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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the idea that the misdeeds of ancestors will have negative consequences for their descendants, as encapsulated by biblical quotes about 'the sins of the fathers'. The prevalence of these ideas in religion and folklore, through the notion of family curses, is discussed, as is an analysis of what constitutes 'sin'. How the so-called sins of our forebears might reach across future generations is considered in two ways. The first is that detrimental characteristics, behaviours, and health conditions can be transmitted to descendants via genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and psychosocial mechanisms (and the interactions between these). The second is that descendants can feel guilt and shame as a result of the actions of their ancestors. Overcoming the effects of ancestral fault and disadvantage may occur through improvements in living standards, medical advances, more tolerant and inclusive cultural beliefs, as well as other environmental and social changes. These processes are also likely to be assisted by greater knowledge and understanding of one's own family history. Such knowledge, in historical context, has the potential to facilitate both personal psychotherapeutic change and decisions about appropriate reparations where these are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We evaluated the impact of electronic consultation (eConsult) in reducing the environmental pollutants associated with health care delivery. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the eConsult data between July 2018 and December 2022 was extracted from the electronic health record (Epic). Travel time and mileage from the patient home to the academic medical center (AMC) were calculated along with fuel expenditure and greenhouses gas savings. Projected savings through the end of the decade were forecast using a random walk model. Results: A total of 15,499 eConsults were submitted to AMC specialist providers from community primary care providers. Completed eConsults (n = 11,590) eliminated the need for a face-to-face visit with a specialist provider, eliminating mileage, fuel, time, and pollutants associated with face to face visits. In-state travel distance saved was 310,858 miles, travel time saved was 5,491 h, with an associated fuel reduction of 13,575 gallons and $56,893 savings. This reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 128 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 0.022 tons of nitrogen oxide, 0.005 tons of methane, and 0.001 tons of nitrous oxide. Out of state travel distance saved was 188,346 miles with 2,842 h reduced travel time, and associated fuel reduction of 8,225 gallons and of $34,118. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions were equivalent to 77 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 0.0132 tons of nitrogen oxide, 0.0033 tons of methane, and 0.0007 tons of nitrous oxide. Conclusion: This study indicates that medical care provided through telehealth modalities reduces the environmental impact of pollutants associated with face to face visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family historians frequently encounter ethical issues in the course of their research, and many come to recognise the moral dilemmas facing them. Common dilemmas revolve around topics such as whether family secrets should be revealed or favourite stories debunked in light of the evidence, how the privacy of living relatives can be maintained when family histories are published, if the 'sins of the fathers' require reparation (and how this might be possible), and to what extent is it acceptable to romanticise or 'whitewash' one's ancestral story. In this paper, dilemmas such as these are discussed using the theoretical framework of psychologist Jonathan Haidt whose model of five moral 'instincts' includes care, fairness, loyalty, respect for authority, and sanctity. It is concluded that examining ethical issues using such a framework has the potential to stimulate empathy, reduce impulsive action, and increase the likelihood of finding creative solutions to moral dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the popular pastime of exploring one's family history can unleash strong emotions, both positive and negative. The aim of this study was to chart the extent and nature of negative emotions among family historians, and profile those most vulnerable to distress. Data from an online survey of 775 adult Australian hobbyist family historians showed nearly two-thirds experienced strong distressing emotions such as anger, shock and sadness while researching their forebears. Triggers included discoveries which led to feelings of betrayal and distrust or posed moral dilemmas. Also distressing were findings about ancestors who behaved badly, were treated cruelly/unfairly, or who experienced tragedy. Family historians who reported strong negative emotions were more likely than those who did not to be younger, female, spend more time on their hobby, have half-siblings, driven by the motive for greater self-understanding, and score higher on the personality trait of openness to experience but lower on emotional stability. The study is important because it raises issues of (a) what support is available to family historians who find their discoveries strongly distressing and (b) whether purveyors of genealogical research products should provide more education and support to their clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing antibodies in subjects vaccinated or injected with anti-RABV immunoglobulins is central in determination of rabies protection. The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is used for assessment of anti-RABV activity in serum. The current anti-RABV polyclonal preparations on the market pose difficulties in production and vary in quality. RABV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are being evaluated as replacements. Different anti-RABV MAbs may neutralize different RABV isolates, thus two or more MAbs directed against different epitopes on the RABV glycoprotein are needed. It is therefore important to ensure neutralizing activity against all RABV isolates in sera of subjects injected with an anti-RABV MAb product consisting of two or more MAbs. The RFFIT, utilizing CVS-11 as challenge virus, cannot discriminate between the activities of different anti-RABV MAbs. We developed and validated two RFFIT methods enabling specific assessment of two different anti-RABV MAbs (CR57 and CR4098) in using two mutant CVS-11 strains resistant to either CR57 or CR4098 neutralization. The validation results demonstrate that both RFFIT assays using MAb resistant RABV are precise, accurate, linear, specific, and stable within the linear range of 0.025 IU/mL to 1.0 IU/mL. This method design can, therefore, be used to determine MAb specific anti-RABV activity in human serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women are at very high risk of violence but there is little evidence about the age at which their higher exposure to violence commences. The aim of this study was to investigate violence inflicted on Aboriginal girls during childhood and adolescence, relative to Aboriginal boys and non-Aboriginal girls.