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This paper describes the synthesis of two 6-azido-6-deoxy derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PI), which contained different fatty acid chains. These syntheses, starting from methyl α-d-glucopyranoside, employed multiple regioselective transformations with Ferrier rearrangement as one of the key steps. The PI derivatives contained different fatty acid chains in the lipids and an azido group in the inositol residue to facilitate their further functionalization under bioorthogonal conditions. Therefore, they should be useful probes for the investigation of PI and related biology, such as PI phosphorylation, PI interaction with other molecules in cells, and the functions of lipid structures in these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular assemblies of stimuli-responsive amphiphilic molecules have been of utmost interest in targeted drug delivery applications, owing to their capability of sequestering drug molecules in one set of conditions and releasing them in another. To minimize undesired disassembly and stabilize noncovalently encapsulated drug molecules, the strategy of core or shell cross-linking has become a fascinating approach to constructing cross-linked polymeric or small molecule-based nanoassemblies. In this article, we discuss the design and synthetic strategies for cross-linked nanoassemblies from small molecule-based amphiphiles, with robust stability and enhanced drug encapsulation capability. We highlight their potential biomedical applications, particularly in drug or gene delivery, and cell imaging. This feature article offers a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the application of small molecule-based covalently cross-linked nanocarriers for materials and biomedical applications, which may inspire the use of these materials as a potential drug delivery system for future chemotherapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faba bean is one of the most important grown plants worldwide for human and animal. Despite its various importance, the productivity of faba bean has been constrained by several biotic and abiotic factors. Many faba bean pathogens have been reported so far, of which the most important yield limiting disease is Chocolate Spot Disease (Botrytis fabae). The dynamics of disease transmission and decision-making processes for intervention programs for disease control are now better understood through the use of mathematical modeling. In this paper a deterministic mathematical model for Chocolate Spot disease (CSD) on faba bean plant with an optimal control model was developed and analyzed to examine the best strategy in controlling CSD. The optimal control model is developed with three control interventions, namely prevention ( u 1 ), quarantine ( u 2 ) and chemical control ( u 3 ). The Pontryagin'€™s maximum principle isused to derive the Hamiltonian, the adjoint variables, the characterization of the controls and the optimality system. A cost-effective approach is chosen from a set of possible integrated strategies using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The forward-backward sweep iterative approach is used to run numerical simulations. We obtained the Hamiltonian, the adjoint variables, the characterization of the controls and the optimality system. The numerical results demonstrate that each integrated strategy can reduce the diseases within the specified period. However due to limited resources, an integrated strategy prevention and uprooting was found to be a best cost-effective strategy to combat CSD. Therefore, attention should be given for the integrated cost-effective and environmentally eco-friendly strategy by stake holders and policy makers to control CSD and disseminate the integrated intervention to the farmers in order to fight the spread of CSD in the Faba bean population and produce the expected yield from the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis in cattle is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. Apart from MTBC, different Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) species have also been isolated from cattle. The presence of NTM infection in bovines makes the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) a cumbersome task. Therefore, a cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize different Mycobacterium spp. from a slaughterhouse situated in Kolkata, a city in the eastern part of India. Results: Out of 258 morbid samples, 98 isolates were found to be positive for bacterial growth, and 35% (n = 34) were positive for Mycobacterium. 94% of Mycobacterial cultural isolates were NTM (n = 32), and the rest (n = 2) were found to be MTBC. Species-level identification of the isolates by hsp65 sequencing revealed that out of 32 isolates, 24 were M. fortuitum, three were M. abscessus, two each were M. chelonae and M. parascrofulaceum, and one was M. novocastrense. A phylogenetic tree with partial hsp65 gene sequences was also constructed to determine the relatedness of the unknown isolates to the reference strains. Conclusion: Both NTM species and MTBCs were identified from TB-like lesions in cattle that were slaughtered at the Kolkata abattoir. This discovery may indicate that NTM contributes to the development of lesions in cattle. Also, we recommend implication of more specific diagnostic tests for bTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessing the clinical level of competency in nursing students is crucial as it represents the ultimate goal of nursing education. Poor competency result in low performance and can be affected by various factors. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify level of clinical competency and associated factors of nursing students in Ethiopia. Methods: systematic review and meta-analysis was employed. Searching strategy was conducted from January up to march 2024 from Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar. The quality of studies was assessed using PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was performed using R Studio with the meta package Version 1.4.1106. Results: in total, 145 studies were identified through database search, and only 7 studies were included in the meta-analysis representing 1937 nursing students. The pooled effect size of clinical competency of nursing students was 28%. Three factors were found to be associated with clinical competency: a positive clinical learning environment, student confidence in performing procedures, and effective staff-student interaction. The effect sizes of these factors were 6.30, 2.23, and 7.76, respectively. Conclusion and recommendation: The clinical competency of nursing students was 28%, and it was associated with clinical learning environment, student confidence in performing procedures, and staff-student interaction. Nursing education programs should focus on enhancing students' competency levels by addressing specific factors. (PROSPERO) International prospective register of systematic reviews: CRD42022367057. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive the equation governing the axial-perturbations in the space-time of a non-rotating uncharged primordial black hole (PBH), produced in early Universe, whose metric has been taken as the generalized McVittie metric. The generalized McVittie metric is a cosmological black hole metric, proposed by Faraoni and Jacques in 2007 (Phys. Rev. D 76:063510, 2007). This describes the space-time of a Schwarzschild black hole embedded in FLRW-Universe, while allowing its mass-change. Our derivation has basic similarities with the procedure of derivation of Chandrasekhar, for deriving the Regge-Wheeler equation for Schwarzschild metric (Chandrasekhar The Mathematical Theory of Black holes, Oxford University Press, New York, 1983); but it has some distinct differences with that due to the complexity and time-dependency of the generalized McVittie metric. We show that after applying some approximations which are very well valid in the early radiation-dominated Universe, the overall equation governing the axial perturbations can be separated into radial and angular parts, among which the radial part is the intended one, as the angular part is identical to the case of Schwarzschild metric as expected. We identify the potential from the Schrödinger-like format of the equation and draw some physical interpretation from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine herpesviruses pose a threat to equine health and potentially cause substantial economic losses to the global equine industry. EHV outbreaks have been reported in various parts of Ethiopia and the Amhara region specifically. This study aimed to detect EHVs from suspected outbreak cases in selected districts of the Northwest Amhara region. A cross‐sectional study was performed from January 2022 to July 2022 to detect EHVs from suspected outbreak cases. Clinical observation was conducted for the presumptive identification of equine herpesvirus infection, and nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected for molecular detection of the viruses for confirmation. Out of 463 donkeys observed, 23 donkeys showed clinical signs suggestive of equine herpesvirus infection. Samples from 10 suspected donkeys were further subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, amplifying ORF30 for EHV‐1 and gB for EHV‐2 and EHV‐5. Among the 10 donkeys tested, seven (n = 7) were positive for EHV‐5. All ten (n = 10) tested donkeys were negative for EHV‐1 and EHV‐2. EHV‐5 was detected in animals with nervous signs, respiratory signs, a combination of nervous and respiratory signs, and a combination of abortion, respiratory, and nervous signs. Generally, only EHV‐5 was identified from the outbreak, and more detailed epidemiological/molecular studies should be performed to better understand its dynamics and inform preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we first obtain a refined version of the Bohr inequality of norm-type for holomorphic mappings with lacunary series on the polydisk in $ \mathbb {C}^n $ C n under some restricted conditions. Next, we