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This study aimed to develop a new dental adhesive based on the nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) along with silica in the resin matrix. Both filler components, including NCC and silica, were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, thermographic analysis, and cell viability. The fillers showed structural stability and cytocompatibility was achieved. After characterization, the fillers were added to the resin matrix in different concentrations (0–5 wt%) to prepare the dental adhesive. The prepared dental adhesives were evaluated by Vicker's microhardness, biaxial flexural strength, flexural modulus, and shear bond strength. By adding NCC in the dental adhesives, the mechanical properties increased substantially. Nanocrystalline cellulose alone and in combination with silica filler has been investigated first time to improve the properties of dental adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to prepare cellulose fibers decorated with titanium dioxide, and then incorporate them into the formulation of dental adhesive composites. The influence of this filler on the mechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the composites was examined. Different proportions of the filler were mixed with the monomers and then the prepared materials were analyzed through chemical, mechanical, and microscopic characterization. Biocompatibility tests were performed using fibroblast cell lines. Mechanical characterization included the hardness test, the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) test, and the shear bond strength test (SBT). The fillers were found biocompatible, as suggested by the Alamar blue assay, while the mechanical properties of the composites increased with higher filler content. The experimental composite presented good mechanical and biological properties, and thus, it can be used as a dental adhesive material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to develop anticariogenic orthodontic cement by incorporating Augmentin-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Augmentin was used as a reducing agent as well as a coating material to stabilize the synthesized AgNPs. The prepared AgNPs were characterized using various analytical techniques that confirmed their synthesis. Antibacterial study against S. aureus and E. coli showed the potency of prepared AgNPs. MTT assay was performed to access the AgNPs biocompatibility which was observed to increase with higher loading of the AgNPs. The orthodontic adhesive composite was evaluated for shear bond strength Adhesive remnant index (ARI) and bracket adhesive remnant index (BARI) to optimize the AgNPs loading. The experimental composite with 5 wt.% nanoparticles has shear bond strength close to the ideal shear bond strength. The sustained release of silver nanoparticles renders it to prevent bacterial infection, white lesions, and demineralization of the tooth surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A non-enzymatic dopamine electrochemical sensing probe was developed. A hexagonal shape zinc-doped cobalt oxide (Zn-Co2O4) nanostructure was prepared by a facile hydrothermal approach. The combination of Zn, which has an abundance of electrons, and Co3O4 exhibited a synergistically electron-rich nanocomposite. The crystallinity of the nanostructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology, revealing hexagonal nanoparticles with an average particle size of 400 nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) was used to confirm the nanostructure of the doped material. The nanostructure's bonding and functional groups were verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrochemical characterization was conducted by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and amperometry. The resistivity of the electrode was confirmed through EIS and showed that the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited higher charge transfer resistance as compared to modified Zn-Co2O4/GCE. The sensing probe was developed by modifying the surface of GCE with Zn-Co2O4 nanostructure and tested as an electrochemical sensor for dopamine oxidation; it operated best at a working potential of 0.17 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The developed sensor exhibited a low limit of detection (0.002 µM), a high sensitivity (126 µA. µM−1 cm−2), and a wide linear range (0.2 to 185 µM). The sensor showed a short response time of < 1 s. The sensor's selectivity was investigated in the presence of coexisting species (uric acid, ascorbic acid, adrenaline, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin, tyramine, phenethylamine, and glucose) with no effects on dopamine determination results. The developed sensor was also successfully used for determining dopamine concentrations in a real sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose mainly serves as an energy source, highly crucial for development and respiration. Dysregulation can result in diabetes mellitus and related complications. In the current study, Erythrina suberosa sawdust-deposited manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) were used for colorimetric glucose detection. Sawdust-deposited MnO2 NPs were synthesized using Dalbergia sissoo extract and characterized with different analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Various functional groups in FTIR spectrum of MnO2 were reported such as –OH, Mn–O, and –OH coupled with Mn. XRD spectrum showed that the particles were in orthorhombic phase with a particle size of 38 nm. SEM analysis showed that the particles are dispersed homogenously on the surface of sawdust. EDX analysis showed the presence of various elements in the synthesized platform at different ratios. Color change from colorless to blue–green was noticed by the addition of glucose with the naked eye and analyzed confirmed by a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. To achieve optimum results, various parameters were optimized, such as nanoparticles loading, TMB concentration, pH, and incubation time. The proposed sensor's limit of detection and limit of quantification were calculated to be 1.8 × 10–8 M and 6.25 × 10–8 M, respectively, with a linear range of 1 × 10–9–3.6 × 10–7 M and an R2 value of 0.9992. The reaction time of the suggested sensor for glucose sensing was just 150 s. The proposed sensor has also been used for the detection of glucose in the urine samples of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteochondral defects are still a big challenge for the surgeons because of good biocompatibility and higher mechanical strength requiring issues of the implants. In this study, different concentrations of collagen (dissolved in ionic liquid) up to 60% were blended with polyvinyl alcohol to prepare hydrogels of good mechanical strength, with the best biocompatibility and excellent fluid uptake ability. Ionic liquid was used as a green solvent for dissolution of collagen at a higher concentration as compared to other normal solvents. The prepared hydrogels were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which showed the characteristic peaks assigned to collagen and PVA. The surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which revealed homogeneity of the composite patches. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) performed for samples show good thermal stabilities. Fluid uptake ability showed the massive uptake of fluid by the hydrogels. Biocompatibility was tested using hemolysis and MTT assay. Electrodynamic fatigue testing system was used for evaluating the mechanical properties and measured the tensile strength in the range of 2.4 to 8.5 MPa. The prepared osteochondral patches show good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, the bamboo dissolution capability of six amino acid-based ionic liquids (AAILs) with two different cations, i.e. