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Synthetic microbial community has widely concerned in the fields of agriculture, food and environment over the past few years. However, there is little consensus on the method to synthetic microbial community from construction to functional verification. Here, we review the concept, characteristics, history and applications of synthetic microbial community, summarizing several methods for synthetic microbial community construction, such as isolation culture, core microbiome mining, automated design, and gene editing. In addition, we also systematically summarized the design concepts, technological thresholds, and applicable scenarios of various construction methods, and highlighted their advantages and limitations. Ultimately, this review provides four efficient, detailed, easy-to-understand and -follow steps for synthetic microbial community construction, with major implications for agricultural practices, food production, and environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternally-inherited symbionts can induce pre-mating and/or post-mating reproductive isolation between sympatric host lineages, and speciation, by modifying host reproductive phenotypes. The large parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia (Braconidae) includes a diversity of cryptic species, each specialized in parasitizing one to few related Lepidoptera host species. Here, we characterized the infection status of an assemblage of 21 Cotesia species from 15 countries by several microbial symbionts, as a first step toward investigating whether symbionts may provide a barrier to gene flow between these parasitoid host lineages. Results: The symbiotic microbes Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Microsporidium and Spiroplasma were not detected in the Cotesia wasps. However, the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia was present in at least eight Cotesia species, and hence we concentrated on it upon screening additional DNA extracts and SRAs from NCBI. Some of the closely related Cotesia species carry similar Wolbachia strains, but most Wolbachia strains showed patterns of horizontal transfer between phylogenetically distant host lineages. Conclusions: The lack of co-phylogenetic signal between Wolbachia and Cotesia suggests that the symbiont and hosts have not coevolved to an extent that would drive species divergence between the Cotesia host lineages. However, as the most common facultative symbiont of Cotesia species, Wolbachia may still function as a key-player in the biology of the parasitoid wasps. Its precise role in the evolution of this complex clade of cryptic species remains to be experimentally investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endozoicomonas is globally the most prevalent and consistently found bacterial genus associated with Cnidaria; strains of Endozoicomonas are known to codiversify with their coral hosts, and they are widely presumed to be key mutualists. A high abundance of Endozoicomonas in corals is associated with a decreased capacity to adjust to environmental change as well as with life history trade-offs. In other marine host–microbe systems, such as clams and fish, Endozoicomonas is a known parasite and pathogen. Genomic characteristics – such as genome size and structure, and the presence of eukaryote-like proteins and effectors – do not support the view that Endozoicomonas is an obligate and exclusive coral mutualist but may suggest a diverse and potentially intracellular lifestyle, including commensalism, parasitism, or pathogenicity. Stony corals are poster child holobionts due to their intimate association with diverse microorganisms from all domains of life. We are only beginning to understand the diverse functions of most of these microbial associates, including potential main contributors to holobiont health and resilience. Among these, bacteria of the elusive genus Endozoicomonas are widely perceived as beneficial symbionts based on their genomic potential and their high prevalence and ubiquitous presence in coral tissues. Simultaneously, evidence of pathogenic and parasitic Endozoicomonas lineages in other marine animals is emerging. Synthesizing the current knowledge on the association of Endozoicomonas with marine holobionts, we challenge the perception of a purely mutualistic coral– Endozoicomonas relationship and propose directions to elucidate its role along the symbiotic spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gut microbiome interacts with each other and the host, which has significant effects on health and disease development. Intestinal homeostasis and inflammation are maintained by the dynamic interactions between gut microbiota and the innate and adaptive immune systems. Numerous metabolic products produced by the gut microbiota play a role in mediating cross‐talk between gut epithelial and immune cells. In the event of an imbalance between the immune system and microbiota, the body becomes susceptible to infections and homeostasis is compromised. This