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Human enteric and some respiratory viruses are identified to be involved with acute gastroenteritis that can be shed in feces of infected persons into the environment. Understanding the abundance of these viruses in wastewater is significant when assessing the public health impacts associated with discharge of wastewater into the environment. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and seasonal variation of human enteric adenovirus (HAdV), Aichi virus (AiV-1), bocavirus (HBoV), and respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater as well as their prevalence among hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis. The viruses were detected and quantified with real-time PCR. HAdV was the most detected virus in raw sewage (88.5%), treated sewage (28%), and stool gastroenteritis (74%), followed by HBoV (45.8% for raw sewage, 14.6% for treated sewage, and 55.3% for stool samples). The detection rate of AiV-1 was 59.4%, 19.8%, and 62.6% in raw sewage, treated sewage, and stool samples, respectively. The rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in raw sewage, treated sewage, and stool samples was 33.3%, 7.3%, and 20.6%, respectively. The viral concentrations ranged between 4.50 × 101 and 8.75 × 107 GC/ml in raw sewage samples, 1.20 × 101 and 5.43 × 106 GC/ml in treated sewage samples, and 4.80 × 101 and 9.88 × 108 GC/gram in stool samples. The overall log means of virus reduction during the wastewater treatment process ranged from 1.68 log10 (HAdV) to 3.31 log10 (AiV-1). The peak prevalence of the four viruses in raw sewage samples occurred during the winter season. This study showed the high detection rates of the four targeted viruses in wastewater and demonstrated that virological surveillance of wastewater in local wastewater treatment plants is a suitable model for epidemiological monitoring of diarrheal and respiratory diseases in middle- and low-resource countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiazole and thiazolidinone recur in a wide range of biologically active compounds that reach different targets within the context of tumors and represent a promising starting point to access potential candidates for treating metastatic cancer. Therefore, searching for new lead compounds that show the highest anticancer potency with the fewest adverse effects is a major drug-discovery challenge. Because the thiazole ring is present in dasatinib, which is currently used in anticancer therapy, it is important to highlight the ring. In this study, cycloalkylidenehydrazinecarbothioamides (cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, dihydronapthalenylidene, flurine-9-ylidene, and indolinonyl) reacted with 2-bromoacetophenone and diethylacetylenedicarboxylate to yield thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone derivatives. The structure of the products was confirmed by using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray analyses. The antiproliferative activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated. The most effective inhibitory compounds were further tested in vitro against both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAFV600E) targets. Additionally, molecular docking analysis examined how these molecules bind to the active sites of EGFR and BRAFV600E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the effect of alternating the sequence of variable‐energy repeated low‐velocity impact on the residual strength of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. Quasi‐isotropic CFRP specimens were impacted using three impact energy levels, that is, Low (L), Medium (M), and High (H). Every group, out of three groups in total, was impacted consecutively using one of three sequences: LMH, HML, and MLH. Delamination and its growth after each impact was quantified using a phased‐array ultrasonic probe. The impacted specimens were then subjected to compression after impact loading with in situ acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) measurement. Mechanical results showed that the residual strength of the specimens was not significantly affected by alternating the impacts sequence. However, the AE, sentry function and DIC results revealed that the impact‐induced damage in HML configuration was activated much earlier than MLH, and the damage induced in LMH configuration was activated later than both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gynecologycial Malignancies are specialized field of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. As specialists, they have extensive training in the diagnosis and treatment of these cancers. Bowel preparation has become an established practice before abdominal and gynecological surgeries. Most general surgeons would use both chemical bowel preparation and mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) before bowel surgery. In a survey of the practices of surgeons about the use of oral antibiotics in preoperative bowel preparation had the most disparate responses with 51% of the surgeons responding that the oral antibiotics were of doubtful or no use. However, despite their doubts, 75% of the surgeons routinely used oral antibiotic preparations, including 82% of those who questioned its usefulness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the complications noted after debanding is those related to residual pulmonary stenosis. Removal of band without repairing pulmonary artery could be enough. Others recommend patching pulmonary artery at the site of band during debanding because of possibility of residual gradient caused by a residual shelf or narrowing and distortion of the arterial wall. This may necessitate re-operation especially if it leads to pressure over-load on the right ventricle. Objective: To compare between simple band removal and band removal with pulmonary artery repair using pericardial patch, at time of debanding; concerning early postoperative pressure gradients across the main pulmonary artery. Patients and methods: This retrospective observational study included 40 patients who underwent pulmonary artery debanding in the period between January 2016 and January 2020 at the Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Cairo University hospitals and Atfal Masr Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups; group A, which included 20 patients who underwent simple band removal and group B, which included 20 patients who underwent pulmonary artery debanding with pericardial patch repair. Results: The median pressure gradient across the main pulmonary artery postoperatively was 15 mm Hg for group A (mean 22.58±18.0) and 10 mm Hg for group B (mean 11.3±8.0) with statistically significant value (p=0.020). 40.0% of cases in Group A had significant residual pressure gradient compared to only 10.0% of cases in Group B, and that difference was statistically significant (p=0.028). The median pressure gradient across the band immediate preoperatively was 60mmHg for group A (mean 62.0±9.8) and 70mmHg (mean 64.2±10.6) with statistically insignificant value (p=0.065). Conclusion: Pulmonary artery repair with pericardial patch showed the advantage of reducing the risk of significant residual pressure gradient across the band site over simple band removal in pulmonary artery debanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although laparoscopic operations are minimally invasive, many patients report moderate-to-severe pain in the early postoperative period, which is multifactorial and requires multimodal analgesia to relieve it. Pain after laparoscopic surgery is caused by three mechanisms: parietal, visceral, and shoulder pain. As a result, numerous studies were done to develop methods for good postoperative pain control. Aim of the Work: This study aims to compare the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine versus intraperitoneal bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted on 52 patients aged 21 to 60 years, of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia in Ain Shams University Hospitals after approval of the medical ethical committee. They were allocated to two groups of 26 patients each: Group A: (n=26): Patients received an intravenous infusion of 50 ml of normal saline containing dexmedetomidine 1lg/kg over 10 minutes after removal of the gall bladder, Group B: (n=26): Patients received intraperitoneal instillation of dexmedetomidine 1lg/kg plus 40 ml of bupivacaine 0.25%. