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"Imperial Inequalities: The Politics of Economic Governance across European Empires" is a significant book edited by Gurminder Bhambra and Julia McClure that explores the lasting impact of colonialism on contemporary political and economic systems. The book is organized into thematic sections and includes contributions from various disciplines, covering centuries of European colonialism. The authors highlight three recurring themes: the emergence of states as colonial and imperial creations, the generation of wealth for European countries at the expense of colonies, and the ongoing deepening of inequalities between the West and its former colonies. The book examines mechanisms employed to fund early colonialism, the enduring influence of colonialism on the global economic order, and the ways in which colonial inequalities were built into postcolonial states. It also explores how the British imperial state shaped taxation and welfare in Great Britain, and the price that colonies and former colonies paid for the creation of the modern welfare state. While not comprehensive, the book raises important questions about the foundations of the world's economic and political order and highlights the continued impact of European colonization. [Extracted from the article]

American prisons clearly influenced Paterson and as well as his visits he read widely about the US penal system and corresponded with criminologists and prison administrators. While for Potter and many others this account will provide hope in the potential of prison reform, for others it will suggest that, if Paterson failed, prison reform is ultimately futile. I English Prisons To-Day: Being the Report of the Prison System Enquiry Committee i (London, 1922): Paterson authored the chapter on Borstals. [Extracted from the article]

On the 27 April 1853, in the Birmingham borough prison, a fifteen-year-old prisoner, Edward Andrews, killed himself. His death led to a Royal Commission which explored the operation of the prison since its opening in 1849. Over thirteen days magistrates, the prison's officers, guards and former and serving prisoners gave evidence in public. The commission's 531-page report provided a remarkable and unique insight into life in the prison. This paper provides a detailed account of events in Birmingham and the political context that enabled such a thorough investigation. It highlights the contributions of the radical Birmingham Councillor, Joseph Allday, and Home Secretary, Viscount Palmerston, to explain why an investigation took place. Whilst previous accounts have blamed the abuses on the regime of 'terror' of the prison's second governor, William Austin, this article argues that their origins can be traced back to the reformative regime of the first governor, Alexander Maconochie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of state punishments in England from 1780 to 1850. Topics include how punishments through the use of infliction of pain to the body in public were replaced by imprisonment, the increase in the use of imprisonment, executions, whippings, and transportation in England during the period, and the reasons why the government of England favored imprisonment as a state punishment in the second half of the 19th century.