review mainly focuses on the interplay between microbes and the immune system, such as T‐cell‐ and B‐cell‐mediated adaptive responses to microbiota and signalling pathways for effective communication between the two. We have also highlighted the role of microbes in the activation of the immune response, the development of memory cells and how the immune system determines the diversity of human gut microbiota. The review also explains the relationship of commensal microbiota and their relation to the production of immunoglobulins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opportunistic protist Acanthamoeba , which interacts with other microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, shows significant similarity in cellular and functional aspects to human macrophages. Intracellular survival of microbes in this microbivorous amoebal host may be a crucial step for initiation of infection in higher eukaryotic cells. Therefore, Acanthamoeba –microbe adaptations are considered an evolutionary model of macrophage–pathogen interactions. This paper reviews Acanthamoeba as an emerging human pathogen and different ecological interactions between Acanthamoeba and microbes that may serve as environmental training grounds and a genetic melting pot for the evolution, persistence, and transmission of potential human pathogens. Acanthamoeba , a free-living protist that is ubiquitously dispersed in the environment, is becoming an increasingly important human pathogen. Multiple factors complicate the treatment and prevention of Acanthamoeba infections such as no approved drugs against the highly resistant and dormant cyst and metabolic similarities between Acanthamoeba and mammalian cells, making finding effective and safe therapies difficult. Acanthamoeba trophozoites graze different microbes; some of the engulfed microbes evade the intracellular killing process and this may mean that Acanthamoeba acts as a predator and reservoir for pathogens. Human macrophages and Acanthamoeba have significant similarities in their ultrastructure and phagocytic processes, so Acanthamoeba -adapted microbes can become more virulent to human cells. Acanthamoeba acts as a 'genetic melting pot' where exchange of cross-species genes arises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour variation in marine invertebrates is typically attributed to intraspecific variability; however, the use of molecular tools to investigate its genetic basis has uncovered many instances of cryptic speciation. The colonial ascidian Distaplia bermudensis occurs in a wide array of colour morphs, ranging from all white to a dark blue tunic with yellow siphon apertures; yet careful observations of zooid and larval morphologies have not revealed any consistent difference among these colour morphs. In this study, we sampled the 5 main colour morph groupings of D. bermudensis from Wilmington, North Carolina (USA) and sequenced fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 18S rRNA genes. Analyses of both genes revealed the presence of two distinct genetic lineages that corresponded to unique colour morphology groupings. We further characterized symbiotic microbial communities for four samples from each lineage by high‐throughput sequencing of partial 16S rRNA genes. Each genetic lineage also harboured unique symbiont communities that differed significantly in diversity and structure. Thus, the two genetic lineages detected herein corresponded to unique colour morphs and microbial communities, indicating that two distinct species coexist under the same scientific name. Further, our study reports the utility of symbiont profiling in resolving the taxonomic status of phenotypically variable ascidian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial mutualists provide substantial benefits to hosts that feed back to enhance the fitness of the associated microbes. In many systems, beneficial microbes colonize symbiotic organs, specialized host structures that house symbionts and mediate resources exchanged between parties. Mutualisms are characterized by net benefits exchanged among members of different species, however, inequalities in the magnitude of these exchanges could result in evolutionary conflict, destabilizing the mutualism. We investigated joint fitness effects of root nodule formation, the symbiotic organ of legumes that house nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia in planta. We quantified host and symbiont fitness parameters dependent on the number of nodules formed using near‐isogenic Lotus japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti mutants, respectively. Empirically estimated fitness functions suggest that legume and rhizobia fitness is aligned as the number of nodules formed increases from zero until the host optimum is reached, a point where aligned fitness interests shift to diverging fitness interests between host and symbiont. However, fitness conflict was only inferred when analyzing wild‐type hosts along with their mutants dysregulated for control over nodule formation. These data