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Introduction: In the circulatory system, the vessel branching angle may have hemodynamic consequences. We hypothesized that there is a hemodynamically optimal range for the renal artery's branching angle. Methods: Data on the posttransplant kinetics of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were analyzed according to the donor and implant sides (right-to-right and left-to-right position; n = 46). The renal artery branching angle from the aorta of a randomly selected population was measured using an X-ray angiogram (n = 44). Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to elucidate the hemodynamic effects of angulation. Results and Discussion: Renal transplant patients receiving a right donor kidney to the right side showed faster adaptation and higher eGFR values than those receiving a left donor kidney to the right side (eGFR: 65 ± 7 vs. 56 ± 6 mL/min/1.73 m2; p < 0.01). The average branching angle on the left side was 78° and that on the right side was 66°. Simulation results showed that the pressure, volume flow, and velocity were relatively constant between 58° and 88°, indicating that this range is optimal for the kidneys. The turbulent kinetic energy does not change significantly between 58° and 78°. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is an optimal range for the renal artery's branching angle from the aorta where hemodynamic vulnerability caused by the degree of angulation is the lowest, which should be considered during kidney transplantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the a.e. strong summability of the quadratical and rectangular partial sums of the two-dimensional Vilenkin--Fourier series for every two-dimensional functions belonging to Llog L . We also study the exponential uniform strong approximation of Marcinkiewicz type of two-dimensional Vilenkin--Fourier series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Hungary, changes in the White Stork population are monitored using two methods that involve a large number of volunteers: nest surveys since 1941, and since 1999 within the framework of the Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (MMM) programme. In our article, we briefly present the results of the nest survey data between 1999 and 2021, the population trend calculated on the basis of them, and the comparison of the latter with the trends shown by the MMM programme, which – among other species – counts all stork individuals on 2.5×2.5 km sample areas. Both sets of data show a decreasing trend, but there is a significant difference between them, which may be partly due to the inaccuracies of the nest database, considering the fact that the MMM also counts non-breeding adult and immature individuals. However, both methods have the characteristics that make them suitable for monitoring population trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper discusses the matrix summability of the Walsh–Fourier series. In particular, we discuss the convergence of matrix transforms in L 1 space and in C W space in terms of modulus of continuity and matrix transform variation. Moreover, we show the sharpness of our result. We also discuss some properties of the maximal operator t ∗ (f) of the matrix transform of the Walsh–Fourier series. As a consequence, we obtain the sufficient condition so that the matrix transforms t n (f) of the Walsh–Fourier series are convergent almost everywhere to the function f. The problems listed above are related to the corresponding Lebesgue constant of the matrix transformations. The paper sets out two-sides estimates for Lebesgue constants. The proven theorems can be used in the case of a variety of summability methods. Specifically, the proven theorems are used in the case of Cesàro means with varying parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goginava proved that the maximal operator σ α , * {\sigma^{\alpha,*}} ( 0 < α < 1 {0<\alpha<1}) of two-dimensional Marcinkiewicz type (C , α) {(C,\alpha)} means is bounded from the two-dimensional dyadic martingale Hardy space H p ⁢ (G 2) {H_{p}(G^{2})} to the space L p ⁢ (G 2) {L^{p}(G^{2})} for p > 2 2 + α {p>\frac{2}{2+\alpha}}. Moreover, he showed that assumption p > 2 2 + α {p>\frac{2}{2+\alpha}} is essential for the boundedness of the maximal operator σ α , * {\sigma^{\alpha,*}}. It was shown that at the point p 0 = 2 2 + α {p_{0}=\frac{2}{2+\alpha}} the maximal operator σ α , * {\sigma^{\alpha,*}} is bounded from the dyadic Hardy space H 2 / (2 + α) ⁢ (G 2) {H_{2/(2+\alpha)}(G^{2})} to the space weak- L 2 / (2 + α) ⁢ (G 2) {L^{2/(2+\alpha)}(G^{2})}. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of the maximal operators of weighted Marcinkiewicz type σ α , * {\sigma^{\alpha,*}} means ( 0 < α < 1 {0<\alpha<1}) in the endpoint case p 0 = 2 2 + α {p_{0}=\frac{2}{2+\alpha}}. In particular, the optimal condition on the weights is given which provides the boundedness from H 2 / (2 + α) ⁢ (G 2) {H_{2/(2+\alpha)}(G^{2})} to L 2 / (2 + α) ⁢ (G 2) {L^{2/(2+\alpha)}(G^{2})}. Furthermore, a strong summation theorem is stated for functions in the dyadic martingale Hardy space H 2 / (2 + α) ⁢ (G 2) {H_{2/(2+\alpha)}(G^{2})}. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A national White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) census was organised in Hungary in 2019. The 14th country-wide nest count was coordinated by MME/BirdLife Hungary, also involving local branches and volunteers of the society and national park directorates. Altogether 5,018 nests and 2,358 White Stork nest holders without nest material were reported. 89.2% of occupied nests were built on electric poles. Although 80 years ago every third nests were found on trees, in 2019, only 6 were reported at that location. Successful pairs raised 2.62 nestlings on average, breeding success for all breeding pairs was 2.19, which is lower than typical, probably due to chilly and rainy weather during the breeding season. Based on 3,540 reported breeding pairs and former census data, the White Stork population of Hungary is estimated to be 3,860–4,020 pairs in 2019. The size of the population was ca. 15–16 thousand pairs in 1941, which halved by 1958 and decreased to 5 thousand pairs by the late 1960s. For four decades, the population fluctuated between 4,800 and 5,500 pairs but in the last twenty years, the number of breeding pairs slightly decreased in the country. The population decline is stronger in hilly areas of W Hungary, i.e. in Somogy, Vas and Zala counties is about 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Széchenyi Hill (Budapest, Hungary) is surrounded by urban areas and is frequented by visitors. The high nature conservation importance of the place and several factors threatening the site call for a thorough assessment of its flora. In our field survey, we found almost 12,000 stands of 33 protected and 1 strictly protected plant species with over 32,000 flowering shoots. Altogether, the sum of the legal values of the protected species exceeds 320,000 EUR. Pannonian-Pontic, eastern, and sub-Mediterranean floristic elements dominate among the protected species, providing evidence for a sub-Mediterranean climatic influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pencycuron, a phenylurea-type antifungal agent, is used in agriculture worldwide for inhibiting the growth of