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The burgeoning illegal trade in succulents in southern Africa presents a critical conservation and social development challenge. Drawing parallels with the trajectory of the response to rhinoceros poaching, we considered the consequences of conservation law enforcement measures, particularly the militarization of antipoaching efforts. The response to rhinoceros poaching not only resulted in so‐called green militarization, but also led to extrajudicial killings, human rights abuses, and the disproportionate targeting of low‐level poachers. The nature of wildlife trade prohibition is complex and often contested, and many actors operating in illegal wildlife trades dispute the label of illegal for socioeconomic, cultural, historical, or political reasons. This contestation is crucial when considering Indigenous cultural and medicinal values of succulents, with Indigenous Peoples and local communities questioning the criminalization of traditional plant harvesting practices. As the illegal trade in succulents continues to grow, it is imperative for conservationists to consider a nuanced approach. We call for a socioecological harm reduction approach that emphasizes community engagement, sustainable use, and codesigned interventions. Such an approach could help balance the scales of ecological conservation and human dignity in the face of growing wildlife trade challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal collecting of wild Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) for the horticultural trade represents a persistent threat to populations of the species across their endemic range in the coastal plain of North and South Carolina (United States). Although wild collecting of Venus flytraps is not a novel threat, there has been very little research on the impacts of collecting on the species' conservation to date or why an illegal trade persists alongside a legal one. We drew on qualitative expert stakeholder elicitation to contextualize the threat of illegal collecting to the long‐term conservation of Venus flytraps in relation to other anthropogenic threats. Expert elicitation included botanical and conservation researchers, cognizant state and federal agency staff, land managers, and conservation nonprofit actors. The workshop included mapping of supply chain structures and prioritization of social and environmental harms. Expert consensus determined illegal collecting is an ongoing problem for Venus flytrap conservation, but habitat destruction, degradation, and fire suppression are the most significant threats to flytrap conservation. Supply chain analysis showed that observable social and environmental harms of the trade are focused at the supply stage and that less is known about transit and demand stages. Key research gaps identified include a lack of understanding of plant laundering practices relevant to a range of desirable plant taxa; the role of commercial nurseries in illicit horticultural supply chains; motivations for engaging in Venus flytrap collecting; and the persistent demand for illegally harvested plants when cultivated, legally obtainable plants are readily available. Our findings and methodology are relevant to a range of ornamental plants affected by illegal trade for which robust social data on illegal collecting drivers are lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies the international cooperation concept of issue linkage to identify an overlooked pathway to successful security assistance. We argue that providers can effectively incentivise recipients to implement otherwise undesirable reforms when they explicitly link implementation to another good whose value to the recipient outweighs the costs of the reforms. Drawing on original interviews, we find support for our argument in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where the United States used the promise of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program to incentivise BiH to integrate its three armies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretive doctrines rarely spawn whole cottage industries, but the major questions doctrine is an exception. Given the ferment that the doctrine has inspired among scholars, an examination of the doctrine's relevance to immigration law is overdue. This Article provides that assessment. The major questions doctrine works best as a shorthand label for the traditional tools of statutory interpretation that the Supreme Court has recently invoked in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo. Those tools, which this Article calls the "congruence canon," include statutory text, structure, history, and implementation. Trouble starts for the major questions doctrine when its convenience as an interpretive label obscures the relevance of these traditional tools. The Supreme Court's June 2023 decision in Sackett v. EPA restricting wetlands protection is an ominous sign that application of the doctrine is going astray. In immigration, the congruence canon can clarify analysis of current issues, including the legality of President Biden's new border rule and advance parole program; the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) initiative; and a recent substantial expansion of authorized work for holders of student (F-1) visas. Assessment of each of these important policies benefits from a rigorous look at text, structure, history, and implementation. Examination of statutory structure reveals problems with the Biden border and advance parole initiatives, despite their commendable policy innovations. In contrast, past practice validates DACA and F-1 visas' practical training expansion. The congruence canon is a productive approach because it prioritizes engagement with interpretive method and rejects interpretive labels' insidious convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a sonic, more-than-human geography of the US–Mexico borderlands. I draw on creative practice to make an empirical contribution to critical border studies. Listening to border architecture offers a way to analyse the politics of border landscapes as they reverberate with sound. Sonic methods assert the living and nonliving qualities of borderscapes and additional valences of violence enacted through border landscapes and atmospheres. Through field recordings I show how sounds carry political significations and might draw listeners into new political possibilities. Listening is an opportunity to scan the breadth of the landscape for spaces in resisting the border's imposition on place. Through sound, the political ecology of critical border studies becomes more proximate, material, and apparent. As an approach to witnessing the border as a tangible entity yet encountered atmospherically and as a relational and