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Summary: In this study, the effect of different levels (1%–5%) of whole and defatted Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, protein digestibility and consumer acceptability of sorghum mahewu was investigated. The MOLP was boiled and added to the fermented sorghum mahewu. The results demonstrated that sorghum mahewu enriched with whole and defatted MOLP had higher amounts (P < 0.05) of protein, ash and fibre content compared to the control sample. Moreover, minerals, amino acid contents and protein digestibility of the enriched sorghum mahewu samples were significantly improved compared to the control sample. The pH decreased with an increasing proportion of MOLP ranging from 4.36 to 4.09 (mahewu enriched with whole MOLP) and from 4.36 to 4.17 (mahewu enriched with defatted MOLP). Sorghum mahewu samples enriched with whole and defatted MOLP had higher contents of total titratable acid compared to the control sample, while the total soluble solids and viscosity decreased. In terms of colour profile, the b*, and chroma values of sorghum mahewu increased with an increasing percentage of whole and defatted MOLP while L* and a* values decreased. Regarding overall liking, sorghum mahewu enriched with 1% whole and defatted MOLP did not differ (P > 0.05) from the control sample. Therefore, sorghum mahewu must be enriched with low percentages of MOLP to improve its acceptance among consumers. These findings suggest that incorporating medicinal plants such as boiled MOLP to basic foods produced from sorghum flour could improve their nutritional profile and protein digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the different chemical species of soluble iron in food digests provides more relevant information on the nutritional potential of an iron‐rich food. The objective of this study was to assess the bioaccessibility and speciation of iron from various aqueous extracts of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves. Aqueous extracts were prepared from fresh and dried Moringa leaves using infusion and decoction methods. Spectrophotometric assays were performed to quantify inhibitors and enhancers of iron absorption in the extracts, bioaccessible iron, and its different chemical species. The highest contents of inhibitors (239.43 mg/L for polyphenols and 2.92 mg/L for phytates) and enhancers of iron absorption (1.58 mmol/L for carotenoids and 488.00 mg/L for ascorbic acid) were found in the 5‐minute decoction extract of fresh leaves, and the lowest in all infusion extracts (27.34 mg/L for polyphenols, 0.50 mg/L for phytates, 0.15 mmol/L for carotenoids, and 86.00 mg/L for ascorbic acid). The percentages of bioaccessible iron were higher for decoction extracts (42.57–52.70%) compared to infusion extracts (33.89–36.44%). Ferrous iron was the dominant inorganic species of bioaccessible iron and was more concentrated in the digests of decoction extracts (1.32–4.85 mg/L). The highest content of organic iron (5.33 mg/L) was found in the digest of the 8‐minute decoction extract of dried leaves. Drinking decoction extracts of fresh and dried Moringa leaves could be recommended to alleviate iron deficiency in vulnerable groups of the population living in areas where this plant can grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tyrosinase is a binuclear copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversation of monophenols to diphenols via o-hydroxylation and then the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones which is profoundly linked to eukaryotic melanin synthesis and fruits browning. The hyperpigmentation due to unusual tyrosinase activity has gained growing health concern. Plants and their metabolites are considered promising and effective sources for potent antityrosinase enzymes. Hence, searching for potent, specific tyrosinase inhibitor from different plant extracts is an alternative approach in regulating overproduction of tyrosinase. Among the tested extracts, the hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera L. leaves displayed the potent anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 98.93 µg/ml) in a dose-dependent manner using L-DOPA as substrate; however, the kojic acid showed IC50 of 88.92 µg/ml. The tyrosinase-diphenolase (TYR-Di) kinetic analysis revealed mixed inhibition type for the Ocimum basilicum L. and Artemisia annua L. extracts, while the Coriandrum sativum L. extract displayed a non-competitive type of inhibition. Interestingly, the extract of Moringa oleifera L. leaves exhibited a competitive inhibition, low inhibition constant of free enzyme ( K ii app ) value and no Pan-Assay Interfering Substances, hinting the presence of strong potent inhibitors. The major putative antityrosinase compound in the extract was resolved, and chemically identified as rutin based on various spectroscopic analyses using UV–Vis, FTIR, mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR. The in silico computational molecular docking has been performed using rutin and A. bisporus tyrosinase (PDB code: 2Y9X). The binding energy of the predicted interaction between tropolone native ligand, kojic acid, and rutin against 2Y9X was respectively − 5.28, − 4.69, and − 7.75 kcal/mol. The docking simulation results revealed the reliable binding of rutin to the amino acid residues (ASN260, HIS259, SER282) in the tyrosinase catalytic site. Based on the developed results, rutin extracted from M. oleifera L. leaves has the capability to be powerful anti-pigment agent with a potential application in cosmeceutical area. In vivo studies are required to unravel the safety and efficiency of rutin as antityrosinase compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnaporthiopsis maydis is a maize pathogen that causes severe damage to commercial corn fields in the late growth stages. Late wilt disease (LWD) has spread since its discovery in the 1960s in Egypt and is now reported in about 10 countries. The pathogen has a hidden endophytic lifecycle in resistant