demonstrate that to avoid conflict, hosts must tightly regulate investment into symbiotic organs maximizing their benefit to cost ratio of associating with microbes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestication has transformed hundreds of wild plant species into productive cultivars for human utility. However, cultivation practices and intense artificial selection for yield may entail a hidden cost: the disruption of interactions between plants and beneficial microbiota. Here, we synthesize theory predicting that evolutionary trade-offs, genetic costs, and relaxed selection disrupt plant–microbial symbiosis under domestication, and review the wealth of new data interrogating these predictions in crops. We describe the agronomic practices, ecological scenarios, and genomic attributes that can result in the disruption of symbiosis, and highlight new work probing its molecular basis. To improve agricultural output and sustainability, research should develop breeding methods to optimize symbiotic outcomes in crop species. Many crops interact differently with beneficial microbiota compared with their wild relatives. Plant traits that regulate symbiosis can be disrupted because: (i) disruption of the trait is favored directly or indirectly by artificial selection; (ii) plant traits accumulate deleterious genetic mutations due to the demographics of the breeding population; or (iii) disruption of the trait is selectively neutral under agricultural conditions. These mechanisms generate distinct patterns of symbiosis trait evolution, each of which can be detected with trait-based and population-genetic analysis. Identifying mechanisms that result in symbiosis trait disruption in crops will be essential for future efforts to maximize the benefits of microbial symbiosis for crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studied area is in the buffer zone of the Northwest Biosphere, in the Peruvian northwest. In this place, traditional agriculture is practiced in the riverbed during the flood time. After the rainy season, when the flood reduces, between April and June, crops are cultivated. The soil is translocated from the slope, were the Prosopis trees grow. The hypothesis is that the soil used for traditional agriculture includes more nitrogen and phosphorus, on the basis of the microbial and fungi symbiosis characteristic for the Fabaceae family. This soil will be removed by the flood. The study was conducted in Jaguay Negro, where the soil was transported from the slope, and in Casitas, where the agriculture uses soil from the gully. Interviews and soil fertility were analyzed. The result shows nitrogen and phosphorus in a middle level, which, as for the dry ecosystem, has a positive influence for the symbioses. This practice of orillado can be interpreted as a form of ecological agriculture since it uses the microbial symbiosis and mycorrhizal fungi. The orillado can be interesting as a resilient response from the local population to the Climate Change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fungal symbioses are ubiquitous in plants, but their effects have mostly been studied in seed plants. This study aimed to assess the diversity of fungal endophyte effects in a bryophyte and identify factors contributing to the variability of outcomes in these interactions. Fungal endophyte cultures and axenic liverwort clones were isolated from wild populations of the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. These collections were combined in a gnotobiotic system to test the effects of fungal isolates on the growth rates of hosts under laboratory conditions. Under the experimental conditions, fungi isolated from M. polymorpha ranged from aggressively pathogenic to strongly growth‐promoting, but the majority of isolates caused no detectable change in host growth. Growth promotion by selected fungi depended on nutrient concentrations and was inhibited by coinoculation with multiple fungi. The M. polymorpha endophyte system expands the resources for this model liverwort. The experiments presented here demonstrate a wealth of diversity in fungal interactions even in a host reported to lack standard mycorrhizal symbiosis. In addition, they show that some known pathogens of vascular plants live in M. polymorpha and can confer benefits to this nonvascular host. This highlights the importance of studying endophyte effects across the plant tree of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugary kefir beverage is produce by fermenting raw sugar solution with kefir grains, the latter consisting of polysaccharide and microorganisms. This beverage, with great consumption in countries such as USA, Japan, France, and Brazil, represents a promising market to functional cultured drinks. This paper reviews the microbial diversity and interaction, kinetics, safety, and bioactivities of sugary kefir fermentation. The literature reviewed here demonstrates that sugary kefir possesses a similar microbial association relative to traditional milk kefir fermentation, especially among lactic acid bacteria