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using de-identified administrative data for NT residents aged 0-17 years. This study used linked hospital and child protection data to investigate hospitalization for injury caused by assault and substantiated child maltreatment involving violence (physical and sexual abuse).Results: The incidence of assault hospitalization and substantiated physical/sexual abuse was much higher for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal adolescents but similar for girls and boys to about age ten, then increased much more for Aboriginal girls than boys. In the 14-17 age-group, assault hospitalization incidence was 125% higher for Aboriginal girls than boys but 56% lower for non-Aboriginal girls than boys. 4.6% of Aboriginal girls were hospitalized (30.9% more than once) for assault between twelfth and eighteenth birthdays, compared to 3.4% of Aboriginal boys and 0.3% of non-Aboriginal girls. The incidence of assault hospitalization during adolescence was over three times higher for Aboriginal children who had substantiated child maltreatment during childhood.Conclusion: The very high levels of violence suffered by Aboriginal women commence in the pre-teen years. Non-Aboriginal girls are 'protected' from the rising levels of violence that boys experience as they progress through adolescence, but Aboriginal girls are not afforded such protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing hospice need, a growing shortage of hospice providers, and concerns about in-person services because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) require hospices to innovate care delivery.Measures: This project compared outcomes between hospice reauthorization visits conducted via telehealth and in person. After each visit, providers, patients, and caregivers completed telehealth acceptance surveys, and providers recorded reauthorization recommendations.Intervention: Providers conducted 88 concurrent in-person and telehealth visits between June and November 2019.Outcomes: No statistically significant differences in reauthorization recommendations were found between telehealth and in-person visits. Satisfaction with telehealth was high; 88% of patients/caregivers and 78% of providers found telehealth services as effective as in-person visits.Conclusions/lessons Learned: Results indicate that telehealth can successfully support clinical decision making for hospice reauthorization. These findings show telehealth to be reliable and acceptable for certain types of hospice care even before COVID-19, which emphasizes its importance both during and after the current public health emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This qualitative study explored parent and patient navigator perspectives of home visitation as part of a childhood obesity program in a low-income, largely Latino population. Methods Three patient navigators and 25 parents who participated in a home-based, childhood obesity program participated in focus groups or interviews. Emergent themes were identified through content analysis of qualitative data. Results Three overall themes were identified. Patient navigators and parents perceived: (1) enabling characteristics of home-based program delivery which facilitated family participation and/or behavior change (i.e., convenience, increased accountability, inclusion of household members, delivery in a familiar, intimate setting, and individualized pace and content); (2) logistic and cultural challenges to home-based delivery which reduced family participation and program reach (i.e., difficulties scheduling visits, discomfort with visitors in the home, and confusion about the patient navigator’s role); and (3) remediable home-based delivery challenges which could be ameliorated by additional study staff (e.g., supervision of children, safety concerns) or through organized group sessions. Both patient navigators and participating parents discussed an interest in group classes with separate, supervised child-targeted programming and opportunities to engage with other families for social support. Conclusions for Practice A home visitation program delivering a pediatric obesity prevention curriculum in Denver was convenient and held families accountable, but posed scheduling difficulties and raised safety concerns. Conducting home visits in pairs, adding obesity prevention curriculum to existing home visiting programs, or pairing the convenience of home visits with group classes may be future strategies to explore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are considered chemicals of emerging concern, in part due to their environmental and biological persistence and the potential for widespread human exposure. In 2007, a PFAS manufacturer near Decatur, Alabama notified the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) it had discharged PFAS into a wastewater treatment plant, resulting in environmental contamination and potential exposures to the local community. Objectives To characterize PFAS exposure over time, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) collected blood and urine samples from local residents. Methods Eight PFAS were measured in serum in 2010 ( n = 153). Eleven PFAS were measured in serum, and five PFAS were measured in urine ( n = 45) from some of the same residents in 2016. Serum concentrations were compared to nationally representative data and change in serum concentration over time was evaluated. Biological half-lives were estimated for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) using a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Results In 2010 and 2016, geometric mean PFOA and PFOS serum concentrations were elevated in participants compared to the general U.S. population. In 2016, the geometric mean PFHxS serum concentration was elevated compared to the general U.S. population. Geometric mean serum concentrations of PFOA, PFOS, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were significantly ( p ≤ 0.0001) lower (49%, 53%, and 58%, respectively) in 2016 compared to 2010. Half-lives for PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS were estimated to be 3.9, 3.3, and 15.5 years, respectively. Concentrations of PFOA in serum and urine were highly correlated ( r = 0.75) in males. Conclusions Serum concentrations of some PFAS are decreasing in this residentially exposed community, but remain elevated compared to the U.S. general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning for coastal and marine environments is often characterized by conflict over current and proposed uses. Marine spatial planning has been proposed as a way forward, however, social data are often missing impeding decision-making. Participatory mapping, a technique useful for providing social data and predict conflict potential, is being used in an increasing number of terrestrial applications to inform planning, but has been little used in the marine realm. This study collected social data for an extensive coastline in northwestern Australia via 167 in-depth face-to-face interviews including participant mapping of place values. From the transcribed interviews and digitized maps, we inductively identified 17 values, with biodiversity, the physical landscape, and Aboriginal culture being most valued. To spatially identify conflict potential, values were classified in matrices as consumptive or non-consumptive with the former assumed to be less compatible with other values. Pairwise comparisons of value compatibilities informed a spatial GIS determination of conflict potential. The results were overlaid with the boundaries of nine marine protected areas in the region to illustrate the application of this method for marine spatial planning. The three near shore marine protected areas had at least one third of their area exhibiting conflict potential. Participatory mapping accompanied by conflict potential mapping provides important insights for spatial planning in these often-highly contested marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patrons of map collections often have specific, geographically-based, requests for maps and the information they provide. Map librarians can often meet these needs through personal knowledge of the scope of their collections. For larger collections, this method is unsustainable. This article, therefore, seeks to begin a discussion on how coding could be used to expand the ability of our patrons’ online information seeking methods to meet their information needs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: Short Message Service (SMS) appointment reminders may provide a wide-reaching, low cost approach to reducing operational inefficiencies and improving access to care. Previous studies indicate this modality may improve attendance rates, yet there is a need for large-scale, pragmatic studies that include unintended consequences and operational costs. Methods: This pragmatic investigation was a before-after analysis that compared visit attendance outcomes among patients who opted into SMS appointment reminders with outcomes among those who declined over an 18-month evaluation period from March 25, 2013, to September 30, 2014. Eligibility in our integrated safety net health care system included age greater than 17, English