corn plants and secondary hosts such as green foxtail, watermelon lupin and cotton. At the same time, it could be an opportunist and hinder the host development under the right conditions. This study uncovered M. maydis interactions with newly identified maize endophytes. To this end, six fungi were isolated from the seeds of three sweet corn cultivars having varying susceptibility to LWD. These isolates were identified using colony morphology and microscopic characterization, universal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) molecular targeting and phylogenetic analysis. Most of them belonged to pathogenic species. Compared to three previously identified bioprotective microorganisms, the new species were tested for their ability to secrete metabolites that repress M. maydis in vitro and to antagonize it in a solid media confront test and a seedlings pathogenicity assay. The opportunistic fungal species Aspergillus flavus (ME1), Aspergillus terreus (PE3) and the reference biocontrol bacteria Bacillus subtilis (R2) achieved the highest M. maydis inhibition degree in the plates tests (74-100% inhibition). The seedlings' pathogenicity assay that predicts the seeds' microflora resistance to M. maydis highlighted the bio-shielding potential of most species (23% or more epicotyl elongation over the infected control). Fusarium sp. (ME2) was the leading species in this measure (43% enhancement), and B. subtilis gave the best protection in terms of seeds' germination (50%) and sprouts' biomass (34%). The results of this study could enhance our understanding of the pathobiome's role in the context of LWD and represent a first step in using the seeds' natural protective microflora to develop novel management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, is driven by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Due to the limited availability of anti-fibrotic drugs, the research on therapeutic agents continues. Here we have investigated Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO), known for its various bioactive properties, for anti-fibrotic effects. This study has focused on 1-phenyl-2-pentanol (1-PHE), a compound derived from MO leaves, and its effects on LX-2 human hepatic stellate cell activation. TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells were treated with MO extract or 1-PHE, and the changes in liver fibrosis markers were assessed at both gene and protein levels. Proteomic analysis and molecular docking were employed to identify potential protein targets and signaling pathways affected by 1-PHE. Treatment with 1-PHE downregulated fibrosis markers, including collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), collagen type IV alpha 1 chain (COL4A1), mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 2 and 3 (SMAD2/3), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and reduced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Proteomic analysis data showed that 1-PHE modulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, providing a possible mechanism for its effects. Our results suggest that 1-PHE inhibits the TGF-β1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and HSC activation, indicating its potential as an anti-liver-fibrosis agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to determine the genoprotective activity and safety of Moringa oleifera leave and Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced genotoxicity utilizing Swiss albino mice. Animals were divided into 14 groups for subacute treatment with either M. oleifera or T. cordifolia extracts daily for 28 days. The extract doses selected were 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w administered orally alone or combined with CP (50 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally daily for 5 days). Analyses performed included the comet assay, micronucleus test (MN) in bone marrow cells and sperm head abnormality assay (SHA). M. oleifera and T. cordifolia extracts induced no significant genotoxic effects on somatic and germ cells. In contrast, for all cells examined M. oleifera and T. cordifolia extracts inhibited DNA damage initiated by CP. Taken together data demonstrated that both plant extracts did not exhibit marked genotoxic effects but displayed potential chemoprotective properties against CP-induced genotoxicity in Swiss mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractCyanide is increasingly released into the environment as a result of human activities. Once ingested into the body, it blocks vital functions and can lead to death. The aim of this work is to detect cyanide using cathodic stripping voltammetry employing a carbon paste electrode modified with 5% Agban Bingerville clay. Two electrochemical sensors were developed for the detection of cyanide: one with a bare carbon paste electrode and the other with a clay-modified carbon paste electrode. The modified electrode detects cyanide in a hydrochloric acid (pH 1) supporting electrolyte seven times more effectively than the bare carbon paste electrode. Its detection limit is 1.41 µmol/L or 0.04 mg/L, and its sensitivity is 4458 μA cm−2μM−1. This value is below the cyanide concentration limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. This sensor can therefore contribute to the routine monitoring of environmental matrices. After detection, Moringa oleifera seed powder helps eliminate the cyanide from the solution. The optimum mass of seed powder, which removes 77% of cyanide, is 0.08 g for a 10 mL cell after stirring for 10 min. The elimination occurs as a result of electrostatic interactions between positively charged Moringa proteins and cyanide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine employing ultrasound‐assisted extraction of bioactive components from Moringa oleifera leaves and apply them in beef patties preservation, as well as antioxidant and inhibitory activities and sensory qualities. The study included studying the chemical content and minerals of the M. oleifera