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (Emim) and Tetrabutylphosphonium (P 4444) and three anions derived from amino acids were investigated by Conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) prediction and hydrogen bond basicity (β) of Kamlet–Taft parameters. COSMO-RS was used for calculating sigma profile, activity coefficients (γ i) and aqueous base dissociation constant of corresponding acids of the anions (pKa) of AAILs. The trends in sigma profile, γi and pKa for AAILs were compared with β values and the effect of structure moiety of ionic liquids was also discussed. The trend of COSMO-RS prediction for anions was noted similar to the β values of AAILs with the exception of serinate anion. Similarly, the trend predicted by COSMO-RS and β values was also found same while changing the cations of AAILs. To investigate, the correlation of the above-mentioned properties with experimental dissolution ability, tetrabutylphosphonium aminoethanic acid ([P 4444 ]Gly) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium aminoethanic acid ([Emim]Gly) ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated. The trend predicted by COSMO-RS and the β values were not correlating with efficiency of AAILs for bamboo dissolution. Both AAILs were able to dissolve the bamboo. However, material of [P 4444 ]Gly treated sample was evaluated through XRD analysis where change in crystallinity of cellulose was identified after dissolution and regeneration of bamboo. Scanning Electron microscopy also showed homogenous structure for regenerated materials. Highlights • Amino acid based ionic liquids were evaluated for lignocellulosic dissolution. • COSMO-RS prediction and hydrogen bond basicity were correlated with dissolution ability. • Structural changes for lignocellulosic were analyzed using SEM and XRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) have emerged as biodegradable plastics more strongly in the 20th century. A wide range of bacterial species along with fungi, plants, oilseed crops and carbon sources have been used extensively to synthesize PHA on large scales. Alteration of PHA monomers in their structures and composition has led to the development of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with highly specific mechanical properties. This leads to the incorporation of PHA in numerous biomedical applications within the previous decade. PHAs have been fabricated in various forms to perform tissue engineering to repair liver, bone, cartilage, heart tissues, cardiovascular tissues, bone marrow, and to act as drug delivery system and nerve conduits. A large number of animal trials have been carried out to assess the biomedical properties of PHA monomers, which also confirms the high compatibility of PHA family for this field. This review summarizes the synthesis of PHA from different sources, and biosynthetic pathways and biomedical applications of biosynthesized polyhydroxyalkanoates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on using a (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and acetate ion based ionic liquid to modify zeolite 4A as a filler in a polysulfone (PSf) membrane for CO 2 /CH 4 and CO 2 /N 2 separation, aiming at improving the polymer-filler interaction and separation performance of the mixed matrix membrane (MMM). The ionic liquid was covalently attached onto the zeolite surface. Zeolite modification was confirmed through FTIR analysis of pristine and modified filler. N 2 sorption isotherms were used to characterize the porous structure, which showed decrease in surface area and pore volume after surface modification of zeolite. The crystal structure of zeolite 4A remained unaffected after modification with ionic liquid, as shown by XRD and SEM. Moreover, the synthesized PSf-based MMMs were tested in the separation of CO 2 from CH 4 . Experiments were conducted at different temperatures and feed conditions, and pure and mixed gas permeability/selectivity data was reported. This modification of zeolites with methoxy groups containing cation and acetate anion based ionic liquid, resulted in an improved separation performance, as the modified filler enhanced the MMMs selectivity of CO 2 /CH 4 by 37% and for CO 2 /N 2 by 43% at 30 wt% filler loading as compared to pristine filler MMMs. The 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propan-1-aminium acetate coating acts as a selecting film which notably improves the selectivity at marginal expense of CO 2 permeance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquid (ILs) have been attracting significant attention as an alternative solvent for DNA extraction/purification and stabilization/storage. In this work, we investigated the interaction between DNA nucleotides and bio-base ILs to get insight into the effect of structural variations of the ILs on the ILs-DNA complex formations. COSMO-RS based quantum calculations and molecular simulation were used to investigate the interaction between the bio-base ILs and DNA nucleotides. Deoxyadenosine 5′ monophosphate (A), Deoxythymidyine 5′ monophosphate (T), Deoxycytidine 5′ monophosphate (C), Deoxyguanosine 5′ monophosphate (G) and their dimers were used to model DNA. 260 ILs (13 cations and 20 amino acid based anions) were evaluated. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution of the DNA nucleotides and excess enthalpy of mixing of the systems were predicted using COSMO-RS model. Solvation free energies of the DNA nucleotides were estimated employing molecular dynamics simulations. The activity coefficients of DNA nucleotides decrease with increasing nucleotides chain length. This implies solubility of the nucleotides is higher for longer DNA nucleotide chain. Piperidinium and pyrrolidinium based ILs show lower activity coefficient than choline and morpholinium based ILs. ILs with anions containing nonpolar side chain amino acids show lower activity coefficient compared to those with polar side chains. This implies strong interaction between the nucleotides and ILs with anions containing nonpolar side chain amino acids compared to anions with polar side chains. Moreover, ILs based on anions with nonpolar side chain show higher negative excess enthalpy of mixing compared to those with polar side chain. Further, solvation free energies of DNA nucleotides in the ILs are negative. Solvation free energy is more negative for dimers compared to monomer nucleotides. ILs based on anions with nonpolar side chain show more negative solvation free energies compared to those with polar side chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to tailor ionic liquids can result in very high separation efficiency for CO 2 /CH 4 and CO 2 /N 2 . In this study, a new protic ionic liquid was synthesized with high CO 2 absorption capacity employing (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane and acetic acid, both of these have been reported to exhibit high affinity for CO 2 . The synthesized ionic liquid was characterized by FTIR and the supported ionic liquid membrane was tested to determine the separation of CO 2 from CH 4 . Experiments were conducted at different temperatures and feed conditions, and pure and mixed gas permeability/selectivity data were reported. This combination of silyl ether functionalized cation and acetate ion dramatically improved the membrane separation performance as the SILM displayed CO 2 permeance of 23 GPU combined with CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity of 41. The synthesized SILM was stable upto 10 bar as no leaching of ionic liquid was observed and the permeance increased from 23 to 31 GPU as the temperature was raised from 25 °C to 65 °C, while the selectivity slightly decreased from 41 to 35 over the same temperature range. The exceptionally high selectivity of CO 2 /CH 4 makes [APTMS][Ac] a promising room temperature ionic liquid for CO 2 separation without facilitated transport. A synergistic effect of methoxy groups from [APTMS] part of the ionic liquid caused the enhanced permeability of CO 2 as supported by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquid due to its green nature as well as having the ability to dissolve biopolymer, was used in the preparation of collagen and alginate hydrogels. The collagen and alginate hydrogels were prepared in different ratios of collagen and alginate, labeled CA5040, CA6030 and CA7020. The prepared hydrogels were characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. The samples were evaluated for water uptake behavior and mechanical properties using electrodynamic fatigue testing system. The biocompatibility was assessed through hemolysis and MTT assay on rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC) which showed satisfactory results. The drug loading and subsequent antibacterial properties were also performed. The prepared collagen and alginate hydrogels are suggested to be used for skin dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagen being an abundant natural biopolymer and also has many applications for bio-medical and non-biomedical uses, were extracted from waste fish scales using green route of ionic liquid pretreatment. To get insight on dissolution and extraction of collagen from fish scale using ionic liquids, COSMO-RS computational approach was used to identify the best ionic liquid. The 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C 2 C 1 im][Ac]) ionic liquid based on