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Over the past 130 years, Fischer-Speier esterification has been established as the benchmark method for synthesizing esters from organic acids and alcohols. The reaction's versatility, arising from the vast combinations of starting materials and the numerous catalytic alternatives to the traditional H2SO4, has maintained its relevance, with a steady flow of publications addressing new developments. This review highlights the most significant contributions to Fischer-Speier esterification over the past five years, with a particular emphasis on mechanistic advancements and innovative catalytic systems. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic approaches are discussed, including novel catalysts leveraging hydrogen-bonding interactions and systems offering fresh insights into specific reaction mechanisms and atypical methodologies. Some of these catalytic systems, as ionic liquids or sulfonated heterogeneous catalytic precursors, reached excellent yields (>90%), e.g., in the synthesis of fatty acids methyl esters. Also, classic catalysts such as H2SO4 and para-toluen sulfonic acid were optimized for quantitative conversions (e.g., in the esterification of trans-cinnamic acid with methanol). A consistent number of catalysts was studied with model substrates (as benzoic acid in combination with methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol), and new activation pathways were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tussock moth, Orgyia trigotephras Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is one of the main emerging pests of kermes oak, Quercus coccifera L. (Fagaceae), in the Mediterranean area, where it can cause the defoliation of several hectares of forests during its population outbreaks. Despite this, no specific sampling procedures to properly estimate the population density of this pest have been developed yet. The aims of this research were to develop and compare enumerative and binomial sequential sampling plans to estimate the population density of O. trigotephras in forest environments. Data were collected in four forest stands dominated by Q. coccifera in Tunisia for 7 years (from 2013 to 2019) to take into consideration the potential spatio‐temporal variability in pest density. Plant community composition was determined at the beginning of the experimental trials, and enumerative and binomial sampling plans were developed at precision levels of 0.15 and 0.25. Over the entire sampling period, the average O. trigotephras egg batch density differed significantly among sites. Sample sizes of enumerative sampling plans were approximately 39 and 109 trees to estimate an average density of 0.50 O. trigotephras egg batches per tree at the precision levels of 0.25 and 0.15, respectively. Instead, binomial sequential sampling plans required smaller sampling sizes than the enumerative sampling plan. Our findings represent the baseline to develop a program for monitoring O. trigotephras at a large spatial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is a disabling musculoskeletal condition with a high prevalence in developing and developed countries. There are many treatment modalities but none of them provides a satisfactory and consistent cure. Recently focus has shifted to neuromodulation to cure chronic pains. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of Repetitive TMS (rTMS) in the management of Pain in 2013. Since then, centres across the world have been using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) as a noninvasive modality for the treatment of various pain conditions. rTMS is a variation of TMS where stimulation is provided in sessions to create long-term excitation in the brain cortex. Evidence on the effectiveness of rTMS for CLBP is scarce due to limited rigorous clinical trials. This study is the first of its kind undertaken in India to critically analyze the role of rTMS in the treatment of CLBP. Materials & Methods: In this single institutional prospective, single-blind study, we enrolled 40 patients of CLBP sharing similar clinical profiles. They were divided into a test group and a sham group. In the test group patients were given rTMS in addition to conventional treatment while in the sham group, patients were taken through the procedure of rTMS without actually being administered it. A figure-of-eight-shaped coil was used focusing on the Left M1 area and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to administer the rTMS by a trained physician. Visual Analogue Scores (VAS) were noted before and after the procedure. Each patient was continuously monitored during the procedure for any side effects. Subsequently, they were interviewed and followed up for 6 months. At the end of 6 months, data was compiled and conclusions were drawn. Result: In our study, we found that 90 per cent of patients in the test group reported a reduction in VAS score by 30 per cent reduction while the remaining had a 20 per cent reduction in pain scores. 90 per cent of subjects in the sham group reported a marginal improvement in VAS score which can be attributed to the placebo effect. Most patients in the test group reported an improvement in quality of life at the end of six months. None of the patients suffered any untoward side effects during or after the procedure. Conclusion: Based on our study we conclude that rTMS is a safe procedure and it can be used as a modality in treating CLBP with satisfactory outcomes. Although the sample size was small, it is the first study of its kind undertaken in India to evaluate the role of rTMS-based neuromodulation in treating this chronic disabling condition. However, to be accepted as a standard of care for CLBP it will require further multi-institutional robust clinical trials with long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal maturity assessments of hydrocarbon-generation potential and thermal history rarely consider how upper-plate structures developing during subduction influence the trajectories of accreted sediments. Our thermomechanical models of subduction support that thrusts evolving under variable sedimentation rates and décollement strengths fundamentally influence the trajectory, temperature, and thermal maturity of accreting sediments. This is notably true for the frontal thrust, which pervasively partitions sediments along a low- and a high-maturity path. Our findings imply that interpretations of the distribution of thermal maturity cannot be detached from accounts of the length and frequency of thrusts and their controlling factors. Our approach takes these factors into consideration and provides a robust uncertainty estimate of maximum exposure temperatures as a function of vitrinite reflectance and burial depth. As a result, our models reduce former inconsistencies between predicted and factual thermal maturity distributions in accretionary wedges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The letter published in the Indian Dermatology Online Journal discusses a case of a 27-year-old male with pemphigus vulgaris who developed new skin lesions after a tuberculin test, known as Koebner's Phenomenon. The Koebner phenomenon is described as the development of new skin lesions due to trauma on previously unaffected skin, and it is important to differentiate it from other reactions. The etiopathogenesis of Koebner's Phenomenon in pemphigus vulgaris is still not clear, but it is hypothesized to be a complex interaction of genetic, local, and systemic factors. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of a 25-year-old male diagnosed with pigmented contact dermatitis (PCD) caused by Parthenium exposure, characterized by diffuse greyish-brown hyperpigmentation and pruritus. Topics discussed include the clinical presentation and histopathological findings of PCD, the role of patch testing in diagnosis, and the unique manifestation of PCD due to airborne allergens.