and yeast species, such as Lactobacillus , Leuconostoc, Kluyveromyces , Pichia, and Saccharomyces . However, a selective pressure at species level is generally observed, as, for example, the stimulation of Saccharomyces species metabolism, leading to a high content of alcohol in the final product. This also seems to stimulate the growth of acetic acid bacteria that benefit of increased ethanol production to acetic acid metabolism. Existing reports have suggested important bioactivities associated with sugary kefir beverage consumption, such as antimicrobial, antiedematogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cicatrizing, and healing activities. Other alternative non-dairy substrates, such as fruits, vegetables, and molasses, have also been tested for adaptation of kefir grains and production of functional beverages with distinct sensory characteristics. This diversification is of crucial importance for the production of new probiotic products to provide people with special needs (lactose intolerance) and vegan consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific variation in dietary breadth can influence important ecological and evolutionary processes, yet the mechanisms generating this variation are usually unknown. Maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts frequently infect insect herbivores, and many have been shown to mediate key ecological interactions. For polyphagous herbivores, infection with particular symbionts is often strongly correlated with feeding on particular plant species, suggesting that facultative symbionts might directly determine herbivore food plant specificity. However, previous tests of this hypothesis have returned inconsistent results, providing little empirical support for a causal relationship between facultative symbiont infection and dietary breadth., Here, we investigate whether heritable facultative symbionts mediate dietary breadth in the polyphagous aphid, Aphis craccivora. We first determined that asexual clones of the aphid differ dramatically in performance across two leguminous food plants, locust and alfalfa, and could be considered biotypes with distinct ecological characteristics. The heritable symbiont Arsenophonus is strongly associated with locust-origin aphids., We created experimental lines that share aphid genotypes but differed with respect to Arsenophonus infection status, and compared performance across three food plant species. Naturally Arsenophonus-infected clones performed 2-4× better on locust and up to 75% worse on two alternate plant species than uninfected controls, clearly demonstrating that Arsenophonus promotes specialization on locust. In both laboratory and field experiments, uninfected locust- and alfalfa-origin clones exhibited similar and modest performance on locust, indicating that the 'locust-associated biotype' would not exist without Arsenophonus., We also hypothesized that moving Arsenophonus, via transinfection, to an alfalfa-origin lineage would improve performance on locust and serve to expand dietary breadth. Indeed, transinfection doubled aphid performance on locust and halved aphid performance on alfalfa. However, because this aphid lineage naturally performs better on alfalfa, the transinfected symbiont functionally equalized aphid performance between locust and alfalfa, making the alfalfa biotype more generalized. Thus, the same symbiont can either reduce or expand dietary breadth, depending on host genotype., Our results unequivocally demonstrate that symbiont gain or loss can instantaneously and substantially change the topology of food plant use in a polyphagous insect, modifying diet in ways that potentially influence the insect's ecological niche, evolutionary trajectory and pest status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination ofDekkera bruxellensisandGluconacetobacter intermediusis used as a model system to emulate the microbial symbiosis between yeast and acetic acid bacteria in kombucha, and to study glucuronic acid (GlcUA) production in this system. In the current study, the addition ofLactobacillus caseiand variations in the fermentative conditions, such as sucrose concentration, temperature and duration, were examined to evaluate their effects on GlcUA formation. Results showed thatL. caseiacts as a supporter species and stimulated GlcUA production in the kombucha symbiosis model to levels 54.1% greater than in the control. Varying the fermentation parameters also affected GlcUA production. Therefore, the range of each factor value was screened and restricted to achieve a higher amount of target acid, as it was 5–15%, 25–31°C, 3–7 days, and 5–7 units in sucrose concentration, temperature, fermentation time and initial pH value, respectively. These findings are an important step for optimizing GlcUA production by this model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of Dekkera bruxellensis and Gluconacetobacter intermedius is used as a model system to emulate the microbial symbiosis between yeast and acetic acid bacteria in kombucha, and to study glucuronic