topological field, sounding the border refracts its sensory affects – the border as experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To compare postoperative urinary retention rates in the early postoperative period between home and office catheter removal. Secondary outcomes included pain, difficulty, satisfaction, likelihood to use again, and health care utilization. METHODS: We conducted a nonblinded, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial of women undergoing surgery for stress incontinence and prolapse from March 2021 to June 2022. Exclusion criteria were preoperative voiding dysfunction (need for self-catheterization or postvoid residual [PVR] greater than 150 mL), urethral bulking, and need for prolonged postoperative catheterization. Participants discharged with indwelling catheters because of an initial failed void trial were randomized 1:1 to home compared with office removal on postoperative day 3-4. For home removal, participants were instructed to remove the catheter at 7 am and to drink two glasses of water. If they had difficulty voiding 5 hours after catheter removal, they came to the office for a void trial. For office removal, participants returned for a backfill void trial with PVR assessment. Our primary outcome was rate of early postoperative urinary retention, defined as confirmed retention (PVR greater than half the voided volume) after catheter removal. Secondary outcomes were assessed at a 2-week call. Health care utilization (telephone calls and office visits) related to catheter issues was also assessed. At 80% power and a=0.05, we needed 100 participants (50/group) to detect a noninferiority margin of 11%. RESULTS: Among 117 participants, the home (n=59) and office (n=58) removal groups were similar in mean age (60 years vs 61 years), mean body mass index (29 vs 30), pelvic organ prolapse quantification system stage 3 or 4, and proportion who underwent hysterectomy or apical suspension. Sling procedures were more common in the office group (45.8% vs 77.6%). For our primary outcome, the rate of early postoperative retention was 11.9% in the home group and 22.4% in the office group (P=.13). Our predetermined noninferiority margin was greater than the upper bound of our 95% CI;thus, we conclude non-inferiority of home removal. For secondary outcomes, the home removal group was more likely to report "no pain" (P=.02) and "very likely" to use this method again (P=.004). There were no differences in difficulty or satisfaction between groups. Number of nursing calls was not different (P=.66);however, number of office visits was higher in the office group (median 0 [interquartile range 0-1] vs 1 [1-1], PC001). CONCLUSION: Postoperative urinary catheter removal by the patient at home was noninferior to office removal when early urinary retention rates were compared. Participants in the home removal group had fewer office visits and reported low pain, low difficulty, and high satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: There is a paucity of information assessing whether race/ethnicity is associated with differences in surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The primary objective was to assess for racial/ethnic disparities in SUI surgeries. Secondary objectives were to assess for surgical complication differences and trends over time. Methods: Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing SUI surgery from 2010 to 2019. Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test and ANOVA were used for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Breslow day score and multinomial and multiple logistic regression models were used. Results: A total of 53,333 patients were analyzed. Using White race/ethnicity and sling surgery as references, Hispanic patients underwent more laparoscopic surgeries (OR1.17 [CI 1.03, 1.33]) and anterior vesico-urethropexy/urethropexies (OR 1.97 [CI 1.66, 2.34]); Black patients underwent more anterior vesico-urethropexy/urethropexies (OR 1.49 [CI 1.07, 2.07]), abdomino-vaginal vesical neck suspensions (OR 2.19 [CI 1.05–4.55]), and inflatable urethral slings (OR 4.28 [CI 1.23–14.90]). White patients had lower rates of inpatient stay (p < 0.0001) and blood transfusion (p < 0.0001) compared with patients who were Black, indigenous, people of color (BIPOC). Over time, Hispanic and Black patients were more likely to undergo anterior vesico-urethropexy/urethropexies than White patients (RR 2.03:1 [CI 1.72–2.40]) and (RR 1.59 CI [1.15–2.20]) respectively. Adjusting for possible confounders, Hispanic and Black patients had a greater chance of having a nonsling surgery, 37% (p < 0.0001) and 44% (p = 0.0001) greater chances respectively. Conclusion: We observed racial/ethnic differences in SUI surgeries. Although causality cannot be proven here, our results confirm previous findings suggesting inequities in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martin Buber's seminal work is his "I and Thou". In I and Thou, Buber establishes a philosophical foundation for the creation of a dialogical society. Buber's concept of I–Thou dialogue provides a framework for understanding the inherent connection between interpersonal encounters and social justice. As Buber elucidates, genuine dialogue is not confined to the encounter between two persons, but it manifests in the manner of a society organized on premises of social justice, freedom and compassion. In this regard, it is important to note that if we trace Buber's personal and philosophical biography we will not find many instances of him engaging in what could be called social justice activism. Buber did found and join civic organizations that dealt with issues of peace and justice, and lent his support to many such political endeavors (see the organizations called Brith Shalom (Covenant of Peace) founded in 1925 in mandatory Palestine, and Ihud (Unity) founded in 1942, six years before Israel's statehood). Nonetheless, a number of world prominent social justice advocates and activists found inspiration and guidance in Buber's philosophy, and it is perhaps hereby, where Buber's impact on social justice is most distinctly pronounced. What Buber aimed to achieve in his writings and political endeavors was to present a philosophy of relationships on which to found a society established on practices of social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the growing importance of accountability in regulating algorithmic activity across various domains such as cybersecurity, mass surveillance, and discrimination. It outlines the challenges posed by algorithmic decision-making in areas like privacy, online disinformation, and access to credit, housing, and employment. It emphasizes the need for a consistent approach to regulation, termed "stewardship," which prioritizes procedural safeguards.