or Spanish as a primary language, and a cell phone number in our scheduling system. Results: 47,390 patients were invited by SMS to participate, of which 20,724 (43.7 percent) responded with 18,138 opting in (81.5 percent of respondents). Participants received SMS reminders for 77,783 scheduled visits; comparison group patients (N=72,757) were scheduled for 573,079 visits during the evaluation period. Intervention and comparison groups had, respectively, attendance rates of 72.8 percent versus 66.1 percent (p<0.001), cancellation rates of 13.2 percent versus 18.6 percent (p<0.001), and no show rates of 14.0 percent versus 15.3 percent. Patient satisfaction with text messaging ranged from 77 percent to 96 percent. Implementation challenges included a low rate of inaccurate reminders due to non-standard use of the scheduling system across clinical departments. Discussion: SMS appointment reminders improve patient satisfaction and provide a low operating cost approach to reducing operational inefficiencies through improved attendance rates in an integrated safety net health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccine equivalency, booster administration, and animal import decisions are based in part on the level of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) in serum. Serum neutralization (SN) is commonly used but other methods are employed. Studies have shown that although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SN results are correlated, exact comparison cannot be ensured. This study investigated the applicability of the recognized 0.5 IU/mL cut-off value between methods. Serum from rabies vaccinated subjects grouped by vaccine and vaccination regimen were collected on days 0, 14, 30, and 90 and tested by both SN and ELISA methods. At each time-point, the percentage of subjects producing anti-rabies antibodies above the cut-off as well as the individual results were compared. Similar vaccine equivalency conclusions were made using either method, however vaccination-regimen equivalency varied by test method used. The greatest difference in results between test methods was in samples collected at days 14 and 30. This is the first study comparing SN to ELISA results of samples covering a time-point range, allowing evaluation of rabies antibody response kinetics as defined by test method. SN methods and ELISA methods measure different antibody functions; thus the cut-off values should be independently determined, not extrapolated between different methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity loss is one of the most significant drivers of ecosystem change and is projected to continue at a rapid rate. While protected areas, such as national parks, are seen as important refuges for biodiversity, their effectiveness in stemming biodiversity decline has been questioned. Public agencies have a critical role in the governance of many such areas, but there are tensions between the need for these agencies to be more "adaptive" and their current operating environment. Our aim is to analyze how institutions enable or constrain capacity to conserve biodiversity in a globally significant cross-border network of protected areas, the Australian Alps. Using a novel conceptual framework for diagnosing biodiversity institutions, our research examined institutional adaptive capacity and more general capacity for conserving biodiversity. Several intertwined issues limit public agencies' capacity to fulfill their conservation responsibilities. Narrowly defined accountability measures constrain adaptive capacity and divert attention away from addressing key biodiversity outcomes. Implications for learning were also evident, with protected area agencies demonstrating successful learning for on-ground issues but less success in applying this learning to deeper policy change. Poor capacity to buffer political and community influences in managing significant cross-border drivers of biodiversity decline signals poor fit with the institutional context and has implications for functional fit. While cooperative federalism provides potential benefits for buffering through diversity, it also means protected area agencies have restricted authority to address cross-border threats. Restrictions on staff authority and discretion, as public servants, have further implications for deploying capacity. This analysis, particularly the possibility of fostering "ambidexterity" --creatively responding to political pressures in a way that also achieves a desirable outcome for biodiversity conservation--is one promising way of building capacity to buffer both political influences and ecological pressures. The findings and the supporting analysis provide insight into how institutional capacity to conserve biodiversity can be enhanced in protected areas in Australia and elsewhere, especially those governed by public agencies and/or multiple organizations and across jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To summarize research relating to health services research translation in the safety net through analysis of the literature and case study of a safety net system.Data Sources/study Setting: Literature review and key informant interviews at an integrated safety net hospital.Study Design: This paper describes the results of a comprehensive literature review of translational science literature as applied to health care paired with qualitative analysis of five key informant interviews conducted with senior-level management at Denver Health and Hospital Authority.Principal Findings: Results from the literature suggest that implementing innovation may be more difficult in the safety net due to multiple factors, including financial and organizational constraints. Results from key informant interviews confirmed the reality of financial barriers to innovation implementation but also implied that factors, including institutional respect for data, organizational attitudes, and leadership support, could compensate for disadvantages.Conclusions: Translating research into practice is of critical importance to safety net providers, which are under increased pressure to improve patient care and satisfaction. Results suggest that translational research done in the safety net can better illuminate the special challenges of this setting; more such research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repeatability of shoulder instability clinical examinations has been reported to be poor, producing a large range of translations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of providing the clinician with joint orientation feedback on the magnitude and precision of glenohumeral joint kinematics. A 6-degree of freedom magnetic tracking system was used to determine the kinematics of the humerus with respect to the scapula ( n=8 cadaveric shoulders). The joints were preconditioned with simple loading tests five times. At 60° of glenohumeral abduction and 0° of flexion/extension, a clinician then applied an anterior and posterior load to the humerus until a manual maximum simulating a simple translation test (STT) was achieved at 0, 30, and 60° of external rotation with and without angular orientation feedback of the humerus with respect to the scapula. The precision for the external rotation was within 4.3° for the feedback group and 17.5° for the no feedback group over all external rotations. For achieving the target external rotation of 30°, there was a significant difference in precision between the feedback and no feedback groups ( p<0.05). The magnitudes of the anterior translations were 18.2±5.3, 15.5±5.1, and 9.9±5.5 mm for the feedback group and 19.3±6.6, 17.5±4.9, and 11.5±5.3 mm for the no feedback group, at 0, 30, and 60° of external rotation, respectively. There was a significant difference in the precision of anterior translation at 30 and 60° of external rotation for 4 of 8 specimens ( p<0.05). Significant differences in the precision of the posterior translation was only detected at 0° of external rotation for 3 of 8 specimens ( p<0.05). Based on the data obtained, providing orientation feedback to a clinician performing a simulated STT results in increased precision for not only the target external rotations but also the resulting glenohumeral translations. While providing feedback may be a necessary