determine the refined version of the Bohr inequality for holomorphic functions defined on a balanced domain G of a complex Banach space X and take values in the unit disk $ \mathbb {D} $ D . Furthermore, as a consequence of one of these results, we obtain a refined version of the Bohr-type inequality for harmonic functions $ f=h+\bar {g} $ f = h + g ¯ defined on a balanced domain $ G\subset X $ G ⊂ X. All the results are proved to be sharp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is characterized by severe, mostly refractory, chronic pain due to the entrapment of the cutaneous branches of the lower torso intercostal nerves at the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis muscle. ACNES is rare compared to other pregnancy-related peripheral neuropathies and is often overlooked as a differential diagnosis for abdominal pain, despite the diagnosis relying primarily on patient history and physical examination. Emergency physicians and other medical personnel's lack of exposure to such cases results in unnecessary laboratory requests, repeated visits, and increased fear and tension for the patient. Case presentation: A 26-year-old primigravida on her second trimester of pregnancy presented to our Emergency department with persistent localized right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Despite repeated visit to the nearby hospital, no diagnosis was settled and the pain persisted. At our ED after a thorough history, physical examination and diagnostic test no abnormality was found. Finally Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) was considered and a mixture of 1 ml 2% lidocaine with adrenaline and 1 ml dexamethasone (4 mg) was infiltrated into the fascial plane in a fanning fashion into the most tender area using a modified technique and the patient reported significant improvement in pain. Conclusion: Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is a cause of abdominal pain in pregnancy that is often overlooked. The objective of this study is to describe a rare case of ACNES in a 26-year-old primigravida woman who presented to a low-resource emergency department to assist patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria continues to cause unacceptably high levels of disease and death despite increased global efforts and is still significant public health problem. African countries are disproportionately affected by malaria. The objective of this study was to describe a rare case of haemorrhagic stroke as a possible complication of malaria in a 26-year-old male patient. Case presentation: A 26-year-old male from southwest Ethiopia presented with complaint of loss of consciousness (LOC) of 12 h duration. He had fever, headache, vomiting, chills, rigors and shivering three days prior to the loss of consciousness. On physical examination, pulse rate 116 beats/min, blood pressure of 120/90 mmHg, respiratory rate was 24 breaths/min, a temperature of 38.9◦C and oxygen saturation of 94%. Nervous system examination; stuporous with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 10/15(M5, E3, V2). Blood film and RDT confirmed a Plasmodium falciparum infection and a non-contrast CT scan found a right cerebral parenchymal haemorrhage. Discussion and conclusion: The presented case described a very rare case of a 26-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with left side hemiparesis secondary to a haemorrhagic stroke, associated with P. falciparum malaria. This report highlights the fact that malaria with stroke should be considered a differential diagnosis in a patient presenting with body weakness in a malaria endemic area and in individuals who had travel history to malaria endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects over 250 million people, predominantly in impoverished communities, including those in Ethiopia. However, there is currently no available national data regarding its prevalence in Ethiopia or its potential association with anemia. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-2020) guideline was followed in our study. A comprehensive search strategy was conducted using international databases (PUB Med, Embase, Scopus, and Science Direct) and websites (Google Scholar and Google) from their date of inception to April 22, 2024. The quality of the retrieved studies was assessed using an adapted version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Publication bias and statistical heterogeneity were statistically assessed. A random effects model was applied, and all analysis was performed with STATA 17 statistical software. Result: The prevalence of schistosomiasis was assessed in twelve studies with 5747 participants. S. mansoni was studied in 11 research papers, while S. hematobium was assessed in one study. Using a random effect model due to high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.46%; P < 0.001), the overall pooled prevalence of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia was 22% (95% CI: 14.3, 29.6). The prevalence of schistosomiasis was about two and a half times higher in rural settings (23%) (95% CI: 15, 31) than in urban areas (10%) (95% CI: 3, 17). The burden of schistosomiasis was 23% between 2020 and 2024, compared to 16% from 2015–2019, with a higher prevalence among pediatric age groups (22%) versus 14% in mixed pediatric and adult age groups. The magnitude of schistosomiasis for good and very good-quality papers was 22% and 17%, respectively. In all the subgroup analyses, there was considerable statistically significant heterogeneity. No study was found to evaluate the association of schistosomiasis with anemia. Conclusion: The study reveals Ethiopia's higher schistosomiasis prevalence. Rural areas have a high burden of schistosomiasis. No eligible study was found to evaluate the association of schistosomiasis with anemia. Therefore, prevention and control measures should focus on rural settings. Trial registration: The registration number at PROSPERO is CRD42024538522. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Methods Results Conclusions Although the evidence is uncertain, existing estimates for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) indicate a high burden. We estimated HCV seroprevalence and viraemic prevalence among the general population in SSA.We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO, and World Health Organization Africa Index Medicus for community‐based studies. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool, and heterogeneity using the index of heterogeneity (I2). Two approaches were deployed. First, we used random‐effects meta‐analysis to pool prevalence. Second, to derive representative estimates, we weighted each country's HCV seroprevalence using 2021 United Nations country population sizes.We synthesized 130 studies. Overall, SSA HCV seroprevalence from the random‐effects model was 4.17% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.71–4.66, I2 = 99.30%). There were no differences between males (4.31%) and females (4.03%). Seroprevalence was 2.25%, 3.31%, and 16.23% for ages ≤20, 21–64, and ≥65 years, respectively, and was higher in rural (6.63%) versus urban (2.93%). There was indication of decrement overtime from 5.74% to 4.35% to 3.03% in the years 1984–2000, 2001–2014, and 2015–2023, respectively. The weighted overall SSA HCV seroprevalence was estimated to be 2.30% (95% CI: 1.59–3.00) with regional variation: Africa‐Southern (.79%), Africa‐Central (1.47%), Africa‐Eastern (2.71%), and Africa‐Western (2.88%). HCV viremia among HCV seropositives was 54.77% (95% CI: 47.80–61.66).HCV seroprevalence in SSA remains high. Populations aged ≥65 years, rural communities, Africa‐Western, and some countries in Africa‐Central and Africa‐Eastern appear disproportionately affected. These results underline the need for governmental commitment to achieve the 2030 global HCV elimination targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mental illness is a global problem that receives less attention, particularly in developing countries. Integrating modern treatment with traditional healing approaches has been proposed as one way to address mental health problems, especially in developing countries. Despite health professionals' participation in traditional healing being crucial to integrative approaches, their participation is limited to date. This review protocol is designed to explore the attitudes of health professionals towards traditional healing practices in mental health services. Methods: The review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Searching databases, including PubMed/Medline, PsychINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, and the Web of sciences will be conducted. Additionally, Google and Google Scholar will be searched for other information, including grey literature. Moreover, a manual search of identified articles' reference lists will also be conducted to help ensure all potential papers are included in the review. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed study methods published in English between January 2014 and April 2024 will be included. The qualities of the included studies will be assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) Version 2018. A mixed-method synthesis will be used to synthesis the results. Discussion: It is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide culturally sensitive care to empower people to manage their health. This systematic review will summarize the attitudes of health professionals towards the adoption and delivery of traditional healing approaches to people experiencing mental illness. Therefore, the findings of this review will support integration between traditional healers and modern mental health practitioners for the treatment of mental illness. Trial registration: Protocol registration number:CRD42024535136. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of a series of novel monomeric aqua‐ligated iron(III) complexes, [FeIII(L5R)(OH2)]2+ (R=OMe, H, Cl, NO2), supported by an amide‐containing pentadentate N5 donor ligand, L5R [HL5R=2‐(((1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)methyl)(pyridin‐2‐yl‐methyl)amino)‐N‐(5‐R‐quinolin‐8‐yl)acetamide]. The complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including electrochemistry and magnetic measurements. The Fe(III)‐hydroxo complexes, [FeIII(L5R)(OH)]1+, were generated in situ by deprotonating the corresponding aqua complexes in a pH ~7 aqueous medium. In another way, adding one equivalent of a base to a methanolic solution of the Fe(III)‐aqua complexes also produced the Fe(III)‐hydroxo complexes. The study uses linoleic fatty acid as a substrate to explore the hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) reactivity of both hydroxo and aqua complexes. The investigation highlights the substitution effect of the L5R ligand on reactivity, revealing a higher rate when an electron‐withdrawing group is present. Hammett analyses and(or) determination of the asynchronicity factor (η) suggest an oxidative asynchronous concerted proton‐electron transfer (CPET) pathway for the HAA reactions. Aqua complexes exhibited a higher asynchronicity in CPET, resulting in higher reaction rates than their hydroxo analogs. Overall, the work provides insights into the beneficial role of a higher imbalance in electron‐transfer‐proton‐transfer (ET‐PT) contributions in HAA reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethiopia has made strides in reducing maternal mortality, but significant discrepancies in maternal health service utilization exist across socioeconomic levels. According to studies, women from higher-income households are far more likely to use essential services such as antenatal care, delivery care, and postnatal care than poorer women. This wealth disparity is a primary contributor to persistently high maternal mortality, particularly among poor populations. The study's goal was to assess wealth disparities in maternal health service uptake and identify contributing factors. Methods and materials: We used the Ethiopian Mini Demographic Health Survey (EMDHS), conducted in 2019 on women aged 15–49 living in selected census areas, with a weighted sample size of 3,909. The Erreygers Concentration Index (ECI) was used to measure wealth inequalities in maternal health care, and the ECI decomposition was used to identify factors contributing to inequality in maternal health services. Results: Maternal health service utilization was pro-rich among women in Ethiopia. The prevalence of antenatal care service (ANC), delivery, and postnatal care (PNC) service utilization showed a pro-rich distribution among Ethiopian women, with ECI = 0.115 (95% CI: 0.091–0.137), ECI = 0.223 (95% CI: 0.191–0.276), and ECI = 0.121 (95% CI: 0.041-0.200), respectively. The ECI indices were decomposed to examine the contributing factors to disparities in maternal service utilization in Ethiopia. Mother's current age, household family size, region, birth order, and parity were contributors to maternal health service utilization. Conclusion: The ANC service, delivery service and PNC service utilization showed a pro-rich distribution among Ethiopian women. Mother's current age, household family size, region, birth order, and parity are important contributors of maternal health service inequality. To improve access and usage among low-income women, policymakers can develop programs including increasing the number of free or subsidized services and providing transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people living on the fringes of society face heightened vulnerability and trauma that profoundly impact their ability to trust others. When trauma-impacted youth, such as those exposed to pervasive racism or with refugee back- grounds, have faced unfair treatment by authorities in the past, they often develop a deep distrust towards law enforcement officers. Consequently, interactions with police can become fraught with fear and aggression as past experiences of injustice resurface, triggering defensive and adverse reactions. Bearing these dynamics in mind, the article underscores that socially just policing requires a commitment to trauma-responsive engagement that nurtures trust by prioritizing safe interactional environments based on tactfulness and co-regulation. Trustful engagement prevents re-traumatization, promotes effective communication and addresses disparities in policing outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics using GIS and remote sensing techniques measure extent and spatial structure, which are critical for monitoring biomes. A digital LULC detection technique with multi‐temporal satellite imagery analysis was employed at four timepoints from 1987 to 2017 and performed using supervised classifications method in ERDAS imagine 2015. For image classification, the five major LULC types included forests, built‐up land, agricultural land, water bodies and grasslands. LULC of grasslands, forests and water bodies reduced, while LULC of agricultural and built‐up lands increased. Avifaunal surveys were conducted at 11 sites across the LULC classes to compare species richness and abundance. The decrement of forests and water bodies would result in habitat loss, affecting endemic and threatened avifauna, as forests showed highest avifaunal species diversity (H′ = 3.80). Despite the decrement, grasslands demonstrated higher avifaunal species richness (107) and abundance (2767). Species richness decreased significantly from grasslands to water bodies and agricultural land (p < 0.05), and from forests to agricultural and built‐up land (p < 0.05), and water bodies (p < 0.01). Avifaunal abundance decreased significantly from grasslands to all other LULC classes. Regular LULC change assessment is integral to avifaunal habitat and biodiversity conservation efforts, particularly at Lake Tana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite its severity, there has been a lack of adequate study on autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in Ethiopia. This study assessed the clinical profile and determinant factors contributing to renal disease progression. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 114 patients for 6 years in Addis Ababa. Patients with ADPKD who had follow-up visits at two health centers were included. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 42.7 ± 12.7 years, with 43% reporting a positive family history of ADPKD. Approximately 22 patients (20%) developed end-stage renal disease, and 12 patients died. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at the initial visit was 72.4 mL/min/1.73 m2. The key risk factors associated with disease progression included younger age at diagnosis [adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.98; p = 0.007], male gender (aOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.3–15.95, p = 0.017), higher baseline systolic blood pressure (aOR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10, p = 0.026), and the presence of comorbidities (aOR: 3.95, 95% CI: 1.10–14.33, p = 0.037). The progression of renal disease in ADPKD patients significantly correlates with age at diagnosis, gender, presence of comorbidities, and higher baseline systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of early detection and management of hypertension and comorbidities in ADPKD patients to mitigate disease progression and improve treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of haecceity property in things is one of the solutions provided to solve the problem of differentiation and the problem of individuality in things. The belief in the existence of such a property dates back to Dance Scotts. His thought is often considered to be influenced by Avicenna. In the present text, first, some preliminary material such as the difference of opinion on the equality of Haecceity and individual essence has been stated in order to clarify the point of view of these believers. Then, Avicenna's view on this issue is described and after that, Avicenna's influence on Scotts as the author of the term of Haecceity is discussed. In the end, Avicenna's thoughts were evaluated based on the opinions of contemporary believers. The general conclusion is that although Avicenna had a prominent role in creating the question of identification and individuality in the mind of the first believer, Scotts, to Haecceity in the history of philosophyit should be noted that in contemporary analytical philosophy, Avicenna's opinions are neither compatible with individual nature nor with haecceitism. As a result, not only Avicenna cannot be considered as a believer in haecceitism, but also it seems that he can be considered to believe in anti-haecceitism . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