Summary: We compare the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants on healthcare utilization and clinical presentation in paediatric patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). One hundred and ninety‐one unique patients with SCD and positive SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reactions were identified between March 2020 and January 2022. Hospitalizations, which accounted for 42% (N = 81) of cases, were highest during the Delta dominant era (48%) and lowest during Omicron (36%) (p = 0.285). The most common SCD‐related complication was vaso‐occlusive pain (37%, N = 71), which accounted for 51% of all hospital admissions (N = 41), and acute chest was highest in the Alpha variant era (N = 15). Overall, COVID‐19 remained mild in clinical severity within most paediatric SCD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we use nationwide all-payer ED data to assess the patient and hospital factors that influence inpatient admission rates for HS. Keywords: Hidradenitis suppurativa; Inpatient admission; Emergency department; NEDS; HCUP; Bed management EN Hidradenitis suppurativa Inpatient admission Emergency department NEDS HCUP Bed management 2999 3001 3 11/02/23 20231201 NES 231201 To the Editor, Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a recurring inflammatory disease characterized by inflamed nodules, abscesses, tunneled tracts, and scars typically located in the axilla, inframammary folds, and groin [[1]]. Taken together, these data suggest that interventions targeting these demographics may reduce ED utilization and hospital admissions among HS patients. [Extracted from the article]

Semantic cognition and numerical cognition are dissociable faculties with separable neural mechanisms. However, recent advances in the cortical topography of the temporal and parietal lobes have revealed a common organisational principle for the neural representations of semantics and numbers. We discuss their convergence and divergence through the prism of topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although illegal wildlife trade (IWT) represents a serious threat to biodiversity, research into the prevalence of illegal plant collection and trade remains scarce. Because cacti and succulents are heavily threatened by overcollection for often illegal, international ornamental trade, we surveyed 441 members of the cacti and succulent hobbyist collector community with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. We sought to understand collector perspectives on the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and on the threats IWT poses to cactus and succulent conservation. Most respondents (74% of 401 respondents) stated that illegal collection in cacti and succulents represents a "very serious problem" and that the problem of wild plant collection is increasing (72% of 319 respondents). Most forms of illegal collection and trade were seen as very unacceptable by respondents. Self‐reported noncompliance with CITES rules was uncommon (11.2% of 418 respondents); it remains a persistent problem in parts of the cacti and succulent hobbyist community. People engaging in rule breaking, such as transporting plants without required CITES documents, generally did so knowingly. Although 60.6% of 381 respondents regarded CITES as a very important tool for conservation, sentiment toward CITES and its efficacy in helping species conservation was mixed. Collectors in our survey saw themselves as potentially playing important roles in cactus and succulent conservation, but this potential resource remains largely untapped. Our results suggest the need for enhanced consultation with stakeholders in CITES decision‐making. For challenging subjects like IWT, developing evidence‐based responses demands deep interdisciplinary engagement, including assessing the conservation impact of species listings on CITES appendices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of brain function in resting-state network (RSN) models, ascertained through the functional connectivity pattern of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), is sufficiently powerful for studying large-scale functional integration of the brain. However, in RSN-based research, the network architecture has been regarded as the same through different frequency bands. Thus, here, we aimed to examined whether the network architecture changes with frequency. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was decomposed into four frequency bands—ranging from 0.007 to 0.438 Hz—and the clustering algorithm was applied to each of them. The best clustering number was selected for each frequency band based on the overlap ratio with task activation maps. The results demonstrated that resting-state BOLD signals exhibited frequency-specific network architecture; that is, the networks finely subdivided in the lower frequency bands were integrated into fewer networks in higher frequency bands rather than reconfigured, and the default mode network and networks related to perception had sufficiently strong architecture to survive in an environment with a lower signal-to-noise ratio. These findings provide a novel framework to enable improved understanding of brain function through the multiband frequency analysis of ultra-slow rs-fMRI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fall semester of 2021, we organized and curated the participatory art project Hostile Terrain '94 at the University of Alabama. The project, conceived and developed by the Undocumented Migration Project, consists of ∼3,200 toe-tags carrying information of deceased migrants found on the US side of the US-Mexico border in the Sonoran Desert. They produce a map of tremendous death. The project allowed participating institutions to make their own decisions regarding how to coordinate the creation of the material and staging and curation of the final exhibition. Apart from its importance as a way of engaging a public with the often-unseen consequences of US border policy and policing, it is also an experiment in collaborative art making. What kind of experience did we want to structure for those taking part in creating the materials? How were we going to stage the encounter with the finished materials? We discuss organizing the creation of materials, setting up the installation, and the period when the project was open to the public to highlight two elements that were of special importance in the process: the subject position engaged by the project, and the meditative practice proposed by the installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate epidemiological models require parameter estimates that account for mobility patterns and social network structure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of probabilistic programming for parameter inference in these models. We consider an agent-based simulation that represents mobility networks as degree-corrected stochastic block models, whose parameters we estimate from cell phone co-location data. We then use probabilistic program inference methods to approximate the distribution over disease transmission parameters conditioned on reported cases and deaths. Our experiments demonstrate that the resulting models improve the quality of fit in multiple geographies relative to baselines that do not model network topology. Author summary: The ability to create computer simulations of epidemics is important to be able to predict where and when people will be become infected, identify factors which either contribute to or slow disease spread, and test various interventions without risking real lives. However, the conclusions of experiments performed using these simulations are only meaningful in the real world if we can be sure the simulation accurately models what is happening in the real world. We study methods for fitting