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The future has always been curious throughout the history of humanity and accordingly ways and methods have been derived to learn what the future will bring for individuals and states. One of these derived methods is fortune telling. Melheme which is translated in the study is also a kind of fortune telling. Melheme as a term; reporting future wars and similar events or this means works in which news is written. Melheme: From the movements of the sky beings, the position of the Moon, the full moon, the old and new Moon, the movements and positions of the stars; It is to comment on what awaits the individual or society in the future by bringing comments from many natural disasters such as wind, rainbow, rain, storm, lightning and earthquake. There are many examples of melhemes in Arabic, Persian and Turkish literatures, in this example which was taken from a manuscript in East Turkistan; There are beliefs about the day when the first month of the year (new year) coincides, the beliefs about the years according to the calendar with twelve animals, beliefs about the months when the sun and moon eclipse coincide and beliefs about the day when earthquakes occur. For example, if the first day of the month of Muharram coincides with Sunday, that year it will rain a lot, diseases that cannot be overcome by the public will increase, death will increase and food will become expensive at the end of the year; If it coincides with Monday, there will be a lot of bad luck and disease; If it coincides with Friday, it indicates that the year will be soft. Some of the features of the years according to the Turkish calendar with twelve animals are as follows: In the year of the rat, beauty and certainty are at the beginning of the year. There is turmoil in the middle of the year, there is anxiety. The rat gets a lot. Thieves release fear. The child born at the beginning of the year becomes understanding and insightful. The child born at the end of the year becomes cynical and liar. In the year of the dog; the weather gets hot, it rains less. The fruit becomes a lot. Those born at the beginning of this year are liars, start fights. Those born in the middle of the year become abusive and vindictive. Snow and rain fall less. There is famine and drought. Disease and death multiply among tyrants and villains. Wars increase among sultans, a lot of blood is shed. In the horse year, blood is shed in Turkistan province. Winter is very harsh. Disaster strikes fruits. Those born at the beginning of this year suffer great pain. In the beliefs that occur according to the time of eclipse of the sun and the moon, if the sun is kept in the month of Ashura (Muharram); It is stated that there will be abundance, there will be a lot of food and drink, and snow and rain will fall a lot. If the moon is kept in the mont of Ashura (Muharram), it is also stated that in case of increasing evil among the people, the moon will be kept and a lesson should be taken from it. In the beliefs about the earthquake, the time of the earthquake comes to the fore. It is reported that if an earthquake occurs in Muharram, the elders will die and it is reported that it will not be good for traders and those in war. Some of the beliefs according to the day of the earthquake are expressed in Melheme as follows: If an earthquake occurs on Friday, the sultans and the children get sick. If an earthquake occurs on Sunday, food and drink are abundant, but diseases seem to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takvim (Calendar), from the Arabic kiyâm, means correcting, arranging and putting things in order. It was developed from the basic need of people to know the time, to organize their lives, to put things in order, and to make the best use of it. Throughout the centuries, every civilization adopted a starting point of reference and developed calendar systems based on the movements of the sun or the moon in order to serve their needs. One example is the Takvim-i Ebedi, written in 1914 by Pavlakis Melitopoulos, one of the Turkish teachers of the time, who was also known for his grammar and dictionary studies. This 110-page work, written in Karamanlidika, was printed in Istanbul. In the introduction (Bir Hakikat/A Truth) of the calendar Melitopoulos states that he wrote this book in order to develop an easier method of teaching Turkish making up of such a book at the time. Although a simple calendar, as implied in its title, it is actually a folkloric material that includes the beliefs, the customs and the oral tradition of the Karamans, rather than a calendar. In addition to information about astrology, the calendar also includes stories, poems, proverbs, aphorisms, hadiths etc. Human beings have the endless desire and curiosity to predict the future. This desire and curiosity led people to draw various conclusions from the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, or to make predictions and interpretations about the future based on natural events such as heavy rain, thunder and the appearance of the rainbow. These conclusions, predictions, and comments were written down systematically over time either independently or partially in works such as yıldızname, falname, melheme and calendar. A part of Pavlakis Melitopoulos' Takvim-i Ebedi contains such a work, with its sections on Devreler and Müneccimlik. Devreler (Planet circles) covers 28 cycles from 1914 to 2137. In this chapter; meteorological events and natural disasters that may occur in each period are explained. Müneccimlik (Astromancy) includes the