acid (GlcUA) production in this system. In the current study, the addition of Lactobacillus casei and variations in the fermentative conditions, such as sucrose concentration, temperature and duration, were examined to evaluate their effects on GlcUA formation. Results showed that L. casei acts as a supporter species and stimulated GlcUA production in the kombucha symbiosis model to levels 54.1% greater than in the control. Varying the fermentation parameters also affected GlcUA production. Therefore, the range of each factor value was screened and restricted to achieve a higher amount of target acid, as it was 5-15%, 25-31°C, 3-7 days, and 5-7 units in sucrose concentration, temperature, fermentation time and initial pH value, respectively. These findings are an important step for optimizing GlcUA production by this model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cockroaches are a group of insects that evolved early in geological time. Because of their antiquity, they for the most part display generalized behavior and physiology and accordingly have frequently been used as model insects to examine physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved with water balance, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, and insecticide resistance. As a result, a considerable amount of information on these topics is available. However, there is much more to be learned by employing new protocols, microchemical analytical techniques, and molecular biology tools to explore many unanswered questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have a complex immune system that defends them against attackers (e.g. herbivores and microbial pathogens) but that also regulates the interactions with mutualistic organisms (e.g. mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). Plants have to respond to multiple environmental challenges, so they need to integrate both signals associated with biotic and abiotic stresses in the most appropriate response to survive., Beneficial microbes such as rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi can help plants to 'deal' with pathogens and herbivorous insects as well as to tolerate abiotic stress. Therefore, beneficial microbes may play an important role in a changing environment, where abiotic and biotic stresses on plants are expected to increase. The effects of beneficial microbes on herbivores are highly context-dependent, but little is known on what is driving such dependency. Recent evidence shows that abiotic stresses such as changes in soil nutrients, drought and salt stress, as well as ozone can modify the outcome of plant-microbe-insect interactions., Here, we review how abiotic stress can affect plant-microbe, plant-insect and plant-microbe-insect interactions, and the role of the network of plant signal-transduction pathways in regulating such interactions., Most of the studies on the effects of abiotic stress on plant-microbe-insect interactions show that the effects of microbes on herbivores (positive or negative) are strengthened under stressful conditions. We propose that, at least in part, this is due to the crosstalk of the different plant signalling pathways triggered by each stress individually. By understanding the cross-regulation mechanisms we may be able to predict the possible outcomes of plant-microbe-insect interactions under particular abiotic stress conditions. We also propose that microbes can help plants to deal with insects mainly under conditions that compromise efficient activation of plant defences., In the context of global change, it is crucial to understand how abiotic stresses will affect species interactions, especially those interactions that are beneficial for plants. The final aim of this review is to stimulate studies unravelling when these 'beneficial' microbes really benefit a plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La surexploitation des ressources naturelles, consécutive à un besoin accru en terres arables des populations locales, entraîne de graves dysfonctionnements dans le bio-fonctionnement du sol (carences minérales, stress salins, etc.). Ce dysfonctionnement, aggravé par les aléas climatiques (sécheresse), nécessite la mise en œuvre de stratégies d’ingénierie écologique permettant une réhabilitation des milieux dégradés via la restauration de services écologiques essentiels. Les premiers symptômes du processus d’altération de la qualité des sols des milieux tropicaux et méditerranéens se traduisent par une altération de la structure de la strate épigée avec, en particulier, une paupérisation de la diversité et de l’abondance des espèces végétales. Cette dégradation est accompagnée par une fragilisation des sols et une augmentation de l’impact de l’érosion sur la couche superficielle, entraînant une baisse de la fertilité des sols au niveau de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques, mais aussi biologiques (par exemple, la microflore tellurique). Parmi les composantes microbiennes particulièrement sensibles à ces phénomènes d’érosion, les microorganismes