various fungal pathogens of crops. Pencycuron residues were found in vegetables, soil and drinking water. Accordingly, both occupational and consumer exposure can be expected and may be significant. However, human toxicity studies on its genotoxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic potential are lacking. Therefore, a collaborative study was performed in two laboratories to investigate whether pencycuron exposure can induce DNA damage. The genotoxic effect of 0–100 μg/ml pencycuron in in vitro cultures of human mononuclear white blood cells (MWBCs) and human hepatocytes (HepG2) was detected by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and comet assay. The combined results of the two labs showed a dose-dependent DNA damage detected by micronucleus frequency, which reached statistical significance at 100 μg/ml concentration after 21-h exposure in HepG2 cells (p = 0.048). Significant genotoxic effect could also be observed in the comet assay from 50 μg/ml concentration in MWBCs, and at 100 μg/ml concentration in HepG2 cells in one lab. Nevertheless, this finding was not confirmed by the other lab in HepG2 cells, where Fpg-dependent oxidative DNA damage could also not be detected. The results indicate that pencycuron may have DNA-damaging potential as well as point out inter-laboratory variability that calls for further studies to confirm the genotoxicity of this fungicide. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Pencycuron genotoxicity was investigated in collaboration of two laboratories. • The fungicide was able to induce statistically significant DNA damage. • Inter-lab variability was observed in comet assay results. • Further studies on the genotoxic characteristics of pencycuron are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hoopoe is a widespread species in Hungary with the strongest populations on the Great plains. The fact that in 2015 it became ‛The Bird of the Year' in Hungary offers the possibility to summarise the information about the distribution, population size, dispersion, migration as well as the nature conservation status of the Hoopoe population breeding in Hungary. In the period of 1999-2014 the number of breeding pairs and trend of population level was estimated based on the Common Bird Census database. The population size was estimated as 13,500-17,500 pairs with a stable trend (slope=−1.3%, SE=2.5%) over 1999-2014. There is very limited information on migration from bird ringing, only 8 recoveries between 1928-1963 indicate, that the Hungarian population is migrating on a south-southeast direction in autumn, wintering in the eastern parts of the Sahel, possibly in Chad and Sudan and migrates back in spring following a loop migration pattern further to the east. The main conservation issues are agricultural intensification impacting feeding possibilities, lack of nesting cavities and hunting during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the female genital tract is extremely rare. Vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain or urinary complaints might be its most frequent symptoms. We report a 27-year-old multipara who underwent large loop excision of the transformation zone because of the repeated finding of a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion identified during routine cancer screening. Incidentally, CD20-positive, primary, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma infiltrating the mucosa of the endocervix was also diagnosed from this specimen. The case is unusual because the patient had no symptoms, specific colposcopic signs or visible mass. R-CHOP 21 immunochemotherapy was introduced and resulted in complete remission without hysterectomy. The patient is without any evidence of disease after 49 months of follow-up. Primary cervical lymphomas are mainly subepithelial initially, and therefore they may be under-recognized due to the inefficiency of smears to diagnose such lesions. Early diagnosis and available targeted treatment allowed a cure in the reported example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the female genital tract is extremely rare. Vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain or urinary complaints might be its most frequent symptoms. We report a 27-year-old multipara who underwent large loop excision of the transformation zone because of the repeated finding of a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion identified during routine cancer screening. Incidentally, CD20-positive, primary, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma infiltrating the mucosa of the endocervix was also diagnosed from this specimen. The case is unusual because the patient had no symptoms, specific colposcopic signs or visible mass. R-CHOP 21 immunochemotherapy was introduced and resulted in complete remission without hysterectomy. The patient is without any evidence of disease after 49 months of follow-up. Primary cervical lymphomas are mainly subepithelial initially, and therefore they may be under-recognized due to the inefficiency of smears to diagnose such lesions. Early diagnosis and available targeted treatment allowed a cure in the reported example. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the properties of the maximal operator of two-dimensional Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fejér means, where the set of indices is inside a cone-like set. We prove that the maximal operator σk,*L is bounded from Hp to Lp for 1/2 < p and is of weak type (1, 1). As a corollary, we get Simon's theorem [13] on the convergence almost everywhere of cone-restricted two-dimensional Fejér means of integrable functions. In the endpoint case p = 1/2, we show that the maximal operator σk,*L is not bounded from the Hardy space H1/2 to the space L1/2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the convergence of Walsh-Marcinkiewicz means in terms of the modulus of continuity on the Hardy space H2/3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenothrin, a synthetic pyrethroid compound, is widely used to control agricultural and household insects, as well as to eliminate human louse infestation. Toxicity studies on the direct DNA-damaging effect of phenothrin are lacking. We therefore investigated whether phenothrin exposure can lead to increased DNA damage in vitro in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in human hepatocytes. Genotoxicity was evaluated by means of the comet assay modified with formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase post-treatment for the detection of oxidative base-damage in DNA. We also assessed the cytotoxic potential of this compound by use of combined fluorescence viability staining. Our results show that phenothrin induces statistically significant, dose-dependent DNA damage in the absence of marked cytotoxicity at concentrations higher than 20μM and 50μM in human blood peripheral lymphocytes and hepatocytes, respectively. Oxidative DNA damage could also be detected in the two cell types, although this did not reach statistical significance. These findings provide evidence of the DNA-damaging potential of phenothrin and call for additional studies to reveal the genotoxic properties of this pyrethroid. The observations also point at the importance of using caution when considering the use of phenothrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to investigate the (Hp, Lp)-type inequality for the maximal operators of Riesz and Nörlund logarithmic means of Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fourier series. Moreover, we show that the behaviour of Nörlund logarithmic means is worse than the behaviour of Riesz logarithmic means in our special sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, Goginava showed that , where is the th Marcinkiewicz-Fejér mean of the Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fourier series, is not bounded from the Hardy space to the space . The main aim of this paper is to show that the maximal operator is bounded from the Hardy space to the space . Moreover, it is proved that the order of deviant behavior of the th Walsh-Kacmarz-Marcinkiewicz-Fejér mean is exactly . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we prove that for any 0