StayGold is an exceptionally bright and stable fluorescent protein that is highly resistant to photobleaching. Despite favorable fluorescence properties, use of StayGold as a fluorescent tag is limited because it forms a natural dimer. Here we report the 1.6 Å structure of StayGold and generate a derivative, mStayGold, that retains the brightness and photostability of the original protein while being fully monomeric. The bright, photostable fluorescent protein StayGold is converted into a monomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cooking is an essential aspect of everyday life. Cooking oils and methods exert enormous effects on the nutritional, physicochemical, microbial qualities, and bioactive compounds of vegetables. Most of them are either directly or indirectly related to human health. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to find out the effect of two cooking methods (traditional and steam cooking) and four selected culinary oils (soybean oil, mustard oil, extra virgin olive oil, and extra virgin coconut oil) on the cooked vegetables. The results indicated that steam‐cooked mixed vegetables retained more nutrients than traditional ones. The traditional cooking method of preparing mixed vegetables with soybean oil revealed higher amounts of crude fat, 26.90 ± 0.10%, whereas steam cooking and traditionally cooked vegetables without oils showed lower amounts of crude fat, 1.21 ± 0.04%, and 1.94 ± 0.04%, respectively. The highest crude fibre from 5.68 ± 0.20 to 6.48 ± 0.02% was recorded by the steam‐cooked vegetables in comparison with traditionally prepared mixed vegetables. Traditionally cooked vegetables with mustard oil showed a higher crude protein (13.30 ± 0.10%). The mixed vegetables that were steam‐cooked using extra virgin olive oil revealed a decreased percent of carbohydrates, 49.42 ± 0.03%. Most of the essential minerals especially for the human body like Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn were found notable in both traditional and steam‐cooking processes using extra virgin olive oil, and mustard oil. The leading bioactive compound ß‐carotene 67.04 ± 0.04 mg/100 g was noted by the steam‐cooked vegetables with mustard oil. The highest anthocyanin 32.69 ± 0.02 mg/100 g and ascorbic acid 42.31 ± 0.01 mg/100 g were recorded in the steam‐cooked vegetables without culinary oils. Steam‐cooking with extra virgin coconut and olive oil resulted in high total carotenoid and phenolic content (31.60 ± 0.05 and 3.11 ± 0.04 mg/100 g, respectively). However, the findings suggest that culinary oils used in the present study retained more essential minerals and bioactive compounds than soybean oil. Only sufficient amount of edible oil may be used for vegetables cooking and proper functioning of fat‐soluble vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most important element of health systems for meeting the population's healthcare demands is the workforce. The main issue facing the health industry, particularly in emerging nations, has been their shortage and turnover. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the intention of leaving and related variables among medical professionals employed at East Gojjam zone public health hospitals. Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 561 randomly selected health professionals working at public hospitals in East Gojjam Zone from 04 March 2019 to 30 March 2019. Self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Both bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were fitted. Variables having P-value less than 0.2 during bi-variable regressional analysis were entered in to multivariable logistic regression analysis and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to declare the associated factors with intention to leave. Results: Overall, 61.3% (95% CI: 57.2, 65.4) of health professionals were intended to leave their working organizations. Dissatisfaction with work nature (AOR: 3.01; 95% CI: 2.05, 4.43), work environment (AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.68), Remuneration (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.29, 2.76), having low normative commitment (AOR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.81) and being unmarried (AOR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.23, 2.58) were satistically significant factors with intention to leave their working organizations. Conclusions: The health professionals' intention to leave their working organizations was high, three-fifth of the health professionals had intention to leave their organization which might result great service quality compromization and decrease the responsiveness of the health institutions in the study area. Dissatisfaction with remuneration, working environment, work nature, low normative commitment and being unmarried were factors associated with health professional's intention to leave their working organizations. Therefore, hospital administrators, supervisors, and Healthcare policymakers need to emphasize on retention of health workers at their working organization by taking into account the above significant variables. Such as, through creating an attractive working environment and designing better benefit mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a pioneering artificial intelligence (AI) solution - the Arctic Tern-Optimized Weighted Feature Least Squares Support Vector Regression (ATO-WFLSSVR) system to aid civil engineers in accurately predicting scour depth at bridges. This prediction system amalgamates the strengths of hybrid models by uniting a metaheuristic optimization algorithm with weighted features and least squares support vector regression (WFLSSVR). The metaheuristic algorithm concurrently optimizes all hyperparameters of constituent WFLSSVR models, resulting in a highly effective system. Validation involves a comprehensive assessment using two case studies, which include datasets of scour depths across various complexities and pier foundation types. Comparative analyses against single AI models, conventional ensemble models, hybrid techniques, and empirical methods demonstrate that ATO-WFLSSVR's reliability outperforms others in performance evaluation metrics. Specifically, for the field dataset, ATO-WFLSSVR achieves MAPE and R values of 20.92% and 0.9435, respectively, and for scour depth data at complex pier foundations, it records MAPE and R values of 6.49% and 0.9384, respectively. The automated predictive analytics underscore the robustness, efficiency, and stability of ATO-WFLSSVR compared to existing methods. This study's notable contributions include the development of an innovative optimization algorithm named Arctic Terns Optimizer (ATO), proficiency in solving high-dimensional optimization problems, and the creation of a user-friendly graphical interface system, a promising tool for civil engineers to estimate scour depth at bridges. Further testing and evaluation of ATO-WFLSSVR across diverse datasets encompassing more complex scenarios are recommended. The data and source code for this study are currently accessible at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jui-Sheng-Chou/publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DASS-21 is the common and widely used tool for assessing depression, anxiety and stress. However, its validity and Reliability in Ethiopian Amharic language is not assessed. Objective: To translate the DASS-21 and assess its validity and reliability among Ethiopian Defense University college of health science students in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Method: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 435 students from different departments in accordance with their proportional size were participated in this study. As to the sampling technique, the study units were selected from each department and year of study using simple random sampling proportional to size. Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to assess the factor structure and construct validity of Amharic version of the DASS-21. Cronbach alpha coefficient and corrected item total correlation was calculated to assess the internal consistency of Amharic version of DASS-21. Result: Among 435 undergraduate students who participated in the study, 246(56.6%) were the age of 18–25 year and majority 347(79.8%) were males. Regarding their year of study; 200 (46.0%) were first year students. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates a good model fit of the three correlated factors (Comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.92 with root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.059[0.052–0.066] and standardize root mean residual SRMR = 0.045). The internal consistency of overall DASS-21 and each sub scale were in acceptable range (0.91, 0.82, 0.77 and 0.77) respectively. Conclusion: Amharic version of DASS-21 was found to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure the mental problem especially, Depression, Anxiety and Stress among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethiopia faces a significant challenge with increasing non-communicable diseases like diabetes, ranking among the top four in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a lack of research on how lifestyle affects chronic complications of diabetes in Ethiopia, highlighting the need for urgent exploration to develop better intervention strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the link between lifestyle factors and chronic complications of diabetes in public health hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study involving 389 diabetes patients from Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital (MTUTH) and Gebretsadik Shawo General Hospital (GSGH) in Southwest Ethiopia was conducted. Data collection methods included interviewer-administered questionnaires, patient medical record reviews, physical examination, and serum analysis. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis, including descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value < 0.05. The study revealed a 32.1% prevalence of chronic complications of diabetes, with 13.4% having chronic kidney disease, 8.0% experiencing visual disturbances, and 16.7% suffering from peripheral sensory pain. After adjusting for confounding variables, age (41–60 years [AOR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.01, 3.15] and > 60 years [AOR = 2.18; 95% CI 1.20, 4.33]), duration of diabetes mellitus (> 6 years [AOR = 2.90; 95% CI 1.74, 4.85]), alcohol consumption [AOR = 2.30; 95% CI 1.33, 3.98], physical inactivity [AOR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.38, 4.27], and body mass index (underweight [AOR = 7.66; 95% CI 1.68, 34.8] and obese [AOR = 3.53; 95% CI 1.84, 10.5]) were significantly associated with chronic complications of diabetes. Chronic complications of diabetes are a major problem in the study area. Lifestyle factors strongly influence chronic diabetes complications, highlighting the importance of preventive measures. Implementing health education and prevention programs focusing on modifiable lifestyle factors is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are on the rise and have become a significant cause of mortality. Unfortunately, accessing affordable healthcare services can prove to be challenging for individuals who are unable to bear the expenses out of their pockets. For NCDs, the treatment costs are already high, and being multimorbid further amplifies the economic burden on patients and their families. The present study seeks to bridge the gap in knowledge regarding the financial risks