step to achieving precise results for experimental studies, the magnitudes of translations in the anterior and posterior directions were relatively similar for the feedback and no feedback states indicating little benefit for clinical examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor performance of biodiversity institutions has prompted calls for reform. Adaptive governance has been promoted as a means of supporting improved biodiversity outcomes. However, incorporating adaptive elements into biodiversity governance has been a challenge. In particular, efforts to make institutions more 'adaptive' often fail to account for existing capacity and context-specific factors. Clear guidance on how to move from general, ambitious adaptive governance prescriptions to specific, context-dependent recommendations is needed. This paper demonstrates how insights from pragmatism can inform an approach for designing institutional reforms that address current shortcomings in adaptive governance approaches. This design scaffolds reform options on a platform of existing competency and institutional legacy. Informed by the results of a prior institutional diagnosis, reform development followed a three-stage process: defining plausible reform spaces; identifying reform possibilities within these spaces; and elaborating reform options. Two very different landscapes provided the case studies: (1) a highly modified agricultural landscape, where private landholders are responsible for managing biodiversity as a public good; (2) a group of national parks, where the state holds primary responsibility. The reforms in the agricultural landscape build on successful landholder and organizational efforts to self-organize and pursue innovative solutions, while those for the protected area enable greater managerial discretion and address the challenges of working across multiple government jurisdictions. This context-driven approach draws on insights from pragmatism to provide guidance on the design of institutional reforms that meet the demands of adaptive governance in a way that is both systematic and realistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper directs critical reflection on the use and treatment of qualitative interviews in researching building and development actors, processes and outcomes. Using the case study of New Urbanism in Toronto, it argues that norms of self-presentation and impression management consciously or unconsciously enacted by development professionals (developers, builders, designers, planners)withinthe research interview constitute key data that are often overlooked in planning and urban development-related research. More often than not, such study is geared towards typifying development processes, identifying and prescribing industry ‘best practices’ and evaluating the relative success of outcomes on the ground. It is argued here that a finer grained coding of interviews with key project-based actors directs attention to the hybrid and contingent nature of social roles in development networks and processes. This challenges researchers to examine more rigorously the identities, strategies, constraints and rationalities of development professionals to gain a deeper understanding of their agency in the (re)production of urban form and the definition of local development cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity loss is a critical issue on the environmental agenda, with species-based approaches failing to stem the decline. Landscape-scale approaches offer promise, but require institutional change. This article describes a novel conceptual framework for assessing institutional arrangements to tackle this persistent problem. In doing so, two critical issues for biodiversity governance are addressed. The first is a need to enrich largely theoretical descriptions of adaptive governance by considering how the practical realities of institutional environments (e.g. public agencies) limit achievement of an adaptive governance 'ideal'. The second is enabling explicit consideration of the unique aspects of biodiversity as a 'policy problem' in the analysis of institutional arrangements. The framework contributes to efforts to design more adaptive institutional arrangements, through supporting a more sophisticated and grounded institutional analysis incorporating insights from institutional theory, especially literature on organisational environments and public administration. Concepts from Pragmatism also contribute to this grounding, providing insight into how public agencies can play a more productive role in biodiversity conservation and building public consent for management actions. The diagnostic categories in the framework include the attributes of the biodiversity problem and the involved players; the political context; and practices contributing to both competence and capacity. Guidance on how to apply the framework and an example of its application in Australia illustrate the utility of this tool for institutional diagnosis and design. Development of this diagnostic framework could be further enhanced by empirically informed elaboration of the relationships between its components, and of the nature of, and factors influencing, key concerns for adaptation, particularly learning, self-organising and buffering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes development and validation of the Parental Psychological Flexibility (PPF) Questionnaire, a parent-report measure designed to assess psychological flexibility among parents of pre-adolescents and adolescents (aged 10-18 years). Psychological flexibility within parenting refers to parents' accepting negative thoughts, emotions and urges about one's child and still acting in ways that are consistent with effective parenting. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 178 parents) of a 43-item draft measure, resulted in a 30-item, 3-factor structure. Three subscales were created, consistent with the psychological flexibility literature: acceptance, cognitive defusion and committed action. A second sample of parents (n = 192) was then used to confirm the factor structure and reliability and validity of the PPF. Results supported the 3-factor structure, reduced the number of items to 19 and demonstrated that the PPF subscales have adequate reliability and validity and are thus suitable for researching psychological flexibility among parents of pre-adolescents and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special section navigates the contested terrain of the sustainable city and aims to develop new entry points for interdisciplinary dialogue and research. Six contributions from geography and planning critically engage with the simultaneous convergence of sustainable city visions and universal models of 'best practice' and the demonstrable divergence in how these visions and models are conceptualised and adopted in specific urban contexts. The papers unpack the implications of an emphasis on models and modelling of the sustainable city in relation to masterplanning, building assessment, governance, green urbanism, pedagogy and critical urban enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reflect on recent developments in higher education for planning sustainable cities and to draw out the insights from relevant literature emerging from the underexplored interface of the geographies of higher education and policy mobilities. It emerges from an informal review of our own institution's marketing, coordination and monitoring of sustainable cities-relevant programmes and a systematic review of similar programmes offered globally. This we present as a critical provocation responding to a key pedagogical challenge of sustainable cities education, that of promoting mobile knowledge and/or situated learning. We conclude by offering three possibilities for how higher education programme developers might embrace and operationalise this creative tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camping in natural areas such as national parks is an important social activity and provides a way of reconnecting with nature to achieve personal, social, and health benefits. Experience and meanings are not well understood regarding camping in natural areas, and recent research is