Abstract: The modern prison emerged at broadly the same time as the discourse of political economy and a new understanding of the social meaning of work. This research explores how one penal theorist, Alexander Maconochie (1787–1860), deployed the ideas of political economy to answer key questions central to early‐19th‐Century debates about work's exact role in penal regimes. The reformation of the criminal, Maconochie argued, should be the primary aim of State punishment and this could be achieved through deploying political economy's ‘invisible hand’ to organise penal labour. The final section briefly explores Maconochie's two opportunities to test his theories and shows that, however intellectually coherent they were, in practice they proved impossible to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 1849 Alexander Maconochie, the former superintendent of the Norfolk Island penal settlement in colonial Australia and inventor of the 'mark system' of reformative penal discipline, was appointed by the Birmingham magistrates as the governor of the borough's newly constructed prison. This article tells the story of the two years Maconochie spent at Birmingham prison, highlighting the illegal and abusive practices that he introduced there. It argues that, despite the reformative rhetoric portraying his approach to penal discipline as benevolent and humanitarian, Maconochie's regime relied heavily on coercion and corporal punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrological and geochemical evidence is presented on the occurrence of aegirine in the Palaeoproterozoic Hotazel iron-formation, which hosts the giant manganese deposits of the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. The mineral has an essentially pure Na end-member composition and occurs sporadically in iron-formation immediately bordering the manganese ore beds. The development of aegirine appears to have taken place due to the action of late-infiltrating, saline hydrothermal fluids at the expense of a pre-existing, binary quartz–hematite assemblage. It is proposed that such a process would have overprinted (and therefore post-dated) a spatially more extensive, low-temperature alteration event which brought about thorough carbonate leaching, oxidation and residual enrichment of metals in the Hotazel iron–manganese rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological investigations planned for the Europa Clipper mission will examine the formation, evolution, and expression of geomorphic structures found on the surface. Understanding geologic features, their formation, and any recent activity are key inputs in constraining Europa’s potential for habitability. In addition to providing information about the moon’s habitability, the geologic study of Europa is compelling in and of itself. Here we provide a high-level, cross-instrument, and cross-discipline overview of the geologic investigations planned within the Europa Clipper mission. Europa’s fascinating collection of ice-focused geology provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the dynamics of icy shells, ice-ocean exchange processes, and global-scale tectonic and tidal stresses. We present an overview of what is currently known about the geology of Europa, from global to local scales, highlighting outstanding issues and open questions, and detailing how the Europa Clipper mission will address them. We describe the mission’s strategy for searching for and characterizing current activity in the form of possible active plumes, thermal anomalies, evidence for surface changes, and extremely fresh surface exposures. The complementary and synergistic nature of the data sets from the various instruments and their integration will be key to significantly advancing our understanding of Europa’s geology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from Arrokoth and comets strongly suggests a very low density for this and similar small Kuiper belt objects. Plausible compositions imply high porosities, in excess of 70%, and low compaction crush strengths. If so, impact craters on Arrokoth (especially Sky, its largest) formed largely by compaction of pore space and material displacement. This is consistent with geological evidence from New Horizons imaging. High porosity reduces cratering efficiency in the gravity regime whereas compaction moves it toward crush strength scaling and increased efficiency. Compaction also guarantees that most impactor kinetic energy is taken up as waste heat near the impact point, with momentum transferred to the rest of the body by elastic waves only. Monte Carlo simulations of Sky‐forming conditions indicate that the momentum imparted likely separated Arrokoth's two lobes, but displacement was limited by dissipation at the neck between them. Unusual strength properties are not required to preserve Arrokoth's bilobate configuration. Plain Language Summary: It has become apparent over the last few years that small asteroids and comets are very underdense compared with the materials they are made of. This means that their total porosities are likely quite high, in excess of 70%, both as tiny voids within particles (so‐called microscopic porosity) and spaces between particles (macroscopic porosity). But none are likely as porous as the distant denizens of the Kuiper belt such as Arrokoth (visited by the New Horizons spacecraft in 2019). This paper concerns impact craters on Arrokoth and similar small bodies, and the rather unusual effects expected. Imagine a fluffy (fine powder) snowball striking a much larger fluffy snowball, only that the snow is not pure ice but a mixture of porous icy, rocky, and carbon‐rich particles. Even at high velocities (>100 s of m/s) craters should mostly form by compacting pore space and pushing material away from the impact point, not the traditional blasting of ejecta back into space. Similar to crush‐up of an automobile bumper, compaction helps to protect from the potentially catastrophic effects of large impacts, such as complete disruption of the target or breakup of bilobate bodies like Arrokoth, and should be incorporated in future collisional evolution studies. Key Points: Arrokoth is likely a low density, highly porous, contact binary planetesimalImpact craters on Arrokoth, and particularly its largest, likely formed as compaction craters, with modest or little ejectaHigh porosity acted to protect Arrokoth from catastrophic disruption, ejecta recoil, and lobe dislocation and rearrangement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosetta observations of 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko (67P) reveal that most changes occur in the fallback‐generated smooth terrains, vast deposits of granular material blanketing the comet's northern hemisphere. These changes express themselves both morphologically and spectrally across the nucleus, yet we lack a model that describes their formation and evolution. Here we present a self‐consistent model that thoroughly explains the activity and mass loss from Hapi's smooth terrains. Our model predicts the removal of dust via reradiated solar insolation localized within depression scarps that are substantially more ice rich than previously expected. We couple our model with numerous Rosetta observations to thoroughly capture the seasonal erosion of Hapi's smooth terrains, where local scarp retreat gradually removes the uppermost dusty mantle. As sublimation‐regolith interactions occur on rocky planets, comets, icy moons, and Kuiper belt objects, our coupled model and observations provide a foundation for future understanding of the myriad of sublimation‐carved worlds. Key Points: We report the discovery of transient, migrating depressions within the smooth terrains on comet 67PMigration is via uniform scarp retreat, which removes regolith completely from the nucleus and is driven by sublimating subsurface water iceWe develop a model that fully captures our own, and many previous, disparate observations, with implications for how comets seasonally erode [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flyby of Pluto and Charon by the New Horizons spacecraft provided high-resolution images of cratered surfaces embedded in the Kuiper belt, an extensive region of bodies orbiting beyond Neptune. Impact craters on Pluto and Charon were formed by collisions with other Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) with diameters from ~40 kilometers to ~300 meters, smaller than most KBOs observed directly by telescopes.We find a relative paucity of small craters ≤13 kilometers in diameter, which cannot be explained solely by geological resurfacing. This implies a deficit of small KBOs (≤1 to 2 kilometers in diameter). Some surfaces on Pluto and Charon are likely ≥4 billion years old, thus their crater records provide information on the size-frequency distribution of KBOs in the early Solar System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topography provided by altimetry, synthetic aperture radar-topography, and stereo radargrammetry has opened new doors for Titan research by allowing for quantitative analysis of morphologic form. Using altimetry measurements, we show that Titan's Maria are consistent with an equipotential surface but that several filled lakes are found to be hundreds of meters above this sea level, suggesting that they exist in isolated or perched basins. Within a given drainage basin, empty lake floors are typically higher than the liquid elevation of nearby lakes/seas, suggesting local subsurface connectivity. The majority of Titan's lakes reside in topographically closed, sharp-edged depressions whose planform curvature suggests lateral expansion through uniform scarp retreat. Many, but not all, empty lake basins exhibit flat floors and hectometer-scale raised rims that present a challenge to formation models. We conclude that dissolution erosion can best match the observed constraints but that challenges remain in the interpretation of formation processes and materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a summary to a study published in the issue on the exploration of the dwarf planet Pluto by the spacecraft New Horizons, including Pluto's moon Charon. An overview of Pluto's surface, including its colors, terrain ages, geology, diverse landforms and surface ice conditions, is provided.