Researchers are investigating innovative composite materials for renewable energy and energy storage systems. The major goals of this studies are i) to develop a low‐cost and stable trimetallic oxide catalyst and ii) to change the electrical environment of the active sites through site‐selective Mo substitution. The effect of Mo on NiCoMoO4 is elucidated using both in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Also, density functional theory strategies show that NiCoMoO4 has extraordinary catalytic redox activity because of the high adsorption energy of the Mo atom on the active crystal plane. Further, it is demonstrated that hierarchical nanoflower structures of NiCoMoO4 on reduced graphene oxide can be employed as a powerful bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions in alkaline solutions, providing a small overpotential difference of 0.75 V. Also, Zn–air batteries based on the developed bifunctional electrocatalyst exhibit outstanding cycling stability and a high‐power density of 125.1 mW cm−2. This work encourages the use of Zn–air batteries in practical applications and provides an interesting concept for designing a bifunctional electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Environmentally prevalent lead is a potentially hazardous metal. Depending on its absorption and desorption, lead causes detrimental effects. The growth of fetus and newborn is seriously impacted in utero due to lead exposure in mothers. Aims: (1) To determine the lead levels in cord blood and (2) to determine the relationship of blood lead levels with anthropometry in newborns. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study, department of pediatrics for 6-month period (May 2022 to October 2022). Subjects and Methods: The study included term and preterm babies above 28 weeks of gestation, born to mothers without risk factors. Cord blood samples from 83 newborns were analyzed for lead levels by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Statistical Analysis: Taking power as 80% and alpha error as 5%, sample size (n = 83) was obtained using regression methods. Results: The average lead concentration in the cord blood was detected to be 0.4 μg/dL (0.05–1.90 μg/dL). Using Pearson's correlation coefficient, decrease in birth weight with increasing lead levels was statistically significant (P = 0.0005, r = −0.464). The correlation between gestational age, length, head circumference, chest circumference of newborn, and cord blood lead level (r = −0.364, P = 0.001); (r = −0.343, P = 0.001); (r = −0.435, P = 0.0005); and (r = 0.446, P = 0.0005), respectively, was highly significant. A moderately significant correlation was found between abdominal circumference and cord blood lead level (r = −0.343, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Reduction in neonatal anthropometric measurements, especially the birth weight, length, chest circumference, and head circumference, was noted with increasing lead levels in umbilical cord blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There has been adequate evidence that children are less likely to contract the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection and less likely to experience a deadly course of the disease in the paediatric group. The majority of the time, they exhibit moderate respiratory symptoms, like fever, dry cough and exhaustion. They were all free of COVID-19 pneumonia. Aim: To compare the clinical features and short-term outcomes of COVID-19 in children during May 2020 to April 2022. Materials and Methods: The present analytical observational study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, Chettinad Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from March 2020 to March 2022. The study population included Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 children between age groups of one month and 18 years age. A sample size of 102, 90 and 98 were included from first, second and third wave, respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used were used for statistical analysis. Results: In the study population, the mean age in the wave 1, wave 2 and wave 3 was 9.1±5.25 years, 9.3±4.99 years and 9.2±5.12 years, respectively. Males were more affected in all the phases than females. The most common symptoms in all the three waves were cough, myalgia and fever. Fever was the predominant symptom reported in all three waves (74.8% in wave 1, 80.6% in wave 2 and 75% in wave 3). Between the COVID-19 waves, baseline investigations such as Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) (p-value=0.001, 0.02) showed significant differences. C-reactive Protein (CRP) was non reactive in (81.55%) in wave 1, (85.07%) in wave 2 and (65.3%) in wave 3. (p-value=0.029). Conclusion: The present study results conclude that the presenting features of COVID-19 in children were mild, and the outcome was good. The first, second and third waves had considerable differences in clinical findings and short-term outcomes among COVID-19-affected children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal maturity assessments of hydrocarbon-generation potential and thermal history rarely consider how upper-plate structures developing during subduction influence the trajectories of accreted sediments. Our thermomechanical models of subduction support that thrusts evolving under variable sedimentation rates and décollement strengths fundamentally influence the trajectory, temperature, and thermal maturity of accreting sediments. This is notably true for the frontal thrust, which pervasively partitions sediments along a low and a high maturity path. Our findings imply that interpretations of the distribution of thermal maturity cannot be detached from accounts of the length and frequency of thrusts and their controlling factors. Taking these factors into consideration, our approach provides a robust uncertainty estimate in maximum exposure temperatures as a function of vitrinite reflectance and burial depth thereby reducing former inconsistencies between predicted and factual thermal maturity distributions in accretionary wedges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Predicting species distribution is a fundamental step for setting up opportune control actions. The suitability of the environment for the establishment of the species is even more important in case of invasive insects, such as Toumeyella parvicornis (Hemiptera, Coccidae). This species is a soft scale insect native to North America recently introduced in Italy and in France, where it established and spread, causing harmful infestations on stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plants. Some aspects of its biology, such as the several overlapped generations and the high fecundity, may contribute to make it a successful invasive species when in a suitable environment. This is supported by the observations carried out in Central Italy, where the climate and environmental conditions seem suitable for the species to develop. To prevent further spread across the Mediterranean basin, it would be helpful to identify the most suitable areas by considering bioclimatic variables, as is commonly carried out in case of invasive species. We prepared potential pest distribution maps of European areas by utilizing Species Distribution Models. This information adds further detail to the report recently published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The areas with the highest suitability for the species are located along the coasts, where most Mediterranean pines occur. This correspondence suggests a high risk of widespread dispersal and provides useful information for implementing management strategies of this damaging pest. The pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis, is an insect native to the Nearctic region that is able to infest several Pinus species. It can cause weakening, defoliation and, at high infestation