leaves, preparation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts using an ultrasound device, then exploring the extraction yield. The results proved that the extraction yield by ultrasound using ethanol at 80% was the highest, reaching 19.22%. The total phenols in the ultrasonic extract with moringa leaves aqueous extract (AMEUS) amounted to 120,755 mg/mL. Since the AMEUS exhibited the highest value of 68.308 mg/mL calic acid – eight phenolic compounds discovered by HPLC – the total content of flavonoids was also calculated. The inhibitory and antioxidant effects of moringa leaf extracts are well documented. We monitored the changes in chemical indicators, such as the value of peroxide and thiobarbituric acid, as well as the percentage of free fatty acids and physical characteristics, such as water‐carrying capacity, pH, and pigments, for storage periods 0, 4, 8, and 12 days after adding AMEUS to beef patties at a concentration of 0.5%. The patties were kept under refrigeration at 4 ± 1°C during this time. The values of peroxide number, thiobarbituric acid, free fatty acid, and metmyoglobin pigment were decreased in the beef patties treated with the AMEUS. However, they increased continuously during the cryopreservation period, and there was a significant increase in water‐holding capacity (WHC) when the beef patties were treated with AMEUS. The results also showed that adding AMEUS to beef patties improved their qualitative characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is among the highest morbidity and mortality rates in women around the world. In the present investigation we aimed to synthesis novel nanosystem combining two naturally important anticancer agents with different mechanism of action namely Moringa oleifera and caffeine. Firstly, chemical analysis of Moringa oleifera extract and caffeine was done by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) in order to assess the main chemical compounds present and correlate between them and the possible anticancer effect. The novel nanosystem was characterized through dynamic light scattering techniques which revealed the stability and homogeneity of the prepared M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine loaded chitosan nanoparticles, while FTIR and transmission electron microscope (TEM) proved the shape and the successful incorporation of M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine onto the nanochitosan carrier. Our initial step was to assess the anticancer effect in vitro in cancer cell line MCF-7 which proved the significant enhanced effect of M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine nanosystem compared to M. oleifera leaves extract or caffeine loaded nanoparticles. Further studies were conducted in vivo namely tumor biomarkers, tumor volume, bioluminescence imaging, molecular and histopathological investigations. The present study proved the potent anticancer effect of the synthesized M. oleifera leaves extract/Caffeine loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Mo/Caf/CsNPs exhibited a large number of apoptotic cells within the tumor mass while the adipose tissue regeneration was higher compared to the positive control. The prepared nanoparticles downregulated the expression of Her2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 while mTOR expression was upregulated. The aforementioned data demonstrated the successful synergistic impact of Moringa and caffeine in decreasing the carcinoma grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera (Capparales: Moringaceae) is a plant grown for its roots, stems and leaves. However, the leaves are attacked by insect pests including larvae of Noorda blitealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). These larvae cause a significant reduction in leaf yield and loss of income for growers. This study was conducted to determine some morphological and ecological aspects of larvae, using mass-reared larvae. Parameters such as larva length, body coloration, number of instars and their duration, damages caused on Moringa leaves, and larvae survival rate were collected. Results showed that N. blitealis larvae passed into 5 instars before pupating. The first instar larva averaged 2.4 ± 0.8 mm in length and was light green. At the 5th instar, the larvae reach 10.8 ± 0.4 mm and appear reddish. The mean duration of egg incubation was 3.00 ± 0.35 days, that of larval instars and chrysalis were respectively, 10.61 ± 2.28 days and 9.78 ± 0.42 days. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the leaf attack rate depends on the larva's age (p-value < 0.0001). Larvae aged between 4 and 7 days attacked the greatest number of leaflets. Larvae survival rate was 86.67%, for 1st instar and 100% for the other instars. Knowledge of larvae's biological and morphological characters is necessary to identify the pest in the early stages of infestation and develop control methods based on using bioinsecticides could rapidly be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the changes in hepatic profile during the evaluation of herbal mixtures of Moringa oleifera and Raphanus sativus in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ- NA)-induced diabetic rat model. Methods: Forty-eight (48) albino rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight rats each. Diabetes was induced in all the groups except Group I (normal control) using nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Groups I and II (untreated control) received only distilled water (2 mL/kg) while Group III received 100 mg/kg of metformin. Groups IV to VIII were treated with a dose of 200 mg/kg of the herbal mixtures (HEMA-C) at different ratios of M. oleifera and R. sativus. Blood samples were analyzed for biochemical markers while liver histopathology was assayed after 29 days of treatment. Results: Acute toxicity study showed that the herbal mixtures did not exhibit mortality or adverse effect in rats up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) with a safe dose of 200 mg/kg (1/10th LD50). Induction