parameters, such as infectiousness, to real world data so that the disease simulator correctly represents the actual disease. We achieve this using probabilistic programming methods which automatically adjust the parameters of the simulator until its outputs look realistic. Our method can work on very detailed simulators which model individual people interacting at specific locations in different locales whereas other methods can only fit very simple simulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the individual-level determinants of trust in the U.S. military. Prior research has identified five possible drivers of societal trust in the military: performance, professionalism, persuasion, personal connection, and partisanship. Using data from the American National Election Studies and the General Social Survey, we emphasize the importance of understanding trust at an individual level, as perceptions of military performance and professionalism are not objective but mediated by individual-level factors. Our findings reinforce mixed support for trust being linked to assessments of military success on or off the battlefield, and undermine arguments that relate high trust to a widening gap between the military and civilian society. We also present new evidence for generational and ideational sources of military trust consistent with recent speculation that trust in the military is declining. Overall, we show that individual-level trust may be difficult to change, but that public trust in the military has consequences for a variety of defense-oriented policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the prevalent understanding of and management approaches to chronic endometritis among obstetricians/gynecologists. Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study, 262 members of national and international professional obstetrician/gynecologist societies were surveyed via anonymous electronic survey that investigated knowledge of the pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical implications, and treatment strategies for chronic endometritis. Statistical analyses of results were performed using Fisher's exact tests, chi square tests and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. A two-sided P < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: Responses identified a concerning spectrum of deficiencies in the understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic endometritis, in awareness of clinical presentation of chronic endometritis, and in the understanding of methodology/ies that allow diagnosis of chronic endometritis. Heterogeneities in management approaches to chronic endometritis were apparent. Conclusion: Our findings underscore a need for targeted efforts to gain clarity on chronic endometritis and to establish evidence-based consensus for good clinical practice. In the absence of a clear understanding of chronic endometritis diagnosis, we posit that the prevalent inconsistencies are likely inflicting unquantified and underappreciated burdens on patients and healthcare systems. We propose consideration for a task force to examine existing literature and create standards for good practice for a prevalent condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: There are limited data comparing patient and operative characteristics for vaginal repair of vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) by surgeon specialty. Our objective was to compare national practice patterns by surgeon specialty for vaginal repair of VVF. Methods: Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of women who underwent vaginal repair of VVF from 2010 to 2019. Demographic and perioperative characteristics were compared by surgeon specialty. Results: A total of 252 women were analyzed. Urologists performed 57% of cases (n=144), gynecologists performed 38% (n=96), and general surgeons performed 5% (n=12). There were differences among surgeon specialties in patient characteristics including age (p=0.002), creatinine (p=0.002), hypertension (p=0.02), morbidity probability (p<0.001), hospital stay (p<0.001), inpatient status (p=0.03). Urologists were more likely than gynecologists to use grafts/flaps (p=0.002). There were trending differences among surgeon specialties in patient race (p=0.07) and ethnicity (p=0.06). Urologists and gynecologists were more likely to operate on younger, healthier patients with differences in racial populations. When directly comparing urologists with gynecologists, there were differences in race (p=0.05) and a trending difference in ethnicity (p=0.06), General surgeons were more likely to operate on older white women with worse health status, more concomitant procedures, and longer hospital stay. Conclusions: Urologists, gynecologists, and general surgeons perform vaginal repair of VVF. Among these specialties, there were differences in patient and perioperative characteristics. This information may help referring providers and patients to understand which types of surgical providers most commonly manage VVF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the trajectory and contributions of anthropologist Eduardo Luis Menéndez Spina in the field of medical anthropology and anthropology in general. Menéndez stands out for his relational approach and his criticism of research based exclusively on the actor's word. He proposes studying significant actors and the transactions between them, as well as analyzing the practices of subjects in relation to their discourses and narratives. He has also reflected on topics such as racism and traumatic memory. The text highlights the importance of knowing Menéndez's ideas for new generations. [Extracted from the article]

Privacy advocates rightly view the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decision in Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland Ltd. and Maximilian Schrems (Schrems II) as a landmark. But, one stakeholder's landmark is another's headache. The CJEU's decision invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield agreement governing transatlantic transfers of personal data. Citing U.S. surveillance, the CJEU found that data transfers lacked adequate privacy protections under the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The Schrems II decision thus clouded the future of data transfers that help drive the global economy. This Article offers a hybrid approach to safeguard privacy rights and ensure the viability of transatlantic data flows. The Article's hybrid approach is an alternative to two less promising ways of reading the CJEU's groundbreaking decision. The European Data Protection Board (EDPB) issued recommendations adopting a de facto absolutist view of the duties imposed by Schrems II. The EDPB guidance narrows the role of risk assessments that gauge the probability of U.S. surveillance of particular data. The EDPB places greater stock in technical measures, such as steep EU-centered encryption that thwart U.S. surveillance and impede access for U.S. firms. This unduly strict approach undermines the whole point of transatlantic data transfers. Another response to Schrems II takes a "don't worry, be happy" tack. Heralds of optimism assure audiences on both sides of the Atlantic that most transatlantic data transfers are immune as a matter of law from U.S. surveillance, including collection under section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) or Executive Order 1233 (EO 12333). Unfortunately for this optimistic turn, U.S. surveillance authorities are sufficiently broad to reach many communications by EU individuals. In particular, section 702's provision for collecting communications related to U.S. "foreign affairs" lacks any intelligible limiting principle or specific review of targeting decisions. The U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) does not