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The O-triethylsilylated hemiaminal Et3SiOCH2NMe2 readily transfers the Me2NCH2-group to various thioureas under mild conditions and without catalysts or co-reagents. In the reaction with PhNHC(=S)·NHPh, the initially formed mono-substituted derivative PhNHC(=S)NPhCH2NMe2 readily rearranges to produce the unsymmetrical thiourea PhNHC(=S)NMe2 and hexahydro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) can be refractory to conventional management approaches. Neuromodulatory procedures such as percutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) have been sparsely reported as potential treatment options for amelioration of debilitating refractory pain associated with PIFP. The present study investigated the use of percutaneous TNS in a series of patients with PIFP to evaluate the potential efficacy of pain relief. We performed a retrospective medical record review for patients with PIFP who had presented to Emory University Hospital and had undergone TNS for PIFP. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and morphine equivalent use. Descriptive statistics, mean ± standard deviation, and the nonparametric Wilcoxon sign rank test were used, as appropriate. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 23 patients underwent percutaneous TNS for PIFP. Of the 23 patients, 20 (86.9%) reported a >50% improvement after trial stimulation. Of the patients who had received permanent TNS implants, 13 of 17 (76.4%) had VAS scores available. For these patients, the mean preoperative VAS score had decreased from 5.69 ± 2.09 to 0.15 ± 0.55 postoperatively. The VAS scores displayed a statistically significant decrease after TNS (P = 0.0014). A subset of 9 patients with available data also demonstrated a significant reduction in morphine equivalent use after TNS (before, 50.54 ± 51.30; after, 25.83 ± 33.58; P = 0.048). The results from the present study have indicated that percutaneous stimulation of the trigeminal nerve is efficacious in the treatment of PIFP and can significantly decrease morphine equivalent use. Further longitudinal studies are required to validate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean acidification poses a significant threat to calcifying invertebrates by negatively influencing shell deposition and growth. An organism's performance under ocean acidification is not determined by the susceptibility of one single life-history stage, nor is it solely controlled by the direct physical consequences of ocean acidification. Shell development by one life-history stage is sometimes a function of the pH or p CO2 levels experienced during earlier developmental stages. Furthermore, environmental factors such as access to nutrition can buffer organismal responses of calcifying invertebrates to ocean acidification, or they can function as a co-occurring stressor when access is low. We reared larvae and juveniles of the planktotrophic marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata through combined treatments of nutritional stress and low pH, and we monitored how multiple stressors endured during the larval stage affected juvenile performance. Shell growth responded non-linearly to decreasing pH, significantly declining between pH 7.6 and pH 7.5 in larvae and juveniles. Larval rearing at pH 7.5 reduced juvenile growth as a carryover effect. Larval rearing at pH 7.6 reduced subsequent juvenile growth despite the absence of a negative impact on larval growth, demonstrating a latent effect. Low larval pH magnified the impact of larval nutritional stress on competence for metamorphosis and increased carryover effects of larval nutrition on juvenile growth. Trans-life-cycle effects of larval nutrition were thus modulated by larval exposure to ocean acidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband refractive optics realized from high-index materials provide compelling design solutions for the next generation of observatories for the cosmic microwave background and for sub-millimeter astronomy. In this paper, work is presented which extends the state of the art in silicon lenses with metamaterial antireflection coatings toward larger-bandwidth and higher-frequency operation. Examples presented include octave bandwidth coatings with less than 0.5% reflection, a prototype 4:1 bandwidth coating, and a coating optimized for 1.4 THz. For these coatings, the detailed design, fabrication and testing processes are described as well as the inherent performance trade-offs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The OSIRIS-REx mission will conduct a Radio Science investigation of the asteroid Bennu with a primary goal of estimating the mass and gravity field of the asteroid. The spacecraft will conduct proximity operations around Bennu for over 1 year, during which time radiometric tracking data, optical landmark tracking images, and altimetry data will be obtained that can be used to make these estimates. Most significantly, the main Radio Science experiment will be a 9-day arc of quiescent operations in a 1-km nominally circular terminator orbit. The pristine data from this arc will allow the Radio Science team to determine the significant components of the gravity field up to the fourth spherical harmonic