levels, tree death. After its first report in Italy in 2015, the pest spread rapidly over the surrounding areas and was reported in France in 2021. Due to the threat that this pest poses to pine trees, the suitability of European Mediterranean basin areas for T. parvicornis at different spatial scales was estimated by constructing species distribution models (SDMs) using bioclimatic variables. Our results showed that several coastal areas of the Mediterranean basin area could be suitable for T. parvicornis. Based on performance assessment, all the SDMs tested provided a good representation of the suitability of European Mediterranean non-native area for T. parvicornis at different spatial scales. In particular, most of the areas with a medium or high level of suitability corresponded to the geographical range of distribution of different Pinus spp. in Europe. Predicting the suitability of European Mediterranean areas for T. parvicornis provides a fundamental tool for early detection and management of the spread of this pest in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of histoid leprosy that presented with symptoms resembling nevus comedonicus. Histoid leprosy is a rare form of leprosy characterized by unique clinical and histopathological features. It can occur in individuals previously treated for lepromatous leprosy or de novo. The article provides information on the clinical presentation, histopathology, and treatment of histoid leprosy. It also mentions that histoid leprosy can mimic other skin diseases and describes atypical presentations of the condition. [Extracted from the article]

Herein, we have demonstrated the control over the structure of precatalysts to tune the properties of the active catalysts and their water oxidation activity. The reaction of K3[Fe(CN)6] and Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)] with Co(OH)2@CC produced precatalysts PC‐1 and PC‐2, respectively, with distinct structural and electronic features. The replacement of the −CN group with strong π‐acceptor −NO modulates the electronic and atomic structure of PC‐2. As a result, a facile electrochemical transformation of PC‐2 into active catalyst Fe−Co(OH)2‐Co(O)OH (AC‐2) has been attained only in 15 CV cycles while 600 CV cycles are required for the electrochemical activation of PC‐1 into AC‐1. The X‐ray absorption studies reveal the contraction of the Co−O and Fe−O bond in AC‐2 because of the presence of a higher amount of Co3+ and Fe3+ than in AC‐1. The high valent Co3+ and Fe3+ modulates the electronic properties of AC‐2 and assists in the O−O bond formation, leading to the improved water oxidation activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have demonstrated the control over the structure of precatalysts to tune the properties of the active catalysts and their water oxidation activity. The reaction of K3[Fe(CN)6] and Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)] with Co(OH)2@CC produced precatalysts PC‐1 and PC‐2, respectively, with distinct structural and electronic features. The replacement of the −CN group with strong π‐acceptor −NO modulates the electronic and atomic structure of PC‐2. As a result, a facile electrochemical transformation of PC‐2 into active catalyst Fe−Co(OH)2‐Co(O)OH (AC‐2) has been attained only in 15 CV cycles while 600 CV cycles are required for the electrochemical activation of PC‐1 into AC‐1. The X‐ray absorption studies reveal the contraction of the Co−O and Fe−O bond in AC‐2 because of the presence of a higher amount of Co3+ and Fe3+ than in AC‐1. The high valent Co3+ and Fe3+ modulates the electronic properties of AC‐2 and assists in the O−O bond formation, leading to the improved water oxidation activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion irradiation is an exceptionally effective approach to induce controlled surface modification/defects in semiconducting thin films. In this investigation, ion-irradiated Se–Te-based compounds exhibit electrical transport properties that greatly favor the transformation of waste heat into electricity. Enhancements of both the Seebeck coefficient (S) and the power factor (PF) of In2(Te0.98Se0.02)3 films under 120 MeV Ni9+ ion irradiation were examined. The maximum S value of the pristine film was about ~221 µVK−1. A significantly higher S value of about ~427 µVK−1 was obtained following irradiation at 1 × 1013 ions/cm2. The observed S values suggest the n-type conductivity of these films, in agreement with Hall measurements. Additionally, Ni ion irradiation increased the PF from ~1.23 to 4.91 µW/K2m, demonstrating that the irradiated films outperformed the pristine samples. This enhancement in the TE performance of the In2(Te0.98Se0.02)3 system is elucidated by irradiation-induced effects that are revealed by structural and morphological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste Cooking Oils (WCOs) are generated worldwide through industrial food processing and household use, posing environmental concerns upon disposal. Bentonites often showed to be effective in removing minor contaminants in vegetable oil refining. The present research focused on the processing of raw WCOs using four bentonites, two commercials and two obtained by ball milling of the latest. The different bentonites (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) were characterized before and after ball milling (BM) procedure, including an exhaustive analyses of crystal structure, morphology and surface area via x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N 2 -physisorption technique. Optimization of BM processing in terms of milling time was achieved within 60 min. The milled powders were then tested as adsorbents for recycling WCOs with different degrees of decomposition (expressed in terms of free fatty acids, FFAs, content). Employing a design of experiments approach, the impact of five parameters (FFAs content, temperature, specific surface area, stirring, BM time) on the resulting pour point (PP), taken as a quality benchmark for recycled oil, was assessed. Quantitative multivariate statistical analysis revealed temperature's negligible role and identified the significant impact of two characteristics of the bentonite (specific superficial area and ball milling time), as well as the relevant role of the stirring during the treatment. At the end, hydrophilic bentonite resulted able to improve the PP of waste oils with a low content of free fatty acids of about 10 °C. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobicity of bentonites is a pivotal parameter in waste cooking oil recycling • It is possible to improve the recycling outcome of waste cooking oil with bentonite by ball milling pre-treatment • Refining of waste cooking oils with bentonite is not temperature-depending • Pour point of recycled vegetable oils can be consistently improved by choosing the proper bentonite and condition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tortrix viridana is a serious pest of deciduous oaks in the Mediterranean region. • Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was sprayed at different application timings. • Btk -based insecticide was effective in controlling T. viridana larval populations. • Btk showed the most efficacy against III-IV larval instars under field conditions. • Application timing can be defined based on oak flushing phase. The green oak leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana , is one of the main defoliators of deciduous oaks in the Mediterranean region. Although aerial applications of Btk -based insecticides represent the most effective method to control the larval populations of this pest at a large spatial scale, the optimal time window for sprayings has not yet been defined. Accordingly, experimental trials were conducted in a Quercus pubescens forest district in Sardinia (Italy) involving both large-scale aerial treatments and small-scale applications from the