approve every target under section 702, although it has the power to scrutinize targeting procedures. Collection under EO 12333 is even broader and not subject to FISC review. In sum, surveillance optimism is a rhetorical trope, not a legal strategy. Navigating between the EDPB's strict approach and the heralds' unfounded optimism, this Article proposes a hybrid model. The hybrid outlines a risk-assessment method based on U.S. export controls, which have successfully managed exports of sensitive technology for decades. This model can also be a template for managing transfers of sensitive personal data. In addition, the hybrid model proposes bolstering substantive and institutional safeguards in U.S. law. For example, the Article proposes an Algorithmic Rights Court (ARC) that would probe targeting decisions under both section 702 and EO 12333. Through more precise risk assessment and reinforced institutional and substantive protections, the hybrid model preserves privacy and supports a sustainable transatlantic data transfer regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances a more-than-human perspective on geographies of death and dying, engaging with extinctionscapes as spaces where the memorialization of nonhuman life generates affective and commodifiable experiences with species loss in conservation landscapes. Bringing geographical concepts, such as absence-presence, into conversation with recent literature on lively commodities, we describe how animals at the threshold of life and death are made to work for conservation as well as how their afterlives are subjected to ongoing forms of commodification through acts of memorialization in landscape. Specifically, our analysis focuses on the stories of three rhinos at a conservancy in Kenya to consider the themes of death and dying, value, and commodification in relation to endangered species conservation. By situating the lives and afterlives of these rhinos in the history of settler colonialism and capitalism in Kenya, we examine how commodification, as a social and cultural process, becomes entangled with the corporeal and discorporate lives of animals and contributes to the reproduction of historic injustices through extinctionscapes. Ultimately, we argue for ongoing critical engagement with the amorphous borderland of life and death in geographies of conservation, which represents an important space of biopolitics and commodification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration law gains clarity through the lens of Robert Cover's compelling work on law as a "system of meaning." Cover's vision inspires us to consider immigration law as a contest between two interpretive communities: acolytes of the protective approach, which sees law as a haven for noncitizens fleeing harm in their home countries, and followers of the regulatory approach, which stresses sovereignty and strict adherence to legal categories. Immigration law's contest between contending camps need not be a zero-sum game. As Cover and Alex Aleinikoff observed in their classic article on habeas corpus, a legal remedy can also be a "mediating device." In immigration law, courts can serve this mediating function by reconciling the values of protection and enforcement. This Article considers the mediating devices that courts can employ on three salient immigration law issues: 1) the availability of habeas corpus in expedited removal, which the Supreme Court rejected in DHS v. Thuraissigiam; 2) judicial review of executive branch action, such as President Trump's ban on immigration from several majority-Muslim countries, which the Court upheld in Trump v. Hawaii, and President Trump's attempted rescission of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which the Court invalidated in DHS v. Regents of the University of California; and; 3) procedural and substantive bases for challenges to immigration detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on American Psychoanalytic Association presentations with Ann Adelman and Stephanie Brody on psychoanalysis during Covid, the author explores the disruption to our everyday, taken-for-granted being-in-the-world of others, now supplanted by a new virtual world of presence that is nested within larger societal dislocations. With the stark foregrounding of the visual and auditory, and deprived of other sensory, bodily dimensions, comes an uncanny aura that signals shocks to our existential grounding. Exploring the uncanny similarities of our new virtual world with Hitchcock's Rear Window , Sartre's "look of the other", Lacan and Zizek on anamorphic distortions, and our omnipresent visual immersion in societal violence and fragmentation, this paper weaves connections to our contemporary existential challenges. We are penetrated by anxieties of isolation, loss, threat, and death—and we long to find our way back home within a brave, new world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global wildlife trade involves a diverse array of species. Although sustainable trade underpins livelihoods for communities worldwide, unsustainable trade, whether legal or illegal, threatens thousands of species and can lead to extinctions. From plants and fungi to fish, amphibians, mammals, invertebrates, and reptiles, a diverse array of species across taxa are affected by trade. Attention to wildlife trade has increased in recent years, but its focus has largely remained on a narrow range of high‐profile species, with taxa deemed less charismatic frequently overlooked, despite some having significant trade volumes and levels of threat to wild populations. These biases can hamper effective policy interventions, reduce awareness of wider threats from trade, and prevent conservation efforts from focusing on the most pressing issues. It is important to broaden the scope of research and policy discussions and create a more inclusive approach to trade management. The diversity of approaches to wildlife trade can be improved by expanding monitoring of trade to a wider variety of taxa; collecting fundamental ecological data to underpin assessments of trade sustainability; improving and codesigning conservation interventions with key stakeholders and trade actors; and developing appropriate strategies for managing the supply, trade, and demand in diverse wildlife products to ensure species and livelihoods are protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) has never been more controversial. Enacted to bolster surveillance's institutional framework after the excesses of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI, FISA's deficits have been front and center due to the Justice Department Inspector General's report on the flawed Carter Page FISA request and disclosures of excessive FBI querying of U.S. person information under § 702 of the FISA Amendments Act. This Article suggests that current problems have their roots in the failure of both the FBI and the Department ofJustice (DOJ) to learn the lessons of FISA's origins and history. Reading the pre-history of FISA requires a look at the troubled history Of FBI-DOJ interaction on surveillance. From World War II to the wiretap on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in the 1960s, the Justice Department has acquiesced in regulatory capture by the FBI. Under Hoover, the FBI used its information advantage and edge in personal relationships with the politically powerful to ramp up its surveillance mechanism. FISA was supposed to restore the institutional balance between DOJ and the FBI, but without commitment in practice FISA is just a flow chart. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) can reinvigorate dialogue between DOJ and the FBI, but it can do so only if DOJ and the FBI cooperate to provide the FISC with accurate information. That paradox has created an impasse that the Carter Page FISA request and § 702 querying excesses have highlighted. To remedy the regulatory capture that continues to afflict the FISA process, this Article proposes a public advocate at the FISC, de novo high-level administrative review of FISA requests, introduction of machine learning models for quality control, and appointment of a special masterfor technology. These measures will not eliminate the risk of regulatory capture. But they will spur cultural change, enabling the gatekeeping framework of FISA to better balance liberty and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do some states develop conscript armies, whereas others rely on volunteers? Most theories of military design describe domestic elites as making decisions based on rational security demands or cultural understandings of what a military should look like. Contrary to these explanations, many states faced with the challenge of building a military are dependent on powerful military patrons with strong beliefs about how to design their clients' militaries. When states that are building new militaries have foreign military patrons, they are likely to emulate their patron's recruitment practices. Patrons with sufficient interest and will to engage in security force assistance use their influence to shape recruitment practices in new or postconflict states. This article describes the dynamics of military patronage as they relate to recruitment decisions and finds support for the argument using both original quantitative data and a brief case comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element models (FEMs) are used increasingly in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) field to provide an estimation of tissue responses and predict the probability of sustaining TBI after a biomechanical event. However, FEM studies have mainly focused on predicting the absence/presence of TBI rather than estimating the location of injury. In this study, we created a multi-scale FEM of the pig brain with embedded axonal tracts to estimate the sites of acute (≤6 h) traumatic axonal injury (TAI) after rapid head rotation. We examined three finite element (FE)-derived metrics related to the axonal bundle deformation and three FE-derived metrics based on brain tissue deformation for prediction of acute TAI location. Rapid head rotations were performed in pigs, and TAI neuropathological maps were generated and colocalized to the FEM. The distributions of the FEM-derived brain/axonal deformations spatially correlate with the locations of acute TAI. For each of the six metric candidates, we examined a matrix of different injury thresholds (thx) and distance to actual TAI sites (ds) to maximize the average of two optimization criteria. Three axonal deformation-related TAI candidates predicted the sites of acute TAI within 2.5 mm, but no brain tissue metric succeeded. The optimal range of thresholds for maximum axonal strain, maximum axonal strain rate, and maximum product of axonal strain and strain rate were 0.08–0.14, 40–90, and 2.0–7.5 s−1, respectively. The upper bounds of these thresholds resulted in higher true-positive prediction rate. In summary, this study confirmed the hypothesis that the large axonal-bundle deformations occur on/close to the areas that sustained TAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Passive auditory oddball tests are effort independent assessments that evaluate auditory processing and are suitable for paediatric patient groups. Our goal was to develop a two-tone auditory oddball test protocol and use this clinical assessment in an immature large animal model. Event-related potentials captured middle latency P1, N1, and P2 responses in 4-week old (N = 16, female) piglets using a custom piglet 32- electrode array on 3 non-consecutive days. The effect of target tone frequency (250 Hz and 4000 Hz) on middle latency responses were tested in a subset of animals.Results: Results show that infrequent target tone pulses elicit greater N1 amplitudes than frequent standard tone pulses. There was no effect of day. Electrodes covering the front of the head tend to elicit greater waveform responses. P2 amplitudes increased for higher frequency target tones (4000 Hz) than the regular 1000 Hz target tones (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Two-tone auditory oddball tests produced consistent responses day-to-day. This clinical assessment was successful in the immature large animal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the observance of plural realism by the Brazilian film production company Filmes de Pla ´stico. The company has produced films that reflect this form of pluralism, including "Long Way Home" directed by Andr´e Novais Oliveira and "In the Heart of the World" directed by Gabriel Martins and Mauri´lio Martins. The Black presence in films produced by the company is also discussed.

One of the more powerful recurring motifs in the Iliad is that of the grief-stricken woman lamenting the death of a hero. As with much else in the Homeric epics, these scenes have a formulaic character; when Briseis laments Patroclus, and Hecuba, Andromache and Helen lament Hector, each is depicted delivering a specialized form of speech, specific to the context of a woman's lament. The narrative depiction of grieving women, as well, is formalized, with specific gestures and recurring images that typify these scenes. One element of this depiction that has largely escaped serious consideration is the comparison of a woman in her initial moment of recognition of the corpse to Aphrodite. In this article, I will argue that the allusion is not merely to her beauty but to the myth of Aphrodite and Adonis, specifically the moment of the goddess' discovery of the death of her mortal lover. As the earliest surviving explicit reference to Adonis in Greek literature appears c.600 b.c.e., this would require a raising of the terminus ante quem for the transmission of the Adonis myth from the Near East to the mid eighth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job's encounter with God (38:1-42:6) has long been understood as the crux of the Book of Job, leading readers to seek the book's meaning in these cryptic chapters. Based on formal discrepancies in the text and evidence from two Babylonian parallels, the existence of a "dialogue of Job" (chaps. 3-27; 29-31) is proposed, which was composed independently not only from the prose tale (chaps. 1-2; 42:7-17) but also from the theophany. As this original poetic composition made no appeal to a divine epiphany, its depiction of a suffering and persuasive protagonist served provocatively to challenge traditional answers to the question of theodicy, rather than offer a solution of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This ESMO–EONS–EANO Clinical Practice Guideline provides key recommendations on the management of therapy-induced peripheral and central neurotoxicity. • Authorship includes a multidisciplinary group of experts from different institutions and countries in Europe. • Recommendations are based on available scientific data and the authors' collective expert opinion. • An algorithm on the practical approach to assessing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant extract that has been shown to act as a free radical scavenger and pluripotent inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokines, two major cellular processes involved in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We investigated whether NDGA would improve markers of organ injury as well as survival in a rodent model of sepsis. Methods: Abdominal sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and double puncture (CLP) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. NDGA was administered either at the time of injury (pre-) or 6 hours later (post-treatment). A sham surgery group and a vehicle only group were also