limited. The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the motivations, experiences, and higher-order meanings of camping in two national parks in Western Australia, with a particular focus on the last of these. Important associated motivations included the “push” factor of addressing feelings of disconnection from nature, others, and self; and the “pull” factor of experiencing nature. Re-creation, reconnection and reaffirmation were key higher-order meanings. A deeper understanding of the camping experience highlights the importance of the people-natural environment relationship and shows how camping can benefit individuals and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Association of Stoma Care Nurses UK (2013) has stressed that it is the role of the stoma care nurse to provide education to patients, carers, prescribers and other nurses. This includes the area of medication management. Ensuring patients with an ileostomy receive their medication in a form they can absorb is of importance to every stoma care nurse. Prescribing for patients with a stoma calls for special care. Each patient with an ileostomy requires assessment of their medication regimen for the purpose of identifying potential medical absorption issues. However, from an extensive literature search, it is evident that there is very little literature published on this subject. This article looks at the considerations to take into account when prescribing medication for ileostomy patients, and examines the results of a clinical audit on medication prescribers’ knowledge of the impact of ileostomy formation on the absorption of medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These initial studies provided the proof needed that ID PEP was as effective as IM PEP when administered according to the schedules administered in the clinical trials and have served as models for designing additional clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of new PEP regimens. Efficacy Administering CCVs by the ID route also required proof of safety and effectiveness. Correction: Briggs, D.J.; Moore, S.M. The Route of Administration of Rabies Vaccines: Comparing the Data. [Extracted from the article]

Federal nutrition education programs like EFNEP (the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program) use a peer educator model to teach low-income Americans about healthy eating behaviors. Collaborative partnerships are an essential means to the sustainability and reach of the EFNEP program. The University of Georgia (UGA) EFNEP has not previously measured the impact community research partnerships may have on enrollment and graduation rates for EFNEP programming. To examine how the research process for recruiting, incentives offered, and continued contact with a community research partner affect UGA EFNEP enrollment and graduation rates. Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) partnered with UGA Extension/EFNEP to examine how a community nutrition intervention may affect nutrition outcomes of expecting mothers and fathers (Project DINE). UGA EFNEP provided an eight-week virtual nutrition education to three counties (rural and metro-areas). Participants were African American, expecting a baby, and enrolled in Healthy Start. Participants who completed the program received up to $200 per person ($400 per couple) in financial incentives. Enrollment, participation and graduation rates data were analyzed using the USDA NIFA Web-based Nutrition Education, Evaluation and Reporting System (WebNEERS). Study participants' data were analyzed and compared to data for EFNEP participants in similar communities who were not enrolled in any research project For FY21, preliminary data indicate that UGA EFNEP Project DINE participants (n = 64) had a graduation rate of 51.6%, whereas, UGA EFNEP participants from these communities (and who were not participating in Project DINE) (n = 159) had a graduation rate of 33.3% Community research partnerships may positively affect UGA EFNEP graduation rates. More research is needed to explore specific relationships between graduation rates and factors such as research recruitment methods, financial incentives, and target populations. EFNEP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance evaluation has only recently entered the lexicon of national park visitor management, in response to accountability concerns, commercialization of services, and fiscal constraints. Benchmarking, as part of such evaluations, is widespread practice in the hospitality sector but has been slow making its way into park visitor management. As such, the aim of this article is to develop and apply benchmark importance-performance analysis (BIPA), as a refinement of importance-performance analysis, to a system of national parks. BIPA, as developed in this article, provides a methodology for the meaningful system-wide comparison of attributes, such as the provision of information and the quality and standard of specified facilities, and of relative park performance. The parks managed by the Department of Parks and Wildlife in Western Australia and their visitors are used as a case study. The case study analysis shows that BIPA is a simple, accurate technique for benchmarking the performance of a suite of attributes across a park system and the relative performance of the parks themselves, thereby providing much-needed data for system-wide planning and management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Immunity from rabies depends on rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) induced after immunization; however, the influence of antibody isotype switching has not been extensively investigated. This has become particularly relevant with changes in World Health Organization (WHO) recommended rabies vaccine regimens that may influence RVNA isotype kinetics, potentially affecting the peak, and longevity, of RVNA immunoglobulin (IgG) levels. We developed rapid and reliable assays for quantifying the anti-rabies IgM/IgG class switch in human serum based on an indirect ELISA technique. The immune response was tracked in ten individuals naïve to the rabies vaccine by quantifying serum titers weekly, from day seven to day 42 post-immunization, using a serum neutralization assay and the ELISA IgM/IgG assays. The average RVNA IU/mL levels were at D0 ≤ 0.1, D7 0.24, D14 8.36, D21 12.84, D28 25.74 and D42 28.68. Levels of specific IgM antibodies to rabies glycoprotein (EU/mL) were higher, on average, at D7, 1.37, and from D14, 5.49, to D21, 6.59. In contrast, average IgG antibodies (EU/mL) predominated from D28, 10.03, to D42, 14.45. We conclude that levels of anti-rabies IgM/IgG at D28 characterize the isotype class switch. These assays, combined with serum neutralization assays, distinguished the RVNA levels in terms of the IgM/IgG responses and are expected to add to the diagnostic repertoire, provide additional information in establishing rabies vaccine regimens, both post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis, and contribute to research efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Best practice is most often perceived as a powerful heuristic tool for the dissemination of innovation and knowledge. Hence, its formation and acceptance are seldom questioned. The unquestioned compliance with practices labelled as ‘best’, however, obscures the processes of typification that enable it—that is to say, the cultural struggles, tensions, conflicts, collaborations, alliances and personal/professional justifications that prefigure it. This paper uses the proliferation of New Urbanism in Toronto to unpack theoretically the typification of best practice in order to demonstrate how the universal abstraction of this principle-based movement is underpinned by deeper, highly situated, constructions of aligned interests and emergent socio-political rationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Understanding and enhancing societal support for national parks is critical for their survival globally, especially in the uncertain and rapidly changing economic and political environment of the 21st century. This paper argues that the continuing availability of a diversity of visitor experiences in national parks is essential for cultivating this support. Employing national park experiences as key tools for building