low activity coefficient (inverse of solubility) and best fit sigma profile was selected for pretreatment. The ground fish scales were pretreated with [C 2 C 1 im][Ac] ionic liquid and further subjected to separation for obtaining the collagen. The collagen was obtained in the form of thin film with yield of 3.1 ± 0.5% at 100 °C for 12 h treatment time. The obtained collagen was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–Vis spectrometer, Powder X-rays Diffraction (PXRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX). The FTIR, UV–Vis and XRD analysis shows the characteristic peaks assigned to the collagen. The SEM analysis confirms the dissolution of collagen fibers in ionic liquid. The TGA analysis shows lower thermal stability of extracted collagen as compared to fish scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work reports the drug-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their functionalization with ionic liquid (IL) for acetone determination. The rationale behind the selection of the Augmentin drug was the aromaticity in its structure and the functional groups attached. These properties are not only supposed to work in the synthesis of the nanoparticles but also enhance their electron density. The nanoparticles were further coated with 1-H-3-methylimidazolium acetate IL, having conductivity and aromaticity in their structure. The synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by different techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. Colorimetric determination of acetone was done by using IL capped AgNPs with the assistance of NaCl solution and results were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Low-cost, stable eosin dye works as a substrate and is consumed resulting in a color change from brown to transparent. The IL capped AgNPs act as a reducing agent for the production of reduced radical form of acetone which act on the carboxylate moiety and bubble it out in the form of CO 2. Different parameters such as (concentrations, loading of nanoparticles, time and pH, etc.) were optimized to get the best results of the proposed sensor. The sensor shows a wide linear range of (1 ×10−8-2.40 ×10−6 M), low limit of detection 2.66 × 10−9 M, and limit of quantification 8.86 × 10−9 M with an R2 value of 0.997. The proposed sensor has been successfully applied to diabetic patient's urine samples for acetone detection with a visible colorimetric change. It showed good sensitivity and selectivity towards acetone detection. • Drug-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles performed. • Ionic liquid coated silver nanoparticles were used for sensing of acetone. • A low-cost stable eosin dye was used as a substrate in detection. • Optimized the sensing parameters. • Successfully applied to test acetone in the urine samples of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the waste fish scales (FS) were dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid to obtain a valuable product of hydroxyapatite (HAp). The HAp was obtained in the yield of 32 ± 2%. The obtained HAp was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-rays Diffraction (PXRD), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The results of FTIR and XRD showed the characteristic peaks of the HAp. The thermal degradation temperature of the extracted HAp was relatively high. Furthermore, low weight loss was measured which confirmed the removal of organic part of FS during ionic liquid treatment. The FE-SEM result showed the particles with different morphologies and EDX analysis showed a Ca/P ratio of 1.60 for the extracted HAp. The biocompatibility of the extracted HAp was assessed through MTT cell viability assay using known Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells (HEK cells) and epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431 cells). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized using the microwave assisted ionic liquid (MAIL) route. Three ionic liquids (ILs), namely, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF 4 ]), trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide ([P 6,6,6,14 ][TSFA]) and trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride ([P 6,6,6,14 ][Cl]) were used in this study. The size and structure of the QDs were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, respectively. The synthesized QDs were of wurtzite crystalline structure with size less than 5 nm. The QDs were more uniformly distributed while using the phosponium based ILs as a reaction medium during synthesis. The optical properties were investigated by UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) emission spectroscopy. The optical properties of QDs showed the quantum confinement effect in their absorption and the effect of cation and anion structural moiety was observed on their bandedge emission. The QDs emission intensity was measured higher for [P 6,6,6,14 ][Cl] due to their better dispersion as well as high charge density of Cl anion. The capability of the ILs in stabilizing the QDs was interpreted by density functional theory (DFT) computations. The obtained results are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, [Emim]Gly ionic liquid was used for the pretreatment of bamboo biomass followed by regeneration of cellulose-rich material. Thermal degradation study of untreated bamboo and cellulose-rich material was carried out under dynamic condition using thermogravimetric analysis. Free kinetics models of Kissinger, Ozawa, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose were used to determine the kinetic parameters of thermal degradation process. The pattern of activation energy ( E) values with respect to % conversion values was noted different for the aforementioned models. The E calculated using the Kissinger method were 184 and 156 kJ mol, and Ozawa method were 185 and 157 kJ mol of untreated and treated sample of bamboo, respectively, while the values of E calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose were 71.7-203.4 kJ mol and 281.7-230.7 kJ mol for untreated and treated sample of bamboo, respectively. Calorific and CHNS values of both untreated and regenerated cellulose-rich material were measured by bomb calorimeter and elemental analyzer (CHNS), respectively. Both the calorific value and carbon content of the regenerated cellulose-rich material (15.62 J/kg, 37.86 %, respectively) were found to be less than those of untreated bamboo (17.40 J/kg and 43.14 %, respectively). The bamboo and regenerated cellulose-rich material were investigated by X-ray diffraction and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and changes in the cellulose crystalline structure were correlated with thermal degradation behavior and kinetics parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a by-product of oxidase-catalyzed reactions that serves as a signaling molecule and can cause DNA and protein damage. This leads to an increase in our susceptibility toward various kinds of diseases including diabetes mellitus and hypertension, The novelty of this work lies in the synergistic effect of all three components of the Ag-Fe2O3-IL composite for the colorimetric detection of H2O2. Silver-doped iron oxide nanostructures (Ag-Fe2O3 NS) were synthesized and then coated with ionic liquid (IL) having peculiar characteristics of aromaticity and conductivity to enhance their properties. The prepared Ag-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were characterized through spectroscopic techniques namely FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDX. The characterized Ag-Fe2O3 NS and 3, 3', 5, 5' Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) solutions were employed for the colorimetric sensing of H2O2. To optimize the proposed sensor different reaction conditions including (a) amount of Ag-Fe2O3NS/IL (b) TMB, (c) pH, (d) H2O2 concentration and (e) incubation time were optimized. At optimum conditions, the desired sensor showed a wide linear range 1 × 10−9–3.2 × 10−7 M, a lower limit of quantification 3.20 × 10−7 M, and a limit of detection 1.07 × 10−8 M with a 0.9996 R2 value. The selectivity of the proposed sensor was compared with the potential interfering species and the incubation time was just 5 min. Additionally, the sensor was effectively applied for detecting hydrogen peroxide in the urine samples of diabetes mellitus patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of imidazolium-based Bronstedacidic ionic liquids (ILs)have been synthesized by varying the side chain length of the alkyland alkyl sulfonic group incorporated to the C1 and C3 positions inthe imidazolium ring respectively with a fixed