundle was found to be longer in horses (2.85 ± 1.02 mm) and pigs (1.77 ± 0.9 mm) than in dogs (1.53 ± 0.8 mm) or humans, in which it was shortest (1.06 ± 0.6 mm). The area and diameters in His bundle cells, were significantly larger in pigs and horses than in humans (p < 0.001) or dogs (p < 0.001). We found two organizational patterns of His bundle components: group I, with large cells and a high amount of collagen fibers in ungulates (pigs and horses); and group II, with smaller cells and lower abundance of collagen fibers in humans and dogs. Conclusions Determining morphometrically cell size variations in the His bundle allows us not only to identify this bundle by histological or anatomical location but also to differentiate these cells from others such as nodal or Purkinje cells. Our analysis revealed that His bundle cells have discrete identities based on their morphometric and histological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Initiation and propagation phases are combined without defining the transition point. [•] The life estimation model works well with different levels of stress and gradients. [•] It is important to model crack growth with a 3D model instead of a 2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic pathogen which is the causal agent of a sight-threatening ulceration of the cornea known as ' Acanthamoeba keratitis' (AK) and, more rarely, an infection of the central nervous system called 'granulomatous amoebic encephalitis' (GAE). The symptoms of AK are non-specific, and so it can be misdiagnosed as a viral, bacterial, or fungal keratitis. Furthermore, current therapeutic measures against AK are arduous, and show limited efficacy against the cyst stage of Acanthamoeba. Moxifloxacin, a fourth generation fluoroquinolone, has been used with other drugs to treat GAE, but its efficacy as a treatment for AK is not known. Voriconazole has been used to treat AK; however, its cysticidal efficacy is not known. Both drugs are commercially available as eye-drops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro activity of these eye-drops against Acanthamoeba compared to two reference drugs (chlorhexidine and amphotericin B) which are currently used to treat AK and GAE. Methods: The sensitivity of two clinical and one type strain of Acanthamoeba to the commercial concentrations of the four drugs was evaluated with a colorimetric assay. Mature cysts were incubated with voriconazole to determine their sensitivity to this drug. The effects on cell proliferation and cell toxicity were determined using standard procedures with commercial kits. Results: The four compounds were active against the Acanthamoeba strains in this study. Although it prevented encystation, moxifloxacin's amoebicidal activity was low. Voriconazole activity was greater than that of the other drugs, even at a concentration lower than in commercial eye drops. It was effective against cysts and decreased cell proliferation, with low cellular cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Voriconazole could be used against AK as a first-line treatment or in combination. Moxifloxacin is an interesting adjuvant to consider as it is effectively prevents encystation of the amoeba which often complicates infection resolution. In addition, moxifloxacin is effective in preventing secondary bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper analyses the effect of a wavy regular surface texturing on fretting fatigue life, and more specifically, studies the influence of this regular pattern on the initiation and crack propagation phases in fretting fatigue. In this work, an elastic—plastic finite element model (FEM) is used to simulate the contact between a half-plane and a cylindrical punch. In the simulations, three types of geometrical configurations are studied: one in which all of the contacting surfaces are smooth, a second with contact between a smooth half-plane and a cylindrical pad with a wavy surface, and the third that simulates contact between a half-plane with a wavy surface and a smooth cylindrical pad. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a new method to directly and explicitly calculate all of the components of the sub-surface stress field in plane contacts once the surface contact stress distributions are known. The method is applicable when the contacting bodies have isotropic elastic behaviour, identical mechanical properties and can be modelled as elastic half-planes. Although the method presented here has direct application in the case of plane contacts, it is also applicable in other mechanical problems that lead to a stress distribution at the surface. The procedure described here is applied to find the interior stress field generated by the well-known Carter''s solution for a rolling contact. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents two valuable procedures used to calculate the stress field in plane contacts between a punch and a half-plane in partial slip regime. These procedures greatly simplify both the Muskhelishvili potential and the calculation of direct stresses produced on the contact surface, and, therefore, the stress field in the half-plane is simplified as well. The results are applicable when the contacting bodies have isotropic elastic behaviour and identical mechanical properties. It is further assumed that both bodies behave as a semi-infinite medium. To validate the procedures obtained here, they are applied to two cases for which analytical solutions already exist. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This work focuses on determining the effect of shot and laser peening on fretting fatigue in the Al 7075-T651 alloy. These surface treatments generate a residual compressive stress field near the treated surface where contact under fretting fatigue produces high stress levels. The fretting fatigue resistance of shot and laser peened specimens was assessed in a series of tests involving measurements of the residual stress field, residual stress relaxation under the action of cyclic loads, the friction coefficient, surface roughness and material hardness. The obtained results are compared with those for untreated specimens. The tests show the beneficial effect of the compressive residual stresses and the improvement that surface roughness causes in fretting fatigue life, especially in shot peened specimens. Another important effect observed, is the partial residual stress relaxation produced during the fretting fatigue tests. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objectives: This study aimed to describe the professional practices in pediatric transfusion to assess the accuracy of transfusion guidelines in children. Methods: The study retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of all the pediatric transfusions prescribed in the Clermont-Ferrand (France) university hospital center over 1 year and determined whether they conformed to the national guidelines. Results: One thousand six hundred and seven blood products were delivered to 233 children (806 red cell units, 670 platelet units, and 131 plasma units), accounting for 5.3% of the center''s whole blood products. Transfusions were mainly prescribed by the oncohematology unit (68.2%), the intensive care unit (15.4%), and for surgery (10.2%). Ten adverse events were reported in eight patients (0.6% of transfusions). The prescription conformed to the national guidelines in 35.9%, 41.6%, and 80.9% of the red blood cell, platelet, and plasma unit transfusions, respectively. Nonconformity was mainly due to abusive irradiation and “cytomegalovirus seronegative” specifications. Conclusion: Malignancies, intensive care, and surgery are the main indications for transfusion in children. Substantial discrepancy between recommendations and actual practices was observed. This illustrates the variability of risk evaluation. This should be made simpler by the use of photochemical pathogen inactivation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]