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between both groups regarding pain control and postoperative analgesic requirements while there was no significant difference between both groups regarding the demographic data and postoperative side effects (hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, and vomiting). Both intravenous dexmedetomidine and intraperitoneal bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine were effective for postoperative pain control after laparoscopic cholecystectomy but the intraperitoneal route provided a longer duration of analgesia and the lower postoperative analgesic consumption Conclusion: The present study concluded that patients who received intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine had less VAS with a longer duration of analgesia and lower postoperative analgesic consumption than those who received intravenous dexmedetomidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AA-NaDES-LLME method was optimized for the determination of olopatadine for the first time. • Menthol: n -octanol (1:1) resulted in suitable performance for olopatadine. • The developed method was applied for the determination of olopatadine in eye drops and aqueous humor. • The environmental impact of the proposed method was assessed using different tools. A simple, green, and efficient air-assisted hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent-based liquid–liquid microextraction (AA-NaDES-LLME) was developed for the determination of the new anti-conjunctivitis, olopatadine, in eye drops and aqueous humor prior to its spectrophotometric determination. The hydrophobic NaDES was prepared from menthol and n -octanol at a molar ratio of 1:1. The key parameters (NaDES volume, air cycles, pH, and ionic strength) affecting the AA-NaDES-LLME were optimized in detail using the One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT) approach. Under the optimized conditions, the method linearity (0.10–15.0 µg/mL), limit of detection (0.046 µg/mL), and limit of quantification (0.10 µg/mL) were determined. The method was successfully applied to determine olopatadine in artificial aqueous humor and pharmaceutical eye drops in the ultra-trace range with the recovery values of 95.52-104.95%. The AA-NaDES-LLME method enables the selective extraction of olopatadine in a shorter time and uses less energy compared to similar studies. Lastly, a thorough assessment of the method's environmental impact was conducted using different tools, demonstrating its remarkable sustainability. The developed method exhibits substantial promise for implementation in quality control and drug biomonitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) is now firmly established as a global surgical quality improvement initiative that results in both clinical improvements and cost benefits to the healthcare system. Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the ERAS on outcome of gynecologic oncology surgery. Patients and Methods: A case study was carried out in Zagazig University Hospital during the period from August 2021 and February 2022. The study included 30 patients presenting for gynecological oncologic surgeries. They were classified into two groups: Group I (the ERAS group) included 15 patient who were exposed to the mean of enhanced recovery protocols. Group II (the conventional group) included 15 patients who were treated with the standard care known in the literature. All patients were subjected to general clinical examination, laboratory investigations and radiological studies. Results: The catheterization period, movement time, audible intestinal sound, oral intake, time until discharge, and need for opiates were all significantly shorter in the ERAS group. While the mean of the universal pain score was significantly higher in the conventional group, 3.5 compared to 1.9 in the ERAS group. Conclusions: Implementation of the policy of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in gynecologic oncology was associated with an overall improvement in postoperative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) is now firmly established as a global surgical quality improvement initiative that results in both clinical improvements and cost benefits to the healthcare system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the ERAS on outcome of gynecologic oncology surgery. Conclusions: Implementation of the policy of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in gynecologic oncology was associated with an overall improvement in postoperative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malnutrition has a high incidence among pediatric surgical patients and contributes to increased risks of postoperative complications and extended hospital stays. Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the influence of preoperative nutritional status on the postoperative outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent elective gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital. According to the designated inclusion criteria, 75 surgical cases of both sexes were included. A structured questionnaire was developed and administered. This questionnaire included 3 main sections: demographic data and nutritional status parameters at admission and discharge. Pre- and postoperative nutritional statuses were compared. Results: According to both the subjective global nutritional assessment and STRONGKIDS score Questioner, more than 60% of patients in the upper GI patient group were at risk of malnutrition. Wasting status was most common in the upper GI patient group (67%; vs. 39.1% in the lower GI group). Underweight status was more common in the hepatobiliary and upper GI patient groups (nearly 50% for each group) than in the lower GI group (30.4%). On the other hand, stunted patients had a higher incidence of complications and a prolonged hospital stay (P=0.003 and P=0.037, respectively), while underweight lower GI patients experienced a prolonged hospital stay (P=0.02). A higher proportion of patients with preoperative anemia than those without preoperative anemia required a blood transfusion (P=0.003). Conclusion: Nutritional assessment is a crucial component of pediatric surgical patient management. Both underweight and wasting statuses were more common among hepatobiliary and upper GI patients. Postoperative complications and a long hospital stay were more common among stunted patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: there have been different results in relation to abnormal ocular hemodynamics in the posterior eye (retrobulbar) vessels of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Detection of early signs of retinopathic changes in long-term diabetic patients is urgently needed. Aim of the Work: to compare Color Doppler indices of selected posterior eye arteries using Color Doppler sonography in long term type 2 diabetic patients without diagnosed retinopathy and non-diabetic patients. Patients and Methods: posterior eye grey scale ultrasound and color Doppler were performed in 60 patients aged 40-70 who had been divided into 2 groups: non-diabetic controls (n = 30), long-term non controlled type 2 diabetic patients (n = 30). The peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and