of diabetes significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and bilirubin levels in untreated control compared to normal control (p < 0.001). Administration of the herbal mixtures, especially HEMB, significantly (p < 0.001) restored these liver marker levels to levels comparable to metformin. Furthermore, histological examination showed that HEMB significantly restored the STZ-NA-induced liver damage in rats. Conclusion: The herbal mixture possesses hepatoprotective effect and ameliorates the adverse diabetic conditions caused by STZ-NA-induced diabetes in rats. The herbal mixture also demonstrated better and extended therapeutic potential than the single herbs. Further pharmacological and biochemical investigations will elucidate the mechanisms of action and clarify the potentials of the herbal mixture as a therapeutic tool as an anti-diabetic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain a biofloc meal that serves as alternative and functional protein ingredient in aquaculture feed, a protocol consisting of three stages was developed to evaluate the effect on its proximate chemical composition. The three stages were thickening, dewatering, and drying, with the following treatments: stage 1: MS, seeds of Moringa oleifera; CS, cationic corn starch; AG, Aloe barbadensis gel; and WF, sedimentation without flocculants. Stage 2: FP, filter press; CF, cartridge filter; CN, centrifugation; and MF, mesh filter with manual pressure. Stage 3: CO, convection oven; MO, microwave; and SD, sun drying. In each stage, the proximate chemical composition of the biofloc was evaluated. Based on the proximate chemical composition, the WF treatment was considered the most efficient for the thickening stage; CN was considered more efficient during the dewatering stage, and CO and SD treatments were more efficient in the drying stage. The results of the three stages were used to establish two production protocols to obtain the biofloc meal: protocol A (PA) = WF + CN + SD, and protocol B (PB) = WF + CN + CO. Overall, both biofloc meal production protocols, PA and PB, allowed to preserve biofloc nutrients and can be considered a benchmark for the production of an alternative protein ingredient for use in aquafeeds; however, it is important to analyze the energy costs of the production protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombosis is the formation of abnormal blood clots in the blood vessels that obstruct blood flow and lead to thrombosis. Current treatments for thrombosis are associated with serious side effects. Therefore there is a need for alternative natural therapy. A fibrinolytic protease was isolated from fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. and characterized for its potential to solubilize blood clots and hydrolyse fibrin under in-vitro conditions. The isolated protease showed a single protein band on native-PAGE. It showed optimum fibrinolytic activity at pH 8.0, 37 oC with 50 µg protein. The fibrinolytic activity of isolated protease was also confirmed by fibrin zymography. Km and Vmax of isolated protease were determined by the Lineweaver Burk plot. The isolated protease could solubilize 96.41% of blood clots by 96 h under in-vitro conditions. In-vitro fibrin hydrolysis and blood clot solubilization activities shown by an isolated protease from leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. suggest its fibrinolytic potential to dissolve blood clots. Being a natural molecule and from a dietary plant it can be explored as an alternative natural therapy against thrombosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a plant widely used for its beneficial properties both in medical and non-medical fields. Because they produce bioactive metabolites, plants are a major resource for drug discovery. In this study, two different cultivars of leaves of M. oleifera (Salento and Barletta) were obtained by maceration or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). We demonstrated that extracts obtained by MAE exhibited a lower cytotoxic profile compared to those obtained by maceration at concentrations ranged from 25 to 400 µg/mL, on both Vero CCL-81 and Vero/SLAM cells. We examined their antiviral properties against two viruses, i.e., the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and measles virus (MeV), which are both responsible for respiratory infections. The extracts were able to inhibit the infection of both viruses and strongly prevented their attack and entry into the cells in a range of concentrations from 50 to 12 µg/mL. Particularly active was the variety of Salento that registered a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 21 µg/mL for HCoV-229E and at 6 µg/mL for MeV. We identified the presence of several compounds through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); in particular, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids, quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (QGP), and glucomoringin (GM) were mainly observed. In the end, M. oleifera can be considered a promising candidate for combating viral infections with a very strong action in the early stages of viral life cycle, probably by destructuring the viral particles blocking the virus–cell fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• During the gestational period, Moringa oleifera may cause abortion, but not at doses under 30 mg/kg. • Moringa oleifera alleviates postpartum depression in mice and has a galactagogue effect. • Postpartum depression negatively impacts the offspring's body weight, but this effect is remedied by Moringa oleifera. • Postpartum depression causes an increase in aggression and a lack of maternal care in mice. • Moringa oleifera impacts gestational parameters at high doses. Mood disorders during the perinatal period, such as depression and anxiety, can have adverse consequences not only for mothers but also for their partners and offspring. In the present study, we initially investigated the developmental toxicity of aqueous extract of Morniga oleifera