The concentration of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is in the nanomolar range, is known to decrease in epilepsy. The experimental data suggest that treatment with l-KYN dose dependently increases the concentration of the neuroprotective KYNA in the brain, which itself hardly crosses the blood-brain barrier. However, it is suggested that new synthetic KYNA analogs may readily cross the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a new KYNA analog administered systemically in a sufficient dose results in a decreased population spike activity recorded from the pyramidal layer of area CA1 of the hippocampus, and also provides protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptiform seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to prove that the logarithmic means of quadratical partial sums of the double Walsh-Kaczmarz series does not improve the convergence in measure. In other words, we prove that for any Orlicz space, which is not a subspace of L log+ L(I²), the set of the functions the logarithmic means of quadratical partial sums of the double Walsh-Kaczmarz series of which converge in measure is of first Baire category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the two-dimensional Walsh system, Gát and Weisz proved the a.e. convergence of Fejér means σ f of integrable functions, where the set of indices is inside a positive cone around the identical function, that is, β ≤ n/ n ≤ β is provided with some fixed parameter β ≥ 1. In this paper we generalize the result of Gát and Weisz. We not only generalize this theorem, but give a necessary and sufficient condition for cone-like sets in order to preserve this convergence property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to prove that the Nörlund logarithmic means tnkf of one-dimensional Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fourier series is weak type (1,1), and this fact implies that tnkf converges in measure on I for every function f ∈ L(I) and tn,mkf converges in measure on I2 for every function f ∈ Lln+ L(I2): Moreover, the maximal Orlich space such that Nörlund logarithmic means of two-dimensional Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fourier series for the functions from this space converge in two-dimensional measure is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An Agreement of Cooperation was concluded in 2008 on the setting up of an Energy Security Centre amongst the Hungarian Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Economy and Transport, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Office for Research and Technology and the Prime Minister''s Office. This paper summarizes the findings for the setting up of the Centre and creating the necessary conditions required for its operation. The main idea is that qualitatively new conditions to facilitate effective problem solving to meet the demands of mankind for energy are needed. The key part of this work is the creation of the structures of a global problem solving network. It will function as a network of energy security knowledge centres (KC). A number of KC with different specialisation will be built on these structures, resulting in a global network with new synergies, which will in return foster the development of new capabilities and the emergence of new way of thinking. The paper discusses the results related to the application of a global approach to energy security and points out the necessity of regarding energy security and environmental protection as integral parts of the system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Humans are exposed to complex chemical mixtures, such as pesticides. Although the need for the assessment of health and environmental hazards deriving from the interactions between various substances found in commercial pesticide formulations is becoming increasingly recognized, the approval of pesticide products is still mostly limited to determining the toxicity of the individual ingredients ignoring the possible combined effects in mixtures. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature of in vitro and in vivo studies that simultaneously examine the toxicity of pesticide product formulations and their declared active ingredients to compare their toxicity to human health and to the environment. Two electronic databases were searched for studies that assessed the health effects of active pesticide ingredients and their product formulations. The literature search was performed with a combination of the following terms: "pesticide", "formulation", "commercial product", "commercial pesticide" and "health". After screening by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality and reliability assessment of eligible publications was conducted by use of the ToxRTool. Two investigators independently screened the identified publications and extracted results from eligible studies. Our search yielded 36 toxicity studies; 23 studies investigated herbicides, 15 examined insecticides and 4 focused on fungicides. Twenty-four studies reported increased toxicity of the product formulations versus their active ingredients, which, in most cases, were attributed to the presence of adjuvants in the formulations. A significant number (n = 10) of studies focused on the comparative testing of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, and six of them concluded that Roundup, the dominant product formulation of glyphosate, is more toxic than the active ingredient alone. We identified only 8 studies demonstrating reduced toxicity of product formulations in relation to the active ingredient that might be due to a potential antagonistic effect between the constituents. The results of this review demonstrate the inadequacy of current EU testing requirements for assessing the health hazards of pesticide product formulations based mainly on the evaluation of the individual ingredients and of at least one representative use and formulation. Ignoring the possible risks deriving from the interaction between the active and other ingredients of various commercial pesticide product formulations might result in the misinterpretation of its toxicological profile. At EU level efforts are currently made to address this issue. In this context, we recommend that all product formulations should be fully assessed during the authorization process. • Several pesticide product formulations have different toxicities than their active ingredients. • Interactions of ingredients in pesticide product