the resistivity index (RI), of the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary arteries were measured. Results: compared with healthy controls, the age-adjusted resistivity indices, PSV and EDV of the posterior ciliary arteries and central retinal artery were lower in patients with long term type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Resistivity index, PSV and EDV alteration of the posterior ciliary arteries and central retinal artery may be prevalent among patients with long term type 2 diabetic patients for prediction of early changes of DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unilateral open inguinal hernia repair surgeries are one of the most frequently performed operations in the pediatric population. Regional anesthetic techniques are commonly used for better control of pain in pediatrics. the most widely used technique of regional anaesthesia in pediatrics is the caudal block. Objective: To evaluate the analgesic and sedative effect of dexmedetomedine when given caudally as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in caudal block vs bupivacaine alone in toddlers undergoing unilateral Open inguinal hernia repair surgeries. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted on 50 randomly chosen patients in Ain Shams University Hospitals after approval of the medical ethical committee. Patients were divided randomly into two groups; each group consisted of 25 patients. After preoperative assessment and obtaining baseline vital data, all patients received general anesthesia. Results: The result of the study reveals that the addition of dexmedetomedine at 1 µg/kg to bupivacaine 0.25% in caudal blocks can effectively prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia and causes better sedation than using bupivacaine alone in caudal blocks at similar doses in pediatrics. Conclusion: From our study we can conclude that the addition of dexmedetomedine at 1 µg/kg to bupivacaine 0.25% in caudal blocks can effectively prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia and causes better sedation in the toddlers undergoing unilateral open inguinal hernia repair surgeries. It is better than using bupivacaine alone in caudal blocks at similar doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing economic losses and health hazards due to mycotoxins without suffering the side effects of chemical fungicides is a goal of many researchers. The hypothesis of the current study is that naturally occurring phytohormones in the pericarp may be responsible for the protective effect of the pericarp against fungal invasion and toxin production. A spore suspension of Aspergillus parasiticus was used to inoculate yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium as a control; an aqueous extract of the pericarp with or without YES medium (PYES or PS) and YES media containing abscisic, jasmonic and gibberellic acids were used to detect the effect of these phytohormones on fungal growth and toxin production. The growth curve was generated on the basis of dry weights, and the aflatoxin concentration was determined by HPLC at each time interval of the study. The aqueous extract of the pericarp (PS) did not support fungal growth or aflatoxin production. However, PYES showed the highest percentages of inhibition of fungal growth (51%) and aflatoxin production (45%) on days 3 and 9, respectively. The reduction in fungal growth due to the presence of phytohormones was over 70% after 3 days and over 14% on day 12; however, no significant difference was observed between the treatments and the control on days 6 and 9. The growth profile of the control was still in the logarithmic phase on day 12, and the cultures treated with phytohormones reached a plateau on day 9. Phytohormones reduced the aflatoxigenicity of A. parasiticus. The inhibitory activity of the pericarp may be due to the presence of phytohormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve their adhesion strength, polymeric surfaces are usually modified through different treatments. This study investigates the effect of mechanical, chemical, and energetic treatments on the bonding strength of ethylene propylene diene methylene (EPDM), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) materials. Three adhesives based on different chemical compositions, namely silicone, polyurethane, and modified-silane (MS) polymer, were considered. Results show that the effect of the applied treatments on the adhesion strength of EPDM surfaces is insignificant. Only a slight improvement is obtained in the case of polyurethane-based adhesive, while the failure modes remained adhesive. As for PVC, most treatments were effective in the case of the silicone-based adhesive, especially grit blasting, primer, and UV/ozone treatments. Only UV/ozone treatment improved the adhesion strength and altered the failure mechanisms of this material when polyurethane and MS-based adhesives are used. The adhesion of ABS increased and the failure modes changed from adhesive to cohesive for most treatments. Particularly, a significant improvement is obtained when primer coating and UV/ozone radiation are applied. This comparative study paves the way for the design of polymeric joints with highly enhanced adhesion performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WorldFish initiated a selective breeding program in Abbassa—Egypt to develop and produce the genetically improved Nile tilapia strain known as "Genetically Improved Abbassa Nile tilapia (GIANT)", adopting the same technology used for the Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), in Asia. WorldFish provided the Ninth Generation (G9) broodstock of the GIANT to 11 Broodstock Multiplication Centers (BMC's) in five governorates; these centres then disseminated improved mixed‐sex fry to 160 tilapia hatcheries which supplied all‐male fry to 1,500 fish farms in 2017. We present results of an impact assessment of the G9 of GIANT in 83 of these fish farms in four Egyptian governorates (Kafr El‐Sheikh, Fayoum, Behera and Alexandria). Results indicate that the use of GIANT in all governorates achieved significantly higher (18.8%) fish yields (12.3%–26.4%) and 15.7% lower FCR (feed conversion ratio), reflecting a positive impact on their net profits compared with those who used commercial strains. Overall, fish farmers who stocked GIANT had significantly higher average fish sales (5,567 US$/ha) than those who stocked non‐improved commercial strains (5,192 US$/ha) in all governorates. However, when comparing within governorates, the difference was significant only in Fayoum and Alexandria noting a mixed performance of the GIANT strain. The mixed performance indicates that some hatcheries may have crossed the different strains, which lowered the performance differences. To get an objective analysis of the performance of the GIANT, it is recommended that similar assessment be undertaken with new generations of the strain supported by on‐farm performance trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dimensions and practices of the dynamic leadership are related to the circular economy planning CEP and contributing to addressing economic problems, especially in managing crises and serious thorny conditions in Sudan. The dynamic leadership DL emerged as an expression related to the circular economy CE and the method of using and managing resources efficient effectively through dynamic leadership. The circular economy was linked to efficiency of the dynamic leader in economy planning, especially in crisis management, which indicates a significant contribution to achieving sustainable productive development SPD. The study relied on the findings of an analysis of SBM-DEA, CCR and OLS model through indicators of economic development in Sudan during the period (1999–2022). Which Demonstrated differences in efficiency scores of CEP in crisis