AEMO to ensure its safe use during prenatal period, and subsequently assessed its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects using an animal model of postpartum depression (PPD) induced by chronic social stress, we also evaluated its impact on maternal and the aggressive behaviors associated with PPD. The results demonstrated that AEMO exhibited at the dosage of 30 mg no abortive effect unlike 175 mg/kg/day, which indicates the safety of this dose during pregnancy and in the postpartum. AEMO ameliorated symptoms of depression and anxiety while enhanced maternal behavior in a dose dependent manner. It notably induced a significant increase in lactation and reduced maternal aggressiveness towards intruders. The use of Moringa oleifera should be monitored during the gestational period but has shown therapeutic efficacy during the postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The lectin WSMoL inhibited the growth of C. neoformans B3501 and C. gattii R26. • Lectin treatment resulted in damage to the integrity of the lysosomes of yeast cells. • WSMoL also caused reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential of C. neoformans B3501. • WSMoL inhibited biofilm formation by C. neoformans B3501. Moringa oleifera seeds contain a water-soluble lectin (WSMoL) that exerts antimicrobial effects against bacteria and Candida yeasts. In this study, we evaluated the activity of WSMoL against Cryptococcus neoformans (B3501 and H99) and Cryptococcus gattii (R265). Antifungal activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells exposed to lectin were assessed using the fluorescent probe rhodamine 123. Moreover, the effect of WSMoL on the lysosomal membrane integrity was assessed via acridine orange staining. WSMoL exhibited an MIC of 6.25 µg/mL for all strains but did not exhibit any fungicidal activity. WSMoL caused lysosomal damage in C. neoformans B3501 and C. gattii R265 cells and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in C. neoformans B3501. Additionally, at concentrations of 25–400 µg/mL, WSMoL inhibited biofilm formation by C. neoformans B3501, the only isolate capable of producing biofilms. In conclusion, WSMoL exhibits antifungal activity, causing lysosomal and mitochondrial damage and inhibiting growth and biofilm formation in Cryptococcus yeasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (horseradish tree) leaves demonstrate high nutritional value, are rich in proteins, and are widely used in folk medicine and food. This study investigated the presence of secondary metabolites and antinutritional proteins in leaf extract (LE) and the protein-rich fraction (PRF) derived from M. oleifera leaves, as well as the cytotoxicity to human cells, hemolytic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity and genotoxicity in mice. The flavonoids rutin and vitexin as well as trypsin inhibitors and lectins were detected in LE and PRF. Neither sample demonstrated toxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and both showed low hemolytic action. In vivo, LE and PRF did not show antinutritional effects and caused no death. The hematological parameters of the animals in the treated group were similar to those of the control. A significant increase in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and a discrete leukocyte infiltration with cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes in the liver were detected in LE-treated animals. The preparations were not genotoxic or mutagenic. This study shows that LE and PRF are not antinutritional agents and presented low acute toxicity and no genotoxicity or mutagenicity. The present study contributes to the determination of the safety of using M. oleifera leaf proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is globally recognized for its medicinal properties and offers high-quality, protein-rich seeds. This study aimed to explore the potential of M. oleifera seeds as a significant source of protein-based nanoparticles (PBNPs) using the ultrasonication technique after desolvation and to evaluate their cytotoxicity in the human leukemia cell line (THP-1) for the first time. The properties of the PBNPs were confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The extracted protein from moringa seed cake flour had a significant protein content of 54.20%, and the resulting PBNPs had an average size of 134.3 ± 0.47 nm with a robust zeta potential of −43.15 mV. Notably, our study revealed that PBNPs exhibited cytotoxic potential at high concentrations, especially against the THP-1 human leukemia cell line, which is widely used to study immunomodulatory properties. The inhibitory effect of PBNPs was quantitatively evidenced by a cytotoxicity assay, which showed that a concentration of 206.5 μg mL−1 (log conc. 2.315) was required to inhibit 50% of biological activity. In conclusion, our findings highlight the potential of M. oleifera seeds as a valuable resource in the innovative field of eco-friendly PBNPs by combining traditional medicinal applications with contemporary advancements in protein nanotechnology. However, further studies are required to ensure their biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is widely grown throughout the tropics and increasingly used for its therapeutic and nutraceutical properties. These properties are attributed to potent antioxidant and metabolism regulators, including glucosinolates/isothiocyanates as well as flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids. Research to date largely consists of geographically limited studies that only examine material available locally. These practices make it unclear as to whether moringa samples from one area are superior to another, which would require identifying superior variants and distributing them globally. Alternatively, the finding that globally cultivated moringa material is essentially functionally equivalent means that users can easily sample material available locally. We brought together accessions of Moringa oleifera from four continents and nine countries and grew them together in a common garden. We performed a metabolomic analysis of leaf extracts (MOLE) using an LC-MSMS ZenoTOF 7600 mass spectrometry system. The antioxidant capacity of leaf samples evaluated using the Total Antioxidant Capacity assay did not show any significant difference between extracts. MOLE samples were then tested for their antioxidant activity on C2C12 myotubes challenged with an oxidative insult. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added to the myotubes after pretreatment with different extracts. H2O2 exposure caused an increase in cell death that was diminished in all samples pretreated with moringa extracts. Our results show that Moringa oleifera leaf extract is effective in reducing the damaging effect of H2O2 in C2C12 myotubes irrespective of geographical origin. These results are encouraging because they suggest that the use of moringa for its therapeutic benefits can proceed without the need for the lengthy and complex global exchange of materials between regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide biological activity of the Moringa oleifera represents a potential opportunity for developing selective cancer treatment drugs. The bioactive phytochemicals in Moringa seed extract (MSE) indicated large numbers of phytochemicals (21 compounds) with dominant abundance for cycloisolongifolene, 8,9‐dehydro‐9‐vinyl, and chamazulene accounting for 12.7% and 12.19% of the total detected compounds. The MSE showed a potent anticancer effect toward Caco‐2, MDA, and HepG‐2 cells with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 9.15 ± 1.18, 4.85 ± 0.11, and 7.36 ± 0.22 µg/mL, respectively, with higher safety (≥31‐folds) toward normal human cells (IC50 of 150.7 ± 11.11 µg/mL). It appears that MSE stimulates selective‐dose‐dependent cell shrinkage, and nuclear condensation in the tumor cells, which finally induces the apoptosis pathway to increase its anticancer action. Additionally, MSE showed a potent capability to stimulate cell cycle arrest in both main checkpoint phases (G0/G1 and G2/M) of cell population growth. The apoptotic death stimulation was confirmed through upregulation of tumor protein p53 (p53) and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (p21) expression by more than three‐ to sixfold and downregulation of B‐cell lymphoma 2 expression (threefold) in MSE‐treated cells compared to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐treated tumor cells. Furthermore, the MSE revealed strong anti‐inflammatory activity with significant antioxidant activity by lowering nitric oxide levels and enhancing the superoxide dismutase activity. On the other hand, the MSE revealed broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity in a dose‐dependent manner against Staphylococcus aureus minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC of 1.25 mg/mL), followed by Salmonella typhimurium (MIC of 1.23 mg/mL), whereas Escherichia coli was the least sensitive to MSE activity (MIC of 22.5 mg/mL) with significant antibiofilm activity against sensitive pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raloxifene, a benzothiophene derivative, was approved for the treatment of breast cancer in 2007 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we designed a statistically optimized drumstick tree extracted Moringa oleifera gum-based hydrogel for the targeted and controlled release of Raloxifene to overcome the problem of its poor bioavailability and dissolution rate. The synthesized hydrogel was characterized using XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR, H1-NMR, TGA, and rheology measurements, and release experiments were conducted at three different pH levels, with the results analyzed in a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 290 nm. It was noted that the maximum amount of drug release took place at pH 4 (824.88 ± 18.236 ppm), followed by pH 6.8 (589.873 ± 30.056 ppm), and the least at pH 7.4 (323.952 ± 30.431 ppm) due to the breakage of hydrogen bonding at acidic pH. It was found that pH was the key criterion behind drug release, as the swelling rate was proportional to drug release, explaining the reason behind maximum release happening at acidic pH and minimum at basic pH. Furthermore, the hydrogel also possessed anti-oxidant properties, exhibiting 85.092% activity at the highest concentration. The hemolytic assay proved the hydrogel to be non-hemolytic, showing less than 12% hemolysis at a maximum 512 μg ml−1 concentration. Cytocompatibility assay using the Hct cell line exhibited no toxicity to the cells up to 5 μg ml−1. Therefore, the prepared MO-g-poly(AA) proves to be an excellent biocompatible matrix for the pH-dependent release of Raloxifene, making it available in the system in an optimal amount for 65 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera, a widely recognized plant more commonly known as moringa, has obtained significant research interest in recent years due to its prospective physiological advantages, including its claimed ability to counteract carcinogenesis. The moringa plant has been found to possess bioactive components that exhibit promising anticancer activities against different human cancers, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc. The cytotoxic properties of moringa seed extracts on cancerous cells have also been provided in this paper along with other notable health benefits. The extracts derived from moringa seeds inhibit cancer proliferation and promote cancer cell apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways. They also stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequently induced caspase‐3 activity. The impact of moringin and avenanthramide 2f on the stimulation of caspases 2, 4, 8, and 9 results in reduction in the proliferation of cancer cells. The results reported by research studies hold significant implications for identifying and targeting specific molecular entities that could serve as potential therapeutic targets in search of effective cancer