HSO4–anion. The synthesized ILs were characterized usingNMR for structure confirmation and CHNS for elemental analysis. Thethermal properties such as thermal decomposition temperature weredetermined using thermogravimetric analysis, and several key physicalproperties such as viscosity and density were measured within a temperaturerange of 20 °C to 80 °C using an Anton Paar viscometer anddensitometer. The density measurement results and established equationswere used to calculate the molecular volumes, standard entropies,crystal lattice energies, and thermal expansion coefficients of thesynthesized ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A method for extraction of keratin by probe sonication assisted ionic liquid treatment. • Process optimization for dissolution and extraction of karatin from sheep wool. • Characterization of extracted keratin using various analytical techniques. Wool derived keratin is a potential biopolymer that can play a vital role as a cheap, sustainable, renewable source of material for designing various speciality products in the field of biomedicine. Unlike conventional methods for keratin extraction, the use of eco-friendly, a recyclable solvent like ionic liquids opens a new perspective for the processing of natural raw materials from livestock industries. In this research work, we develop a technique for rapid dissolution of keratin in ionic liquid assisted by probe sonication without any heating from an external source. The whole process of keratin extraction was optimized concerning the type of ionic liquid, sonication time, initial loading of the sample, and acoustic power of probe sonicator. The properties of regenerated keratin were studied further by using various analytical techniques such as Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis, Sodium dodecyl sulphate -polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). FTIR analysis showed the protein secondary structure and TGA analysis further revealed improved thermal properties of regenerated keratin when compared to raw untreated wool. The presence of intermediate filament derived low sulphur keratin along with some fraction of matrix protein in regenerated keratin was confirmed by SDS – PAGE analysis. Thus, further efforts are required to implement this technique at larger industrial scale to make this whole process of keratin extraction economical, quick, and environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, some new dual functionalized imidazolium-basedionicliquids 3-(3-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)propanenitrilechloride [C2CNBim]Cl, 3-(3-allyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)propanenitrilechloride [C2CNAim]Cl, 3-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl]propanenitrile chloride [C2CNHEim]Cl,and 3-(3-benzyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)propanenitrilechloride [C2CNBzim]Cl have been synthesized and characterizedby 1H NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Their thermophysicalproperties such as viscosity and density were measured for a temperaturerange of (293.15 to 353.15) K at atmospheric pressure, and their refractiveindices were measured in the range of (293.15 to 333.15) K. The effectof functionalized side chains on their thermophysical properties wasstudied. The thermal expansion coefficient values were calculatedusing experimental density values. Thermal behavior of these ionicliquids was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc) ionic liquids have been used for the dissolution of bamboo biomass. After dissolution the treated samples were precipitated by using water. The calorific value, CHNS content, lignin content, and proximate analysis of the untreated and precipitated material were measured. The BmimCl treated sample was found to have a higher value for calorific value, elemental percentage of carbon, and lignin content as well as fixed carbon, compared to the untreated and BmimOAc treated samples. The untreated and ionic liquid treated samples were also characterized by TGA and XRD. Low thermal stability and change in crystalline form from cellulose Type I to Type II have been observed by the dissolution and precipitation treatment. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed to achieve fast pyrolysis of the untreated and ionic liquid treated samples of bamboo. The desirable products with respect to bio-oil, such as phenols, furans, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and aromatics are increased, while the undesirable products such as aldehydes and ketones, except for total acids, are decreased for the BmimCl treated sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays ionic liquids are in the focus of scientific interest owing to their attractive properties. In this context, a series of amino acid-based ionic liquids (AAILs; EmimGly, EmimAla, EmimPro, and EmimSer) were synthesized and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Thermophysical properties such as density and viscosity were measured in the temperature range of T= (293.15 to 353.15) K and refractive index in the temperature range of T= (293.15 to 333.15) K. The thermal expansion coefficient values were calculated from the acquired experimental density values for T= (293.15 to 363.15) K. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of synthesized ionic liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary caries is one of the most major cause for re-placement of dental composite restorations. Targeting the survival of cariogenic bacteria residing on the restoration surface may reduce this problem. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial potential as well as assess the physical and chemical properties of experimental dental composites containing novel drug-decorated copper particles (DDCP) as adjunct antibacterial filler particles. These were incorporated at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 0.10%, 0.20%, and 0.25% (w /w) into experimental composite consisting of methacrylate monomers and silanized silica fillers. Direct contact test revealed that the anti-cariogenic potential of experimental composites was more than the control groups. The cell viability assay showed no toxic effect on MC3T3-E1 cell lines in the MTT assay. The microhardness of experimental composites increased as the percentage of DDCP increased, however, the degree of cure was increased only up till the concentration of 0.20%. The release kinetics of the composites reveals that even after 28 days there was a steady and slow release of copper particles signifying the sustained anti-cariogenic effect. The experimental composites have good anti-cariogenic potential, which was sustained for one month without any deleterious effect on the physical and chemical properties of resin dental composites. • Development of drug-decorated copper particles based anti-cariogenic dental composites • No toxic effect on MC3T3-E1 cell lines. • Slow-release of drug-decorated copper particles • The microhardness of experimental composites increased as the particles added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New inventions and innovations in the field of dentistry have potential applications to satisfy the patient's demand. In prosthodontics, a dental prosthesis plays a major role in improving the quality of oral health care. Currently, the trends have shifted towards the implants and implant-supported prosthesis for the replacement of missing teeth. Conventional dentures are patient's preference mainly due to financial constraints. In an attempt to find solutions to current problems, we have come across new materials zirconium, titanium and new inventions like flexible dentures, fenestrated dentures, and CAD/CAM fabricated dentures. Using the progress of past five years in the field of prosthodontics, this comprehensive review focuses on denture base materials, denture liners, removable partial dentures, fixed prosthesis such as crown and bridge materials, implant-supported a fixed denture, artificial teeth materials, impression materials, and ingenious alternatives to conventional dentures. This article also sheds some light on the current promising researches and gives insight into the problems that can be the focus of future researches. • The advancement in prosthodontic materials has been highlighted. • The various solutions to improve the properties of prosthodontic materials. • Inventions like flexible dentures, fenestrated dentures, and CAD/CAM fabricated dentures. • Materials of denture liners, impression materials, and artificial teeth materials have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium Hydroxide-based