and sustaining societal support, and the strategies for doing so, have received limited attention by scholars. This paper aims to conceptualize the benefits and threats to visitor experiences in national parks as a basis for cementing their protection and enhancement into park management practices. It does this by drawing on literature investigating the benefits of visiting parks as a theoretical and empirical foundation for identifying the range of visitor experiences that need to be saved from extinction. Principles for endangered species management, derived from conservation biology, are then used as a conceptual lens to examine the threats to these experiences. A values-based perspective suggests the need to both address threats to these experiences and foster the associated benefits to visitors and society. A suite of management strategies at the park/site level and systems level are suggested to reduce threats to the quality and diversity of visitor experiences as well as enhance the benefits of visiting national parks. These strategies can be engaged to complement rather than replace the current impact-focused approach to managing the visitor experience. Concluding recommendations for future research include: clarifying the threats to the visitor experience globally and the synergies between them, exploring the relationship between the management of settings in national parks and the accrual of benefits, and initiating and analyzing the efficacy of interventions designed to maintain and enhance the benefits of visiting national parks. Such initiatives are central to both saving the visitor experience from extinction and for building and sustaining support for national parks in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people are a high risk group for gambling problems and university (college) students fall into that category. Given the high accessibility of gambling in Australia and its association with entertainment, students from overseas countries, particularly those where gambling is restricted or illegal, may be particularly vulnerable. This study examines problem gambling and its correlates among international and domestic university students using a sample of 836 domestic students (286 males; 546 females); and 764 international students (369 males; 396 females) at three Australian universities. Our findings indicate that although most students gamble infrequently, around 5 % of students are problem gamblers, a proportion higher than that in the general adult population. Popular gambling choices include games known to be associated with risk (cards, horse races, sports betting, casino games, and gaming machines) as well as lotto/scratch tickets. Males are more likely to be problem gamblers than females, and almost 10 % of male international students could be classified as problem gamblers. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that male gender, international student status, financial stress, negative affect and frequency of gambling on sports, horses/dogs, table games, casino gaming machines, internet casino games and bingo all significantly predicted problem gambling. Results from this study could inform gambling-education programs in universities as they indicate which groups are more vulnerable and specify which games pose more risk of problem gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) show less effective metabolic control than other age groups, partly because of biological changes beyond their control and partly because in this period of developmental transition, psychosocial factors can militate against young people upholding their lifestyle and medical regimens. Parents have an important role to play in supporting adolescents to self-manage their disease, but resultant family tensions can be high. In this study, we aimed to assess family functioning and adolescent behaviour/ adjustment and examine the relationships between these parent-reported variables and adolescent metabolic control (HbA1c), self-reported health and diabetes self-care. Method: A sample of 76 parents of Australian adolescents with T1D completed the Child Health Questionnaire -Parent form. Their adolescent child with T1D provided their HbA1c level from their most recent clinic visit, their self-reported general health, and completed a measure of diabetes self-care. Results: Parent-reported family conflict was high, as was disease impact on family dynamics and parental stress. Higher HbA1c (poorer metabolic control) and less adequate adolescent self-care were associated with lower levels of family functioning, more adolescent behavioural difficulties and poorer adolescent mental health. Conclusions: The implication of these findings was discussed in relation to needs for information and support among Australian families with an adolescent with T1D, acknowledging the important dimension of family functioning and relationships in adolescent chronic disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many protected areas, sharing benefits with local indigenous communities is an important management requirement. This paper explores indigenous involvement in and benefits from tourism, using a study of Australia's World Heritage–listed Purnululu National Park and the nearby Warmun Aboriginal Community. Interactions between the Community, the Park and tourism were explored using semi-structured interviews. The results illuminate an ongoing cultural connection to the Park providing indigenous people with intrinsic, non-financial benefits. Significant financial benefits are possible through art sales to tourists but are currently limited. Physical difficulties in visiting the Park, issues related to skills, resources and motivation, and problems with joint management all contribute to this limited benefit accrual, as well as fostering a sense of separation from the Park. The findings have broader relevance to efforts elsewhere to engage indigenous people in meaningful ways in the benefits accruable from protected areas and associated tourism. Identifying and further enhancing intrinsic benefits and addressing perceptions of separation are promising areas for attention as part of efforts to progress sustainable tourism. The paper also raises the important fact that some indigenous people may not wish to engage in tourism and that underengagement may be a part of the achievement of sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the prevalence of gambling world-wide, relatively few individuals become problem gamblers. Additionally many problem gamblers recover without professional assistance. The current study aim was to examine how individuals self-manage their gambling through (a) assessing frequency of use of a range of self-regulation strategies (b) examining how these strategies cluster and (c) exploring relationships between strategies, gambling frequency, amount spent and problem gambling severity. A sample of 303 gamblers was recruited, over-sampling for problem gamblers as assessed by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (mean age 26.4 years, SD = 10.1 years; 119 males, 184 females; 238 social gamblers, 63 problem gamblers, 2 unclassified). They rated extent of usage of 27 gambling self-management techniques and completed the PGSI and other gambling measures. Factor analysis of items produced five factors, named Cognitive Approaches, Direct Action, Social Experience, Avoidance and Limit Setting. The relationships between these factors and key gambling variables were consistent with hypotheses that problem gamblers trying to reduce their gambling would be more likely to use the strategies than other gambler groups. The potential for developing the factors into a Gambling Self-regulation Measure was explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine occurrence of romantic relationships and relationship break-ups among young adults in Hong Kong and Australia and to explore associations between relationship style, identity status, negative affect, cultural group, and relationship experiences. Data were collected from Chinese tertiary students in Hong Kong ( n = 279) and Anglo-Australian tertiary students in Melbourne, Australia ( n = 204). Participants completed a questionnaire including demographics, romantic relationship items, the Love Schemas Scale measuring