degree. The Radio Science team will also be responsible for estimating the surface accelerations, surface slopes, constraints on the internal density distribution of Bennu, the rotational state of Bennu to confirm YORP estimates, and the ephemeris of Bennu that incorporates a detailed model of the Yarkovsky effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic behavior of NiCl[sub 2]·H[sub 2]O has been studied for the first time. A Curie–Weiss fit, χ[sub M]=C/(T-θ), to the susceptibility between 90 and 300 K yields g=2.23±0.01(S=1) and θ=30.4±0.05 K. Systematic curvature in χ[sup -1](T) is evident below 90 K. Despite the very positive θ, NiCl[sub 2]·H[sub 2]O appears to order antiferromagnetically at T[sub c]=5.6[sub 5]±0.1 K, somewhat below a maximum in χ(T) at T(χ[sub max])=8.4±0.1 K, with χ[sub max]=0.1297±0.0005 emu/mol. The ratios T[sub c]/T(χ[sub max])=0.67±0.01 and T[sub c]/θ=0.186±0.005 suggest lower magnetic dimensionality, most likely one-dimensional character. Plausible looking fits to the low temperature susceptibility based on a one-dimensional antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model can be obtained. However, these presuppose antiferromagnetic intrachain exchange, and in NiCl[sub 2]·H[sub 2]O such exchange is almost certainly ferromagnetic, with weaker antiferromagnetic interchain interactions. Well above T[sub c] the susceptibility can be accounted for assuming axial and rhombic crystal-field distortions, i.e., D[S⁁[sub z][sup 2]-S(S+1)/3] and E[S⁁[sub x][sup 2]-S⁁[sub y][sup 2]] spin Hamiltonian terms, with exchange included in a mean field approximation. In the absence of single crystal data the parameters are only provisional, but clearly |D| and |E| are very large; the associated mean exchange interaction zJ/k=25.1 K is consistent with the observed θ value. Magnetization versus field isotherms exhibit an unusual evolution in shape with varying temperature; significant hysteresis is present even for temperatures somewhat above T[sub c]. © 2000 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex and challenging mental health condition for the person and service providers who support them., This paper reports on the results of a survey of 153 people with a diagnosis of BPD about their experiences of attempting to receive support in managing this mental health condition. It provides their perceptions of a range of experiences not reported in the existing literature, including general practitioner roles, urban and rural differences, public and private hospital differences, and comparison of usefulness of support across multiple support types., People with a diagnosis of BPD continue to experience significant discrimination when attempting to get their needs met within both public and private health services. Further education for nurses and other health professionals is indicated to address pervasive negative attitudes towards people with a diagnosis of BPD., Abstract There is limited understanding of the experience of seeking and receiving treatment and care by people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder ( BPD), their perceptions of barriers to care and the quality of services they receive. This study aimed to explore these experiences from the perspective of Australians with this diagnosis. An invitation to participate in an online survey was distributed across multiple consumer and carer organizations and mental health services, by the Private Mental Health Consumer Carer Network ( Australia) in 2011. Responses from 153 people with a diagnosis of BPD showed that they experience significant challenges and discrimination when attempting to get their needs met within both public and private health services, including general practice. Seeking help from hospital emergency departments during crises was particularly challenging. Metropolitan and rural differences, and gender differences, were also apparent. Community supports were perceived as inadequate to meet their needs. This study provides data on a range of experiences not reported in existing literature, including general practitioner roles, urban and rural differences, public and private hospital differences, and comparison of usefulness of support across multiple support types. Its findings can help inform better training for health professionals and better care for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex and challenging mental health condition for the person and family carers who support them., This paper reports on the results of a survey of 121 family carers of people diagnosed with BPD about their experiences of being carers, their attempts to seek help for the person diagnosed with BPD and their own carer needs. It provides the first detailed account across these domains., Family carers of people diagnosed with BPD experience significant exclusion and discrimination when attempting to interact with generalist health and mental health services. Further education for all health professionals is indicated, particularly general practitioners who likely come into contact with BPD carers. All health professionals need to improve their skills and attitudes in working with people diagnosed with BPD, and also their skills and attitudes in working with BPD carers. Carers of people diagnosed