formulations should not be ignored. • Formulations should be fully assessed in the pesticide pre-market evaluation process. • Post-market vigilance systems should be used to monitor real-life impacts of pesticide product formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glyphosate is the most heavily applied active compound of agricultural pesticides. It is solely used in more than 750 different glyphosate-based herbicide formulations (GBHs) that also contain other substances, mostly presumed as inert by regulatory agencies. The toxicity of formulations is currently assessed substance by substance, neglecting possible combined effects in mixtures and many of the findings regarding the toxic effects of glyphosate and GBHs to human cells are inconsistent. This is the first study to investigate and compare the cyto- and genotoxic potential of the active ingredient glyphosate and GBHs in human mononuclear white blood (HMWB) cells. HMWB cells were treated for 4 h at 37 °C with increasing concentrations (1–1000 μM) of glyphosate alone and in three GBHs (Roundup Mega, Fozat 480 and Glyfos) to test cytotoxic effect with fluorescent colabelling and genotoxic effect with comet assay. In addition, each concentration was tested with and without metabolic activation using human liver S9 fraction. We found that glyphosate alone does not induce significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity over the tested concentration range. Contrarily, GBHs induced statistically significant cell death from 250 μM (Roundup Mega and Glyfos) and 500 μM (Fozat 480), as well as statistically significant increase of DNA damage from 500 μM (Roundup Mega and Glyfos) and 750 μM (Fozat 480); however, the latter observation may not be explained by direct DNA injuries, rather due to the high level of cell death (>70%) exerted by the formulations. Metabolic activation significantly increased the DNA damage levels induced by Glyfos, but not of the other GBHs and of glyphosate. The differences observed in the toxic pattern of formulations and the active principle may be attributed to the higher cytotoxic activity of other ingredients in the formulations or to the interaction of them with the active ingredient glyphosate. Hence, further investigation of formulations is crucial for assessing the true health risks of occupational and environmental exposures. • Glyphosate alone did not induce significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. • Glyphosate based herbicide formulations substantially decreased cell viability and induced DNA damage. • The observed DNA damage can be due to the cell death exerted by the formulations. • Metabolic activation increased the genotoxicity of the Glyfos formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney transplantation is the gold-standard therapy for end-stage renal disease. However, in the early postoperative period following allograft kidney transplantation, insufficient graft function presents a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. Ischemic damage to the graft and/or an early autoimmune rejection may cause a decrease in function. Ischemic damage is a benign and transient condition, while acute immune rejection requires immediate therapy. A kidney graft ultrasound may produce a false negative result, and graft biopsy is invasive and slow to return results. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is under examination as a possible tool for differential diagnosis between ischemic damage and immune rejection. Herein, we analyze the continuous lab results of four patients in the early post-transplantation period, showing patterns correlating with different clinical outcomes and prognoses. In our experience, a persistent elevated LDH accompanies ischemic damage. Immune rejection was, however, associated with a decrease in LDH. Hemodialysis was not a confounding factor, while packed red blood cell transfusion caused severe diagnostic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The year 2010 was a milestone in the history of transplantation in Hungary. Hungarian politicians became interested in solving the serious problems facing organ transplantation in our country. The State Secretary announced a program to (1) increase waiting lists, (2) raise donor numbers, (3) establish a lung transplant program, (4) promote education and increase the knowledge base regarding transplantation for the public and the medical profession, and finally, (5) to begin the negotiations for Hungary to join Eurotransplant. Joining Eurotransplant has been a priority of the transplant community. Finally, this year saw the Budapest Transplant Center perform 20% of their transplants from living kidney donors, up from 5% historically. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Electrocutions of birds on power structures is a global conservation concern that has not been thoroughly reported in all areas where it occurs. Here we provide information from citizen scientists describing 3,400 avian carcasses of at least 79 species found at the bases of 57,486 electrical pylons in Hungary. Of these carcasses, 3% were found at the bases of pylons retrofitted to reduce electrocution risk. On average, one carcass was found per 15 nonretrofitted pylons surveyed compared one carcass per 89 retrofitted pylons, an 83% difference in frequency. Electrocutions included 4 species of conservation concern in Hungary: Red-footed Falcons (Falco vespertinus), European Rollers (Coracias garrulous), Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug), and Eastern Imperial Eagles (Aquila heliaca). Only 3 of 104 (3%) electrocutions involving these species occurred on retrofitted pylons. Across birds of various sizes (small ≤25 cm long, medium 26–49 cm long, and large ≥50 cm long), differences in electrocution frequencies on nonretrofitted and retrofitted pylons were smallest for small birds, apparently because small birds could walk across the unprotected gaps in coverage directly below energized conductors. In this study, citizen scientists documented the breadth of the electrocution problem in Hungary but were not trained to record detailed pylon-specific configuration details. Rather, each pylon surveyed was categorized into one of 8 general configurations. Pylons with terminal connections were the most dangerous, accounting for 8% of pylons and 24% of electrocutions. Future mitigation may benefit from professional scientists conducting detailed analyses of how electrocutions occurred on retrofitted pylons. A madarakat érő áramütés egy globális természetvédelmi probléma, amelynek dokumentálása azonban nem minden területen történik meg, ahol a probléma előfordul. Ebben a cikkben önkéntesek bevonásával gyűjtött információkat mutatunk be minimum 79 madárfaj 3,400 teteméről, amelyek összesen 57,486 elektromos oszlop környezetében kerültek elő. A tetemek 3%-a olyan oszlopoknál volt, amelyeken már történtek madárvédelmi technikai beavatkozások. Átlagosan 15 felmért átalakítás nélküli oszlopra jutott egy tetem, míg az átalakított oszlopok esetében minden 89 oszlopra jutott egy áldozat, ami 83%-os gyakoriságbeli eltérést jelent. Az áramütés négy olyan fajt is érint, amelyek a magyar természetvédelem számára kiemelt fontosságúak, úgymint: a kék vércse (Falco vespertinus), a szalakóta (Coracias garrulus), a kerecsensólyom (Falco cherrug) és a parlagi sas (Aquila heliaca). Az ezeket