ground. The aim of our work was to study how different larval development stages and/or sprouting phenological phases of the host trees affect Btk efficacy. Aerial sprayings were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in two different areas of about 300 ha, selected according to altitude and exposure to simulate three different application timings against different larval instars and sprouting phenological phases. From-the-ground applications were carried out in 2021 in a Q. pubescens forest stand by applying Btk -based insecticides at different timings, and the overall Q. pubescens phenological stage and the distribution of T. viridana larval development stages were assessed accordingly. The effectiveness of Btk applications was evaluated by estimating larval mortality 7, and 14 days after aerial applications, and 7, 14 and 21 days after ground applications. Defoliation due to T. viridana was also evaluated at the end of larval development in all years. In both 2003 and 2004, the average larval mortality due to Btk exceeded 80 % two weeks after aerial applications across all application timings. Damage caused by T. viridana varied with Btk application timing, with the later applications showing a higher defoliation than other timings. In ground application experiments, larval mortality significantly increased when Btk was sprayed against a larval population primarily composed of IV instars, which were feeding on sprouts with leaves that were spread out and had not fully developed internodes, thus resulting in a significative reduction of insect damage. Our findings indicate that, in accordance with the strict synchrony between the larval development and the oak flushing, the optimal timing for Btk application against T. viridana can be defined based on the bud burst phenological phase. In particular, the prevalence of sprout with expanding leaf surface allowing insecticidal droplet interception and the simultaneous presence of susceptible larval instars (within the IV), resulted in an increased treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymantria dispar is the main threat to Mediterranean forests. Sampling methods used for monitoring the pest population density are generally very time-consuming for practical purposes, such as the delimitation of infested areas for control programs. Enumerative and binomial sequential sampling plans were developed using data collected in cork oak forests in Sardinia (Italy). The Taylor's power law (TPL) was used to evaluate the degree of aggregation of L. dispar egg masses among trees and to develop enumerative sampling plans at precision levels of 0.10 and 0.25 using the Green's method. Furthermore, binomial plans were computed by Wald's sequential probability ratio test. Lymantria dispar egg masses on trees were significantly aggregated and the degree of aggregation was similar in all population development phases. Overall, only 31 cork oak trees are to be monitored at the economic damage threshold of 2.5 egg masses/tree with a precision level of 0.25. Binomial sequential sampling plans also required lower sampling sizes (26.9–31.4 trees) than conventional sampling plans. Enumerative and binomial sampling plans could represent suitable methods for sampling L. dispar egg masses in Mediterranean forests, with the practical advantage of lower cost and time consumption than standard sampling plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 45 year old woman who developed swelling and redness in both ears after starting oral griseofulvin treatment for tinea corporis. It is reported that the reaction resolved upon discontinuation of griseofulvin and treatment with prednisolone, but recurred upon re-administration of the drug. It suggests a potential link between griseofulvin and red ear syndrome, highlighting the importance of promptly recognizing and managing adverse drug reactions.

Cerambyx cerdo is a large saproxylic species included in the Annex IV of the European Habitats Directive as a 'priority species'.Although C. cerdo populations have shown a significant decline in size and distribution in central and northern European forests, in the Mediterranean basin it is often considered as a pest in urban and peri‐urban areas.Based on European legislations currently in use, we propose a simplified decision‐making flowchart that should be followed regarding the adoption of different control measures against severe C. cerdo infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Eccrine poroma on the abdomen: A rare and atypical site" published in the Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology describes a case of a 43-year-old man with a benign adnexal tumor known as eccrine poroma on his left lumbar region. The tumor, originating from intraepidermal eccrine ducts, was characterized by small uniform cuboidal cells with a central basophilic nucleus and pale eosinophilic cytoplasm. While eccrine poromas are commonly found on the palms and soles, this case highlights a rare occurrence on the abdomen. The authors obtained appropriate patient consent and disclosed no conflicts of interest or financial support for the study. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of A48-year-oldwomanwith hypertension and chronic kidney disease (on medications for the past 3 years) underwent a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion procedure and was started on injection vancomycin. She developed mild itching, diffuse erythema, and multiple purpuric macules involving the inguinal region, medial thighs in a V-shaped manner, both the popliteal fossa.

Aims: Appendicitis, in spite of all the diagnostic advances, achieving an accurate and timely diagnosis of this common condition in children remains a challenge. Plasma fibrinogen (FB) is an acute inflammatory mediator and has been proposed and evaluated as an adjunct laboratory marker for improving diagnostic accuracy. The study evaluates the plasma values of Se FB along with other serum markers in pediatric appendicitis patients, to determine their diagnostic accuracy. Methods: Prospective observational study on 120 patients between the age group of 5 and 12 years. All eligible enrolled cases underwent total leukocyte count (TLC), plasma FB, C reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate on admission along with pediatric appendicitis score. Final confirmation of diagnosis and allotment of cohort was made by intra operative findings and histopathological confirmation. Two groups were defined: (1) Histopathologically confirmed acute appendicitis-Cases (2) Nonspecific abdominal pain-Controls. Laboratory results were statistically analyzed between the case and the control groups for diagnostic accuracy. Results: Study reflected strong statistical significance in terms of leukocyte count, ANC, NLR, CRP, and FB levels. However, plasma FB (value above 4.02 g/L) had the highest diagnostic accuracy rate of 82.50% compared to other laboratory values (TLC-70.83%, CRP-70.00%). Conclusion: Plasma FB has emerged as an accurate diagnostic tool and its diagnostic accuracy is superior to all other laboratory parameter studied (TLC, CRP, NLR, and ANC). Plasma FB values above 4.02 g/L is an independent predictor of appendicitis and can help in reducing negative laparotomy in pediatric age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is very important for the growth and development of the baby. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of EBF practices, to assess the factors associated with those practices, and to find the barriers to EBF practices in the rural community. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study based on systematic questioning was carried out involving 252 mothers with children between the ages of 6 and 9 months in the southern Chennai community and the nearby districts of Chengalpattu and Kanchipuram from October 2018 to October 2019. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with EBF. Results: Seventy percent (184/252) of mothers following EBF habits had a child older than six months. About 58% of mothers started breastfeeding within one hour of birth, and 32.53% reported colostrum feeding. An apparent shortage of milk (58.82%) was a common problem reported by the mothers leading to EBF discontinuation. Children of working mothers [Odds ratio (OR) 3.32; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13, 9.70], urban dwellers (OR 6.67; 95% CI 1.12, 39.66) and children in urban areas (OR 12.47; 95% CI 2.05, 75.90) were less likely to be breastfed exclusively as indicated in the multivariate regression analysis. No relationships were found between the child's gender, method of childbirth, medical advice, or nutritional management before meals and EBF. Conclusion: Working mothers and those living in urban areas were at greater risk of non-compliance with EBF. The national impact of urban sprawl and the impact on EBF activities should be studied in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crustal rheology and surface processes strongly influence strain distribution and shape of orogenic wedges at their front but how they influence the wedge rear is still unclear. Here, we analyse the coupled control of viscosity and sedimentation on forearc high growth during advanced stages of subduction accretion. We use 2D thermo-mechanical finite element models constrained with data of the south Anatolian margin. Our simulations show that forearc highs grow as a thermallyactivated viscosity drop in the lower crust induces ductile deformation and viscous flow. Initial viscosity and the amount of sediments in the forearc basin control nonlinearly the occurrence and timing of the thermally-activated viscosity drop, and thus of the growth of the forearc high. High sedimentation rates result in thicker forearc basins that stabilise the subduction wedge and delay the onset of uplift in the forearc high. Low viscosities promote earlier onset of forearc high uplift and lead to larger morphological variability along the subduction margin. Increasing either the sedimentation rate or viscosity may prevent forearc high formation entirely. The thermo-viscous forearc highs grow at an age set by wedge thermal state as a function of accretionary flux, wedge viscosity, and synorogenic sedimentation. Our models explain vertical motions in south Anatolia and potentially in other accretionary margins, like the Lesser Antilles or Cascadia, during the formation of their broad forearc highs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective formation of the heterocyclic salt ((1,4-dioxane-2,5-diyl)-bis-(methylene))-bis-(triphenylphosphonium) chloride was observed when epichlorohydrin and triphenylphosphine were reacted in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. Slow evaporation from a mixture of ethanol and ethyl acetate allows to isolate monocrystals of the heterocyclic phosphonium salt. Mechanistic investigations point to the formation of the zwitterionic intermediate 1-chloro-3-(triphenylphosphonio)-propan-2-olate, which can dimerize and generate the 1,4-dioxane derivative. In the exclusive presence of a Brønsted acid as HCl, which usually facilitates epoxide ring opening, the exclusive formation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol was although observed. Also, when epichlorohydrin, PPh3, and a stoichiometric amount of HCl were mixed, (2-chloro-3-hydroxypropyl)-triphenylphosphonium chloride was formed and its isolation in pure form provides monocrystals subjectable to X-ray analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The CZTS/CZTSe bilayer using constant band gap grading is proposed and shows enhanced performance. • For the first time an interfacial layer of MoS 2 is used between the two-absorber layer giving an enhanced performance. • Optimization of layer parameters carried to attain maximum efficiency. • Impact of temperature on cell performance is investigated. Thin film solar cells based on Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 are very promising, because they contain earth abundant elements and show high absorptive behavior. However, the performance of these solar cells are limited and needs to be improved in order to reach efficiencies as high as that reported for Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 and CdTe based solar cells. To obtain enhanced performance, the present study investigates the output effect of fixed bilayer CZTS/CZTSe structure with band gap 1.5 and 0.9 eV respectively and the effect of MoS 2 interfacial layer between CZTS and CZTSe layer to avoid unintentional elemental diffusion. The idea of bilayer CZTS/CZTSe and CZTS/MoS 2 /CZTSe structure was exploited to achieve higher open circuit voltage and efficiency by band engineering mechanism compared to single layer. In this numerical study the focus is given to fixed band gap model as the structure is practically feasible to realize with the associated materials. The thin interfacial layer introduced between the two layers ultimately diminishes the recombination process due to the back induced electric field. Finally, the fixed bandgap CZTS/MoS 2 /CZTSe exhibits better performance with open circuit voltage of 0.88 V and efficiency of 21.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water treatment of waste cooking oils is effective in their recycling process. • Modifying pH and temperature is possible to tune the properties of the recycled vegetable oil. • ESI-MS technique is able to discriminate between recycled WCOs at different conditions. Samples of sunflower Waste Cooking Oils (WCOs) subjected to several cycles of frying were treated with water under four different combinations of temperature and pH. Several aspects of the chemical composition of edible, non-treated and processed samples was determined by three different analytic techniques: headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas-chromatography (GC), 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS spectrometry. Thus, a characteristic chemical fingerprint of each sample was derived and proposed as useful set of tools for the optimization of recycling of WCOs. On the basis of the presented results, a mini-plant for the production of bio-lubricants and bio-solvents with a circular economy approach was designed and herein described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consideration towards waste cooking oils is changing from hazardous waste to valuable raw material for industrial application. During the last 5 years, some innovative processes based on the employment of recycled waste cooking oil have appeared in the literature. In this review article, the most recent and innovative applications of recycled waste cooking oil are reported and discussed. These include the production of bioplasticizers, the application of chemicals derived from waste cooking oils as energy vectors and the use of waste cooking oils as a solvent for pollutant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The synthesis of heteroleptic monomeric cationic Rh(I) bis-diphosphine complex [Rh(dppe)(dppp)]Cl (dppe = 1,2-bis-(diphenylphosphino)ethane and dppp = 1,3-bis-(diphenylphosphino)propane) was achieved by reaction between the neutral dimeric complex [Rh 2 (dppe) 2 (μ 2 -Cl) 2 ] and the dppp ligand. The corresponding complex [Rh(dppe)(dppp)]BF 4 was instead obtained from reaction between [Rh(dppe)(nbd)]BF 4 (nbd = bicyclo-[2.2.1]-hepta-2,5-diene) and the dppp ligand. Previous protocols had extended to the synthesis of the analogous homoleptic complexes containing two dppe or two dppp ligands. The structural analysis of such complexes conducted in the solid state by single-crystal x-ray crystallography and in solution by 31P and 1H NMR revealed a distorted square planar geometry where the anion and the cation are not bonded each other. Nevertheless, important differences in reactivity can be found if same complexes with different anions are compared, as in the case of the phosphine exchange reaction between [Rh(dppp) 2 ]X (X = Cl−, BF 4 −) and the dppe ligand or in the case of the employment of such complexes as catalytic precursors for the transfer hydrogenation reaction from 2-propanol to acetophenone. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The reactivity of cationic Rh(I) bis-diphosphine complexes [Rh(dppe)(dppp)]X (X = Cl−, BF4−) can be affected by the type of anion. • Heteroleptic [Rh(dppe)(dppp)]X complexes (X = Cl−, BF 4 −) can be prepared by reaction between [Rh 2 (dppe) 2 (μ 2 -Cl) 2 ] and dppp. • Rh(I) bis-diphosphine complexes catalyze hydrogen transfer from 2-propanol to acetophenone. • BF 4 − can inhibit the hydrogen transfer reaction catalyzed by Rh(I) bis-diphosphine complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meloidogyne enterolobii is regarded as one of the most severe and threatening pathogens worldwide. Guava production in India is quenched by the invasion of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii. Bacterial bio-control agents confer resistance against nematodes by producing various bioactive molecules. Exploiting these biomolecules will lead to the development of novel nematicidal formulations for managing plant parasitic nematodes. Considering this, our present investigation was focused on the isolation and identification of endophytic bacterial communities from wild guava Psidium eugeniaefolia. Amongst various endophytes, Bacillus subtilis GEB-1 exhibited a 90% reduction in the population of M. enterolobii. Cell-free supernatant extracts of B. subtilis GEB-1 revealed the presence of seventeen unique biomolecules. Attempts were made to dock these biomolecules against major protein targets of M. enterolobii such as E3 ubiquitin ligase, Neurotransmitter-gated ion-channel, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, Peptidase M12B domain-containing protein, Hyaluronidase through molecular docking techniques. The results of in-silico studies revealed that all seventeen biomolecules had a significant impact on protein targets of M. enterolobii. Among other bacterial metabolites, 2-heptanone and 2,3-butanediol were found to have a greater binding affinity with protein targets of M. enterolobii. Furthermore, the in-vitro evaluation of 2-heptanone and 2,3-butanediol at different concentrations confirmed their nematicidal activity against eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. enterolobii. Hence our present study revealed that bacterial metabolites, 2 heptanone, and 2,3-butanediol can be explored as novel nematicidal molecules against guava root-knot nematodes, M. enterolobii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment of clays in industry and on laboratory scale is still of interest, despite their long history. The chemical-physical characteristics of such materials are strongly related to their geographical origin and the availability of proper characterization techniques is of great importance in order to gain as more information about their behavior when utilized as filling materials. In the present contribution, a physical characterization by meaning of Thermogravimetry and N2 physisorption analyses of samples of bentonite collected from the deposit of S'Aliderru in the north of Sardinia (Italy) is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Se-Te based chalcogenides exhibit novel property of Phase Change Memory (PCM) which has potential applications in electrical non-volatile memories. These materials are also suitable in thermal to electrical energy conversions and, hence, of potential interest in energy sustainability as thermoelectric devices. In this study, the Se doped In2Te3 thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation and were annealed at 250 °C and 300 °C in Argon gas. The X-ray diffraction spectra show that thermal annealing leads to the phase transitions in Se doped In2Te3 into binary phases of In2Se3 and In2Te3. The surface morphology of the films exhibits the grains of spherical nature. Annealing also decreases the energy band gap due to the presence of two phases. From the four probe and photoconductivity measurements, a large contrast in electrical resistance between the amorphous and crystalline states is found with a variation of a few orders of magnitude. The electrical transport properties such as the electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and the power factor were measured in the temperature range from 300 K to 430 K. All the deposited and annealed thin films exhibit n-type conductivity with the Seebeck coefficient ranging from -338 μVK-1 to -510 μVK-1. An increase in thermoelectric power of 25% is observed in the 300 °C annealed films in comparison to the as-deposited films. Moreover, the lower Se doped In2(Te0.96Se0.04)3 compound exhibits a better thermoelectric performance compared to the In2(Te0.90Se0.1)3 composition. This study shows the multifunctional nature of Se doped In2Te3 both for PCM and thermoelectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral dimeric rhodium diphosphine complexes are often employed as catalytic precursors in the presence of the solvent CH 2 Cl 2 . The possibility of a collateral reaction between the solvent and the catalytic precursor is never considered as the activation of CH 2 Cl 2 by [Rh 2 (PP) 2 ( μ 2 -Cl) 2 ] complexes is reputed difficult and uncommon. Herein we report the easy formation of three neutral dimeric Rh(III) complexes containing DPPP, DPPB and TangPhos through CH 2 Cl 2 activation as an extension of the few examples reported so far. The system [Rh 2 (DPPP) 2 ( μ 2 -Cl) 2 ]/CH 2 Cl 2 has been selected for a detailed mechanistic investigation. Kinetic studies based on 31 P NMR monitoring combined with metathesis experiments reveal the fundamental role of a 14-electron intermediate [Rh(PP)Cl], which is involved in the CH 2 Cl 2 activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal oceans play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, and are increasingly affected by anthropogenic forcing. Understanding carbon cycling in coastal environments is hindered by convoluted sources and myriad processes that vary over a range of spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we deconvolve the complex mosaic of organic carbon manifested in Chinese Marginal Sea (CMS) sediments using a novel numerical clustering algorithm based on 14C and total OC content. Results reveal five regions that encompass geographically distinct depositional settings. Complementary statistical analyses reveal contrasting region-dependent controls on carbon dynamics and composition. Overall, clustering is shown to be highly effective in demarcating areas of distinct organic facies by disentangling intertwined organic geochemical patterns resulting from superimposed effects of OC provenance, reworking and deposition on a shelf region exhibiting pronounced spatial heterogeneity. This information will aid in constraining region-specific budgets of carbon burial and carbon cycle processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • ZIF-8 derived CuS/ZnO catalysts were prepared by a simple aqueous solution process. • Photocatalytic activity of the catalysts was evaluated by degradation of MO and CIP. • The CIP degradation pathways and intermediates were proposed by the Fukui function. • The defect-induced CuS/ZnO catalysts accelerate the charge carrier separation. Fabricating oxygen vacancies (Vo) is an effective approach to enhance photocatalytic performance, but its effect on the interfacial charge transfer pathway remains unelucidated to date. In this study, we used the simple aqueous solution method to create an oxygen-defected ZIF-8-derived CuS/ZnO (CZ) heterostructure, and various characterization techniques were used to investigate the prepared catalysts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) were