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Time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD NMR) technology has been used for pore detection in porous materials for a long time, but there are few pore detection methods for microporous-mesoporous materials. The surface of different materials is obtained by pore detection of known pore materials. Relaxation rate, which obtains aperture information, has an important practical significance for the application of time-domain NMR technology in the characterization of porous materials. In this study, the T2 peaks of pores of known pore size materials, namely zeolite molecular sieves (0.3 nm and 1 nm) and anodized aluminum porous membranes (30 nm and 90 nm), were used to calculate the pore surface relaxation of zeolite molecular sieve with 0.3 nm pore size and 1 nm pore size. The ratio of the rate of the surface is 3.379; the ratio of the pore surface relaxation ratio of the 30 nm and 90 nm apertures of the anodized aluminum porous film is 3.031. This result is very close to the pore size ratio, indicating that the surface relaxation rate of the same material is directly related to the pore size, while the T2 peak can qualitatively measure the pore size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and effective method for the preparation of bulk and alumina-supported molybdenum carbide is described. The synthesis of molybdenum carbide -Mo2C has been conducted by a single-step heat treatment of a mixed salt precursor containing molybdenum HMT (HMT hexamethylenetetramine) complex and HMT in argon atmosphere up to 700 °C. The formation process of the carbide has been investigated. Alumina-supported nanocrystalline -Mo2C has also been successfully prepared with this method. The resultant catalyst exhibits good hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity. It indicates that this simple method is an effective way to synthesize active carbide catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid state fermentation with different lignocellulolytic materials as inducers was used for lignocellulolytic enzyme production in this study. Pleurotus ostreatus strains were assessed by measuring laccase, CMCase, and xylanase activities. The secretion potential of the lignocellulolytic enzymes by wild and cultivated strains was analyzed for the first time. The wild and cultivated strain showed their unique capacities for secreting lignocellulolytic enzymes on solid-state fermentation with different lignocellulosic materials. The wild P. ostreatus strain preferred corncob for the secretion of laccase and xylanase activity, but the cultivated strain preferred poplar sawdust. The wild strain and cultivated strain showed a consistent preference for poplar sawdust for the secretion of CMCase activity. The wild strain was advantageous because it achieved the maximum hydrolytic enzyme activities within a short time period. Poplar sawdust and corncob were conducive to laccase secretion by the wild or cultivated strains and the rapid accumulation of laccase on solidstate fermentation. Additionally, continuous, stable laccase production was an extremely important advantage by solid-state fermentation of poplar sawdust, particularly in the wild strain. These findings are helpful in selecting the appropriate strain that corresponds to suitable lignocellulosic materials. The optimization of integrated industrial lignocellulolytic enzyme production can also be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most metal- 1,10-phenanlhroline-complex-sensitized inorganic semiconductors are multicomponent materials. This fundamental study was devoted to the single-phase materials fused with moieties of the phen complex and inorganic chalcogenide. Compounds 1 and 2 are new types of cubic clusters with cluster-toligand charge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease involved in the progression of renal fibrosis. Pirfenidone is a newly identified antifibrotic drug, the potential mechanism of which remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pirfenidone on M1/M2 macrophage infiltration in nephrectomized rats. Nephrectomized rats were treated with pirfenidone by gavage for 12 wk. Twenty-four hour urinary protein, N-acetyl-Dglycosaminidase (NAG) activity, systolic blood pressure, and C-reactive protein were determined. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained for CD68, CCR7, and CD163 macrophages. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP- 1), as well as M1 and M2 macrophages secretory markers, were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Pirfenidone significantly improved the elevated proteinuria and NAG activity from week 2 onward after surgery. Pirfenidone attenuated interstitial fibrosis and decreased expression of fibrotic markers including transforming growth factor-1, connective tissue growth factor, smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and fibroblast-specific protein- 1. Pirfenidone significantly decreased the infiltrating macrophages. The number of M1 and M2 macrophages was significantly lower after pirfenidone treatment. MCP-1 and MIP-1 were increased in nephrectomized rats at mRNA and protein levels. Pirfenidone treatment significantly inhibited their expression. The TNF, IL-6, and nitric oxide synthases-2 expressed by M1 macrophages were increased in nephrectomized rats, and pirfenidone significantly attenuated their expression. Pirfenidone treatment also significantly decreased arginase-1, dectin-1, CD206, and CD86 expressed by M2 macrophages. Thus pirfenidone inhibits M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration in 5/6 nephrectomized rats, which suggests its efficacy in the early and late periods of renal fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]