subtitles of Burçlar (Horoscopes), Sima-Çehre (Face), Alâim-i Sema (Rainbow) and Ra'd (Thunderstorm). Respectively; personality analysis is done according to twelve zodiac signs and facial characteristics (forehead, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth and ears). In addition, beliefs and predictions related to natural events such as rainbows and thunders are included. Depending on when these natural events occur within the twelve months of the year predictions can be made about the future. These predictions concerns subjects such as wars, famine, epidemics, rebellions, natural disasters, agriculture and livestock breeding. The calendar is written in a plain language and style. In this study; Devreler (6-34) and Müneccimlik (35-56) sections were transcribed from Greek letters to Latin letters. A list of terms and words from the text that are not commonly used in today's Turkish and their meaning is contained under the "Sözlük" section. In the conclusion part, the importance of the ascertainment and publication of such calendars that contain folkloric materials such as astrology, proverbs, stories and poems in language, literature and culture studies has been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies which advance notice of future events with its unique style and method can be described as "melhame", is also called as "melhame/melheme", "mülhime/mülheme". The dictionary definition of "Melhame" is conflict or war resulting in massive losses or defeat; but as a term, it means to be prophecied the future of a society or community or a state thanks to particularly astronomical and meteorological phenomena by a sultan. Melhames are translated into Turkish at the beginning of the XV. century and they have attracted great interest. Becouse, there are predictions and prophecies for the future of the Ottoman sultans and territory in the melhames, for to not further spread of those prophecies, those works have entered to the list of banned printing publications at the 1900s. Source of our review of the work and the most melhames attributed to the Prophet Daniel. Mülhime-name, registered with the inventory number 06 Hk 3952/1 at Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey Manuscripts, is a melhame example consisting of 14 leaf. This study has focused on vocabulary of melhames which have not emerged and have not emphasized until today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labial Harmony occurs when an unrounded vowel in the first syllable is followed by unrounded vowels or when a rounded vowel in the first syllable is followed by narrow rounded or unrounded wide vowels. Labial Harmony doesn't have the tendency of levelling in the periods of Turkish language and its other areas. Although there was general labial harmony apart from exceptions in the old Turkish period, this harmony was destroyed and it was nearly disappeared in old Oghuz Turkish. In this period, some affixations were permanently unrounded or some of them were permanently rounded. After The Oghuz Turkish period, there was no complete labial harmony in most part of The Ottoman Turkish. Labial Harmony was enabled systematically in the period of passing from Oghuz Turkish to Turkey Turkish, that is, in the late Ottoman Turkish. In this study, Kitab al-Malhama, written in the 16th century, will be assessed in terms of labial harmony. This text reflecting Oghuz Turkish period is different from The Old Oghuz Turkish especially in terms of labial harmony. This difference is seen in the word bases which reflects passing harmony and affixes. Word base and affixes will be studied within the frame of labialization and delabialization. Taking into consideration the situation of word bases and affixes in The Old Oghuz Turkish, their images in the text will be assessed so that a conclusion about the development of labial harmony in this period will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mystic sciences or occultism means communicating with the universe and creatures in the universe by supernatural methods and all the methods used for intervening in them. The content of this concept is very large involving astrology, astral travel, magic, sorcery, prophecy, fortune telling, mediumship, alchemy, amulet, lucid dream, dream interpretation, numerology, physiognomy and melheme. These systems which date back to ancient times continued to exist both in primitive and modern societies. They kept an important place in the life styles, beliefs and behaviors of people. Secret sciences have always preserved their existence despite their different forms in different societies and the prohibitions of divine religions or earthly laws could not remove them. These systems whose existence has been known in every society since ancient ages have appeared in these lands thanks to pre-Islamic beliefs and traditions and contacts with neighbor cultures. Therefore, the quests for fortune-telling, magic spell, sorcery and oracle were observed in Ottoman society and they were perceived as "science", and were called as ilm-i ahkâm-ı nücûm, ilm-i reml, ilm-i zâyirçe, ilm-i simyâ.Nabi is considered to be the biggest poet of hikemî poetry who lived in the second half of the 17th century. How he addressed occultism in his works titled Divan and Hayriyye (Hayrî-nâme) and his point of view about occultism will be evaluated in this article. The study is limited to fortune telling, geomancy, alchemy, evil eye, astrology, dream interpretation and lucid dream as addressed in Nabi's Divan and Hayriyye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]