endodontic sealer loaded with antimicrobial agents have been commonly employed in conventional root canal treatment. These sealers are not effective against E. faecalis due to the persistent nature of this bacterium and its ability to evade the antibacterial action of calcium hydroxide. Therefore, endodontic sealer containing Carbon nanodots stabilized silver nanoparticles (CD-AgNPs) was proposed to combat E. faecalis. The therapeutic effect of CD-AgNPs was investigated and a new cytocompatible Calcium Hydroxide-based endodontic sealer enriched with CD-AgNPs was synthesized that exhibited a steady release of Ag+ ions and lower water solubility at 24 hours, and enhanced antibacterial potential against E. faecalis. CD-AgNPs was synthesized and characterized morphologically and compositionally by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis Spectroscopy, followed by optimization via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination against E. faecalis by broth microdilution technique and Cytotoxicity analysis against NIH3T3 cell lines via Alamar Blue assay. Calcium hydroxide in distilled water was taken as control (C), Calcium hydroxide with to CD-AgNPs (5mg/ml and 10mg/ml) yielded novel endodontic sealers (E1 and E2). Morphological and chemical analysis of the novel sealers were done by SEM and FTIR; followed by in vitro assessment for antibacterial potential against E. faecalis via agar disc diffusion method, release of Ag+ ions for 21 days by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and water solubility by weight change for 21 days. CD-AgNPs were 15–20 nm spherical-shaped particles in uniformly distributed clusters and revealed presence of constituent elements in nano-assembly. FTIR spectra revealed absorption peaks that correspond to various functional groups. UV-Vis absorption spectra showed prominent peaks that correspond to Carbon nanodots and Silver nanoparticles. CD-AgNPs exhibited MIC value of 5mg/ml and cytocompatibility of 84.47% with NIH3T3 cell lines. Novel endodontic sealer cut-discs revealed irregular, hexagonal particles (100–120 nm) with aggregation and rough structure with the presence of constituent elements. FTIR spectra of novel endodontic sealers revealed absorption peaks that correspond to various functional groups. Novel endodontic sealers exhibited enhanced antibacterial potential where E-2 showed greatest inhibition zone against E. faecalis (6.3±2 mm), a steady but highest release of Ag+ ions was exhibited by E-1 (0.043±0.0001 mg/mL) and showed water solubility of <3% at 24 hours where E-2 showed minimal weight loss at all time intervals. Novel endodontic sealers were cytocompatible and showed enhanced antibacterial potential against E. faecalis, however, E2 outperformed in this study in all aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a stable ionic liquid (IL) mediated zero‐valent copper nanoparticle (nZVCu), namely IL‐nZVCu, has been evaluated for catalytic properties towards H2O2‐mediated TMB (3, 3',5,5'‐tetramethylbenzidine) reaction under normal conditions of temperature and pH. The various analytical techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT‐IR), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to confirm the structure and nano size of nZVCu. The simple protic IL 1‐hydrogen‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (HmimOAc) with its cation 1‐methylimidazole and anion acetate was synthesized, characterized, and coated on nZVCu to prepared IL‐nZVCu. As a novel mimic peroxidase, IL‐nZVCu could quickly catalyze the oxidation reaction of specific chromogenic substrate TMB, when H2O2 acts as an oxidant, followed by a remarkable color change in the solution measured by UV/Vis Spectrophotometry. The enhanced catalytic activity and significant color change were greatly dependent on the catalyst dosage, the volume of IL taken, incubation time, H2O2 concentration, and TMB concentration. Also, IL‐nZVCu showed no response toward ascorbic acid, cholesterol, dopamine, urea and uric acid. Based on these findings, IL‐nZVCu could be effectively used for visual colorimetric sensing of H2O2 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 44 μM over the dynamic linear range from 40 μM to 1000 μM concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smaller size of the Boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) leads to the quantization of energy due to the confinement of electrons and holes. As a result, it behaves like an artificial atom with higher quantum yield. Unlike, previously used complex and lengthy experimental procedures, a facile bottom-up technique based on nanoscale precursors and dual roles of ammonia gas has been developed to synthesize BNQDs in 25 min growth duration at 1200 °C. Shape and morphology of the synthesized BNQDs look like beads of different sizes. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) shows a hexagonal atomic structure of the synthesized BNQDs whereas XPS, Raman, and XRD confirms the Boron and Nitrogen elemental compositions and hexagonal phase of the synthesized sample. The as-synthesized BNQDs has excellent properties for a variety of potential applications in the fields of biomedical (for bioimaging and drug delivery), microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), catalysis, sensors, and solid-state neutron detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional PMMA bone cement, and more lately BisGMA (bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate) composite bone cement, is employed in various bone augmentation procedures such as vertebroplasty. Problems with these materials include high curing exotherm and shrinkage, leakage of toxic components after insertion and exhibition of a modulus mismatch between bone cement and weak bone. A novel high molecular weight dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate (PPG), was used in combination with urethane dimethacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, silica glass particles and fibres to create PPG fibre composite (PFC) dual paste materials. This study was designed to ascertain whether PFCs are a viable alternative to Cortoss™ composite bone void filler and Simplex P™ PMMA bone cement for osteoporotic vertebroplasty and fracture fixation applications. The degree of monomer conversion and curing kinetics of the PFCs and commercial bone cements were found using FTIR, while the mechanical properties were found through biaxial flexural testing. An equation was derived to describe the curing profiles of the PFCs and commercial bone cements. The curing profiles and equations and mechanical properties of the PFCs, Cortoss™ and Simplex P™ bone cements were compared. It was found that PFC materials had more complete monomer conversion, and faster cure than Cortoss™ and Simplex P. The flexural strength of some of the PFC materials was comparable to Cortoss™ and Simplex P. Incorporating fibres into the PFC materials prevented brittle fracture exhibited by Cortoss™ and mimicking the fracture behaviour of Simplex P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Magnesium diboride as a precursor with dual role of Nitrogen introduces a simple “decomposition-adsorption-deposition (DAD)” technique for the synthesis of Hexagonal Boron nitride microsheets (BNMSs) on silicon (Si) substrate at 1100 °C. The synthesized BNMSs has the apparent morphology like the white dispersed feathers on a plate surface with diameter in the range of 3–15 µm and lengt greater than 30 µm. All the BNMSs has the characteristics of h -BN lattice with an interlayer spacing of 0.34 nm. Boron and Nitrogen elemental compositions and h -BN phase of the synthesized BNMSs are verified from its characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ceria nanoparticles (NPs) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) were synthesized, and the ceria-NP's surfaces were modified by DES to form DES-ceria NP filler to develop mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). For the sake of interface engineering, MMMs of 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% filler loadings were fabricated using solution casting technique. The characterizations of SEM, FTIR and TGA of synthesized membranes were performed. SEM represented the surface and cross-sectional morphology of membranes, which indicated that the filler is uniformly dispersed in the polysulfone. FTIR was used to analyze the interaction between the filler and support, which showed there was no reaction between the polymer and DES-ceria NPs as all the peaks were consistent, and TGA provided the variation in the membrane materials with respect to temperature, which categorized all