a fajokat érintő 104 áramütés közül csak 3 eset (3%) történt átalakított oszlopokon. A madarak méretét tekintve (kicsi ≤25 cm, közepes 26-49 cm és nagy ≥50 cm testhossz) az átalakított és átalakítás nélküli oszlopok között mutatkozó áramütés-gyakoriságbeli eltérés a kis testű madarak esetében volt a legkisebb, valószínűleg azért, mert a kis testű madarak át tudnak sétálni a burkolatlan elemek között és az áram alatt lévő vezetékek alatt. A felmérésekbe bevont önkéntesek dokumentálták a probléma magyarországi nagyságrendjét, de a vizsgált oszlopok konfigurációs sajátosságainak rögzítéséhez nem rendelkeztek megfelelő képzettséggel. Ehelyett minden egyes felmért oszlopot 8 oszlopkategóriába soroltak. A legveszélyesebbnek a feszítő elemekkel ellátott oszlopok bizonyultak, amelyek az összes oszlop 8%-át teszik ki, de az áramütések 24%-áért felelősek. A jövőbeli madárvédelmi beavatkozások számára hasznos lehet a már madárvédelmi szempontból átalakított oszlopokon tapasztalt áramütések tudományos módszerekkel történő részletes feltárása. Kulcsszavak: áramütés, elektromos távvezetékek, mortalitás, oszlopok, ragadozó, sasok, varjúfélék. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In addition to standard highly active antiretroviral therapy protocols, complementary therapies using natural compounds are widely used by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected human patients. One such compound is the fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE), named Avemar. Materials and methods: In this study, we investigate the effects of Avemar in a feline‐acquired immunodeficiency syndrome model. MBM lymphoid cells were acutely infected by the American feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)‐Petaluma (FIV‐Pet) and the European FIV Pisa‐M2 strains. FL‐4 lymphoid cells, continuously producing FIV‐Pet, served as a model for chronic infection. Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells were infected by either FIV‐Pet or feline adenovirus (FeAdV) as a model for transactivation and opportunistic viral infection. Cell cultures were treated pre‐ and post‐infection with serial dilutions of spray‐dried FWGE (Avemar pulvis, AP), a standardized active ingredient in commercial Avemar products. Residual FIV and FeAdV infectivity was quantified. Results: In a concentration‐dependent manner, AP inhibited replication of FIV strains in MBM and CRFK cells by 3–5 log. Low AP concentration prevented FIV‐Pet release from FL‐4 cells. Higher concentrations destroyed virus‐producing cells with cytopathic effects resembling apoptosis. AP strongly inhibited FeAdV production inside CRFK cells but not in HeLa cells. Adenovirus particles are then released via the disintegration of CRFK cells. Discussion: This report is the first to describe the antiviral effects of Avemar. Further studies are required to confirm its in vitro and in vivo effects and to investigate the potential for its use as a nutraceutical in FIV‐infected felines or HIV‐infected humans. Conclusion: Avemar, as a single nutraceutical, inhibits FIV replication and destroys retrovirus carrier cells. An important conclusion is that prolonged Avemar treatment might reduce the number of retrovirus‐producing cells in the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (bP) has emerged as the next member in the graphene inspired two-dimensional materials family. Its electronic and magnetic properties are studied herein using electron and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (ESR and NMR) and microwave conductivity measurement. The latter is a unique technique to study conductivity on air sensitive samples. The ESR study indicates the absence of free charge carriers and no sign of paramagnetic defects are found. 31P NMR shows the presence of a characteristic Pake doublet structure due to the interaction between I = 1/2 nuclei. Microwave conductivity shows, in accordance with the ESR results, that black phosphorus behaves as a semiconductor and we identify extrinsic and intrinsic charge carrier contributions to the conductivity and extracted the sizes of the gaps. ESR measurement also yields that bP might find applications as a microwave absorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central-eastern European populations of sand martin and house martin have declined in the last decades. The drivers for this decline cannot be identified as long as the whereabouts of these long distance migrants remain unknown outside the breeding season. Ringing recoveries of sand martins from central-eastern Europe are widely scattered in the Mediterranean basin and in Africa, suggesting various migration routes and a broad non-breeding range. The European populations of house martins are assumed to be longitudinally separated across their non-breeding range and thus narrow population-specific non-breeding areas are expected. By using geolocators, we identified for the first time, the migration routes and non-breeding areas of sand martins (n = 4) and house martins (n = 5) breeding in central-eastern Europe. In autumn, the Carpathian Bend and northern parts of the Balkan Peninsula serve as important pre-migration areas for both species. All individuals crossed the Mediterranean Sea from Greece to Libya. Sand martins spent the non-breeding season in northern Cameroon and the Lake Chad Basin, within less than a 700 km radius, while house martins were widely scattered in three distinct regions in central, eastern, and southern Africa. Thus, for both species, the expected strength of migratory connectivity could not be confirmed. House martins, but not sand martins, migrated about twice as fast in spring compared to autumn. The spring migration started with a net average speed of > 400 km d-1 for sand martins, and > 800 km d-1 for house martins. However, both species used several stopover sites for 0.5-4 d and were stationary for nearly half of their spring migration. Arrival at breeding grounds was mainly related to departure from the last sub-Saharan non-breeding site rather than distance, route, or stopovers. We assume a strong carry-over effect on timing in spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Corncrake is a strictly protected species in Hungary and a qualifying species of many Natura 2000 sites. Despite its Least concern global conservation status, it receives much attention and was elected as "Bird of the Year" by MME BirdLife Hungary in 2016. In this paper, we estimate its population trends and analyse the suitability of the protected area system and agri-environment schemes for the species. We compiled information on major threatening factors and conservation measures applied for the species. We reviewed international publications on the ecology and conservation management of the species to extract information for practical conservation. We estimated that 500-2000 pairs of Corncrakes breed in Hungary. Although their breeding sites are well covered by protected areas, Natura 2000 sites (42%) and High Nature Value Areas (67%), their population has declined by 55% over the last 20 years. We found that most of the major threatening factors are addressed by conservation management, and appropriate measures are applied in most cases. Recent research findings and recommendations by the BirdLife International Corncrake Conservation Team suggest that mowing of grasslands around nesting places should be