management CM. The study concluded that there are shortcomings in the efficiency of circular economy planning in Sudan. The findings also identified the most important input dimensions of the dynamic leadership and crisis management affecting the efficiency of CEP and achieving SPD. It also identified the most important obstacles that prevent sustainable productive economic development in Sudan. in addition, improving HRM processes through the use of dynamic leadership in managing the crises management, resource re-exploitation, distribution, and activation of decision-making and decision-taking units DMUs and DTUs in Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this investigation the synthesis of diazenylthiazoles (3a-e) by the reaction of arylthiosemicarbazides with ω -bromoacetophenones via Eschenmoser-coupling reaction in acetonitrile and equimolar amounts of triethylamine and triphenylphosphine. Upon heating 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides with ω -bromoacetophenones in absolute ethanol, hydrazothiazoles (16a-i) were precipitated. On the other hand, the reaction of arylthiosemicarbazides with ω -bromoacetophenones in refluxing ethanol yielded 2-amino-5-[4-aminophenyl]-4-phenylthiazolium bromide dihydrate derivatives (19a-g) via [5.5] sigmatropic shift. The studied products were further characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. X-ray single crystal of 3a and 16h showed that, the molecules crystallized in the triclinic crystal system, space group P 2 1 / c. Whereas the X-ray single crystal of 19b showed the molecule crystalized in orthorhombic, space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1. In the crystal of 19b , the lattice water and bromide ion associated through hydrogen bonded with thiazole-NH 2. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Eschenmoser-coupling reaction and synthesis of diazenylthiazoles. • Synthesis of hydrazothiazoles. • Synthesis of thiazolium bromide dihydrate derivatives via [5.5] sigmatropic shift. • Crystallographic behavior of the title compounds. • Lattice water and bromide ion associated through hydrogen bonded with thiazole-NH 2 in thiazolium bromide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diazenyl 1,2,4‐triazol‐5(4H)‐thione derivatives were synthesized in good yields via Eschenmoser‐coupling reaction and nucleophilic attack between 1,4‐disubstituted thiosemicarbazides and 2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (p‐CHL). The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR, NMR and mass spectral data as well as single crystal X‐ray analysis. Nucleophilic attack of 1,4‐disubstituted thiosemi‐carbazides on 2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone (p‐CHL), afforded the formation of heterocyclic triazolethione derivatives via multistep reaction. The cyclization reaction required the presence of p‐CHL as a mediator and used to activate the C=S toward nucleophilic addition and elimination a molecule of substituted amine followed by cyclization and oxidation with p‐CHL. The products were confirmed by X‐ray analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Students' academic performance is largely affected by their motivation. Moreover, health professions' education needs motivated students who are keen to tolerate the burden of clinical work along with the academic excellence to graduate competently. This study assessed the effect of tutors on students' motivation. Method: A cross-sectional, institution-based study of the first-year medical students at University of Khartoum, Sudan was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire was used comprising a modified Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) with students' evaluation of their tutors after semester one community medicine course. A total of 237 out of 324 students responded. Pearson productmoment correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between motivation and evaluation. Hierarchical multiple regression model tested the ability of evaluation factors to predict motivation score. Results: There was a significant association between tutor's characteristics regarding creativity in conducting the sessions, igniting discussion, and adequacy of knowledge about the course contents and the motivation score (p-value = 0.001). There was a strong, positive correlation between the perceived evaluation score and perceived motivation score (r = 0.505, n = 206, p < 0.0005). After controlling age, gender, paternal educational levels, and scores of Sudanese certificate upon entry, R squared change = 0.28, F change (9.181) = 8.416, p < 0.001. In the final model, the content of the course was statistically significant, standardized Beta = 0.285, indicating that content uniquely explains 5.7% of the variance in total perceived motivation score. Conclusion: The evaluation score explained 28% of the variance in student motivation. Students' motivation is significantly associated with tutor's teaching skills concerning knowledge, creativity, students' involvement, and attractiveness in conducting the tutorials. Improving course content can enhance students' motivation toward community medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical resistance monitoring (ERM) has been used to study the effect of the z-binding yarns on the initial electrical resistance (ER) and its change of three architectures of 3D woven carbon fibre composites namely (orthogonal “ORT”, layer-to-layer “LTL” and angle interlock “AI”) when tested in tension. Specimens are loaded in on-axis “warp” and off-axis “45°” directions. In situ ERM is achieved using the four-probe technique. Monotonic and cyclic “load/unload” tests are performed to investigate the effect of piezo-resistivity and residual plasticity on resistance variation. The resistance increase for the off-axis loaded specimens (∼90%) is found to be higher than that of their on-axis counterparts (∼20%). In the case of cyclic testing, the resistance increase upon unloading is irreversible which suggests permanent damage presence not piezo-resistive effect. At the moment, it is difficult to obtain a direct correlation between resistance variation and damage in 3D woven composites due to the complexity of the conduction path along the three orthogonal directions, however this study demonstrates the potential of using ERM for damage detection in 3D woven carbon fibre-based composites and highlights the challenges that need to be overcome to establish ERM as a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technique for such material systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-Unsubstituted and N-substituted 2-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamides react with 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone to give a series of unprecedented 3-amino- and 3-(alkylamino)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo[ f]indazole-4,9-diones in good yields. On the other hand, the reaction of N-substituted 2-tosylhydrazinecarbothioamides with 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone afforded (Z)-N-[3-(tosylamino)-4,9-dioxo-4,9-dihydronaphtho[ 2,3-d]thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]-substituted aminium chlorides and (Z)-N-[(2-substituted imino)-4,9-dioxo-4,9-dihydronaphtho[ 2,3-d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl]-4-toluenesulfonamide hydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the work: positron emission tomography (PET) response assessment of residual nodal masses in patients with lymphoma after completion of therapy is performed visually using Douveille as the reference. The primary objective of this study was to define the role of PET in response assessment of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma patients and define various response criteria. Patients and methods: our prospective study included 40 patients