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In rural areas of Pakistan, a large number of women are engaged in sustainability of livestock sector which provides them employment opportunities, income and fulfil their nutrition value. This study was aimed to analyze the sustainable rural development through women's engagement in livestock sector of Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted in rural areas of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Multistage sampling technique was used for data collection. The sampling units including district, tehsils, union councils and villages were selected randomly. Two hundred and forty respondents were selected by systematic random sampling technique, according to Fitzgibbon table. Data were collected with the help of a well-designed interview schedule and analyzed by using different statistical techniques. Majority of the respondents (85.4%) declared livestock as a major source of income. Out of total, 66.3% of the respondents used to spend =9 hours daily in livestock management. Majority of the respondents (74.2%) affirmed livestock as a major source to fulfill the food requirement of their families. It is recommended that government and private organizations should arrange domestic livestock related skill development training programs for rural female and support them through provision of credit facilities. So that, women can play their active role in sustainable livelihood for their families and themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock is a natural resource of good quality food, milk, meat, yogurt, butter, etc. Rural women actively participate in livestock management activities but their role is undervalued even though their social life is negatively affected. This paper is an attempt to analyze women's involvement in livestock care and management and its implications for their social life. Multistage sampling technique was used for data collection. Two districts, two tehsils, two union councils and four villages were selected randomly. Six hundred respondents were selected by systematic random sampling technique through Fitzgibbon table. Data were collected with the help of a well-designed interview schedule and analyzed by using different statistical techniques. The results showed that a significant majority of women were involved in making dung-pads and cleaning sheds. Half of the women reported that their livestock work creates problems to meet relatives, attend family functions and for involvement in social activities. It is therefore recommended that families should provide opportunities to women to participate in social activities by sharing their livestock-related responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Ni(0) and Ni(I) compounds are believed to exhibit cross-coupling catalytic properties under various conditions, and the compounds Ni(PPh3)4 and NiCl(PPh3)3 are compared as catalysts for representative Suzuki-Miyaura and Heck-Mizoroki cross-coupling reactions. The Ni(0) compound exhibits catalytic activities, for cross-coupling of chloro and bromoanisole with phenylboronic acid and of bromobenzene with styrene, yielding results which are comparable with those of many palladium-based catalysts, but our findings with NiCl(PPh3)3 are at this point unclear. It seems to convert to catalytically active Ni(0) species under Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions and is ineffective for Heck-Mizoroki cross-coupling. The paramagnetic Ni(I) compounds NiX(PPh3)3 (X = Cl, Br, I) are characterized for the first time by 1H NMR spectroscopy and are found to exhibit broad meta and para resonances at δ 9-11 and 3-4, respectively, and very broad ortho resonances at δ 4-6; these resonances are very useful for detecting Ni(I) species in solution. The chemical shifts of NiCl(PPh3)3 vary with the concentration of free PPh3, with which it exchanges, and are also temperature-dependent, consistent with Curie law behavior. The compound trans-NiPhCl(PPh3)2, the product of oxidative addition of chlorobenzene to Ni(PPh3)4 and a putative intermediate in cross-coupling reactions of chlorobenzene, is found during the course of this investigation to exhibit entirely unanticipated thermal lability in solution in the absence of free PPh3. It readily decomposes to biphenyl and NiCl(PPh3)2 in a reaction relevant to the long-known but little-understood nickel-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides to biaryls. Ni(I) and biphenyl formation is initiated by PPh3 dissociation from trans-NiPhCl(PPh3)2 and formation of a dinuclear intermediate, a process which is now better defined using DFT methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective well-Being (SWB) means people's feelings, emotions, inner satisfaction, happiness and their positive or negative thinking towards life events. Higher socio-economic status (SES) is associated with higher levels of SWB. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the level of SWB in Pakistani children. Furthermore, the impact of age and SES on SWB of children was also investigated. Study Design: A random sampling technique was employed. Setting: Private and public schools of Faisalabad. Period: two months. Material & Methods: Two hundred Students (100 girls and 100 boys) between the ages of 9-12 years were taken from the private and public schools of Faisalabad. The data was collected from the participants through face to face interview. A validated and reliable inventory Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS-4) was employed. The collected data was analysed by bivariate correlation and independent t test. Results: Results show that most (81.5%) of the children has high level of SWB. Young children (9-10 years) have significantly (p =0.005) higher level of SWB than older children (11-12 years). Furthermore, the study found a significant positive relationship (p = 0.008, r= 0.187) between SWB and SES. Conclusions: It is concluded that the level of SWB in Pakistani children is high and SWB varies with regard to age. SWB and SES are positively associated with each other. When programmes and policies are developed for improvement of human life satisfaction particularly for children, involvement of age and SES factors must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural lands encroached by urban settlements come out with extensive cost for social and economic life of local residents, particularly in urban fringes. This study compares the changes in agricultural activities, in context of urban expansion during last decade, with special attention to land ownership patterns. A face to face survey was conducted to collect related information from the farm households in three communities at rural-urban interface of Faisalabad city, Punjab, Pakistan. The results indicated a considerable change in the size of landholding during the period 2006-2015 as majority of the farmers (48.9%) owned up to 5 acres, previously while now majority of farmers (53.9%) own less than 2 acres of land. This change was found mainly due to sale of land for housing schemes (56.9%) and division of land due to inheritance (17.8%). During the past decade, the number of land owners shifted from 96.7% to 80.6% with a considerable rise in number of tenants, share croppers and landless farmers. Despite reduced landholding size, crop farming continues to be significant source of subsistence as (88.30%) respondents still adopted agricultural farming as their current source of income but they are pushed to adopt non-farm sources of income (67.70-%) as well. Patterns of crop selection remained almost same but the crop production is less mainly due to shortage of canal water (35.60-%) and reduction in landholding size (28.90%) and farmers are restricted to subsistence farming only (91.60%). An Integrated and holistic land use planning and management is required with land users placed at center in order to improve the livelihoods of the peri-urban dwellers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]