romantic relationship style, the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Secure relationship style and more mature identity statuses were associated with having had a romantic relationship. Among those young people with romantic relationship experience, break-ups were less common for those with a foreclosed identity status, skittish (avoidant) relationship style, and Hong Kong Chinese background. Negative mood was higher among those for whom a break-up had been recent. Hurt experienced following a break-up was greater when the break-up was partner initiated and among those with less secure relationship styles and identity statuses. Overall, individual factors were stronger predictors of relationship status than cultural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 64-year-old woman named J.G. was diagnosed with a right side, node-negative, HER2-positive, hormone-negative (stage I) breast cancer about eight years ago. Following lumpectomy and sentinel node biopsy, she was referred to a medical oncologist at a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center for consultation on the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. The oncologist recommended four cycles of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide. Final trials for trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting had not been completed at the time of the consultation. And, because of the small size of the primary tumor (0.8 cm), the oncologist did not recommend trastuzumab, citing evolving concerns about cardiotoxicity related to long-term use of the drug. J.G. had a positive family history of cardiac events: Both of her parents died from sudden myocardial infarctions in their 60s and her older brother had congestive heart failure (CHF). J.G. had a personal history of hypertension (for which she declined antihypertensive treatment), was obese (body mass index of 38.4), and was sedentary. She agreed with the treatment plan as discussed with her oncologist. A prechemotherapy cardiac assessment of an electrocardiogram and multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan showed no cardiac problems. The MUGA scan's result for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 61% (normal is 50% or greater). J.G. proceeded with treatment, which she tolerated well. Following chemotherapy, she underwent six weeks of external beam radiation to her right breast with a boost to the tumor site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 64-year-old woman named J.G. was diagnosed with a right side, node-negative, HER2-positive, hormone-negative (stage I) breast cancer about eight years ago. Following lumpectomy and sentinel node biopsy, she was referred to a medical oncologist at a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center for consultation on the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. The oncologist recommended four cycles of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide. Final trials for trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting had not been completed at the time of the consultation. And, because of the small size of the primary tumor (0.8 cm), the oncologist did not recommend trastuzumab, citing evolving concerns about cardiotoxicity related to long-term use of the drug. J.G. had a positive family history of cardiac events: Both of her parents died from sudden myocardial infarctions in their 60s and her older brother had congestive heart failure (CHF). J.G. had a personal history of hypertension (for which she declined antihypertensive treatment), was obese (body mass index of 38.4), and was sedentary. She agreed with the treatment plan as discussed with her oncologist. A prechemotherapy cardiac assessment of an electrocardiogram and multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan showed no cardiac problems. The MUGA scan's result for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 61% (normal is 50% or greater). J.G. proceeded with treatment, which she tolerated well. Following chemotherapy, she underwent six weeks of external beam radiation to her right breast with a boost to the tumor site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the association between relationship styles, coping strategies, and psychological distress among 144 Anglo-Australian and 250 Hong Kong Chinese undergraduate students. The results indicated that relationship styles (secure, clingy, and fickle) influenced psychological distress through their association with coping strategies (avoidance and self-punishment). Society of residence was a moderating factor for the association between clingy relationship style and psychological distress. Females also reported higher levels of psychological distress than males. Among participants who had experienced a romantic relationship break up, participants endorsing clingy relationship style and those whose partners initiated the break up expressed more hurt in comparison, whereas those who endorsed avoidance strategy reported less hurt. The results of the present study also suggested that psychosocial variables (relationship styles, coping strategies) were generally more important than demographic factors (e.g., age) in predicting mental health outcomes. However, relationship styles and coping strategies may operate differently under different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors conducted two studies on the characteristics of bloggers and the psychosocial effects of blogging, both published in CyberPsychology and Behavior. The publication of the first article attracted considerable multinational media attention with over 70 incidents of press coverage in the first 3 weeks after publication. As a consequence, commentary on the research emerged on 167 blogs in the same time period. Many of the comments surrounded the validity of the research findings, and thus an opportunity arose to re-evaluate the research outcomes based on the unsolicited responses posted by bloggers. This report outlines the methodology used to evaluate responses to the initial research, and discusses potential future applications of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of blog literature suggests that blogs may have many social and emotional benefits. In particular, there is the suggestion that blogging may have benefits in the forms of coping, insight and growth, catharsis, as a free space to communicate, through feedback, through recognition, and in social support. However, while there have been numerous studies on the potential motivations for and effects of blogging, little quantitative research has been conducted on defining the manner in which one experiences blogging. Thus rather than focusing on motivation for blogging, the present study examined the way in which bloggers perceived and experienced their activity, that is, their blogging style. A 16-item Personal Blogging Style Scale (PBSS) was created after a factor analysis of 25 sample items. Participants were 182 experienced bloggers. The PBSS classifies user experiences by four independent and unique subscales: Therapeutic Blogging, Self-Censoring Blogging, Connected Blogging, and Substitution Blogging. Reliability and validity evidence were presented for the subscales of the measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was a randomised control trial with a waiting control group. It was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-month, group-based diabetes prevention programme, The Healthy Living Course and assess whether participation in the programme led to changes in modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes among an already at-risk pre-diabetic population. Individuals designated at risk for diabetes by their general practitioners (GPs) were screened using an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Volunteers (N = 307) with pre-diabetes were assigned to an intervention or wait-control group in the ratio of approximately 2 : 1. The sample was pre-tested on biochemical, anthropometric and self-report behavioural, cognitive and mood variables and post-tested either at the end of the educational/support-based lifestyle programme or the end of the wait period. The intervention group significantly improved their diabetes knowledge, motivation to change, positive