with Non Hodgkin's lymphoma diffuse large B cell type assessed for response assessment after completion of therapy, two readers independently assessed response by IHP and Deauville criteria. The addition of morphological parameters on CT was assessed in relation to therapy response. Results: Non Hodgkin lymphoma is one of chemosensitive tumors with high ability of nodal and extranodal spread and PET/CT is more sensitive than CT in monitoring response to treatment in non Hodgkin lymphoma diffuse large B cell type patients. Conclusions: PET/CT is the best tool for evaluation of the response to treatment in patients with Non Hodgkin lymphoma diffuse large B cell type, as well as Douveille criteria represent the accurate indicator of response categories determination.PET/CT has an obvious impact on clinical practice according to the response results and activity of residual lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study proposes a comprehensive integrity assessment approach for a full-scale adhesively-bonded bi-material joint for maritime applications. The joint represents a cross-section of the bond-line connection of a ship with a steel hull and a sandwich composite superstructure. The full-scale joint consists of a sandwich composite core adhesively bonded to two U-shaped steel brackets. The joint was subjected to a quasi-static loading profile including 6 load cycles up to the final failure. Each load cycle was followed by a dwell segment holding the joint at the maximum displacement for 30 s and then unloading to 50% of the maximum displacement. Three Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques including Acoustic Emission (AE), Fiber Optic Sensor (FOS), and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) were employed during the test to assess the damage state of the joint. Moreover, a Finite Element Model (FEM) was developed to simulate the evolution behavior of different damage mechanisms in the joint and the FE results were compared against the experimental findings. The obtained results showed that the integration of all the employed techniques could successfully detect the damage initiation, assess the severity of the damage, localize the critical regions of the joint, and distinguish the different damage mechanisms. • Integrity assessment of a full-scale adhesively-bonded bi-material joint. • Damage state evaluation by employing acoustic emission, fiber optic sensor, and digital image correlation techniques. • Damage mechanisms discrimination using supervised classification of the acoustic emission data. • FE modeling of the damage in the full-scale joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage initiation and evolution of three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal woven carbon fibre composite (3DOWC) is investigated experimentally and numerically. Meso-scale homogenisation of the representative volume element (RVE) is utilised to predict the elastic properties, simulate damage initiation and evolution when loaded in tension. The effect of intra-yarns transverse cracking and shear diffused damage on the in-plane transverse modulus and shear modulus is investigated while one failure criterion is introduced to simulate the matrix damage. The proposed model relies on two major assumptions. First, the effect of the binder yarns, on the in-plane properties, is neglected, so the 3DOWC unit cell can be approximated as a (0°/90°) cross-ply laminate. Second, a micro-mechanics based damage approach is used at the meso-scale, so damage indicators can be correlated, explicitly, to the density of cracks within the material. Results from the simulated RVE are validated against experimental results along the warp (0° direction) and weft (90° direction). This approach paves the road for more predictive models as damage evolution laws are obtained from micro mechanical considerations and rely on few well-defined material parameters. This largely differs from classical damage mechanics approaches in which the evolution law is obtained by retrofitting experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling reaction between N-substituted (E)-hex-2-enylidene hydrazinecarbothioamides and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone affords substituted amino-5-pentenyl-naphtho[2,3-f]-1,3,4-thiadiazepine- 6,11-diones and 2-(substituted amino)naphtho[2,3-d]thiazole- 4,9-diones. These conversions can be rationalized by proposing a nucleophilic addition to C2 and C3 of dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone. The structure of one of the products was confirmed by single-crystal Xray analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one step synthesis protocol for the conversion of heteroylthiosemicarbazides and 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone to naphtho[2,3- d]thiazoles, naphtho[2,3- e][1,3,4]thiadiazines as well as bis(naphtho[2,3- d]thiazolyl)copper(II) derivatives is described. The products were conclusively confirmed by single crystal X-ray analyses. A mechanism for the formation of the products is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to manufacturing cost and production rates, damage resistance has become a major issue for the composites industry. Three-dimensional (3D) woven composites have superior through-thickness properties compared to two-dimensional (2D) laminates, for example, improved impact damage resistance, high interlaminar fracture toughness and reduced notch sensitivity. The performance of 3D woven preforms is dependent on the fabric architecture, which is determined by the binding pattern. For this study, angle interlock (AI) structures with through-thickness binding were manufactured. The AI cracking simulation shows that the transverse component is the one that leads to transverse matrix cracking in the weft yarn under tensile loading. Monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) during mechanical loading is an effective tool in the study of damage processes in glass fiber-reinforced composites. Tests were performed with piezoelectric sensors bonded on a tensile specimen acting as passive receivers of AE signals. An experimental data has been generated which was useful to validate the multi-physics finite element method (MP-FEM), providing insight into the damage behaviour of novel 3D AI glass fibre composites. MP-FEM and experimental data showed that transverse crack generated a predominant flexural mode A0 and also a less energetic extensional mode S0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides and N,2-disubstituted hydrazinecarbothioamides react, in high yields with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give 4-oxo- Z-(thiazolidin-5-ylidene)acetate derivatives. Several mechanistic options involving interaction are presented. The structures of thiazolidin-4-ones have been unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient route for the synthesis of oxa-aza- and bis-oxathiaaza[ 3.3.3]propellanes via reactions of symmetrical and unsymmetrical N1,N2-disubstituted hydrazine-1,2-dicarbothioamides (2,5- dithiobiureas) with (1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylidene)propanedinitrile in tetrahydrofuran is described. The rationale behind these conversions involving nucleophilic addition on the dicyanomethylene carbon atom is presented. The structures of these unusual products are confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of ( Z)-methyl-2-[( Z)-3-substituted-4-oxo-2-(2-picolinoyl-/thiophene-2-carbonyl)-hydrazonothiazolidin-5-ylidene]acetates were synthesized by condensation N-substituted-(2-picolinoyl-, thiophene-2-carbonyl)hydrazinecarbothioamides with dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate. The structure of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives has been confirmed unambiguously by single crystal X-ray