of the membranes as very stable and showed that the trend of stability increases with respect to DES-ceria NPs filler loading. For the evaluation of efficiency of the MMMs, the gas permeation was tested. The permeability of CO2 was improved in comparison with the pristine Polysulfone (PSF) membrane and enhanced selectivities of 35.43 (α CO2/CH4) and 39.3 (α CO2/N2) were found. Hence, the DES-ceria NP-based MMMs proved useful in mitigating CO2 from a gaseous mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past few decades had seen a rapid hike in the world's population, which has caused an excessive use of fossils and, consequently, the diminution of fossil resources and the advent of global pollution problems. In this regard, the renewable and eco-friendly properties of biodiesel fuel provide an alternative to petroleum fuel. Many countries are looking into the use of biodiesel, particularly countries that are more susceptible to environmental problems. Biodiesel could be synthesized from different origins, including organic oils from animal fats and vegetables. At the same time, the production of biodiesel from vegetable edible oils can create food security problems; hence, the selection of cheap sources, like animal fats, is a valuable feedstock, but its availability is limited. Thus, more preferable sources other than low-cost feedstocks with high free fatty acids content include unrefined crude oils, discarded cooking oil and inedible oils. This paper is aimed to highlight biodiesel and its availability from various feedstock for its preparation. It also discussed how the ionic liquids (ILs) can be the catalysts to produce biodiesel; these liquids are sourced by different feedstocks by transesterification method. Due to several limitations and problems associated with traditional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in recent years, ILs are increasingly used as the catalysts or solvents for free fatty acids esterification, as well as the transesterification of vegetable oils. This paper is focused on the transesterification of fatty acid with ILs, cost and recycling of ILs, the effects of adding enzyme, Lewis acids and amines on ILs catalysed reaction, the use of Brønsted acidic, basic and dicationic basic ILs as the sole solvent which supported acid/base-catalysed IL for biodiesel synthesis. In addition, the proper research focuses and new developments in this regard would make the ILs as an ideal catalyst for biodiesel preparation from various feedstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, collagen/alginate/hydroxyapatite beads having different proportions were prepared as bone fillers for the restoration of osteological defects. Ionic liquid was used to dissolve the collagen and subsequently the solution was mixed with sodium alginate solution. Hydroxyapatite was added in different proportions, with the rationale to enhance mechanical as well as biological properties. The prepared solutions were given characteristic bead shapes by dropwise addition into calcium chloride solution. The prepared beads were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM analysis. Microhardness testing was used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The prepared beads were investigated for water adsorption behavior to ascertain its ability for body fluid uptake and adjusted accordingly to the bone cavity. Drug loading and subsequently the antibacterial activity was investigated for the prepared beads. The biocompatibility was assessed using the hemolysis testing and cell proliferation assay. The prepared collagen-alginate-HA beads, having biocompatibility and good mechanical properties, have showed an option of promising biologically active bone fillers for bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertically aligned Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have exceptional electrical, mechanical and thermal properties suitable for its potential applications without any further purification. However, the synthesis of aligned BNNTs via previously reported techniques is not only complicated, lengthy and misleading but also result in useless impurities in the final product. Here, we report Magnesium diboride (MgB 2 ) as an effective and novel precursor for the synthesis of vertically aligned BNNTs directly on SiO 2 substrate at 1000 ° C. Magnesium (Mg) from MgB 2 in partially melted form diffuses on SiO 2 substrate whereas the adsorbed Boron with Mg reacts with Nitrogen from decomposed ammonia and synthesized vertically aligned BNNTs. The morphology, alignment, structure and compositions of the as-synthesized BNNTs are studied via field emission scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles proved a viable alternative to the already used sensing and diagnostics methods due to their low cost, good stability, easy availability and easy synthesis. In the present approach, nitrogen doped titania nanoparticles are prepared through freeze drying method, and subsequently stabilized through ionic liquid. These nanoparticles were characterized through various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET pore size and surface area analyzer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis. DRS). The synthesized nitrogen doped titania nanoparticles were proved to be a novel peroxidase mimetic with great potential to catalyze oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to form a blue color product. As a proof of concept, this new enzyme mimic was used as a robust nanoprobe for the detection of hydrogen peroxide with improved analytical characteristics. A linear response for hydrogen peroxide detection was obtained in the range of 10–300 μmol/L, with a detection limit of 2.5 μmol/L. Taking into account the valuable intrinsic peroxidase activity, the present work may find widespread applications in the field of sensors and biosensors for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As antibiotic resistance is increasing daily, the desire to treat an infection without causing any harmful effects assumes increasing importance. Ozone gas is a reactive antioxidant. Its role in blood circulation and uplifting immunity is an ideal complement to achieving curative care treatments. Aside from treatments, the therapeutic and biological effects of ozone may have positive results by reducing tooth demineralization, its antimicrobial capabilities rely upon its ability to oxidize, which produces free radicals, and has immediate action on microbes. The usage of ozone in dentistry is recommended for a variety of purposes, which comprises carious lesion treatments, root canal disinfection, post-surgical treatment, tooth bleaching, periodontal problems, prosthodontics, and orthodontics. Ozone has the potential to be a promising alternative therapy in dentistry. However, well-designed research is needed to analyze ozone's utilization in the field of dentistry to determine its importance from a clinical perspective so that the general public can benefit from it. This systematic review aims to describe the technique in which ozone can be advantageous as well as the many ways of applications of ozone therapy in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, by utilizing ionic liquid, we have shown for the first time that activated carbon can be used as a cheap and recyclable peroxidase mimic in the construction of colorimetric sensors for biomedical applications. The purposed nanozyme catalyzed the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to produce a blue colored product which can be monitored at 652 nm. H 2 O 2 is the oxidative product of glucose in the presence of glucose oxidase. Therefore, the oxidation of glucose can be quantitatively related to the colorimetric response by combining these two reactions. Under the optimal experimental conditions, a linear response was observed for glucose concentrations ranging from 12 to 550 μmol/L, with a detection limit of 3.5 μmol/L. Furthermore, the specificity of the proposed method was demonstrated against common interfering compounds including uric acid, ascorbic acid, lactose, sucrose and maltose. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated for glucose detection in human serum samples. The proposed methodology can serve as a general way to design ionic liquid based nanozyme mimetics for various catalytic reactions and colorimetric sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative volatilities of cyclohexane (Cy) to benzene (Bz) in the presence of eight task-specific imidazolium thiocyanate ionic liquids (ILs) were measured using headspace gas chromatography. The ILs contain nitrile, ally, benzyl and hydroxyl functional group in their imidazolium cations and thiocyanate as anion. The effects of incorporation of nitrile, allyl, benzyl and hydroxyl functional groups in imidazolium alkyl chain on the relative volatility of Cy to Bz were investigated using experiment and quantum calculations. COSMO-RS model was used to study the polarity (charge distribution) of the ILs and the solutes. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the cation-anion interaction energies and IL-Bz/Cy binding energies. The structural variations of the imidazolium cation influence the performance of the ILs. Moreover, the performances of the ILs were compared with two typical conventional entrainers, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Except two hydroxyl containing ILs, the remaining six ILs show higher Cy to Bz relative volatility values compared to the bench marked conventional solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been identified as a promising biomass-derived platform chemical. In this study, one pot production of HMF was studied in ionic liquid (IL) under probe sonication technique. Compared with the conventional heating technique, the use of probe ultrasonic irradiation reduced the reaction time from hours to minutes. Glucose, cellulose and local bamboo, treated with ultrasonic, produced HMF in the yields of 43%, 31% and 13% respectively, within less than 10 min. The influence of various parameters such as acoustic power, reaction time, catalysts and glucose loading were studied. About 40% HMF yield at glucose conversion above 90% could be obtained with 2% of catalyst in 3 min. Negligible amount of soluble by-product was detected, and humin formation could be controlled by adjusting the different process parameters. Upon extraction of HMF, the mixture of ionic liquid and catalyst could be reused and exhibited no significant reduction of HMF yield over five successive runs. The purity of regenerated [C 4 C 1 im]Cl and HMF was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, indicating neither changes in the chemical structure nor presence of any major contaminants during the conversion under ultrasonic treatment. 13 C NMR suggests that [C 4 C 1 im]Cl/CrCl 3 catalyses mutarotation of α-glucopyranose to β-glucopyranose leading to isomerization and finally conversion to HMF. The experimental results demonstrate that the use of probe sonication technique for conversion to HMF provides a positive process benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Top-down approach has been used to synthesize pure, highly crystalline, multilayered micron size crystals of hexagonal boron nitride (BNMCs) at the top of Silicon substrate at 800 °C by using bulk boron nitride powder as a precursor. The synthesized crystals have different interlayers spacing from left to right (0.33 nm, 0.37 nm and 0.35 nm) and at the center (~0.24 nm). The former spacing corresponds to d (002) spacing whereas the later corresponds to d (010) spacing in h-BN. The sharpness of the peaks in XRD, Raman and FTIR spectrums correspond to highly crystalline nature of BNMCs whereas the locations of the peaks verify the h-BN nature of BNMCs. The B-N bonded BNMCs with larger surface area can be an excellent choice as a hydrogen storage element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel choline hydroxide ionic liquid-based tooth bleaching gel. Ionic liquid-based gels were synthesized and characterized using FTIR along with pH testing. Tooth sample preparation was carried out in line with ISO 28399:2020. The effects of synthesized gels on tooth samples were tested. Tooth samples were stained and grouped into three experimental groups: EAI (22% choline hydroxide gel), EAII (44% choline hydroxide gel), and EB (choline citrate gel) and two control groups: CA (commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel) and CB (deionized water). The tooth color analysis, which included shade matching with the Vitapan shade guide (n = 2), and digital colorimetric analysis (n = 2) were evaluated. The surface characteristics and hardness were analyzed with 3D optical profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Microhardness testing (n = 3), respectively. The tooth color analysis (Vitapan shade guide) revealed that all the tooth samples treated with synthesized choline citrate gel (EB) showed an A1 shade as compared to the other four groups, giving a range of shades. An analysis of the ΔE values from digital colorimetry; EAI, EAII, CA, and CB showed ΔE values in a range that was clinically perceptible at a glance. However, EB showed the highest value of ΔE. The mean microhardness values for the five groups showed that the effects of three experimental gels i.e., 44% choline hydroxide, 22% choline hydroxide, and choline citrate, on the microhardness of the tooth samples were similar to that of the positive control, which comprised commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel. SEM with EDX of three tested subgroups was closely related in surface profile, elemental composition, and Ca/P ratio. The roughness average values from optical profilometry of four tested subgroups lie within approximately a similar range, showing a statistically insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between the tested subgroups. The synthesized novel experimental tooth bleaching gels displayed similar tooth bleaching actions without any deleterious effects on the surface characteristics and microhardness of the treated tooth samples when compared with the commercial at-home tooth bleaching gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple process based on the dual roles of both magnesium oxide (MgO) and iron oxide (FeO) with boron (B) as precursors and catalysts has been developed for the synthesis of borate composites of magnesium and iron (Mg2B2O5-Fe3BO6) at 1200°C. The as-synthesized composites can be a single material with the improved and collective properties of both iron borates (Fe3BO6) and magnesium borates (Mg2B2O5). At higher temperatures, the synthesized Mg2B2O5-Fe3BO6 composite is found thermally more stable than the single borates of both magnesium and iron. Similarly, the synthesized composites are found to prevent the growth of both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria on all the tested concentrations. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the synthesized composite increases with an increase in concentration and is more pronounced against S. aureus as compared to E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous bone and soft tissue grafting techniques are followed to repair cleft of lip and palate (CLP) defects. In addition to the gold standard surgical interventions involving the use of autogenous grafts, various allogenic and xenogenic graft materials are available for bone regeneration. In an attempt to discover minimally invasive and cost effective treatments for cleft repair, an exceptional growth in synthetic biomedical graft materials have occurred. This study gives an overview of the use of dental materials to repair cleft of lip and palate (CLP). The eligibility criteria for this review were case studies, clinical trials and retrospective studies on the use of various types of dental materials in surgical repair of cleft palate defects. Any data available on the surgical interventions to repair alveolar or palatal cleft, with natural or synthetic graft materials was included in this review. Those datasets with long term clinical follow-up results were referred to as particularly relevant. The results provide encouraging evidence in favor of dental and other related biomedical materials to fill the gaps in clefts of lip and palate. The review presents the various bones and soft tissue replacement strategies currently used, tested or explored for the repair of cleft defects. There was little available data on the use of synthetic materials in cleft repair which was a limitation of this study. In conclusion although clinical trials on the use of synthetic materials are currently underway the uses of autologous implants are the preferred treatment methods to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New cyano-based ionic liquids with thiocyanate anion and nitrile, ally, benzyl, and hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium cations were prepared, and some of their important thermophysical properties were measured. Properties such as density, viscosity, and refractive index were measured over various temperature ranges. From the experimental density values, the molecular volume, standard molar entropy, lattice energy, and thermal expansion coefficient of the ionic liquids were calculated. The thermal stabilities of the ionic liquids were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of functionalized imidazolium side chains on the thermophysical properties of the ionic liquids were investigated. Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the effect of the structural variation of the imidazolium cation on properties of the ionic liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities of binary mixture of three ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([C 4 C 1 im][SCN]), 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([C 1 = C 2 )C 1 im][SCN]) and 3-(3-butyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl)propanenitrile thiocyanate ([(NC) 2 C 2 C 4 im][SCN]), with methanol were measured over a temperature range of 293.15 to 323.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes ( V m E ) were calculated from density values and correlated with Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Partial molar volumes at infinite dilutions ( V m , i ∞) of the ILs and methanol were determined from the Redlich–Kister coefficients. For all the studied systems, the V m E is negative over the entire composition range. The V m E and V m , i ∞ are interpreted in terms of intermolecular interactions in the binary mixture. Density functional theory has been used to investigate the interactions between methanol and the studied ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maxillofacial trauma can be limited to superficial lacerations, abrasions, and facial bone fractures. The objective of this study was to determine the etiology, pattern, and predictors of soft tissue and bony injuries. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in the department of maxillofacial surgery Lady Reading hospital Pakistan from Jan 2019 to June 2021. The nonprobability consecutive sampling technique was used for the selection of patients. All patients were assessed clinically and radiologically. The neurosensory examination was done for any altered sensation, anesthesia, or paresthesia. Motor nerve function was also assessed clinically. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The etiology and pattern of maxillofacial trauma were stratified among age and genders using the chi-square test to see effect modifiers. Tests for regression analysis were also applied. P≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 253 patients meeting inclusion criteria were included in this study. The majority of these patients were males, 223 (88.1%), while only 30 (11.9%) were females. The mean age for the group was 25.4 ± 12.6 years. RTAs were the most common causes of trauma (63.6%) followed by assault (15.0%), falls (11.5%), FAIs (5.9%), and sports (0.4%). The most vulnerable skeletal part was the mandible (22.9%) followed by Zygoma (7.1%), significantly predicted by RTAs. Soft tissue laceration analysis showed a high frequency of multiple lacerations (38%) significantly predicted by FAIs. The frequency of trigeminal nerve injury was 5.5% (14 patients) and that of the facial nerve was 1.6% (4 patients). The strongest association of nerve injury was with firearm injury (47%), followed by road traffic accidents and sports injuries. Conclusion: Road traffic accident was the most common etiological factor and mandible fracture was commonly predicted by RTA. Trigeminal nerve injuries were common, frequency of nerve injuries was highly associated with mandible fracture and was predicted by FAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Pakistan and other developing countries, the available data on the association of T2DM and HCV is limited. We therefore made an attempt to report the association of HCV and diabetes in Pakistani population through this meta-analysis. HCV and diabetes related studies were identified using various key words, from a number of databases including CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science and Embase. Using RevMan5, the main outcome was regarded as type 2 diabetes associations with hepatitis c virus infection in Pakistan. Independent analyses were made for "HCV in diabetic patients" and "diabetes cases in hepatitis C virus patients". Using random effect model, odds ratios were calculated with 95% CIs (dichotomous data). I2 statistics were used to calculate heterogeneity. From a total of 53 studies, we finally selected 6 studies for the meta-analysis. Using random effects model, hepatitis c virus patients in 3 studies (n = 1,902) demonstrated that HCV is a risk factor in developing diabetes, contrary to patients with no HCV infection (OR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.06, I2 = 0%; RR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.07, I2 = 0%). The remaining 3 studies (n = 13,710) had reported HCV infections in type 2 diabetic patients and patients with no diabetes. Similarly, our meta-analysis revealed higher prevalence of HCV infections in patients with type 2 diabetes (OR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.17-0.42, I2 = 32%; RR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20-0.46, I2 = 32%) as compared to patients with no type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our meta-analysis demonstrates a significant link between HCV and T2DM. Further studies are recommended with adequate sample sizes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogensulfate [CCIm][HSO], 1-butyl-imidazolium hydrogensulfate [CCIm][HSO], and 1-methyl-imidazolium hydrogensulfate [CCIm][HSO], were synthesized and characterized. The effect of alky group incorporation into the imidazolium cation was evaluated in terms of changes in density, surface tension, viscosity, and thermal degradation of the ILs. The viscosity and density were measured within the temperature range of 293.15-373.15 K, and experimental values of density were used to calculate molar volume, standard molar entropy, lattice energy, and thermal expansion coefficients. Glasser's approach was used to calculate the lattice energies of the ILs. Surface tensions in the temperature range of 293.15-353.15 K were also measured and surface tension values were used to estimate the surface entropy and enthalpy of the ILs. Refractive indices were measured with an ATAGO refractometer (RX-5000α) within the temperature range of 293.15-323.15 K. Thermal gravimetric analysis was performed in the temperature range of 323.15-773.15 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CTAB based DES and mesoporous silica MCM-41 were synthesized and tested. • Surface of MCM-41 was tuned by DES to produce MCM-DES filler for dispersion on polymeric support. • Mixed matrix membranes were fabricated by using 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% MCM-DES loadings on polysulfone matrix. • MCM-DES/PSF based MMMs enhanced permeability and selectivity of CO 2 to enhance circular bioeconomy. Membrane technology and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have demonstrated their efficient and alterable functionality against environmental pollutants in a cost-effective way. This research focuses on the surface tunning and interface engineering of DES using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and acetic acid to immobilize on mesoporous silica MCM-41 to mitigate the environmental pollutants. Surface tuned MCM-41 was blended with dope solution of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and polysulfone (Psf) to fabricate uniform composition of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for carbon dioxide (CO 2) separation as CO 2 is a barrier in environment as well as in the industrial applications. The characterization of DES has confirmed the presence of CTAB and acetic acid composition that was physically pasted on silica surface. SEM images disclosed that increasing amount of MCM-DES loading up to 20%, improved its dispersion ability on membrane surface. FTIR analysis revealed that there was no reaction took place among the constituents of MMMs. UTM analysis described the strength reduction in membranes with respect to the increase in percentage of filler loading. MCM provided the porous structure, better pore size distribution and large surface area whereas DES supplied amino and carboxyl functional groups for the attraction of CO 2. Blending of MCM-DES filler with Psf led to enhanced selectivity (63–67%) and permeability (70–71%) of CO 2 gas than pristine Psf and it was also proved better than pure MCM-41 containing membranes and verified by Robeson plot. Hence, these MMMs are very much suitable to reduce environmental pollutants like CO 2 from gaseous biomass like natural gas to improve the circular bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]