that come with NCD multimorbidity. It accomplishes this by examining the catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure levels and the factors that contribute to it at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital between May 18 and July 22, 2020 and 392 multimorbid patients participated. The study participants were selected from the hospital's four NCD clinics using systematic random sampling. Patients' direct medical and non-medical out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures were recorded, and the catastrophic OOP health expenditure for NCD care was estimated using various thresholds as cutoff points (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 40% of both total household consumption expenditure and non-food expenditure). The collected data was entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA V 14. Descriptive statistics were utilized to present the study's findings, while logistic regression was used to examine the associations between variables. Results: A study was conducted on a sample of 392 patients who exhibited a range of socio-demographic and economic backgrounds. The annual out-of-pocket spending for the treatment of non-communicable disease multimorbidity was found to be $499.7 (95% CI: $440.9, $558.6) per patient. The majority of these expenses were allocated towards medical costs such as medication, diagnosis, and hospital beds. It was found that as the threshold for spending increased from 5 to 40% of total household consumption expenditure, the percentage of households facing catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) decreased from 77.55 to 10.46%. Similarly, the proportion of CHE as a percentage of non-food household expenditure decreased from 91.84 to 28.32% as the threshold increased from 5 to 40%. The study also revealed that patients who traveled to Addis Ababa for healthcare services (AOR = 7.45, 95% CI: 3.41–16.27), who were not enrolled in an insurance scheme (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI: 2.37, 10.4), who had more non-communicable diseases (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.40, 3.01), or who had more outpatient visits (AOR = 1.46, 95%CI: 1.31, 1.63) had a higher likelihood of incurring catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures at the 40% threshold. Conclusion and recommendation: This study has revealed that patients with multiple non-communicable diseases (NCDs) frequently face substantial out-of-pocket health expenditures (CHE) due to both medical and non-medical costs. Various factors, including absence from an insurance scheme, medical follow-ups necessitating travel to Addis Ababa, multiple NCDs and outpatient visits, and utilization of both public and private facilities, increase the likelihood of incurring CHE. To mitigate the incidence of CHE for individuals with NCD multimorbidity, an integrated NCD care service delivery approach, access to affordable medications and diagnostic services in public facilities, expanded insurance coverage, and fee waiver or service exemption systems should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assumption of measurement independence is essential for the derivation of Bell's inequalities under local, realistic conditions. Violations of these inequalities indicate that the assumption of measurement independence must be relaxed to some extent in order to obtain locally realistic models. The extent to which this assumption needs to be relaxed to achieve violations of certain bipartite Bell inequalities has been studied in Hall (Phys Rev Lett 105:250404, 2010) and Friedman (Phys Rev A 99:012121, 2019). In this paper, we investigate the minimal degree of relaxation required to simulate violations of various known tripartite Bell inequalities. We also provide local deterministic models that achieve these violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In awareness of industrial dye wastewater, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and cobalt zinc ferrite (CZF) nanocomposites were synthesised for the making of carbon quantum dots coated cobalt zinc ferrite (CZF@CQDs) nanophotocatalyst using oxidative polymerization reaction. The results of TEM, zeta potential value, and FTIR confirm highly dispersed 1–4 nm particles with the − 45.7 mV carboxylic functionalized surface of CQDs. The results of the synthesised CZF@CQDs photocatalyst showed an average particle size of ~ 15 nm according to TEM, SEM, and XRD. The photocatalyst showed a 1.20 eV band gap, which followed the perfect visible light irradiation. TGA and DTA revealed the good thermal stability of the nanophotocatalyst. VSM was carried out, and the saturation magnetisations for CZF and CZF@CQDs were 42.44 and 36.14 emu/g, respectively. A multipoint study determined the BET-specific surface area of the CZF@CQDs photocatalyst to be 149.87 m2/g. Under visible light irradiation, the final CZF@CQDs nanophotocatalyst demonstrated remarkable efficiency (~ 95% within 25 min) in the photocatalytic destruction of Reactive Blue 222 (RB 222) and Reactive Yellow 145 (RY 145) dyes, as well as mechanical stability and recyclability. Even after the recycling of the degradation study, the nanophotocatalyst efficiency (~ 82%, 7th cycles) was predominantly maintained. The effects of several parameters were also investigated, including initial dye concentration, nanophotocatalyst concentration, CQD content, initial pH of the dye solution, and reaction kinetics. Degradation study data follow the first-order reaction rate (R2 > 0.93). Finally, a simple and low-cost synthesis approach, rapid degradation, and outstanding stability of the CQD-coated CZF nanophotocatalyst should make it a potential photocatalyst for dye wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal diseases cause significant yield loss to wheat production. Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the ascomycete fungus Zymoseptoria trtici, is one of the major fungal diseases affecting wheat production worldwide. In Ethiopia, STB is a severe problem that causes significant yield loss in high and mid‐altitude wheat‐growing areas. The use of resistant varieties is one of the sustainable disease management strategies, particularly for resource‐poor farmers in developing countries. Two hundred and fifty bread wheat genotypes were evaluated to identify septoria tritici resistant genotypes and estimate the extent of genetic variability for resistance to STB and other economically important traits using alpha lattice design under natural infestation in two STB hotspot environments. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes, environment, and genotype × environment interaction for all traits measured. The genetic coefficient of variance was lower than the phenotypic coefficient of variance for all traits studied, and both test environments showed the influence of the environment on trait expression. High and moderate heritability values were observed for the septoria disease severity parameters, indicating that the STB resistance trait was less influenced by the environment. The days to heading and plant height were inversely correlated with disease severity. This suggests that genotypes with tall plant height and long maturity period could be resistant to septoria tritici blotch through escape mechanisms. Four of the genotypes, namely, G‐215, G‐255, G‐257, and G‐258, were found to be resistant across all locations. These and other promising genotypes will be used in future breeding programmes to select or develop high‐yielding and STB‐resistant bread wheat genotypes that can be deployed in septoria tritici blotch‐prone areas. Highly susceptible genotypes will also be used as controls for STB resistance breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model for time-nonlocal six-phase-lag generalized thermoelastic diffusion with two-temperature is proposed for a linear, isotropic and homogeneous thermoelastic diffusive continuum by considering modified Fourier's law of heat conduction together with modified Fick's law of mass diffusion. The modified Fourier's law includes temperature gradient and thermal displacement gradient among the constitutive variables whereas the modified Fick's law includes chemical potential gradient and the chemical potential displacement gradient among the constitutive variables. The Fourier's law of heat conduction is replaced by a fractional-order approximation to a modification of the Fourier's law with three different phase lags for the heat flux vector, the temperature gradient and the thermal displacement gradient whereas the Fick's law of mass diffusion is replaced by a fractional-order approximation to a modification of the Fick's law with three different phase lags for the mass flux vector, the chemical potential gradient and the chemical potential displacement gradient. The proposed model includes some of the existing thermoelastic diffusion models as special cases. A variational principle is derived and a uniqueness theorem is proved. Finally, a dynamic reciprocity theorem is established for the proposed generalized thermoelastic diffusion model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the natural convection of power-law fluids in a differentially heated cubic cavity by considering graphics process unit (GPU)-accelerated mesoscopic multiple-relaxation-time (MRT)-lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) C programming language was implemented for a robust workflow to obtain accurate and quicker outcomes. The present approach initially follows twofold validations with well-established literature after the grid independence test (GIT). Later, Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm was applied for the nonlinear surface analyses, followed by the random forest (RF) machine learning method for the cross-validation of CUDA C-obtained results, with coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) obtained between 0.96 and 0.99. In the numerical simulations, different Rayleigh numbers, R a = ( 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 ), and power-law indices ( n = 0.7 , 0.8 , 1.0 , 1.2 , 1.4 ) were integrated to study the heat transfer and entropy production values. The major findings of this study provide evidence that GPU-based simulation can provide robust outcomes and can be validated by a machine learning algorithm in a mesoscopic scale in a complex geometry concurrently with different temperature conditions by considering the LBM-MRT scheme. At the end of the study, it was found that the Ra numbers had significant impacts on the convective heat transfer, particularly at R a = 10 6 due to the dominance of buoyancy inside the enclosure. Furthermore, the distribution of temperature was more pronounced from the heated wall, particularly at power-law indices, n = 0.7 , 1.0 , and had a less significant impact at n = 1.4 . The power-law fluid represented by n = 0.7 exhibited quantitatively greater peak velocity and temperature as well as the maximum entropy production. One of the promising aspects of this study is that a data-driven approach has been found to be beneficial in the modelling and simulations which can be systematically investigated through CUDA C-obtained outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we proposed and analyzed a nonlinear deterministic mathematical model of malaria transmission dynamics. In addition to the previous approaches, we incorporated the class of aware people and other control measures. We established the wellposedness of the model, and the asymptotic behavior of the solutions is rigorously studied depending on the basic reproduction number R0. The model system admits two equilibrium points: disease‐free and disease‐persistent equilibrium points. The analytical result of the model system revealed that the disease‐free equilibrium point is both locally as well as globally asymptotically stable whenever R0 < 1 while the disease‐persistence equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable whenever R0 > 1. Moreover, the forward bifurcation phenomenon of the model system for R0 = 1 was analyzed by using center manifold theory. A sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number was performed to identify parameters that will cause to trigger the transmission of malaria disease and should be targeted by control strategies. Then, the model was extended to the optimal control problem, with the use of three time‐dependent controls, namely, preventive measures(treated bednets and indoor residual spraying), continuous awareness campaigns to susceptible individuals, and treatment for infected individuals. By using Pontryan's maximum principle, necessary conditions for the transmission of malaria disease were derived. Numerical simulations are illustrated by using MATLAB ode45 to validate the theoretical results of the model. The numerical findings of the optimal model suggested that integrated control strategies are better than a sole intervention to eliminate malaria disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are the leading cause of sepsis‐related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is also a growing global concern. As a result, data on bacterial profile and their antibiogram are essential for strategies to contain drug resistance, improve the quality of patient care, and strengthen health systems. Methods. Retrospective data from bacteriological results of blood samples of BSI‐suspected patients from 2018 to 2021 were collected using a data collection sheet. Standard bacteriological techniques were followed during sample collection, culture preparation, bacterial identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). We used Epi Info version 7 to enter and clean the data and then exported it to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Logistic regression models were used to measure the association between variables. A p value <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered as statistically significant. Result. Of the total 2,795 blood culture records, 455 (16.3%) were culture positive for bacteria, with Klebsiella pneumoniae (26%) and Staphylococcus aureus (24.6%) being the leading isolates. The isolates were highly resistant to common antibiotics, with more than 80% of them being resistant to ceftriaxone and penicillin. Moreover, about 43% of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), with Klebsiella pneumoniae (65.5%), Acinetobacter species (56.7%), and Citrobacter species (53.8%) being the most common MDR isolates. Age and diagnosis year were significantly associated with the presence of bacterial BSIs (p value <0.05). Conclusion. Bacterial BSI and AMR were growing concerns in the study area. Bacteremia was more common in children under the age of five, and it decreased as the patient's age increased. The alarming rate of AMR, such as MDR blood isolates, calls for periodic and continuous monitoring of antibiotic usage in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article examines the relationship between mindfulness and resilience with psychological adaptation in women diagnosed with cancer. The objective of this study is to determine the mediating role of Locus of Control in this relationship. Methods and Materials: The research method used was descriptive correlational modeling (structural equations). Participants in this study were women with cancer visiting all treatment centers (hospitals and private and public clinics) in Tehran, among whom 206 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. Findings: The results of statistical analyses indicated that Locus of Control significantly mediates the relationship between mindfulness and resilience with psychological adaptation. Conclusion: These findings can assist in designing intervention programs that support women with cancer in enhancing their mindfulness and resilience, thereby aiding in improving their psychological adaptation. It is recommended that future studies be conducted on larger and more diverse samples to gain a deeper understanding of these phenomena. Additionally, examining the role of other mediating factors such as social support and spirituality may help complete the overall picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy neutrinos with masses in the MeV range can in principle simultaneously explain the light neutrino masses and the origin of baryonic matter in the universe. The strongest constraints on their properties come from their potential impact on the formation of light elements in the early universe. Since these constraints rely on assumptions about the cosmic history, independent checks in the laboratory are highly desirable. In this paper, we discuss the opportunity to search for heavy neutrinos within the MeV mass range in short and medium baseline reactor neutrino experiments, using the SoLid, JUNO and TAO experiments as examples. These experiments can give the currently strongest upper bound on the mixing between the light electron neutrinos and the heavy neutrino in the 2–9 MeV mass range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) are a relatively common condition defined as an abnormal collection of blood and its break down products in the subdural space, usually accompanied by a history of preceding mild head trauma. Surgical management remains the mainstay of treatment. The objective of this study was to assess the surgical treatment outcome of patients operated on for CSDH at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. This comprehensive novel study serves as a benchmark for assessing therapeutic outcomes among patients with CSDH in the context of Ethiopia. Institution-based prospective observational study was conducted among patients operated on for symptomatic CSDH at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023 G C. A total of 107 patients (70 males (65.4%) and 37 females (34.6%) with a male to female ration of 1.9:1 and mean age of 62.4 and a standard deviation of 13.7 (range from 23 to 92) were studied. Fifyt-one (47.7%) of the patients had a history of antecedent trauma. In terms of clinical symptoms, 86 (80.4%) patients had weakness as the chief complaint, followed by headache in 81 (75.7%). Among complications, recurrence is the most common, which was seen in 16 (15%) patients, followed by altered mental status (confusion, delirium) in 18 (16.8%) patients. The mean duration of the hospital stay was 6 days, with a standard deviation of 4 days. The majority of the patients had a good recovery with the resumption of normal life: 92 (86%), 10 (9.3%) patients had moderate disability, were disabled but independent, 2 (1.8%) patients had severe disability, were dependent on daily support, and 3 (2.8%) patients died. CSDHs are a relatively common condition characterized by an abnormal collection of blood. Antecedent trauma is the usual risk factor. Complication can happen following surgical intervention; however, patients with CSDH generally have a good prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is widely used in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, but limited data exist for its application in individuals at above-average risk for CRC who complete surveillance colonoscopies. Aim: To assess the accuracy, acceptability, and effectiveness of FIT in the interval between surveillance colonoscopies, for predicting advanced neoplasia (advanced adenoma or CRC) at the next colonoscopy. Methods: Individuals enrolled in an Australian surveillance program were included. Diagnostic accuracy was determined for 614 individuals completing a two-sample FIT (OC-Sensor) ≤ 3 months preceding surveillance colonoscopy. 