crystallography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the self-healing capability of fractured Al joints bonded with novel eco-epoxide adhesives synthesized from a bio-renewable raw material (tannic acid – TA). Two synthesized eco-epoxy components based on TA, (A) glycidyl ether and (B) glycidyl phosphate ester of TA, were used as a replacement for the toxic epoxy component based on Bisphenol A. The effect of the eco-epoxy components on the self-healing capability was measured as a recovery of shear strength in a single lap joint (SLJ) test after complete failure, which was compared to the reference epoxy (R). The self-healing procedure was performed in an autoclave at 180 °C for 2 h and 2 bars. A combination of two monitoring techniques, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE), was used to monitor the strain distribution and damage propagation in the SLJ. The measured shear stress of A and B adhesives in the SLJ had values in the range of 2.3–5.1 MPa. A fracture analysis showed complete adhesive failure for all the tested adhesives, which was not affected by the self-healing process. Out of all adhesives, only the A adhesive demonstrated the capability to heal. The recovery of the shear strength for adhesive A was higher than 50% of the virgin case. In addition, the AE analysis managed to capture a clear distinction between the signals for the virgin and the self-healed tests for adhesive A. Results obtained in this study highlighted the promising potential of using bio-based epoxy adhesives in structural adhesive bonding with the possibility of using self-healing in the recovery of the strength of such bonded joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symmetrically and unsymmetrically N¹,N²-disubstituted hydrazine-1,2-dicarbothioamides (2,5-dithiobiureas) react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate in refluxing ethanol to give dimethyl 2,2'-[2,2'-(hydrazine-1,2-diylidene)bis(3-aryl/alkyl-4-oxothiazolidine- 5,2-diylidene)diacetate and methyl 2-(2-{[5-(2-methoxy-2- oxoethylidene)-4-oxothi3zolidin-2-ylidene]hydr3zono }-4-oxothiazolidin- 5-ylidene)3cet3te derivatives and N²,N5-disubstituted 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diamines. The structure of one product has been confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. A rationale for the formation of the products is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thicker bondlines along with manufacturing-tolerant and fracture-resistant adhesives are trends visible across different industries, especially maritime. In this work, two contrasting adhesives: an elastic-brittle epoxy-based, and a nonlinear-ductile methyl methacrylate (MMA) are characterized and compared via tensile, compact tension (CT) and double cantilever beam (DCB) testing, for steel-to-steel adherends. Significant differences are captured between the two bonding materials in terms of the energy required for crack growth: in the MMA "ductile" adhesive is ∼4 and 10 times more than for the epoxy "relatively brittle" adhesive for CT and DCB testing, respectively. While epoxy bondlines fail due to a symmetric in-plane crack, the MMA bondlines experience multiple cracking originating from high deformations and Poisson's effects. Moreover, in the case of MMA adhesive, the DCB testing led to plastic deformation of steel adherends. The existing evaluation protocols are adopted for data reduction and the effect of plastic dissipation is theoretically addressed. Despite adherend plasticity, it is concluded that the crack growth is driven by the elastic energy release, and thus, after small correction taking into account initial adherend plasticity, the existing simple models can still be used. This study highlights the potential use of ductile adhesive instead of the commonly used brittle ones to significantly improve the adhesively bonded joints in maritime applications in which thick bondlines, manufacturing-tolerant and fracture-resistance characteristics are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is one of the most important inputs for economic development. As the demand increases, so too does the importance of water. This is clearly the case in Egypt, where rainfall is rare and the governmentally enforced quota for withdrawal from the Nile River has not changed since 1959. The water demand has multiplied as a result of population growth, agricultural expansion, as well as industrial development and a rise in the standard of living. In this paper, a vision for the future water status in Egypt is presented. This vision is based on a perception of the current status of the available water resources. The water uses, the water use efficiency, the institutional and legislative frameworks of water management, and the strategies and policies to rationalize water use and to augment water supply are discussed. The local, regional and international governing and controlling factors of water utilization and management in Egypt are also analyzed and discussed. Three future water scenarios for year 2020, each reflecting alternate programs to develop the water systems and to rationalize the water uses, are presented. All scenarios showed that Egypt will suffer considerable water shortages in the near future. Recommendations to help overcome anticipated water challenges and to optimize the available opportunities are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most frequent benign tumor in females is uterine myoma, which is derived from the myometrium of the uterus. Multiple studies have reported rates of occurrence were varying between twenty percent and forty percent. The histological diagnosis indicates a significantly higher frequency compared to the clinical diagnosis. Therefore, the treatment of the hemorrhage is contingent upon the estimation of the hemorrhage and the alterations that happen during the operation. So we aimed to compare the effectiveness of placebo and tranexamic acid during transabdominal myomectomy for reducing the bleeding. Methods: Blinded randomized controlled research, while 50 females with uterine fibroids were divided and equally classified among two groups, each group contained 25 females. Prior to the abdominal myomectomy, each woman received a slowly intravenous injection of tranexamic acid fifteen milligrams per kilogram or placebo over a period of between five and ten minutes. The amount of blood loss was assessed. Results: The tranexamic acid group showed low blood loss, participants needing blood transfer, or additional intervention, in comparison to the placebo group. Furthermore, the participants that received tranexamic acid injections showed higher hemoglobin and hematocrit levels than those that received placebo injections following surgery. Conclusions: The parameters that were assessed together with the adverse and beneficial consequences of the study drugs, showed as follows: The hematologic profile and hemodynamics may be established, which might result in tranexamic acid being more efficient compared to a placebo in reducing the need for blood transfusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the structure of Mn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the adhesion behavior of composite adhesives on two Al alloys (L3005 and L8079). The composite adhesives were made out of the UV-curing Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (BT) as polymer matrix and the addition of 1, 3, and 5 wt. % of Mn-Al LDH as adhesion enhancers. Adhesion was evaluated by using the micro Vickers hardness testing procedure. The wetting angle of composite adhesives to the Al substrates was measured and compared to the adhesion parameter b obtained from the microhardness tests. The highest increase in adhesion was observed for BT with 5 wt. % of Mn-Al LDH on L3005 substrate, which was more than 15 times higher than the adhesion for the neat BT. The morphological segregation