Background and Purpose: Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone whose receptors are members of the class B GPCR family. They comprise a heteromer between the GPCR, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and one of the receptor activity-modifying proteins 1-3. AM plays a significant role in angiogenesis and its antagonist fragment AM22-52 can inhibit blood vessel and tumour growth. The mechanism by which AM interacts with its receptors is unknown.Experimental Approach: We determined the AM22-52 binding epitope for the AM1 receptor extracellular domain using biophysical techniques, heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and alanine scanning.Key Results: Chemical shift perturbation experiments located the main binding epitope for AM22-52 at the AM1 receptor to the C-terminal 8 amino acids. Isothermal titration calorimetry of AM22-52 alanine-substituted peptides indicated that Y52, G51 and I47 are essential for AM1 receptor binding and that K46 and P49 and R44 have a smaller role to play. Characterization of these peptides at the full-length AM receptors was assessed in Cos7 cells by cAMP assay. This confirmed the essential role of Y52, G51 and I47 in binding to the AM1 receptor, with their substitution resulting in ≥100-fold reduction in antagonist potency compared with AM22-52 . R44A, K46A, S48A and P49A AM22-52 decreased antagonist potency by approximately 10-fold.Conclusions and Implications: This study localizes the main binding epitope of AM22-52 to its C-terminal amino acids and distinguishes essential residues involved in this binding. This will inform the development of improved AM receptor antagonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The molecular mechanisms that underlie poor birth outcomes in malaria during pregnancy remain poorly defined. To assess the role of host immune responses, mice known to respond differentially to Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection were studied. Following infection at day 0 of pregnancy, A/J mice developed significantly higher parasitemia than C57BL/6 (B6) mice and succumbed to infection. Both strains had evidence of parasite accumulation in the placenta at mid-gestation and aborted, with significantly higher embryo loss in infected A/J mice on day 9. While infection-induced systemic tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β in the latter were significantly higher at day 11, day 10 IL-10 levels were higher in B6 mice. No differences in the levels of splenic lymphocyte subsets, neutrophils or monocytes between infected pregnant A/J and B6 mice were observed, with most cell types expanding in response to infection regardless of pregnancy. Antibody ablation of TNF exacerbated infection in A/J mice and did not ameliorate pregnancy outcome. Thus, malaria induces poor pregnancy outcome in both the mouse strains in the context of quantitatively different systemic inflammatory responses. Further evaluation of the roles of soluble and cellular immune components, particularly at the uteroplacental level, will be required to define the most critical pregnancy-compromising mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jupiter's moon Io is known to host active volcanoes. In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft obtained a global snapshot of Io's volcanism. A 350-kilometer-high volcanic plume was seen to emanate from the Tvashtar volcano (62°N, 122°W), and its motion was observed. The plume's morphology and dynamics support nonballistic models of large Io plumes and also suggest that most visible plume particles condensed within the plume rather than being ejected from the source. In images taken in Jupiter eclipse, nonthermal visible-wavelength emission was seen from individual volcanoes near Io's sub-Jupiter and anti-Jupiter points. Near-infrared emission from the brightest volcanoes indicates minimum magma temperatures in the 1150- to 1335-kelvin range, consistent with basaltic composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The New Horizons spacecraft observed Jupiters icy satellites Europa and Ganymede during its flyby in February and March 2007 at visible and infrared wavelengths. Infrared spectral images map H2O ice absorption and hydrated contaminants, bolstering the case for an exogenous source of Europas ‘non-ice’ surface material and filling large gaps in compositional maps of Ganymedes Jupiter-facing hemisphere. Visual wavelength images of Europa extend knowledge of its global pattern of arcuate troughs and show that its surface scatters light more isotropically than other icy satellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home Plate is a layered plateau in Gusev crater on Mars. It is composed of clastic rocks of moderately altered alkali basalt composition, enriched in some highly volatile elements. A coarse- grained lower unit lies under a finer-grained upper unit. Textural observations indicate that the lower strata were emplaced in an explosive event, and geochemical considerations favor an explosive volcanic origin over an impact origin. The lower unit likely represents accumulation of pyroclastic materials, whereas the upper unit may represent eolian reworking of the same pyroclastic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on the observations about the high-resolution images of volcanically active Io from the Galileo spacecraft. Characteristics of pele; Eruption near Pillan Patera in June 1997; Description of the zamama; Information on prometheus, a plume visible in every observation sequence by the Voyager and Galileo spacecrafts.