delayed until 1-15 August either in the entire field or at least on 2 hectares around nests. Prescriptions of agri-environment schemes should also be adjusted to the above requirements and more farmers should be encouraged to enrol in Corncrake conservation programmes. We strongly suggest that more emphasis should be devoted to combat important threats for the most important breeding sites such as aridification and flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Biofilm infections have a major role in implants or devices placed in the human body. As part of the endourological development, a great variety of foreign bodies have been designed, and with the increasing number of biomaterial devices used in urology, biofilm formation and device infection is an issue of growing importance. Methods: A literature search was performed in the Medline database regarding biofilm formation and the role of biofilms in urogenital infections using the following items in different combinations: 'biofilm,' 'urinary tract infection,' 'bacteriuria,' 'catheter,' 'stent,' and 'encrustation.' The studies were graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine classification. Results: The authors present an update on the mechanism of biofilm formation in the urinary tract with special emphasis on the role of biofilms in lower and upper urinary tract infections, as well as on biofilm formation on foreign bodies, such as catheters, ureteral stents, stones, implants, and artificial urinary sphincters. The authors also summarize the different methods developed to prevent biofilm formation on urinary foreign bodies. Conclusions: Several different approaches are being investigated for preventing biofilm formation, and some promising results have been obtained. However, an ideal method has not been developed. Future researches have to aim at identifying effective mechanisms for controlling biofilm formation and to develop antimicrobial agents effective against bacteria in biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hungary joined Eurotransplant International (ET) to improve the chance of transplantation for Hungarian patients and patient outcomes, including access and graft and patient survival. After 5 years of full membership, the evaluation of numbers and quality indicators is possible. A comparison was made between 5 years prior to a preliminary cooperation agreement (2007-2011) and 5 years after full ET membership (2014-2018). During the 2 study periods, we analyzed numbers and circumstances of deceased organ donors, multiorgan donors, donated organs, and transplantations in Hungary and development of waiting lists along with international organ exchanges. The number of actual organ donors increased by 22.09% (729 vs 890), an additional 823 organ removals represents an increase of 42.71% (1927 vs 2750). There were 46.51% more transplants managed in the selected periods (1561 vs 2287). The number of new patients on the waiting list increased (2305 vs 3247; 40.87%). The mean kidney mismatch number decreased from 3.21 to 2.96. Joining ET has been an effective and efficient in terms of increasing access to organs and the lives of patients on the Hungarian waiting list posttransplant. It is also a benefit for patients with special needs because the number of organ transplants is greater than the increased number of donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife conservation policies directed at common and widespread, but declining, species are difficult to design and implement effectively, as multiple environmental changes are likely to contribute to population declines. Conservation actions ultimately aim to influence demographic rates, but targeting actions towards feasible improvements in these is challenging in widespread species with ranges that encompass a wide range of environmental conditions. Across Europe, sharp declines in the abundance of migratory landbirds have driven international calls for action, but actions that could feasibly contribute to population recovery have yet to be identified. Targeted actions to improve conditions on poor-quality sites could be an effective approach, but only if local conditions consistently influence local demography and hence population trends. Using long-term measures of abundance and demography of breeding birds at survey sites across Europe, we show that co-occurring species with differing migration behaviours have similar directions of local population trends and magnitudes of productivity, but not survival rates. Targeted actions to boost local productivity within Europe, alongside large-scale (non-targeted) environmental protection across non-breeding ranges, could therefore help address the urgent need to halt migrant landbird declines. Such demographic routes to recovery are likely to be increasingly needed to address global wildlife declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations on the impact of genetic factors on the development of obesity have been limited regarding the Roma population—the largest and most vulnerable ethnic minority in Europe of Asian origin. Genetic variants identified from genetic association studies are primarily from European populations. With that in mind, we investigated the applicability of data on selected obesity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), obtained from the Hungarian general (HG) population of European origin, on the Hungarian Roma (HR) population. Twenty preselected SNPs in susceptible alleles, known to be significantly associated with obesity-related phenotypes, were used to estimate the effect of these SNPs on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in HG (N = 1783) and HR (N = 1225) populations. Single SNP associations were tested using linear and logistic regression models, adjusted for known covariates. Out of 20 SNPs, four located in FTO (rs1121980, rs1558902, rs9939609, and rs9941349) showed strong association with BMI and WC as continuous variables in both samples. Computations based on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation's (IDF) European and Asian criteria showed rs9941349 in FTO to be associated only with WC among both populations, and two SNPs (rs2867125, rs6548238) in TMEM18 associated with WC only in HG population. A substantial difference (both in direction and effect size) was observed only in the case of rs1801282 in PPARγ on WC as a continuous outcome. Findings suggest that genetic risk scores based on counting SNPs with relatively high effect sizes, defined based on populations with European ancestry, can sufficiently allow estimation of genetic susceptibility for Roma. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of SNP(s) with protective effect(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Before 2014 (the year of closure of the two largest needle exchange programs in Hungary, which halved the number of available syringes in the country despite increased injecting risk practices) no HIV was reportedly acquired in Hungary among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) who were not also men who had sex with other men (MSM). In 2014, one and in 2015 two non-MSM PWIDs were newly diagnosed with HIV who supposedly became infected in Hungary, and both incident HIV cases in 2015 were diagnosed in the AIDS stage. In addition, two new (albeit supposedly imported) non-MSM PWID cases were also registered in the first three quarters of 2016, one of which subsequently was diagnosed with and then died of AIDS. At the same time, the prevalence of HCV doubled among PWIDs (from 24% to 49% in Hungary and from 34% to 61% in Budapest). Case presentation: The case that we discuss in this paper is a male PWID, who was diagnosed with HIV and AIDS in May of 2015 and then died of AIDS the next month. His HIV infection status was detected with delay, and then appeared in the official statistics as an incident PWID HIV case and an incident PWID AIDS case, but not as an incident PWID AIDS death. No contact tracing followed, even though it would have been relatively easy considering the circumstances. To our knowledge, no HIV post-exposure protocol exists in hospitals, in case of HIV exposure due to an eventual needle-stick injury. Conclusions: Our paper draws attention to recently published HIV and AIDS surveillance data, and shows the failure of the system. While sounding the alarm based on three newly detected PWID HIV cases in the past 2 years may be premature, there are definitely serious problems in the HIV detection and tracing system among PWIDs in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual increase in the global population has led to the rising demand for agricultural products worldwide. This required the introduction of environment- and public health-friendly advanced technologies for plant protection to guard yields from pest destruction in a sustainable way. Encapsulation technology is a promising procedure to increase the effectiveness of pesticide active ingredients while reducing human exposure and environmental impact. Despite the presumed favorable properties of encapsulated pesticide formulations on human health, it is necessary to systematically assess whether they are less harmful to human health than conventional pesticide products. We aim to systematically review the literature to answer the question of whether micro- or nano-encapsulated pesticide formulations exert different degrees of toxicity than their conventional (not-encapsulated) counterparts in in vivo animal and in vitro (human, animal, and bacterial cell) non-target models. The answer is important to estimate the possible differences in the toxicological hazards of the two different types of pesticide formulations. Because our extracted data will come from different models, we also aim to perform subgroup analyses to investigate how toxicity varies across different models. A pooled toxicity effect estimate will also be performed by meta -analysis when appropriate. The systematic review will follow the guidelines developed by the National Toxicology Program's Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP/OHAT). The protocol adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P) statement. PubMed (NLM), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate), Embase (Elsevier), and Agricola (EBSCOhost) electronic databases will be comprehensively searched in September 2022 to identify eligible studies using multiple search terms of "pesticide", "encapsulation" and "toxicity" along with their synonyms and other words that are semantically related. The reference lists of all eligible articles and retrieved reviews will be manually screened to identify additional relevant papers. We will include peer-reviewed experimental (non-target in vivo animal model and in vitro human, animal, and bacterial cell cultures) studies published as full-text articles in English language that simultaneously investigate the effect of any micro- or nano-encapsulated pesticide formulation, applied in all ranges of concentrations, duration, and routes of exposure, and its corresponding active ingredient(s) or its conventional non-encapsulated product formulation(s) used in the same ranges of concentrations, duration, and routes of exposure on the same pathophysiological outcome. We will exclude studies that examine pesticidal activity on target organisms, cultures of cells isolated from target organisms exposed in vivo or in vitro , and those using biological materials isolated from target organisms/cells. Studies identified by the search will be screened and managed according to the review inclusion and exclusion criteria in the Covidence systematic review tool by two reviewers, who will also blindly extract the data and assess the risk of bias of included studies. The OHAT risk of bias tool will be applied to evaluate the quality and risk of bias in the included studies. Study findings will be synthesized narratively by important features of the study populations, design, exposure, and endpoints. If findings make it possible, a meta -analysis will be performed on identified toxicity outcomes. To rate the certainty in the body of evidence, we will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Healthy carriers, mainly young children, are the most important sources of infections. In the current study, we aimed to determine the changes that have occurred since the introduction of PCV-7 in Hungary. Nasal specimens were collected from 1,022 healthy children aged 3-6 years attending day-care centres. After thorough identification, pneumococcal isolates were serotyped, and their antibiotic sensitivity was determined. The carriage rate was found to be 34.9 %. A huge serotype rearrangement was detected compared to earlier results, with the previously leading serotype 14 having completely disappeared. Serotypes 11A, 35F, 19A, 6B, 15B, 3 and 38 were most prevalent, and 29 different types were identified in total. The PCV-7 types were responsible for 16.5 % of all serotypes, and 36.0 % are not covered by any pneumococcal vaccines. The isolates were sensitive to most tested antibiotics, except erythromycin (resistance was 21.6 %). Only one penicillin-resistant strain was found. The newly and rapidly emerging non-vaccine serotypes are much more sensitive, except serotype 19A. Conclusion: Due to PCV vaccination, a complete serotype arrangement occurred also in Hungary. The old 'paediatric' serotypes were replaced by serotypes 11A, 35F, 19A, 6B, 15B, 3 and 38. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird conservation on electricity transmission lines has a 40-year history in Hungary. It started with the saker conservation program. The initial small-scale activities were considerably enlarged through the LIFE projects. In the first project, 301 nest boxes for sakers of a new type made of aluminium were installed on pylons of high-voltage transmission lines. In 201 3 nearly 70% of saker pairs nested in these new boxes. An estimated 1 00 000 different birds used to be killed annually on the transmission line pylons in Hungary. During the two LIFE projects about 1 4 300 pylons were made bird-safe using improved technology and materials. Nearly 800 new bird-safe crossarms of pylons are being installed in the second project, which is expected to completely eradicate the danger [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigated the pre-migration roost site use and timing of postnuptial migration red-footed falcons, or Falco Vespertinus, which were satellite-tagged within the Carpathian Basin. Topics include the individual roost site selection patterns, the extent of individual foraging area around roost sites, and the autumn migratory routes and wintering grounds. It also describes how new roost sites were located and the frequency of roost site changes.