of composite adhesives after the contact with Al substrates was examined by optical microscopy and a higher compatibility of Mn-Al LDH particles with L3005 substrate was found. The methods used for the adhesion properties assessment suggested that the Mn-Al LDH was the best adhesion enhancer of the BT matrix for L3005 substrate containing a higher content of Mn and surface hydroxyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two synthesized eco-epoxy components based on TA: (A) glycidyl ether and (B) glycidyl phosphate ester, are used, as a replacement for the Bisphenol A (BPA) based epoxy component, for bonding aluminum (Al) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Their effect on the mode I fracture toughness (G I) is evaluated by Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) testing while using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for in-situ crack tip monitoring. Compared to the reference adhesive, an improvement of (G I) of Al (43%) and CFRP (100%) is obtained when using adhesive B. Moreover, regardless of the adherend material, a stick-slip pattern of crack growth is observed. Weak adhesion of the reference adhesive leads to an adhesive failure vs. a cohesive-adhesive failure in the case of adhesive B. On the contrary, the modification of adhesive A has an adverse effect on the G I of Al (−33%) and CFRP (−78%) as opposed to their reference counterparts. • Two novel eco-epoxy adhesives based on TA were synthesized for bonding Al and CFRP adherends. • Only glycidyl phosphate ester modification of TA significantly improved Mode I fracture toughness of the reference epoxy. • Addition of the modified tannic acid in epoxy adhesives contributed to slower crack growth rate. • Results indicated the potential of bio-based components as a replacements of toxic BPA component in epoxy adhesive. • A significant emphasis on the importance of the chemical structure design of eco-based adhesives is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High radiation characteristics of non-conventional photonic crystalbased terahertz patch antennas. • The photonic crystal substrate proposed reduces the effects of surface waves. • Improved return loss, bandwidth, gain and radiation effectiveness substantially. • The proposed antenna is based on the silicon photonic substrate. • The antennas can be employed for terahertz applications at 0.65 THz window. In this paper, a terahertz microstrip patch antenna based on modified silicon-air photonic band gap substrate is designed and analyzed around 0.65 THz which is the trending frequency of different communication and sensing applications in terahertz technologies. This work is performed by analyzing the perforated air cylinders embedded in a thick silicon substrate. the design shows interesting results with respect to the achievable return loss of −67.32 dB and gain of 9.75 dB. Extensive results of the proposed antenna are introduced. Then a comparison is presented with cutting edge published papers based on silicon and other technologies. The results show noticeable improvements in terms of the return loss, gain and directivity compared with other works. Furthermore, the proposed design reveal in a large bandwidth as it operates in terahertz range. This work is performed by using CST Microwave Studio simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new process for obtaining eco-epoxide adhesives synthesized from bio-renewable raw material (tannic acid—TA) and used for bonding lightweight materials (aluminum (Al) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)). Two synthesized bio-epoxy components based on TA, (A) glycidyl ether and (B) glycidyl phosphate ester of TA, were used as a replacement for the toxic epoxy component based on Bisphenol A. The effect of eco-epoxy components on the interface adhesion was measured by the determination of adhesion parameter b, which was compared to the reference epoxy (REF). The increase of adhesion parameter b was 77.5% for A and 151.5% for B. The adhesion of both eco-adhesives was tested using the bell peel test (BPT) with the Al and CFRP adherends. When compared to REF, the average peel load for B was 17.6% (39.3%) and 58.3% (176.9%) higher for the Al and CFRP adherends, respectively. Complete adhesion failure of REF reflected the weak adhesion to both Al and CFRP, which was improved by the addition of eco-epoxy components A and B showing the presence of cohesive failure. The microhardness testing method of interface adhesion was proven to be a fast and reliable testing method, providing a qualitative indication in adhesive selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanics of double-lap Steel-to-CFRP adhesively-bonded joints loaded in tension are investigated experimentally using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE), analytically using a one-dimensional closed-form solution and numerically with Finite Element analysis. The double-lap bi-material joints are fabricated of a steel core adhesively bonded to two CFRP skins with adhesive thickness of ~ 8 mm, using an Epoxy-based and MMA-based adhesives. In order to capture the in-plane deformation of the joint, full field strain/displacement maps are obtained using DIC. This data is used to validate the shear-lag model predictions of the adhesive shear stress/strain distribution as well as the linear-elastic Finite Element Model (FEM) results. In addition, they are used to capture the susceptible damage locations and their effect on the displacement contour maps, strain distribution and load transfer between the joint's different constituents. A correlation between the DIC displacement and the AE signals is obtained for damage detection in both joints. Moreover, a good agreement amongst the analytical, FE and DIC strain/stress distributions along the bond-line is observed. This study introduces the analytical shear-lag model as an alternative to predict the stress state in thick-adhesive double-lap joints, with an acceptable level of accuracy and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to characterize the damage in bi-material steel-to-composite double-lap adhesively-bonded joints using Acoustic Emission (AE). Two different structural adhesives, a ductile (Methacrylate-based) and brittle (Epoxy-based), were used to bond CFRP skins to a steel core. The fabricated joints were loaded in tension while damage evolution was monitored by AE. Due to the difference in the fracture nature of the adhesives "ductile vs. brittle", different damage mechanisms were observed; including cohesive failure within the adhesive layer, steel deformation, failure at the adhesive/adherends interface (adhesive failure) and delamination in the CFRP skin. To classify these damages by AE, the AE features of each damage mechanism were first obtained by conducting standard tests on the individual constituents. Then, these AE reference patterns were used to train an ensemble decision tree classifier. The best parameters of the ensemble model were obtained by Bayesian optimization, and the confusion matrix showed that the model was sufficiently trained with the accuracy of 99.5% and 99.8% for Methacrylate-based and Epoxy-based specimens respectively. Afterwards, the trained model was used to classify the AE signals of the double-lap specimens. The AE demonstrated that the dominant damage mechanisms in the case of the Methacrylate-based were cohesive and adhesive failures while in the case of the Epoxy-based they were CFRP skin failure and adhesive failure. These results were consistent with the Digital Image Correlation, Fiber Optic Sensor and camera results. This study demonstrates the potential of AE technique for damage characterization of adhesively-bonded bi-material joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates with various 2-oxo-acenaphthoquinylidene- and 4-acetyl[2.2]paracyclophanylidene-thiosemicarbazones