with BPD may need specialist carer support that addresses their distinct information, education and support needs., Abstract There is limited understanding of the experience of family carers of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder ( BPD). This study aimed to explore their experiences of being carers, their attempts to seek help for the person diagnosed with BPD and their own carer needs. An invitation to participate in an online survey was distributed to carers across multiple consumer and carer organizations and mental health services, by the Private Mental Health Consumer Carer Network ( Australia) in 2011. Responses from 121 carers showed that they experience significant challenges and discrimination when attempting to engage with and seek support from health services. Comparison with consumers' experiences (reported elsewhere) showed that these carers have a clear understanding of the discrimination faced by people with this diagnosis, largely because they also experience exclusion and discrimination. Community carer support services were perceived as inadequate. General practitioners were an important source of support; however, they and other service providers need more education and training to support attitudinal change to address discrimination, recognize carers' needs and provide more effective support. This study provides the first detailed account of BPD carers' experiences across a broad range of support needs and interactions with community support and health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Seizure susceptibility to neurological insults, including chemical convulsants, is age-dependent and most likely reflective of overall differences in brain excitability. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying development-dependent seizure susceptibility remain to be fully understood. Because the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity and cell survival, thereby influencing brain development, we tested if exposure of the immature brain to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin changes seizure susceptibility to neurological insults. We found that inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin in immature rats (3–4weeks old) increases the severity of seizures induced by pilocarpine, including lengthening the total seizure duration and reducing the latency to the onset of seizures. Rapamycin also reduces the minimal dose of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) necessary to induce clonic seizures. However, in mature rats, rapamycin does not significantly change the seizure sensitivity to pilocarpine and PTZ. Likewise, kainate sensitivity was not significantly affected by rapamycin treatment in either mature or immature rats. Additionally, rapamycin treatment down-regulates the expression of potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in the thalamus and to a lesser degree in the hippocampus. Pharmacological inhibition of thalamic mTOR or KCC2 increases susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizure in immature rats. Thus, our study suggests a role for the mTOR pathway in age-dependent seizure susceptibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Psychiatric disorders are fairly common comorbidities of epilepsy in humans. Following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), experimental animals not only developed spontaneous recurrent seizures, but also exhibited significantly elevated levels of aggressive behavior. The cellular and molecular mechanism triggering these behavioral alterations remains unclear. In the present study, we found that aggression is positively correlated with development of spontaneous seizures. Treatment with rapamycin, a potent mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin pathway)-pathway inhibitor, markedly diminished aggressive behavior. Therefore, the mTOR pathway may have significance in the underlying molecular mechanism leading to aggression associated with epilepsy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Multi-chroic polarization sensitive detectors offer an avenue to increase both the spectral coverage and sensitivity of instruments optimized for observations of the cosmic-microwave background (CMB) or sub-mm sky. We report on an effort to adapt the Truce Collaboration horn coupled bolometric polarimeters for operation over octave bandwidth. Development is focused on detectors operating in both the 90 and 150 GHz bands which offer the highest CMB polarization to foreground ratio. We plan to deploy an array of 256 multi-chroic 90/150 GHz polarimeters with 1024 TES detectors on ACTPol in 2013, and there are proposals to use this technology for balloon-borne instruments. The combination of excellent control of beam systematics and sensitivity make this technology ideal for future ground, ballon, and space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Scores on neuropsychological tests are often used to detect abnormal changes in cognition in older persons. Accordingly, it is important to have normative data that allow the abnormality of a test score to be determined precisely and accurately. Regression equations that estimate an expected score based on demographic or premorbid factors can be an