Presents research which reported on the morphology and geological interpretation of distinct surface features of Jupiter's moon Europa. Craters on Europa's surface; Models of satellite's interior; Use of high-resolution images from Galileo spacecraft; Surface manifestation of diapirs; Explaining formation of features; Theory that Europa has a liquid water ocean beneath a surface layer of ice.

When the solar wind hits Jupiter's magnetic field, it creates a long magnetotail trailing behind the planet that channels material out of the Jupiter system. The New Horizons spacecraft traversed the Length of the jovian magnetotail to >2500 jovian radii (RJ); 1 RJ = 71,400 kilometers), observing a high-temperature, multispecies population of energetic particles. Velocity dispersions, anisotropies, and compositional variation seen in the deep-tail (≳ 500 RJ) with a ∼3-day periodicity are similar to variations seen closer to Jupiter in Galileo data. The signatures suggest plasma streaming away from the planet and injection sites in the near-tail region (∼200 to 400 RJ) that could be related to magnetic reconnection events. The tail structure remains coherent at least until it reaches the magnetosheath at 1655 RJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the solar nebula origin of Arrokoth, a primordial contact binary in the Kuiper Belt. It mentions that flyby of Arrokoth provides data that constrain planetesimal formation theories and allow us to construct models of Arrokoth's specific physical characteristics. It also mentions that accretion processes that operated in the cold classical region of the Kuiper Belt during the formation of the Solar System.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses an article concerning the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's New Horizon mission to the dwarf planet Pluto and its four smaller moons Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra, including their orbits, surface structure, and rotation.

Arising from: T. M. McCollom & B. M. Hynek 438, 1129–1131 (2005); McCollom & Hynek replyThe Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity discovered sulphate-rich sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum on Mars, which are interpreted by McCollom and Hynek as altered volcanic rocks. However, their conclusions are derived from an incorrect representation of our depositional model, which is upheld by more recent Rover data. We contend that all the available data still support an aeolian and aqueous sedimentary origin for Meridiani bedrock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]