used to determine the surface defects caused by the CuS nanoparticles in the ZnO matrix generated from ZIF-8. The optimized CuS/ZnO (CZ-2) catalyst exhibited efficient photocatalytic performance by effectively increasing the charge separation rate of the photogenerated electrons. The photocatalytic performances of methylene orange (MO) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) using the CZ heterostructure were 99.76 % and 94.59 %, respectively, with the corresponding rate constants of 0.0695 and 0.0312 min−1 at 40 min. The electron spin resonance and scavenger tests have established that •O 2 − is the primary oxidative radical species involved in photocatalytic activity. In addition, the density functional theory calculations were performed to determine the degradation mechanism of CIP, and the possible pathways of CIP degradation were investigated using liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy. This study provides new insights into the development of metal–organic frameworks and metal sulfide-based heterostructures for environmental degradation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel GdTaO 4 phase exhibits good photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation and holds great promise for the removal of organic dyes from industrial wastes. The GdTaO 4 samples were synthesized using the hydrothermal and calcination process with different weight ratios of gadolinium nitrate hydrate (G) and tantalum pentachloride (T), and their structural studies confirmed the formation of the GdTaO 4 (GT) phase. Among the samples, GT-4 (with a weight ratio of 4:1) exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye under visible light irradiation. To enhance the photocatalytic performance, H 2 O 2 was used as a green additive, and the photocatalytic abilities were examined by varying dye types and concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed the local atomic and electronic structures around Ta and Gd and highlighted the contribution of Gd3+ to the GT system, which is a crucial factor in supporting the enhanced photocatalytic performance. Moreover, in-situ XAS at Gd M 5 -edge and O K-edge were examined under illumination/dark conditions to explore the electronic structures of photo-excited electron transition in the photocatalytic process. The analytical results provided strong evidence correlating the electronic structure and photocatalytic property of the GT. This study demonstrates that GdTaO 4 exhibits good photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, making it a promising new Ta-based photocatalyst for the effective removal of organic dyes from industrial wastes. [Display omitted] • GdTaO 4 photocatalysts are synthesized via hydrothermal and calcination processes with different Gd and Ta ratios. • Photocatalyst GT-4 exhibited the highest catalytic activity for MO degradation under visible light. • To enhance the Photocatalytic performance, H 2 O 2 was used as a green additive, assessing dye types and concentrations. • Ex-situ and in-situ XAS are crucial for understanding enhanced photocatalytic performance by revealing Ta and Gd local atomic/electronic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The optimal strategy for preventing recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO) is unknown.Purpose: To compare transcatheter PFO closure with medical therapy alone for prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke.Data Sources: PubMed and the Cochrane Library (without language restrictions) from inception to October 2017, reference lists, and abstracts from cardiology meetings.Study Selection: Randomized trials enrolling adults with PFO and cryptogenic stroke that compared stroke outcomes (main outcome) and potential harms in those receiving transcatheter device closure versus medical therapy alone.Data Extraction: Two investigators independently extracted study data and rated risk of bias.Data Synthesis: Of 5 trials, 1 was excluded because it used a device that is no longer available due to high rates of complications and failure. Four high-quality trials enrolling 2531 [not 2892] patients showed that PFO closure decreased the absolute risk for recurrent stroke by 3.3% [not 3.2%] (risk difference [RD], −0.033 [95% CI, −0.062 to −0.004]) [not −0.032 (95% CI, −0.050 to −0.014)] compared with medical therapy. The treatment strategies did not differ in rates of transient ischemic attack or major bleeding. Closure of PFOs was associated with higher rates of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) than medical therapy alone in all trials, but this outcome had marked between-trial heterogeneity (I2 = 81.9%), and high event rates in some groups resulted in extreme values for CIs.Limitation: Heterogeneity of device type and antithrombotic therapy across trials, small numbers for some outcomes, and heterogeneous and inconclusive AF results.Conclusion: In patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke, transcatheter device closure decreases risk for recurrent stroke compared with medical therapy alone. Because recurrent stroke rates are low even with medical therapy alone and PFO closure might affect AF risk, shared decision making is crucial for this treatment.Primary Funding Source: None. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei is an invasive insect species worldwide. Prolonged attacks by this psyllid may cause both direct and indirect damages to Eucalyptus trees, such as plant weakening, developmental reductions and phylloptosis, resulting in death within 2-3 years. After the first report in Campania (Italy) in 2010 on Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees, it quickly spread to all surrounding central-southern regions of Italy. In Sardinia, G. brimblecombei was first recorded in 2011, and is currently found throughout the island. From 2013 to 2015 a monitoring program was carried out in 11 locations throughout Sardinia in order to estimate the density pattern of both its adults and preimaginal stages, as well as the general population trend of G. brimblecombei over the years. An analysis of G. brimblecombei population abundance showed an almost stable level of infestation over the years, and a seasonal pattern with a population peak in the summer. However, an earlier peak of population abundance was detected in 2015 compared to the previous years. A spatial heterogeneity of the level of infestation was observed throughout the island, highlighting the potential effects of environmental conditions in regulating the populations of both G. brimblecombei and its natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcomes for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer in developed countries have improved substantially over recent decades. Adjuvant therapies have contributed to this improvement and their benefits have been confirmed in large randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses. Lower event rates, whilst welcome, have created problems for RCTs, that need to be larger and often take longer to provide a reliable result. In an effort to maintain the rate of progress and to obviate the complexity, cost and time required to conduct large RCTs, there has been an increased tendency to rely on observational data to determine a treatment effect and also to accelerate progress by the use of a surrogate marker (pathological complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy). We highlight the pitfalls in these approaches and suggest some simplifications in the conduct of RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sardinia (Italy) the population abundance of the defoliator gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera Erebidae) has been regularly sampled for over thirty years by counts of egg masses. This monitoring activity allows annual identification of the areas with the highest abundance of infestation in order