efficient method of making normative comparisons. Our aim was to compute regression equations with age, gender and estimated premorbid IQ as predictors of scores on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the Trail Making Test (TMT), Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and measures of semantic fluency. Design. All measures were administered to a group of 272 healthy older persons aged between 65 and 90 during the pre-treatment phase of a study evaluating the effect of nutritional supplements on cognition. Premorbid IQ was estimated using the National Ault Reading Test (NART). Stepwise multiple regression procedures were used to determine the weights to be applied to the predictor variables. Results. Age and premorbid IQ were found to be significantly correlated with all test variables; gender correlated significantly with most scores. Regression equations based on the 3 predictor variables explained between 10% and 30% of the variance of the range of test scores. The use of these equations in clinical practice was illustrated. Conclusion. The significant correlations between the predictor variables and test scores justified computing a set of equations for use in interpreting data from older persons. The abnormality of the difference between predicted and obtained scores provides a convenient index of an individual's current level of neuropsychological functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A calculation is presented of the behavior of the sheath and presheath surrounding an infinite cylindrical conducting object, representing a spacecraft or electrostatic probe, which is moving transversely through a collisionless plasma, such as is encountered in the ionosphere. The calculation is done by solving the coupled Vlasov (collisionless Boltzmann) and Poisson equations in an iterative manner. The results show that for some ratios of probe radius to electron Debye length, the ion current collected by the probe in a drifting plasma can be less than that collected in a nondrifting plasma. These changes in the current-collection behavior can be linked to changes that occur in the sheath and presheath with plasma drift, including at large enough drift speeds the disappearance or “collapse” of the presheath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of plasmid gene transfer in skeletal muscle is significantly enhanced by pretreatment with hyaluronidase and the application of an electrical field to the muscle following the injection of plasmid DNA, a process referred to as electrotransfer. However, the presence of increased levels of connective tissue in muscular dystrophies, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), may affect the efficiency of this process. Here we demonstrate that the efficiency of electrotransfer is not affected by increased levels of connective tissue in the mdx mouse model of DMD and that any damage induced by the electrotransfer process is not exacerbated in the dystrophic phenotype. However, increasing the concentration of hyaluronidase does not improve transfection efficiencies further. Unlike direct injection of plasmid DNA, the efficiency of electrotransfer is not dependent upon the sex and age of mice used. The combined treatment of hyaluronidase and electrotransfer results in highly efficient gene transfer in dystrophic muscle with limited muscle damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of plasmid gene transfer to skeletal muscle can be significantly improved by the application of an electrical field to the muscle following injection of plasmid DNA. However, this electrotransfer is associated with significant muscle damage which may result in substantial loss of transfected muscle fibres. Reduction of the voltage used in the technique can result in a decrease in muscle damage, with a concomitant reduction in expression, but without a signifi- cant decrease in the number of transfected fibres. Pre-treatment of the muscle with a solution of bovine hyaluronidase greatly increases the efficiency of plasmid gene transfer when used in conjunction with electrotransfer, but not when used alone. This combination treatment results in greatly enhanced levels of transfected muscle fibres without the increases in muscle damage associated with the electrotransfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaucher's disease is an autosomal recessive inherited defect of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which leads to glucocerebroside accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system. Homozygosity for the D409H mutation has been associated with cardiovascular valvular disease. We present a case of a 17-year-old Palestinian patient who presented with severe aortic and mitral valvular calcification, as well as calcification of the ascending aorta, the aortic arch and the ostia of his coronary arteries. The patient was confirmed to be homozygous for the D409H mutation in the glucocerebrosidase gene. The patient's enzyme assay for glucocerebrosidase activity was 5 nm/h/mg protein (normal 13–22 nm/h/mg). The patient presented with symptoms of dyspnea and chest pain. He had a 6-year history of documented aortic valve calcification by echocardiogram after two of his older brothers died of congestive