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This study challenges dominant, academic conceptualization of resilience in light of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe's (LEKT) experiences of ecosystem restoration. Resilience has gained traction in social science as a framework for a community's response to environmental, social, and political disturbances, the contours of which are not well understood in Indigenous contexts. Interviews with LEKT members on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State reveal that colonial ecological violence associated with the damming of the Elwha River in the early half of the 20th century continues to shape contemporary possibilities for Klallam resurgence, sovereignty, and self‐determination. Cultural resurgence has been enhanced; but unanticipated burdens and heightened feelings of powerlessness and deprivation remain. Resilience‐based approaches to ecosystem restoration support aspects of Indigenous survival and collective continuance, but they are unlikely to support significant revitalization and self‐determined development unless the structural basis of ecological violence and Indigenous futurisms of resurgence, self‐determination, and sovereignty are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines place-based poverty in Indian Country, emphasizing that reservation characteristics are influenced by the system of federal Indian policy that affects American Indian self-determination and antipoverty strategies within reservation boundaries. Using data from the American Community Survey five-year file, 2006-10, I model poverty rates using multivariate, nested regression along key dimensions associated with American Indian antipoverty strategies and place-based poverty. The results indicate that rates of female-headed households and opportunity structures, such as lack of work, contribute to higher rates of reservation poverty while gaming acts as a slight buffer against poverty. Surprisingly, natural-resource-related occupations, thought to be associated with expropriation of tribal resources, was not associated with higher poverty, while self-governance compacts, acting as a proxy for tribal autonomy, had no significant impact on poverty rates. As tribal governments seek to address poverty through strategies enabled by self-determination policies, there is a critical need for more comprehensive and reliable data to understand how and whether tribal governments can effectively adapt federal policies to specific reservation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that losartan inhibits vasoconstriction through binding to the thromboxane A 2 receptors. We investigated whether Thromboxane A 2 -induced platelet aggregation can be inhibited by losartan and if this effect is present in losartan treated hypertensive patients. Platelet aggregation was measured in platelet rich plasma from healthy volunteers and hypertensive patients, with the use of an aggregometer. Losartan inhibited the effect of Thomboxane A 2 agonist (U46619)-induced platelet aggregation, with a pA 2 value of 48.9 μM and inhibited both second and first phases of Adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation, from 109 ± 9 to 65 ± 10 mm and from 62± 8 to 0 mm. U46619’s and Adenosine diphosphate's concentration required to produce half-maximal response were higher in normotensive volunteers (EC 50 2.01 ± .3 μM and 2.6 ± .4 μM) compared to the hypertensive patients without treatment (EC 50 0.6 ± .2 μM and 2.0 ± .3 μM). The concentration required to produce half-maximal response in losartan treated patients was similar to the healthy volunteers(EC 50 1.7 ± .2 μM and 1.4 ± .3 μM), whereas in the lisinopril hypertension treated patients the concentrations used, were lower (EC 50 1.4 ± .3 μM and 2.11 ± .5 μM). Losartan plasma concentration of hypertensive patients was 60.3 ± 18.7 ng/ml. Computer analysis showed that losartan, Thromboxane A 2 and the Thromboxane A 2 receptor antagonist, SQ29548 have equivalent functional groups and spatial distribution. Conclusion. We suggest that losartan inhibits platelet aggregation through Thromboxane A 2 dependent and independent mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using data from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Census of Population and Housing, we examine five social and economic characteristics of individuals and households living on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico that have a casino to those that do not. This research differs in two ways from previous studies that have attempted to assess the social and economic impacts of Indian gaming. First, the unit of observation and analysis is the reservation, not a tribe. A focus on reservations allows us to assess the role casinos play in “place-based” economic development. Second, since reservations and tribes are not coterminous, we seek to differentiate the effects of casinos on the Indian population living on reservations from the effects for all reservation residents (Indians and others). The results show that casino gambling is associated with improvements in social and economic welfare for both the Indian and non-Indian populations alike. However, Indian gaming did not contribute to positive outcomes in all cases. Indeed, the effects of gaming are filtered through a myriad of structural and cultural contexts that shape who wins and who loses when a casino opens on a reservation. The implications of Indian gaming for economic development are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]