Ecological conditions are likely to change with increasing urbanization, influencing the demography and size of animal populations. Although one of the most tightly linked species to humans, the house sparrow has been suffering a significant decline worldwide, especially in European cities. Several factors have been proposed to explain this conspicuous loss of urban sparrows, but studies evaluating these factors are usually restricted to Britain where the decline was very drastic, and it is unclear whether similar or different processes are affecting urban populations of the species elsewhere. In this study we investigated the reproductive success of urban and rural sparrows in a central European country, Hungary where our census data indicate a moderate decline during the last decade. We found that rural pairs produced more and larger fledglings than suburban pairs, and the difference remained consistent in two years with very contrasting meteorological conditions during breeding. This difference is likely explained by habitat differences in nestling diet, because we found that 1) rural parents provided large prey items more often than suburban parents, 2) birds from differently urbanized habitats produced fledglings of similar number and size in captivity under identical rearing conditions with ample food for nestlings, and 3) in a cross-fostering experiment, nestlings tended to grow larger in rural than in suburban nests irrespective of their hatching environment. These results agree with those found in a recent British study, indicating that poor nestling development and survival due to inadequate diet may be widespread phenomena in urbanized habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of mitochondrial mutations in the HVS-I region is an effective method for ancient human populational studies. Discontinuous haplotype data between the first farmers and contemporary Europeans has been described before. Our contribution is based on a survey initiated on the Neolithic skeletons from Hungarian archaeological sites in the Alföld. This Lowland, the Hungarian Plain, is well excavated as an important region for spread of Neolithic culture from Near East and Balkans toward Central and Western Europe, started circa 8000 years ago. HVS-I sequences from nt15977 to nt16430 of 11 such specimens with sufficient mitochondrial DNA preservation among an extended Neolithic collection were analysed for polymorphisms, identifying 23 different ones. After assigning all single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a novel, N9a, N1a, C5, D1/G1a, M/R24 haplogroups were determined. On mitochondrial control mutations at nt16257 and nt16261, polymorphic PCRs were carried out to assess their distribution in remains. Neolithic data set was compared with contemporary Vác samples and references, resulting in higher frequency of N9a in Alföld as a remarkable genetic discontinuity. Our investigation is the first to study mutations form Neolithic of Hungary, resulting in an outcome of Far Eastern haplogroups in the Carpathian Basin. It is worth further investigation as a non-descendant theory, instead of a continuous population history, supporting genetic gaps between ancient and recent human populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cytotoxin genes in 128 Austrian (AT) MSSA, 48 MRSA, 94 Hungarian (HU) MSSA, 110 MRSA and 67 Macedonian (MK) MSSA, 81 MRSA strains were examined. The presence of alfa-haemolysin gene (hla) was more common in HU MSSA strains compared to AT and MK (99%, 86%, 72%: p <0.001). AT and MK MRSA harboured hlb genes more frequently compared to HU (60%, 62%, 33%: p <0.001). HU and MK MRSA strains carried gamma-haemolysin gene (hlg) in higher percentage in contrast to AT (88%, 83%, 69%: p =0.01). Haemolysin gamma-variant gene (hlgv) was more prevalent in HU MSSA compared to AT and MK (84%, 56%, 69%: p <0.001). Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes were found only in AT, HU, MK MSSA and MK MRSA in 2.3%, 4%, 1.5% (p =0.53) and 1% (p =0.38), respectively. The 3-gene combination pattern comprising of hla, hlg and hld genes showed increased prevalence among AT MSSA compared to HU (27%, 11%: p <0.001). The 4-gene pattern composed of hla, hlg, hlgv and hld genes was significantly characteristic for HU MRSA in contrast to AT and MK MRSA (56%, 12.5%, 27%: p <0.001). Frequency of certain cytotoxin genes and combinations differed significantly in Staphylococcus aureus strains according to geographical origin and methicillin-resistance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In vitro and in vivo activities of amikacin and imipenem alone, and in combination, were studied against an extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. The strain was in vitro susceptible to both antimicrobials at 105 and 107 CFU/mL. In time–kill studies amikacin, imipenem, and amikacin plus imipenem decreased the bacterial counts; difference between the bactericidal effects was not observed. Chequerboard technique showed no interaction between the tested drugs. Mice infected with 107 CFU/g of the K. pneumoniae were treated by amikacin (15 mg/kg every 8 h), imipenem (40 mg/kg every 4 h), or amikacin plus imipenem for 24 h. Blood bacterial counts in the group treated with amikacin plus imipenem did not differ significantly from the groups treated with amikacin or imipenem alone. Combination of amikacin and imipenem did not demonstrate any advantage over imipenem alone either in vitro or in vivo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study which examines the determination of a blaVIM-4 gene in the Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 clone and in a Klebsiella oxytoca strain in Hungary. The VIM-type metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) have been seen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. worldwide. In Hungry, a CTX-M-15-producing epidemic clone was found. The author emphasizes the importance of epidemiology to the study of the dynamics of VIM-producing strains.

The globally threatened Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca has been one of the flagship species of Hungarian bird conservation efforts since the 1980s. Due to these conservation activities and positive land-use changes during the last 2 decades, the Hungarian Imperial Eagle population increased from as few as approximately 20 pairs in the early 1980s to 81 pairs by 2006. Between 2002 and 2005 as part of a LIFE-Nature project, MME/Birdlife Hungary carried out particularly intensive monitoring, conservation, research, and public awareness actions. The main goal of the project was to secure the long-term sustainable increase in the Imperial Eagle population after Hungary's European Union accession in 2004. New methods were developed and applied to census and monitor the breeding and wintering population sizes. Standardized baseline land-use mapping and surveys were introduced to detect long-term land-use and prey density changes in priority areas for Imperial Eagles and to monitor the effects of key mortality factors, such as electrocution. Historical information and data gathered before and during the project period were assimilated using a Geographic Information System and incorporated into a comprehensive set of Imperial Eagle Management Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]