were investigated. Using simple experimental procedures, 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones derived from acenaphthequinone or [2.2]paracyclophane were obtained as major products in good yields. In the case of allyl derivative of acenaphthoquinylidene-thiosemicarbazones, a complex structure of tetramethyl 5-(2-(((Z,E)-N-allyl-N′-(2-oxoacenaphthylen-1(2H)-ylidene)carbamohydrazonoyl)thio)-1,2,3-tris-(methoxycarbonyl)-cyclopropyl)-4-methoxy-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-1,2,3,6-tetracarboxylate was formed. Single crystal X-ray analysis was used as an efficient tool to confirm the structure of the synthesized compounds as well as different spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis). The mechanism of the obtained products was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthesis of benzo[ e ][1,2,4]triazines and 1,2,4-triazolospiro[4,5]deca-2,6,9-trien-8-ones has been developed from reactions of amidrazones with 2-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone in EtOAc containing 0.5 mL of piperidine. This highly regioselective and one-pot process provided rapid access to 1,2,4-triazolospiro[4,5]deca-2,6,9-trien-8-ones (60%–70%) and benzo[ e ][1,2,4]triazines (11%–18%). On reacting amidrazones with 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in an EtOAc/piperidine mixture, the reaction proceeded to give 5-hydroxy-2-(piperidin-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione. The structures of the isolated products were proved by infrared, NMR (2D-NMR), mass spectra, and elemental analyses in addition to X-ray structure analysis. The reaction mechanisms are discussed. The anticancer screening of selected compounds showed broad-spectrum anticancer activity against most melanoma cancer cell lines, ovarian cancer OVCAR-3, central nervous system cancer SF-295 and U251, non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H23, renal cancer SN12C, and colon cancer HCT-15 and HCT-116. The selected compounds exhibited moderate to weak anticancer activity to other cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel series of 7,8-dichlorobenzofuro[3,2- c ]quinoline-6,9,10(5 H)-triones was obtained regioselectively in good yields. The products were formed by the reactions of the 4-hydroxy-2(1 H)-quinolinones with 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone in tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance), mass spectra and elemental analysis were used to elucidate the structures of new compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction between N-substituted alkenylidene hydrazinecarbothioamides and two molar amounts of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in anhydrous THF at room temperature without using any catalyst affords (Z)-4-amino-3-((Z)substituted amino)-2-(substituted imino)-2,3-dihydrothiazole-5-carbonitriles and (Z)-(4-amino-5-cyano-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)carbonhydrazonoyl dicyanides. Rationales for these transformations are presented. The structures of the obtained products were confirmed via single-crystal X-ray analyses. Here, we synthesize (Z)-4-amino-3-amino-2-imino-2,3-dihydrothiazole-5-carbonitriles and (Z)-(4-amino-5-cyano-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)carbonhydrazonoyl dicyanides from the reaction of N-substituted alkenylidene hydrazinecarbothioamides with (TCNE) in anhydrous THF at room temperature without using any catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A group of Furo-imidazo[3.3.3]propellane derivatives were synthesized and characterized. • The new compounds show ability to bind the Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA) in a non-intercalative mode. • Their DNA groove binding was suggested using various spectroscopic techniques. • 5c , 5d and 5f exhibited similar activity to cisplatin in inhibiting the proliferation of the A549 NSCLC cell line. • Their cytotoxicity against A549 cell lines was explained by their ability to trigger DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Abstract A large number of natural products containing the propellane scaffold have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against several cancers; however, their mechanism of action is still unknown. Anticancer drugs targeting DNA are mainly composed of small planar molecule/s that can interact with the DNA helix, causing DNA malfunction and cell death. The aim of this study was to design and synthesize propellane derivatives that can act as DNA intercalators and/or groove binders. The unique structure of the propellane derivatives and their ability to display planar ligands with numerous possible geometries, renders them potential starting points to design new drugs targeting DNA in cancer cells. New substituted furo-imidazo[3.3.3]propellanes were synthesized via the reaction of substituted alkenylidene-hydrazinecarbothioamides with 2-(1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -2-ylidene)propanedinitrile in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature. The structures of the products were confirmed by a combination of elemental analysis, NMR, ESI-MS, IR and single crystal X-ray analysis. Interestingly, 5c , 5d and 5f showed an ability to interact with Calf Thymus DNA (CT-DNA). Their DNA-binding mode was investigated using a combination of absorption spectroscopy, DNA melting, viscosity, CD spectroscopy measurements, as well as competitive binding studies with several dyes. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated against the NCI-60 panel of cancer cell lines. 5c , 5d and 5f exhibited similar anti-proliferative activity against the A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line. Further mechanistic studies revealed their ability to induce DNA damage in the A549 cell line, as well as apoptosis, evidenced by elevated Annexin V expression, enhanced caspase 3/7 activation and PARP cleavage. In this study, we present the potential for designing novel propellanes to provoke cytotoxic activity, likely through DNA binding-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The reaction of N-substituted hydrazinecarbothioamides with both 2-(bis(methylthio)methylene)malononitrile and ethyl 2-cyano-3,3-bis(methylthio)acrylate afforded various heterocyclic rings such as 5-amino-4-cyano-3-(methylthio)-N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide, 5-amino-3-(methylthio)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile, 4-substituted-3-(substituted amino)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione, ethyl 5-amino-3-(methylthio)-1-(substituted carbamothioyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate, and (Z)-ethyl 2-cyano-2-(5-(substituted amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)acetate. However, under gentle heating, the reaction of the same starting substances behaved differently. The structure of the obtained products was fully characterized using different spectral techniques including infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) together with elemental analyses as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.Graphical abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Facile Synthesis of Naphtho(2,3-d)thiazoles, Naphtho(2,3-e)(1,3,4)thiadiazines and Bis(naphtho(2,3-d)thiazolyl)copper(II) Derivatives from Heteroylthiosemicarbazides" by A. A. Hassan, N. K. Mohamed, and S. Braese is presented.

Chemical equations is presented for the article "The Reactivity of Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate and Heterocyclization of Hydrazinecarbothioamides to 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones" by A.A. Hassan and others, published in the "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry" in 2016.

6 Title compounds of type (III) are prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]