followed as controls. Blood and lung tissue were collected 24 h after CLP. Lung tissue was used for histopathologic analysis and to measure pulmonary edema. Arterial oxygenation was measured directly to generate PaO2/FiO2, and markers of renal injury (blood urea nitrogen), liver injury (alanine aminotransferase), and tissue hypoxia (lactate) were measured. In a separate set of animals consisting of the same treatment groups, animals were followed for up to 36 hours for survival. Results: NDGA pre-treatment resulted in improved oxygenation, less lung edema, lower lactate, lower BUN, and reduced histologic lung injury. NDGA post-treatment resulted in less lung edema, lower lactate, lower BUN, and less histologic lung injury, but did not significantly change oxygenation. None of the NDGA treatment groups statistically affected ALT or creatinine. NDGA pre-treatment showed improved survival compared with control CLP animals at 36 hours, while post-treatment did not. Conclusions: NDGA represents a novel pleiotropic anti-inflammatory agent with potential clinical utility for modulation of organ injury secondary to sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent tasked-based fMRI study unveiled a network of areas implicated in the process of visuo-proprioceptive integration of the right hand. In this study, we report a case of a patient operated on in awake conditions for a glioblastoma of the left superior parietal lobule. When stimulating a white matter site in the anterior wall of the cavity, the patient spontaneously reported a discrepancy between the visual and proprioceptive perceptions of her right hand. Using several multimodal approaches (axono-cortical evoked potentials, tractography, resting-state functional connectivity), we demonstrated converging support for the hypothesis that tumor-induced plasticity redistributed the left-lateralized network of right-hand visuo-proprioceptive integration towards its right-lateralized homolog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Peptide/MHC complexes serve for recognition by T and NK cells. • Loading of peptide on MHC-I depends on either the tapasin-containing PLC or on TAPBPR. • Structural studies of tapasin and TAPBPR lead to understanding of mechanism of peptide loading. • Crucial parts of the TAPBPR molecule reveal dynamic motion as observed in X-ray, NMR, and molecular dynamics studies. Major histocompatibility complex encoded class I (MHC-I) molecules bind a broad spectrum of peptides generated in the cytoplasm and encountered during protein folding and maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). For cell surface expression and recognition by T cell receptors (TCR) and natural killer (NK) receptors, MHC-I require loading with high affinity peptides. Peptide optimization is catalyzed by either of two pathways. The first is via the peptide-loading complex (PLC) which consists of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)1/TAP2 heterodimer, tapasin (an ER resident chaperone, also known as TAP-binding protein (TAPBP)), ERp57 (an oxidoreductase), and calreticulin (a sugar-binding chaperone) 1. The second pathway depends on TAP-binding protein, related (TAPBPR), a PLC-independent chaperone, that is similar in amino acid sequence and structure to tapasin 2. Until recently, mechanistic understanding of how the PLC or TAPBPR influences MHC-I peptide loading has been hampered by a lack of detailed structural information on the modification of the MHC-I peptide-binding site by chaperone interactions. Here we review recent functional, structural, and computational dynamic studies of tapasin and TAPBPR that contribute to a vivid description of the molecular changes in MHC-I molecules that accompany tapasin or TAPBPR interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Addison's disease is an uncommon condition encountered during pregnancy; however, pregnant patients with Addison's disease are at higher risk for multiple pregnancy related complications. Treatment during pregnancy involves steroid replacement therapy. CASE REPORT: A 34-year-old previously healthy G2P1001 presented with lethargy, skin hyperpigmentation, polyuria, and salt craving. Laboratory evaluation showed hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, elevated ACTH, and low cortisol. The patient terminated the pregnancy due to her symptoms. She was then placed on a regimen of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, leading to symptom resolution. On second presentation as a G5P1031, her Addison's disease was managed with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. When Addison's symptoms recurred, ACTH levels were checked to determine if her current medications could be optimized. She ultimately delivered a healthy male infant vaginally. For her third presentation as a G6P2032, her pregnancy was managed in a similar manner to the previous pregnancy. CONCLUSION: There is currently minimal cohesive literature on the management of Addison's disease during pregnancy. Patients can be managed successfully by monitoring for recurrence of Addison's symptoms and adjusting medication dosing as needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While laparoscopic hysterectomy has benefits compared to abdominal hysterectomy, the operative times are longer. Longer operative times have been associated with negative outcomes. This study's purpose was to elucidate if there is an operative time at which 30-day outcomes for laparoscopic hysterectomy become inferior to a more expeditiously completed abdominal hysterectomy.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2) using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications from 2010 to 2016 by current procedural terminology code. Hysterectomy cases were stratified by approach and 60-min intervals. 30-day post-operative outcomes were analyzed by operative time and approach.Results: 109,821 hysterectomies were included in our analysis, of which 66,560 (61%) were laparoscopic, and 43,261 (39%) were abdominal. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis comparing outcomes by surgical approach and operative time, there was no time combination in which patients who had a abdominal hysterectomy had significantly lower odds of the composite complications variable. This was true even in laparoscopic hysterectomies greater than 240 min compared to abdominal hysterectomies completed between 20 and 60 min. When compared to laparoscopic hysterectomies greater than 240 min, abdominal hysterectomies between 20 and 60 min had lower odds of sepsis and abdominal hysterectomies less than 180 min had lower odds of urinary tract infection.Conclusion: Given that benefits persist even in prolonged cases, a laparoscopic approach should be offered to most patients undergoing benign hysterectomy. Surgical efficiency should be prioritized for any surgical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article recovers the experience of people with HIV residing in the Metropolitan Area of the Buenos Aires Province, around «treatment as prevention» the central core of the HIV-Aids contemporary government policies. It's an ethnographic investigation with fieldwork (28-months) developed between 2016 and 2018. Our empirical corpus consists of 13 in-depth interviews and extensive records of everyday interaction observations. We analyze the ways in which the virus' undetectability and untransmittability engage into everyday life with HIV. We show that while policies present the undetectable-untransmittable relation as key to ending the epidemic and simultaneously as a powerful tool to respond to the stigma surrounding HIV, these relations become more complex in the everyday lives of those affected by it, giving rise to tense and contradictory processes between perception-interpretation-signification and practices. Amongst these processes what stands