symbiotiques (rhizobia, champignons mycorhiziens) sont connus pour être des composantes clés dans le fonctionnement des principaux cycles biogéochimiques telluriques (C, N et P). De nombreux travaux ont montré l’importance de la gestion de ces microorganismes symbiotiques dans les stratégies de réhabilitation et de revégétalisation des milieux dégradés, mais également pour améliorer la productivité des agro-systèmes. En particulier, la sélection de symbiotes et leur inoculation en masse dans le sol de plantation ou de culture ont été fortement encouragées au cours de ces dernières décennies. Ces inoculants étaient sélectionnés, non seulement pour leur impact sur la plante, mais également pour leur capacité à persister dans le sol, au détriment de la microflore résiduelle native. La performance de cette technique était donc évaluée au niveau du couvert végétal, mais les répercussions au niveau des caractéristiques de la microflore tellurique étaient généralement ignorées. Le rôle de la diversité microbienne sur la productivité et la stabilité (résistance, capacité de résilience, etc.) des éco- et agro-systèmes a été mis en évidence relativement récemment et a conduit à une remise en cause des bases conceptuelles de l’inoculation contrôlée dans la gestion durable des terres. Il a été notamment suggéré que les caractéristiques du milieu à réhabiliter devaient être prises en compte, et plus particulièrement son niveau de dégradation par rapport au seuil de résilience écologique. Cette prise en compte devrait permettre d’optimiser les pratiques culturales pour soit (i) redonner à l’écosystème ses propriétés originelles dans le cas de milieux peu dégradés ou (ii) transformer un écosystème dans le cas de sols hautement dégradés (par exemple, les sols miniers). Dans ce chapitre, nous évoquerons, à travers différents exemples d’expérimentations réalisées en milieu tropical et méditerranéen, les performances des différentes stratégies de gestion du potentiel microbien des sols (inoculation d’espèces exotiques vs des espèces natives, inoculation contrôlée vs la gestion du potentiel microbien via la strate végétale épigée, etc.) suivant le niveau de dégradation du milieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An updated New World distribution of the genus Calcaritermes is given along with photographs and a key to the New World species outside Mexico. Calcaritermes recessifrons is found to be a junior synonym of C. nigriceps. Except for C. temnocephalus, pseudergates of the other seven studied Calcaritermes species possess a mesonotal rasp. The rasps suggest a role in propagation of microbes on gallery surfaces and microbial infusion below the wood surface. Calcaritermes temoncephalus is shown to have an unusually large physogastric queens for a kalotermitid and several species produce large eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For microbial symbioses with plants, such as mycorrhizas, we typically quantify either the net effects of one partner on another or a single function a symbiont provides. However, many microbial symbioses provide multiple functions to plants that vary based on the microbial species or functional group, plant species, and environment. Here we quantified the relative contributions of multiple functions provided by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to symbiont-mediated changes in plant biomass. We used two published data sets, one that measured multiple functions (pathogen protection and nutrient uptake) on a single plant and one that measured a single function (pathogen protection) on multiple plants. Using structural equation modeling, we observed strong variation in the functional pathways by which AM fungi altered plant growth; changes in plant biomass were associated with different functions (and different AM fungal functional groups) for the different plant species. Utilizing this methodology across multiple partners and environments will allow researchers to gauge the relative importance of functions they isolate and, perhaps more importantly, those they did not consider. This baseline information is essential for establishing the specific mechanisms by which microbial symbioses influence plant diversity and to more effectively utilize these organisms in agriculture, restoration and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine alpha-proteobacterium Phaeobacter inhibens engages in intermittent symbioses with microalgae. The symbiosis is biphasic and concludes in a parasitic phase, during which the bacteria release algaecidal metabolites in response to algal p -coumaric acid (pCA). The cell-wide effects of pCA on P. inhibens remain unknown. Herein, we report a microarray-based transcriptomic study and find that genes related to the oxidative stress response and secondary metabolism are upregulated most, while those associated with energy production and motility are downregulated in the presence of pCA. Among genes upregulated is a previously unannotated biosynthetic gene cluster and, using a combination of gene deletions and metabolic profiling, we