386 Individuals were surveyed to assess acceptability of interval FIT. Additionally, a retrospective analysis was performed on 7331 individuals offered interval FIT between colonoscopies, where a positive FIT (≥ 20 µg hemoglobin/g feces) triggered an early colonoscopy. Associations between interval FIT results and advanced neoplasia were determined using regression analysis. Results: FIT detected CRC and advanced adenoma with sensitivities of 60.0% (3/5) and 27.1% (35/129), respectively. Most (89.1%, 344/386) survey respondents preferred completing interval FIT every 1–2 years. The detection rate of interval FIT for advanced neoplasia decreased with increasing FIT completion. Individuals returning a positive FIT had a higher risk of advanced neoplasia than those who did not complete FIT. Positive interval FIT reduced time-to-diagnosis for CRC and advanced adenoma by a median of 30 and 20 months, respectively. Conclusion: Interval FIT was well accepted and enabled earlier detection of advanced neoplasia in individuals at above-average risk of CRC. Given that interval FIT predicts advanced neoplasia, it may be used to personalize surveillance colonoscopy intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Perception of speech in noise (SIN) is based on the accurate extraction of spectral and temporal cues. Disruption of this process can reduce the productivity of the spectral and temporal features of the target stimulus and speech recognition in noise. Auditory processing disorder is one of the main challenges of people with stroke, which leads to social, mental, and even physical failures. This study aimed to investigate the spectral and temporal processing abilities of people with stroke compared to healthy peers. Methods: In this study, participants were 15 patients with stroke referred to the neurology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital and 30 healthy people aged 20–60 years. Spectral Modulation Detection Test (SMDT), Pitch Pattern Sequencing Test (PPST), Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) and QuickSIN tests were performed for all participants. The mean scores of the two groups were compared. Results: Patients with stroke had poorer performance in SMDT, PPST, RGDT and QuickSIN tests (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between SIN test with temporal and spectral processing in the normal group, but the correlation pattern was different in people with stroke. The scores of all the tests were not significantly different between the right and left ears. Conclusion: The results showed that people with stroke have poorer performance in all tests compared to normal people and have more problems in speech perception in challenging areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: This case report highlights the challenges of diagnosing MSA‐C in resource‐limited settings. MRI findings like the "hot cross bun" sign can be supportive, but the unavailability of advanced tools like seed amplification assay may delay diagnosis. Early diagnosis is crucial for proper symptom management. Multiple system atrophy is a rare neurodegenerative disorder affecting the pyramidal, autonomic, nigrostriatal, and cerebellar tracts. Multisystem atrophy should be considered in adults with progressive motor or autonomic dysfunctions. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the system, including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic failure. Depending on the initial predominant manifestation, multisystem atrophy is classified as Parkinsonian (MSA‐P) and cerebellar (MSA‐C). Our patient presented with progressive loss of balance, rigidity, slurred speech, choking episodes, and loss of morning tumescence for 4 years, suggesting autonomic and cerebellar involvement. He was diagnosed with MSA after 4 years of initial presentation with combinations of magnetic resonant imaging findings and clinical manifestations. Diagnosing multiple system atrophy in such resource‐limited areas is challenging. The unavailability of seed application tests and biomarkers significantly affected the delayed diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. Microribonucleic acids (microRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules synthesized in the nucleus, modified, and exported to the extracellular environment to bind to their complementary target sequences. It regulates protein synthesis in the targeted cells by inhibiting translation or triggering the degradation of the target messenger. MicroRNA‐29 is one of noncoding RNA that can be secreted by adipose tissue, hepatocytes, islet cells, and brain cells. The expression level of the microRNA‐29 family in several metabolic organs is regulated by body weight, blood concentrations of inflammatory mediators, serum glucose levels, and smoking habits. Several experimental studies have demonstrated the effect of microRNA‐29 on the expression of target genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin synthesis and secretion, islet cell survival, and proliferation. These findings shed new light on the role of microRNA‐29 in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, which plays a vital role in developing appropriate therapies. Different molecular pathways have been proposed to explain how microRNA‐29 promotes the development of diabetes and its complications. However, to the best of our knowledge, no published review article has summarized the molecular mechanism of microRNA‐29‐mediated initiation of DM and its complications. Therefore, this narrative review aims to summarize the role of microRNA‐29‐mediated cross‐talk between metabolic organs in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Significance statement: The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of microRNA‐29‐mediated regulation in the pathogenesis of DM and its complications is vital to establishing diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and designing therapeutic targets for this devastating disease. To the best of our search, there is no published review article on the molecular mechanisms of microRNA‐29‐mediated regulation in the pathogenesis of DM and its complications yet. As a result, this review aims to collect and summarize the basic findings of in vivo and in vitro studies on the role of microRNA‐29 in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the strong gravitational lensing phenomena caused by a black hole with a dark matter halo in the presence of cloud string and quintessence. This study examines strong gravitational lensing with two significant dark matter models: the universal rotation curve model and the cold dark matter model. To do this, we first numerically estimate the strong lensing coefficients and strong deflection angles for both the universal rotation curve and cold dark matter models. It is observed that the deflection angle, denoted as α D , increases with the parameter α while holding the value of 2 M γ constant. Additionally, it increases with the parameter 2 M γ while keeping the value of α constant. The strong deflection angle α D , for the black hole with a dark matter halo, with parameters α and 2 M γ , greatly enhances the gravitational bending effect and surpasses the corresponding case of the standard Schwarzschild black hole ( A = B = 0 = α = 2 M γ ). Furthermore, we investigate the astrophysical consequences through strong gravitational lensing observations, using examples of two supermassive black holes, namely M 87 ∗ and S g r A ∗ , located at the center of nearby galaxies. It is observed that black holes with dark matter halos in the presence of cloud string and quintessence can be quantitatively distinguished and characterized from the standard Schwarzschild black hole ( A = B = 0 = α = 2 M γ ). The findings in our analysis suggest that observational tests for black holes influenced by dark matter halos, cloud string and quintessence are indeed feasible and viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Loss of follow-up (LTFU) from ART regular follow-up is one of the key acknowledged causes for the development of ART-resistant virus strains currently. It becomes a major weakness for the successful implementation of HIV care and treatment programs mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa but also globally. About 20—40% of children on ART loss their regular ART follow-up annually. Because of the inconsistency of the prior publications' findings, policymakers, programmers, and healthcare providers find it difficult to intervene. Hence, this study was conducted to provide a pooled incidence and identify the predictors of LTFU among children on ART in Ethiopia. Methods: Articles were searched from PubMed/ MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, as well as organizational records and websites. This review included both retrospective and prospective follow-up studies published in English. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and exported into Stata™ Version 17.0 for further processing and analysis. The presence of heterogeneity was assessed using forest plots with the I2 test. To identify the source of heterogeneity subgroup analysis, meta-regression, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were computed. The pooled incidence of LTFU was estimated using a random effects meta-analysis model with the DerSimonian-laired method. To identify the predictors, a 95% confidence interval with relative risk was used to declare the presence or absence of an association. Results: In this systematic review and Meta-analysis, nine studies with a total of 3336 children were included. The pooled incidence of LTFU from ART was 5.83 (95% CI: 3.94, 7.72) per 100 children-years of observation with I2: 83% & p-value < 0.001. Those children who were from rural were had a 1.65 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.52) times higher chance of getting LTFU when compared with their counterparts. Children who had poor ART adherence had a 2.03 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.34) times higher chance of experiencing LTFU of ART than children having good ART adherence. Conclusions: Among Ethiopian children on ART, one out of 167 had the risk of experiencing LTFU. Being rural dwellers and having poor ART adherence were the identified predictors of LTFU. Close follow-up and phone message text should be used to have good ART adherence among rural dwellers to meet the predetermined goal of ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Loss of follow-up (LTFU) from ART regular follow-up is one of the key acknowledged causes for the development of ART-resistant virus strains currently. It becomes a major weakness for the successful implementation of HIV care and treatment programs mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa but also globally. About 20—40% of children on ART loss their regular ART follow-up annually. Because of the inconsistency of the prior publications' findings, policymakers, programmers, and healthcare providers find it difficult to intervene. Hence, this study was conducted to provide a pooled incidence and identify the predictors of LTFU among children on ART in Ethiopia. Methods: Articles were searched from PubMed/ MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, as well as organizational records and websites. This review included both retrospective and prospective follow-up studies published in English. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and exported into Stata™ Version 17.0 for further processing and analysis. The presence of heterogeneity was assessed using forest plots with the I2 test. To identify the source of heterogeneity subgroup analysis, meta-regression, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were computed. The pooled incidence of LTFU was estimated using a random effects meta-analysis model with the DerSimonian-laired method. To identify the predictors, a 95% confidence interval with relative risk was used to declare the presence or absence of an association. Results: In this systematic review and Meta-analysis, nine studies with a total of 3336 children were included. The pooled incidence of LTFU from ART was 5.83 (95% CI: 3.94, 7.72) per 100 children-years of observation with I2: 83% & p-value < 0.001. Those children who were from rural were had a 1.65 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.52) times higher chance of getting LTFU when compared with their counterparts. Children who had poor ART adherence had a 2.03 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.34) times higher chance of experiencing LTFU of ART than children having good ART adherence. Conclusions: Among Ethiopian children on ART, one out of 167 had the risk of experiencing LTFU. Being rural dwellers and having poor ART adherence were the identified predictors of LTFU. Close follow-up and phone message text should be used to have good ART adherence among rural dwellers to meet the predetermined goal of ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of healthcare. Pain is one of the most common symptoms among cancer patients that needs optimal treatment; rather, it compromises the quality of life of patients. Objective: To assess the levels and associated factors of satisfaction with cancer pain treatment among adult patients at cancer centers found in Northern Ethiopia in 2023. Methods: After obtaining ethical approval, a multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted at four cancer care centers in northern Ethiopia. The data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire that included the Lubeck Medication Satisfaction Questionnaire (LMSQ). The severity of pain was assessed by a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10 with a pain score of 0 = no pain, 1–3 = mild pain, 4–6 = moderate pain, and 7–10 = severe pain Binary logistic regression analysis was employed, and the strength of association was described in an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Result: A total of 397 cancer patients participated in this study, with a response rate of 98.3%. We found that 70.3% of patients were satisfied with their cancer pain treatment. Being married (AOR = 5.6, CI = 2.6–12, P < 0.001) and being single (never married) (AOR = 3.5, CI = 1.3–9.7, P = 0.017) as compared to divorced, receiving adequate pain management (AOR = 2.4, CI = 1.1–5.3, P = 0.03) as compared to those who didn't receive it, and having lower pain severity (AOR = 2.6, CI = 1.5–4.8, P < 0.001) as compared to those who had higher level of pain severity were found to be associated with satisfaction with cancer pain treatment. Conclusion: The majority of cancer patients were satisfied with cancer pain treatment. Being married, being single (never married), lower pain severity, and receiving adequate pain management were found to be associated with satisfaction with cancer pain treatment. It would be better to enhance the use of multimodal analgesia in combination with strong opioids to ensure adequate pain management and lower pain severity scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethiopia made a national licensing examination (NLE) for associate clinician anesthetists a requirement for entry into the practice workforce. However, there is limited empirical evidence on whether the NLE scores of associate clinicians predict the quality of health care they provide in low-income countries. This study aimed to assess the association between anesthetists' NLE scores and three selected quality of patient care indicators. Methods: A multicenter longitudinal observational study was conducted between January 8 and February 7, 2023, to collect quality of care (QoC) data on surgical patients attended by anesthetists (n = 56) who had taken the Ethiopian anesthetist NLE since 2019. The three QoC indicators were standards for safe anesthesia practice, critical incidents, and patient satisfaction. The medical records of 991 patients were reviewed to determine the standards for safe anesthesia practice and critical incidents. A total of 400 patients responded to the patient satisfaction survey. Multivariable regressions were employed to determine whether the anesthetist NLE score predicted QoC indicators. Results: The mean percentage of safe anesthesia practice standards met was 69.14%, and the mean satisfaction score was 85.22%. There were 1,120 critical incidents among 911 patients, with three out of five experiencing at least one. After controlling for patient, anesthetist, facility, and clinical care-related confounding variables, the NLE score predicted the occurrence of critical incidents. For every 1% point increase in the total NLE score, the odds of developing one or more critical incidents decreased by 18% (aOR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.70 = 0.96; p = 0.016). No statistically significant associations existed between the other two QoC indicators and NLE scores. Conclusion: The NLE score had an inverse relationship with the occurrence of critical incidents, supporting the validity of the examination in assessing graduates' ability to provide safe and effective care. The lack of an association with the other two QoC indicators requires further investigation. Our findings may help improve education quality and the impact of NLEs in Ethiopia and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a common public health problem in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving antiretroviral therapy and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although evidence indicates that the prevalence of dyslipidemia is high, estimated pooled data are not well documented. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia in adult people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Method: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. The following databases and grey literature were searched: PubMed, WorldCat, ScienceDirect, DOAG, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, and African Index Medicine. We included all comparative epidemiological studies that reported the prevalence of high concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein, and low concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol that were published between January 2003 and July 2023. The random effects model was used to pool the outcome of interest. Additionally, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, and funnel plots were performed. R software Version 4.2.1 was used for statistical analysis. Result: Seventeen studies with a total of 3929 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia, high total cholesterol, high triglyceride, elevated level of low density lipoprotein and low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol were 69.32% (95% CI: 63.33, 74.72), 39.78% (95%CI: 32.12, 47.96), 40.32% (95%CI: 34.56, 46.36), 28.58% (95%CI: 21.81, 36.46), and 36.17% (95%CI: 28.82, 44.24), respectively. Age and body mass index were associated with high total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Conclusion: The authors concluded that the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Ethiopia is high in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy. Early detection of dyslipidemia and its integration into treatment are essential for preventing cardiovascular disease. Trial registration: Protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023440125). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done to examine the farmer's perception and constraints on dairy cooperatives in Amhara region, Ethiopia. A sample of 266 smallholder dairy farmers was selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Perception of farmers was analyzed using relative importance index, and constraints of dairy cooperative performance were analyzed using Henry Garrett's ranking technique. The result indicates that farmers have a positive perception of certain attributes of dairy cooperatives; such as increasing social networks, improving income, and serving as a saving source. This suggests that farmers believe these aspects of dairy cooperatives are beneficial. Conversely, farmers have concerns and dissatisfaction with the way the cooperative is running, the loyalty of members to the cooperative, member's treatment by cooperatives, and the decision-making process. The study also identified that lack of milk processing facilities, poor member awareness, and member involvement in the decision-making process are the foremost internal challenges of dairy cooperatives, while high cost of crossbreed cows, occurrence of animal disease, and low productivity of local breed cows are external constraints hindering dairy cooperative performance. Thus, to enhance farmers' perception and participation in cooperative activities, emphasis should be given to addressing concerns and improving the overall functioning of dairy cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]