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Objective: Energy drinks are consumed for a variety of reasons, including to boost mental alertness and energy. We assessed associations between demographic factors and various high-risky behaviours with energy drink consumption as they may be linked to adverse health events.Design: We conducted cross-sectional analysis including basic descriptive and multivariable adjusted logistic regression analyses to characterize demographic and behavioural factors (including diet quality, binge drinking, and illicit drug use, among others obtained via questionnaires) in relation to energy drink consumption.Setting: We used data from two large United States-based cohorts.Participants: 46,390 participants from Nurses' Health Study 3 (NHS3, n=37,302; ages 16-31) and Growing Up Today Study (GUTS, n=9088, ages 20-55).Results: Of the 46,390 participants, 13.2% reported consuming ≥1 energy drink every month. Several risky behaviours were associated with energy drink use, including illegal drug use (pOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.81), marijuana use (pOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.73), smoking (pOR: 1.88. 95% CI: 1.55, 2.29), tanning bed use (pOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.96, 2.72), and binge drinking (pOR: 2.53, 95% CI: 2.09, 3.07). Other factors, such as high body mass index (BMI), e-cigarette use, and poor diet quality were found to be significantly associated with higher energy drink consumption (P values<0.001).Conclusions: Our findings show that energy drink consumption and high-risk behaviours may be related, which could potentially serve as not only as a talking point for providers to address in outreach and communications with patients, but also a warning sign for medical and other health practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe and compare caffeinated energy drink adverse event (AE) report/exposure call data from the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) and the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS).Design: Cross-sectional.Setting: Data were evaluated from US-based CAERS reports and NPDS exposure calls, including report/exposure call year, age, sex, location, single v. multiple product consumption, outcome, symptom, intentionality (NPDS only), report type, product name (CAERS only).Participants: The analysis defined participants (cases) by the number of caffeinated energy drink products indicated in each AE report or exposure call. Single product cases included 357 from CAERS and 12 822 from NPDS; multiple product cases included 153 from CAERS and 931 from NPDS.Results: CAERS v. NPDS single product cases were older and more frequently indicated serious symptoms. Multiple v. single product consumers were older in both. In CAERS, unlike NPDS, most multiple product consumers were female. CAERS single v. multiple product reports cited higher proportions of life-threatening events, but less often indicated hospitalization and serious events. NPDS multiple v. single product cases involved fewer ≤5-year-olds and were more often intentional.Conclusions: Despite limitations, both data sources contribute to post-market surveillance and improve understanding of public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review of individual patient expanded-access requests to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research for the period Fiscal Year 2010 to Fiscal Year 2014, we evaluated the number of applications received and the number allowed to proceed. We also evaluated whether drugs and certain biologics obtained under expanded access went on to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Finally, we considered concerns that adverse events occurring during expanded access might place sponsors at risk for legal liability. Overall, 98% of individual patient expanded-access requests were allowed to proceed. During the study period, among drugs without a previous approval for any indication or dosage form, 24% of unique drugs (ie, multiple applications for access to the same drug were considered to relate to 1 unique drug), and 20% of expanded-access applications received marketing approval by 1 year after initial submission; 43% and 33%, respectively, were approved by 5 years after initial submission. A search of 3 legal databases and a database of news articles did not appear to identify any product liability cases arising from the use of a product in expanded access. Our analyses seek to give physicians and patients a realistic perspective on the likelihood of a drug's approval as well as certain information regarding the product liability risks for commercial sponsors when providing expanded access to investigational drugs. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s expanded-access program maintains a careful balance between authorizing patient access to potentially beneficial drugs and protecting them from drugs that may have unknown risks. At the same time, the agency wishes to maintain the integrity of the clinical trials process, ultimately the best way to get safe and effective drugs to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]