to define the areas to be subjected to phytosanitary treatments and thus to confine the damage caused by gypsy moth defoliation. However, the identification of areas to be treated have been defined exclusively according to the experience gained over the years by the operators. To overcome the limitation of this empirical approach we have developed an objective method supporting decision making based on the relationship between the percentage of infested sites and the intensity of defoliation. For this purpose the radius of annual gypsy moth expansion was estimated in a cork oak district: the estimated value was ca. 6 km per year. This value was used to calculate the percentage of sites occupied by at least 1 egg mass within that radius. A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the relationship between percentage of occupied sites and presence of damage. According to what we know from literature a monitoring site was considered damaged when defoliation level of foliage was greater than 50%. We then used the historical series of data to calculate the probability that a defoliation event would occur according to the estimated model. The logit model confirmed the validity of the predictor with respect to the presence of damage, with a general accuracy greater than 90%. The results suggest a revision of the sampling protocol used thus far, which requires a particularly costly and prolonged sampling effort. The method described herein should allow easier identification of forest areas exposed to damage and timelier planning of control interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells that requires lifelong insulin treatment. While significant advances have been achieved in treatment, prevention of complications and quality of life in diabetic people, the identification of environmental triggers of the disease is far more complex. The island of Sardinia has the second highest incidence of T1D in the world (45/100,000), right after Finland (64.2/100,000). The genetic background as well as the environment of the island's inhabitants makes it an ideal region for investigating environmental, immunological and genetic factors related to the etiopathogenesis of T1D. Several epidemiological studies, conducted over the years, have shown that exposures to important known environmental risk factors have changed over time, including nutritional factors, pollution, chemicals, toxins and infectious diseases in early life. These environmental risk factors might be involved in T1D pathogenesis, as they might initiate autoimmunity or accelerate and precipitate an already ongoing beta cell destruction. In terms of environmental factors, Sardinia is also particular in terms of the incidence of infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) that recent studies have linked to T1D in the Sardinian population. Furthermore, the unique geochemical profile of Sardinia, with its particular density of heavy metals, leads to the assumption that exposure of the Sardinian population to heavy metals could also affect T1D incidence. These factors lead us to hypothesize that T1D incidence in Sardinia may be affected by the exposure to multifactorial agents, such as MAP, common viruses and heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incidentally elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels are common in acutely unwell older patients. However, little is known about how this impacts on the prognosis of these patients.Objective: We aimed to investigate whether incidentally elevated cTnI levels (group 1) are associated with poorer outcome when compared to age- and sex-matched patients without an elevated cTnI level (group 2), and to patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (group 3).Patients and Methods: This prospective, matched cohort study placed patients ≥75 years old who were admitted to a University teaching hospital into groups 1-3, based on the cTnI levels and underlying diagnosis. Outcomes were compared between the groups using mixed-effects regression models and adjusted for renal function and C-reactive protein. All-cause mortality at discharge, at 1 month and 3 months, alongside the length of hospital stay (LOS), were recorded.Results: In total, 315 patients were included, with 105 patients in each of the 3 groups. The mean age was 84.8 ± 5.5 years, with 41.9% males. All patients were followed up for 3 months. The percent all-cause mortality at discharge and the LOS for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 12.4, 3.8 and 8.6% and 11.2, 8.5 and 7.7 days, respectively. Group 1 had significantly increased mortality at 3 months [odds ratio (OR) 2.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-6.96; p = 0.040] and LOS (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.08-1.79; p = 0.008) compared to group 2 and did not differ significantly when compared to 3-month mortality (OR 2.39, 95% CI 0.91-6.29; p = 0.079) or LOS (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.96-1.66; p = 0.097) in group 3.Conclusion: There is a significant association between an incidental rise in cTnI level with mortality and LOS in older patients. Further research is required to evaluate whether a more systematic management of these patients would improve the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in the P53 pathway are a hallmark of human cancer. The identification of pathways upon which p53-deficient cells depend could reveal therapeutic targets that may spare normal cells with intact p53. In contrast to P53 point mutations in other cancer, complete loss of P53 is a frequent event in osteosarcoma (OS), the most common cancer of bone. The consequences of p53 loss for osteoblastic cells and OS development are poorly understood. Here we use murine OS models to demonstrate that elevated Pthlh (Pthrp), cAMP levels and signalling via CREB1 are characteristic of both p53-deficient osteoblasts and OS. Normal osteoblasts survive depletion of both PTHrP and CREB1. In contrast, p53-deficient osteoblasts and OS depend upon continuous activation of this pathway and undergo proliferation arrest and apoptosis in the absence of PTHrP or CREB1. Our results identify the PTHrP-cAMP-CREB1 axis as an attractive pathway for therapeutic inhibition in OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Idiopathic gynecomastia is a benign breast disorder characterized by overdevelopment of male breast tissue. It can cause discomfort and concern, resulting in patients seeking diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tamoxifen therapy in resolving this condition. Methods: We undertook a prospective cohort study of all male patients who presented to our breast clinic, were diagnosed with primary gynecomastia, and were treated with a trial of tamoxifen 10 mg daily therapy, over a 10‐year period from October 2004 to October 2015. All patients underwent routine investigations to exclude secondary causes of gynecomastia. The end point of interest was the complete resolution of gynecomastia. Results: We included 81 patients in this study. The mean age was 42.8 years (SD 19.5 years). Of these, 28.4% were bilateral gynecomastia and 71.6% were unilateral. The majority (87.7%) of cases presented with accompanying mastalgia. Following treatment, 90.1% (n = 73) had a complete response of their gynecomastia with tamoxifen therapy. Only eight patients did not have a complete resolution following tamoxifen therapy, of which two underwent subsequent surgical resection of their symptomatic gynecomastia. Conclusion: Our study is the largest to date examining the role of tamoxifen in idiopathic gynecomastia, and our results show approximately nine in every 10 men treated with tamoxifen therapy had successful resolution of their symptoms. We support its use for idiopathic gynecomastia in eligible men following the careful discussion of its risks and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]