heart failure and severe valvular calcification. Cardiac catheterization showed a severely calcified aorta with almost no motion of the aortic valve leaflets and severe calcification of the mitral valve and the mitral valvular apparatus. The patient underwent extensive cardiac surgery with aortic and mitral valve replacements and intraoperative findings confirmed calcification of the entire aortic root. Electron microscopy of the valves confirmed the presence of Gaucher's cells. Enzyme therapy with imiglucerase was initiated. The patient is in stable condition, 20 months post-operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In a small proportion of patients presenting with metastases to cervical lymph nodes the primary cancer remains occult despite thorough evaluation. The present report examines patterns of failure and outcome following an initial treatment strategy directed principally at the clinically involved side of the neck. Methods: From a prospectively compiled computerized database 38 patients were identified with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from an occult primary site. These patients were evaluated with respect to initial treatment, subsequent detection of a primary tumour, neck recurrence and survival characteristics. Results: Thirty-seven of 38 patients were treated with curative intent and all had neck dissection. Adjuvant radiotherapy was given to 34 of the 37 (90%; 32 postoperatively and two pre-operatively). Radiotherapy was directed at the ipsilateral neck alone in 24 patients while 10 received comprehensive treatment to both sides of the neck and potential occult primary sites. The rate of control of disease in the ipsilateral neck was 91% while the failure rate in the contralateral neck was 16% (six patients). A primary cancer was ultimately identified in five patients (13%). Disease-specific survival was 63% at 4 years. Clinical N[sub 3] stage, extracapsular tumour extension and involved surgical margins predicted for poorer survival on univariate analysis. Analysis using multiple risk factors found that only involved surgical margins predicted for treatment failure. Conclusions: Despite generally advanced disease at presentation, patients presenting with cervical metastasis from an unknown primary carcinoma have a reasonable survival expectation and aggressive treatment is warranted, but approximately half will develop recurrent disease. Careful follow-up is required if effective salvage treatment is to be instituted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring that all graduates are able to exploit new technologies is a primary goal of all UK universities and a variety of assumptions have underpinned policies designed to promote this goal. This paper explores some of these assumptions through the findings of a longitudinal study involving a cohort of over 800 university students. The study adopted a student perspective to examine the factors affecting their use of computers over a three year period. Unsurprisingly, the results indicated that situational factors (e.g. access, training and time) influence the extent to which students use computers, but a disparity was found in the importance attributed to these factors by the academic staff, who focused on the needs of their department, and by the students, who focused on their individual needs. Results suggest that increased attention to a student perspective may lead to improved strategic planning in students’ use of computers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the impact of race on the relationship between task-goal attributes, task-effort and performance measures in the United States. Importance of external validity composition issue on organizational research; Applicability of goal setting data of the whites on black samples; Need of integrating data of minorities in developing theories on work behavior.

Despite being constantly cited as a critical intervening variable in the recovery from alcohol problems, there is a paucity of literature on client motivation. This paper reviews the current literature which impacts on motivation and its importance in treatment and develops in a stepwise manner the revised expectancy/motivation hypothesis, tentatively explaining both motivation and denial as a natural process in behavioural change. Because of the revised expectancy/motivation hypothesis' distinctly defined stages which closely relate to the process of nursing and the qualitative and quantitative measurement it entails which the nursing process demands, it offers a particularly appropriate model for treatment within nurse practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer of genes by injection of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle has a wide variety of applications ranging from treatment of neuromuscular disorders to genetic vaccination. We examined each component involved in the intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA in terms of the induction of inflammatory responses. The insertion of a needle and the injection of a relatively large volume of saline caused very little muscle damage except in rare cases. In contrast, barium chloride-induced regeneration of muscle, injection of lipopolysaccharide, plasmid backbone or plasmid