affect, healthy eating and activity levels and showed significantly greater reductions in weight, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose in comparison with controls. The intervention group also changed their diagnostic status from pre-diabetes to non-diabetes at a greater rate than the wait group (43% vs. 26%) who received standard care from their GPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic closeness of gambling venues is not the only aspect of accessibility likely to affect gambling frequency. Perceived accessibility of gambling venues may include other features such as convenience (e.g., opening hours) or 'atmosphere'. The aim of the current study was to develop a multidimensional measure of gamblers' perceptions of accessibility, and present evidence for its reliability and validity. We surveyed 303 gamblers with 43 items developed to measure different dimensions of accessibility. Factor analysis of the items produced a two factor solution. The first, Social Accessibility related to the level at which gambling venues were enjoyed because they were social places, provided varying entertainment options and had a pleasant atmosphere. The second factor, Accessible Retreat related to the degree to which venues were enjoyed because they were geographically and temporally available and provided a familiar and anonymous retreat with few interruptions or distractions. Both factors, developed as reliable subscales of the new Gambling Access Scale, demonstrated construct validity through their correlations with other gambling-related measures. Social Accessibility was moderately related to gambling frequency and amount spent, but not to problem gambling, while, as hypothesised, Accessible Retreat was associated with stronger urges to gamble and gambling problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This prospective study tested whether (a) baseline outcome expectations regarding the benefits of a weight-loss diet, (b) 6-month outcome realizations regarding perceived benefits actually experienced, and/or (c) the interaction between them predicted 6–12-month weight regain among overweight/obese women randomized to one of four popular weight-loss diets (N =311). Positive 6-month realizations regarding improvements in physical shape and appearance predicted less 6–12-month weight regain among Atkins diet participants only (n =70), controlling for baseline expectations, the expectations–realization interaction, and initial weight loss. Atkins participants displayed three distinct patterns of regain based on levels of 6-month realizations and initial weight loss. Experimental research should investigate whether improving realizations leads to reduced weight regain in response to this popular diet. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction and Aims. Odyssey House Victoria's Therapeutic Community (TC) accepts substance-dependent clients, including those with co-occurring mental health issues. American data suggest that TCs are effective in rehabilitating such clients; however, Australian research is limited. The aim of the study was to examine Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) profiles of Odyssey House TC residents early in their residency and again after 4 months, to chart changes in MMPI-2 profiles and compare them with norms for psychological health. Design and Methods. The sample comprised 351 clients who were part of the residential program between 1997 and 2007, and who remained in treatment at the TC for at least 4 months. They were administered the MMPI-2 after 5 weeks in treatment and again after 4 months. Results. At the first assessment, the validity scales of the MMPI-2 plus the clinical scales Depression, Psychopathic Deviate, Paranoia, Psychasthenia and Schizophrenia were in the clinical range. At the second assessment, mean scores on all clinical scales except Mania were significantly or near significantly lower and, except for Psychopathic Deviate, within the normal range. The validity scales also demonstrated improvement, although two of the three remained in the clinical range. Discussion and Conclusions. Results indicated that treatment within the TC over this time span was associated with improved mental health. The present study suggests that residential rehabilitation's holistic approach provides a suitable treatment model for clients with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders.[Polimeni A-M, Moore SM, Gruenert S. Mental health improvements of substance-dependent clients after 4 months in a Therapeutic Community. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife tourism epitomizes many of the research and management issues confronting those working at the interface of society and natural resources. Little is currently known about this interface, especially the impacts resulting from interactions between people and the wildlife on which this industry depends. This article draws on the perceptions of wildlife scientists and managers in Australia in relation to barriers hindering these scientists from engaging in wildlife tourism science. It explores the power relationships and scientific paradigms influencing them that potentially hinder the development of research into human-wildlife interactions. A key finding was the need for wildlife tourism scientists to emphasize their affinity with the paradigmatic position of the biological sciences in their research activities. A major challenge in realizing future opportunities is achieving interdisciplinary research, where biological and social scientists collaboratively define and address concerns associated with sustainably managing wildlife tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the brain is likely to be a seminal step in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies support the hypothesis that Aβ soluble oligomers are toxic to cells and have potent effects on memory and learning. Inhibiting the early stages of Aβ aggregation could, therefore, provide a novel approach to treating the underlying cause of AD. We have designed a retro-inverso peptide (RI-OR2, H2N-r←G←k←l←v←f←f←G←r-Ac), based on a previously described inhibitor of Aβ oligomer formation (OR2, H2N-R-G-K-L-V-F-F-G-R-NH2). Unlike OR2, RI-OR2 was highly stable to proteolysis and completely resisted breakdown in human plasma and brain extracts. RI-OR2 blocked the formation of Aβ oligomers and fibrils from extensively deseeded preparations of Aβ(1 - 40) and Aβ(1 - 42), as assessed by thioflavin T binding, an immunoassay method for Aβ oligomers, SDS-PAGE separation of stable oligomers, and atomic force microscopy, and was more effective against Aβ(1 - 42) than Aβ(1 - 40). In surface plasmon resonance experiments, RI-OR2 was shown to bind to immobilized Aβ(1 - 42) monomers and fibrils, with an apparent Kd of 9-12 µM, and also acted as an inhibitor of Aβ(1 - 42) fibril extension. In two different cell toxicity assays, RI-OR2 significantly reversed the toxicity of Aβ(1 - 42) toward cultured SH-SY5Y neurobtastoma cells. Thus, RI-OR2 represents a strong candidate for further development as a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Utilizing the empirical study of four ‘New Urbanist’ housing schemes, this paper seeks to unpack the emergence, legitimisation, contestation and subsequent hybridisation of New Urbanism in urban and suburban Toronto. Conceptually, the paper builds on the observation that in order to understand the circulation of New Urbanism as a global movement, it is necessary to first de-universalize the processes; to view it as a globally circulated idea that crucially is co-constituted by the practices of situated interpretative communities of development and planning actors. The situated complexities of New Urbanist production in Greater Toronto are used as a critical lens to understand the constrained dynamism of the regional development and building culture which is relationally assembled through regulatory, industry and ideological practices. New Urbanism is re-positioned as a localized and politicized housing response to suburban growth management and urban intensification agendas that is unevenly supported in terms of market acceptance, historical precedence, technocratic planning and product design flexibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]