show that it gives rise to an unreported siderophore, roseobactin. The simultaneous production of algaecides and roseobactin in the parasitic phase allows the bacteria to take up any iron that is released from dying algal cells, thereby securing a limited micronutrient. [Display omitted] • Algal p -coumaric acid induces cell-wide transcriptional changes in P. inhibens • The most upregulated genes are involved in oxidative stress and secondary metabolism • Transcriptomic and genetic studies led to the discovery of the siderophore roseobactin • The effect of p -coumaric acid may be mediated through formation of ROS Microbial symbioses are mediated by the exchange of small molecule "words". Here, Wang et al. identify a new word in the algal-bacterial lexicon. They show that p -coumaric acid imparts oxidative stress and global transcriptional changes, leading to the synthesis of the siderophore, roseobactin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Lipidic waste created a methanogenic shift towards Methanosarcina (87%). • Methanosarcina performed acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. • Glycine and serine, methane, and propanoate metabolism, and quorum sensing induced. • High substrate loading improved energy generation (21-fold) by utilizing 98% lipids. Different inoculum to slaughterhouse waste (SHW) ratios (Ino/SHW) influences the digester performance, substrate utilization, and methane yield through microbial shift and their metabolic syntrophy. Acetoclastic Methanosarcina (68–87%) was dominant in the exponential phase, overpowering the initial abundance of Methanosaeta (86% of methanogens) in the SHW digesters. Positive interactions among acetogenic and acetate-oxidizing species of Clostridium (11%) with Methanosarcina (84% of methanogens) improved the methanogenic activity (292 mL g−1 VS initial d−1) and final VS utilization (90%) at the highest Ino/SHW loading. In contrast, significant improvement of methane yield (152% higher than the control) at the lowest Ino/SHW loading was attributed to strong syntrophy among Methanosaeta (24% of methanogens) and its exoelectrogenic partners, Bythopirellula (0.52%) and Mariniphaga (0.08%) and the acetogenic Cloacimonas (0.16%) and Longilinea (0.32%). These syntrophic interactions among the core microbiota induced major metabolic activities, including butanoate, glycine, serine and threonine, methane, propanoate, and pyruvate metabolism, and quorum sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All living organisms require accurate segregation of their genetic material. However, in microbes, chromosome segregation is less understood than replication and cell division, which makes its decipherment a compelling research frontier. Furthermore, it has only been studied in free-living microbes so far. Here, we investigated this fundamental process in a rod-shaped symbiont, Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti. This gammaproteobacterium divides longitudinally as to form a columnar epithelium ensheathing its nematode host. We hypothesized that uninterrupted host attachment would affect bacterial chromosome dynamics and set out to localize specific chromosomal loci and putative DNA-segregating proteins by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunostaining, respectively. First, DNA replication origins (ori) number per cell demonstrated symbiont monoploidy. Second, we showed that sister ori segregate diagonally prior to septation onset. Moreover, the localization pattern of the centromere-binding protein ParB recapitulates that of ori , and consistently, we showed recombinant ParB to specifically bind an ori -proximal site (parS) in vitro. Third, chromosome replication ends prior to cell fission, and as the poles start to invaginate, termination of replication (ter) sites localize medially, at the leading edges of the growing septum. They then migrate to midcell, concomitantly with septation progression and until this is completed. In conclusion, we propose that symbiont ParB might drive chromosome segregation along the short axis and that tethering of sister ter regions to the growing septum mediates their migration along the long axis. Crucially, active bidimensional segregation of the chromosome allows transgenerational maintenance of its configuration, and therefore, it may represent an adaptation to symbiosis. • Symbiont sister ori segregate along the short and the long cell axis (diagonally) • ParB recapitulates ori localization and binds an ori -proximal parS site in vitro • Septal sister ter migrate to midcell concomitantly with septation progression • Bidimensional segregation endows maintenance of chromosome configuration Weber et al. report on the chromosome segregation of a longitudinally dividing gammaproteobacterium that lives attached to marine nematodes. They show that sister ori segregate along both the short and the length axis. Their data are consistent with the centromeric protein ParB mediating transgenerational maintenance of chromosome configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]