expressing a neo-antigen (β-galactosidase) all generated widespread inflammation of injected muscle, with mononuclear infiltrate, comprised largely of macrophages and with both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, present. Such inflammation may hamper clinical application of this technology and may encourage undesirable immune responses in gene therapy trials. Inflammation was not greatly reduced by CD4- or CD8-depleting antibodies, suggesting this initial inflammation did not involve T cells, but methylation of plasmid DNA before injection substantially lessened the inflammatory response and resulted in longer term expression of the transgene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights a conference of the leaders of different music ministry associations in the U.S. at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan on October 17-19, 2005. Different national associations of church musicians that attended the conference are enumerated. Key features of the conference are mentioned. Issues discussed during the conference are cited.

Background: Only 48% of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients worldwide receive successful outcomes. Shorter, more effective regimens are required. The cardiac safety of the 9-11 month "Bangladesh regimen" has been largely unstudied. The regimen was piloted in Uzbekistan and as perWHOrecommendations, electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring was performed in the early phase of treatment. We aim, in this interim analysis, to describe the early cardiac safety of this regimen. Methods & Materials: Consecutively diagnosed MDR patients were recruited from Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. Moxifloxacin 400mg and clofazimine 100mg daily were included in the regimen. Patients had a single, 12 lead ECG performed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks of therapy. RR and QT interval length was measured using lead II or V2 on the ECG printouts. QT was corrected using Fridericia's formula (QTcF). Data was prospectively collected using a standardised database (Koch 6, MSF, Paris) and analysed using openEpi (Ver 3.03, accessed 26/7/2015). Results: Between September 2013 and March 2015, 146 patients were enrolled. No patients were excluded from the study due to baseline cardiac findings or QT prolongation. Of these, 121 had ECGs performed per protocol and available for analysis. 27 (22.3%) were over 50 years of age and six had a reported history of cardiac disease. 12 patients (9.9%) had increases >60 ms from baseline with 1 patient showing an increase at both time points. Only one of these patients had QTcF increased over 450 ms. No patients had QTcF >500msduring the screening period. No patients reported syncope or seizures and there were no deaths during the screening period. Univariate analysis of those with QT prolongation versus no QT prolongation did not identify other significant risk factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that a 9-11 month regimen has acceptable early cardiac safety. As expected, QTcF is prolonged, the significance of which in MDR-TB patients requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is a diversity of opinion regarding the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the pre-operative evaluation of the parotid mass. This study further investigates the role of FNAC from the standpoint of the clinician attempting to resolve one or more clinical issues.Methods: A retrospective study conducted at two UK Hospitals with no overlap of cytopathologists or surgeons. Patients undergoing parotidectomy at each institution were identified from Pathology department databases. The definitive histopathological diagnosis was compared with any pre-operative FNAC diagnosis. Cytology results were classified as suggestive, non-diagnostic, sampling error, or misleading.Setting: The study was conducted in a District General Hospital and a University Teaching Hospital providing secondary care for each community.Results: For the University Teaching Hospital the sensitivity in distinguishing malignant from benign disease was 79% (95% CI 61-97%) with a specificity 84% (95% CI 73-95%). However, three of eight patients with a primary parotid salivary gland malignancy were reported as having benign disease on FNAC. For the participating District General Hospital the sensitivity in distinguishing malignant from benign disease was 38% (95% CI 13-63%) and specificity 95% (95% CI 73-95%).Conclusions: Fine needle aspiration cytology does not reliably distinguish a benign from a malignant primary salivary gland neoplasm in the participating institutions. Where clinical teams use FNAC in an attempt to resolve this clinical problem, the results should be interpreted with caution and an ongoing audit of performance is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the difference in cognitive functioning of elderly people with elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations after treated with Vitamin B supplements and placebo. There are no significant difference in cognition scores between the vitamin-treated group and those receiving placebo. Total plasma homocysteine concentrations in the vitamin-treated group is lower than the placebo-treated group.