out is a redirection in the risk of disease: from the probability of transmitting the virus to others, towards others as a source of transmission for new diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing ocean acidification is a concern due to its potential effects on the growth, development, and survival of early life stages of tuna in oceanic habitats and on the spatial extent of their suitable nursery habitat. To investigate the potential effects of increasing CO 2 on otolith calcification of 9-day old pre-flexion stage yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), an experiment was conducted at the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission's Achotines Laboratory in Panama during 2011. Fertilized eggs and larvae were exposed to mean p CO 2 levels that ranged from present day (355 μatm) to two levels predicted to occur in some areas of the Pacific in the near future (2013 and 3321 μatm), and to an extreme value equivalent to long-term projections for 300 years in the future (9624 μatm). The results indicated significantly larger otoliths (in area and perimeter) with significant, and increasing, fluctuating asymmetry at acidification levels similar to those projected for the near future and long-term. Otoliths increased significantly in size despite a significant decrease in somatic length with increasing p CO 2. A consistent correlation between otolith and somatic growth of yellowfin tuna larvae among treatments was evident (i.e., larger otoliths were still associated with larger larvae within a treatment). The observed changes in otolith morphology with increasing ocean acidification have the potential to indirectly affect larval survival through dysfunction of the mechanosensory organs, but this remains to be verified in yellowfin tuna larvae. • Changes in otolith morphology and larval somatic growth with elevated p CO 2 levels • Sagittae increased in size, asymmetry, abnormal shape at pH 7.6, 1712 μatm p CO 2 • Significant decrease in length of preflexion yellowfin larvae with elevated p CO 2 • Consistent correlation between otolith size and larva size at different p CO 2 levels [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find subnanometer spacer layers are sufficient to decorrelate the transition noise of the layers in laminated longitudinal recording media, thus improving the media signal-to-noise ratio. These results are surprising given that the layers remain structurally correlated due to their epitaxial growth, and therefore the noise in the layers may be expected to be correlated as well. Experimental results suggest that the reduced transition noise is produced by a slight shift between the transition locations in the layers. This shift is created by the recording head and allows the transitions to sample a different microstructure, thus decorrelating the transition noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern in children, as it can cause chronic cognitive and behavioral deficits. The lack of objective involuntary metrics for the diagnosis of TBI makes prognosis more challenging, especially in the pediatric context, in which children are often unable to articulate their symptoms. Resting state electroencephalograms (EEG), which are inexpensive and non-invasive, and do not require subjects to perform cognitive tasks, have not yet been used to create functional brain networks in relation to TBI in children or non-human animals; here we report the first such study. We recorded resting state EEG in awake piglets before and after TBI, from which we generated EEG functional networks from the alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (16.5–25 Hz), broad (1–35 Hz), delta (1–3.5 Hz), gamma (30–35 Hz), sigma (13–16 Hz), and theta (4–7.5 Hz) frequency bands. We hypothesize that mild TBI will induce persistent frequency-dependent changes in the 4-week-old piglet at acute and chronic time points. Hyperconnectivity was found in several frequency band networks after TBI. This study serves as proof of concept that the study of EEG functional networks in awake piglets may be useful for the development of diagnostic metrics for TBI in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: A wide variety of plant species are threatened by illegal wildlife trade (IWT), and yet plants receive scant attention in IWT policy and research, a matter of pressing global concern. This review examines how "plant blindness" manifests within policy and research on IWT, with serious and detrimental effects for biodiversity conservation. We suggest several key points: (a) perhaps with the exception of the illegal timber market, plants are overlooked in IWT policy and research; (b) there is insufficient attention from funding agencies to the presence and persistence of illegal trade in plants; and (c) these absences are at least in part resultant from plant blindness as codified in governmental laws defining the meaning of "wildlife." Summary This review investigates the ways in which "plant blindness," first described by Wandersee and Schussler (1999, p. 82) as "the misguided anthropocentric ranking of plants as inferior to animals," intersects with the contemporary boom in research and policy on illegal wildlife trade (IWT). We argue that plants have been largely ignored within this emerging conservation arena, with serious and detrimental effects for biodiversity conservation. With the exception of the illegal trade in timber, we show that plants are absent from much emerging scholarship, and receive scant attention by US and UK funding agencies often driving global efforts to address illegal wildlife trade, despite the high levels of threat many plants face. Our article concludes by discussing current challenges posed by plant blindness in IWT policy and research, but also suggests reasons for cautious optimism in addressing this critical issue for plant conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Although mammography screening is crucial for cancer detection, screening rates have been declining, particularly in patients of low socioeconomic status and minorities. We sought to evaluate and improve the compliance rates at our safety net hospital through a prospective randomized controlled trial of a volunteer-run patient navigation intervention. METHODS: Baseline 90-day institutional mammography compliance rates were evaluated for patients who received a physician order for screening mammograms over a 1-month period. This analysis aided in the creation of a prospective randomized controlled trial of a volunteer-run patient navigation intervention to improve compliance, with 49 total participants. The primary outcome was 14-day mammography compliance rates. Secondary analysis examined the efficacy of the intervention with respect to patient demographics, prior mammography compliance, family history of cancer, beliefs on mammography, and past medical history. RESULTS: Analysis of baseline institutional compliance revealed a 47.87% compliance rate, with the majority of compliance occurring within 14 days of order placement. The patient navigation intervention significantly improved compliance by 34% (42% in the control group, 76% in the intervention group). Additional findings included significantly improved compliance in patients who believed they had a low susceptibility to cancer, those who understood the benefits of mammography and early diagnosis, those who had a prior mammogram, those who were employed, and those with a family history of cancer. CONCLUSION: A system to monitor compliance and intervene using patient navigation significantly improved mammography compliance of patients in a safety net hospital. The relatively straightforward design of this volunteer-based intervention makes it affordable, easily replicable, and perhaps beneficial at other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]