treatments. Furthermore, the flavonoids in moringa seed can remove mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, protecting beta cells and bringing hyperglycemia under control. M. oleifera seed oil can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases via reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and modulation of cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the noteworthy discoveries derived from a rigorous investigation that explored into the impact of moringa seeds on the prevention/reduction of various cancers and other complex diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally and locally, the poultry industry is one of the fastest growing sectors. That is why in recent years new alternatives have been sought. The use of Moringa oleifera is an alternative food supplement in such production, addressing the problem of the growing demand for animal protein and the need to reduce the use of antibiotics. The importance of this research is highlighted in the context of the growth of the poultry sector in the country and its relevance for food security and animal welfare. This article has theoretical support from the various scientific databases, as well as the management and selection of key documents. The results of this research are expected to provide solid information on the use of Moringa oleifera meal as a viable alternative in broiler chicken feed, thus contributing to sustainable development and efficiency in poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Iron supplements are often suggested to anemic pregnant women during antenatal care. Moringa oleifera (Moringa) is rich in essential nutrients and commonly used as an alternative supplement to overcome anemia in pregnancy. There is sparse evidence of its efficacy as an anemia treatment. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of Moringa’s supplementation for anemic pregnant women. Materials and Methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Epistemonikos for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting anemic pregnant ladies receiving Moringa. We independently screened the titles and abstracts of identified trials before the full text of relevant trials were evaluated for eligibility. We then independently extracted data on the methods, interventions, outcomes, and risk of bias from the included trials. Primary outcome measures were hemoglobin level and erythrocyte index levels while secondary outcomes were hematocrit level, ferritin level, and baby’s weight. Results and Discussion Fifteen trials with a total of 808 anemic pregnant women were analyzed using two comparisons. Moringa had increased hemoglobin level (MD 0.42, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.71; I 2 statistic = 78%) when used as an adjunct to standard treatment as well as when it was used alone (MD 0.65, 95%CI 0.40 to 0.90; I 2 statistic = 0%; p < 0.05). Furthermore, Moringa has increased MCH level (MD 0.84, 95%CI 0.11 to 1.56; I 2 statistic = 0%; p = 0.02) and ferritin level (MD 18.80, 95%CI 7.53 to 30.07; p = 0.001) when used as an adjunct to standard treatment. However, it does not affect the MCV (p = 0.52), MCHC (p = 0.15), and hematocrit l (p = 0.88) for both comparisons. Conclusion. Moringa may increase hemoglobin levels when used in anemic pregnant women either as an adjunct therapy or alternative therapy to iron supplements, with no severe adverse event that could disrupt the intervention. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine Moringa’s precise dose and ideal preparation that will impact hemoglobin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the initiation, progression, and predictions about the burden of cancer are of importance during the scientific race for the discovery of much safer and cheap medicinal plants. The world population mostly relies on medicinal plants for the treatment of infections and diseases due to ongoing economic constraints and growing poverty. This review study seeks to establish the what the literature reported and the true extent to which Asparagus laricinus is being studied for safe use. Studies indicate how cancer spreads and affects the different organs in the body. Most studies on medicinal plants are performed invitro with few concentrating to in vivo due to ethical requirements during the use of animal rats. Literature does not reveal any previous toxicological studies for Asparagus laricinus per se in vivo, but several studies were performed on other medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer. The safety aspects certain palnts were established for example Moringa oleifera and Lithocarpus dealbata were found to have no mortality or any visible signs of acute toxicity, while serum biochemistry tests did not reveal any noticeable changes in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol (CHOL) and protein levels in animals. While in vivo showed high dose of toxicological studies on Moringa oleifera have indicated to cause severe hepatotoxicity and organ damage. The acute lethality (LD50) test has been found to be relatively safe with subchronic toxicity studies, eliciting no significant difference in sperm quality, haematological and biochemical parameters in the treated rats, as compared to the controls. Both studies engaged the use of laboratory experimental animal models to evaluate the toxicology of plant extracts. With the growing interest in the use of Asparagus laricinus in Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for the treatment of infections and diseases, there is a need to correlate the published data with the in vivo data which is very scares current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Moringa oleifera led to the isolation of a new sulfureous diketopiperazine, 7-epi lasiodipline D (1) together with its diastereomer, lasiodipline D (2), and two other known compounds. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD data. For the first time, sulfureous diketopiperazine derivatives (1-3) were obtained from the roots of M. oleifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants represent a great source of medicines, and for their components to be discovered, extraction processes must be developed, especially methods based on green technology. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was employed as a green method for Moringa oleifera extraction in the present investigation. The maximum yield of extraction was obtained at 25 MPa. Moreover, the extraction at 25 MPa induced the release of various phenols and flavonoids, as analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography. The investigation revealed the concentrations of chlorogenic, gallic, rosmarinic, and coumaric acids to be 150.59, 89.90, 44.75, and 29.41 μg/mL, respectively at 25 MPa. However, their concentrations were 0.73, 1.53, 0.24, and 0.04 μg/mL, respectively at 15 MPa; vs. 4.73, 2.62, 1.06, and 0.50 at 35 MPa, respectively. Totals of saponin, flavonoid, phenolic, tannins, and alkaloid were recorded in maximum yield at 25 MPa. Moringa oleifera extracted at 35 MPa reflected highest inhibition zones of 27 ± 0.1, 30 ± 0.2, and 30 ± 0.1 mm against C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. albicans, correspondingly. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase activities were greatly suppressed by the M. oleifera extract at 25 MPa with less IC50 (12.97 μg/mL and 6.0 µg/mL), than the IC50 (53.46 and 22.02 μg/mL) at 15 MPa, compared with acarbose IC50 (5.52 and 2.64 μg/mL), correspondingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of tea-oil Camellia on honeybee larvae, specifically focusing on the toxicity of its pollen. The study reveals that Camellia oleifera flowers are primarily pollinated by bees and wasps, with wasps being the most frequent visitors. Honeybees primarily collect nectar rather than pollen. The researchers propose that the toxic components in tea-oil pollen, specifically triterpenoid theasaponins, are responsible for the mortality of bee larvae. Tests conducted on honeybee larvae confirm that C. oleifera pollen is lethal, while Brassica napus pollen is not. The article also discusses the potential role of pollen toxicity in bird-pollinated flowers as a defense mechanism against overexploitation by honeybees. The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

• Investigation of strategies for enhanced biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. • Pathway for the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, thiocarbamates, and omoringone. • Commercialization challenges addressing, contamination, propagation and factors impacting yield and quality. • Role in green synthesis of nanoparticles with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other potential applications. Moringa oleifera Lam., also known as the "drumstick tree" or "miracle tree,'' has a wide range of applications in both traditional and modern medicine due to presence of specific bioactive compounds. This review investigates the chemical composition of the plant, the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, and strategies for increasing their production. Glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and other secondary metabolites are among the important bioactive compounds found in Moringa , which have shown anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. These findings are gaining popularity for their potential applications in medicine, nutrition, and industry. This paper discusses the challenges of commercializing Moringa while focusing on issues related to contamination, propagation methods, environmental factors that influence yield and novel use of M. oleifera for the green synthesis of metallic and nonmetallic nanoparticles such as silver, zinc, copper, iron, gold, chitosan and others. These nanoparticles have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic properties, making them useful for applications in healthcare, environmental remediation, and other fields. Finally, M. oleifera is a versatile and resourceful plant with the ability to resolve a wide range of health concerns and provide long-term viable alternatives to a wide range of medicinal and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Moringa oleifera's effect on energy metabolism. • CN Mowa. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is a subtropical plant routinely used to treat inflammation and chronic disease. However, the mechanism of action of M. oleifera has not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study aims to evaluate its role as a novel ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance by driving signaling pathways implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle tissue. To accomplish this, adult male C57BL/6 mice were treated with 1.0 g of M. oleifera (N = 20) per day or vehicle control (N = 20) for five weeks. Following three weeks of supplementation, half of each group (RUN) was given access to running wheels every night for two weeks (Remaining half = SED). After treatment protocols were complete, the gastrocnemius muscles were excised and assayed for markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, endurance capacity, and capillary density using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Our results showed a significant increase in average distance run in the M. oleifera + RUN compared to SED mice. In addition, key metabolic markers such as PGC-1α, PPARγ, SDHB, SUCLG1, VEGF, PGAM-2, PGK1, and MYLPF were increased in the M. oleifera treated groups compared to vehicle + SED. Moreover, M. oleifera also increased CSA and decreased markers of protein degradation. This data suggests that M. oleifera has the potential to be an ergogenic aid that enhances energy metabolism in adult skeletal muscle by increasing the expression of key metabolic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Although widely employed in traditional remedies globally, the safety and efficacy of Moringa oleifera remain inadequately documented through scientific research. This study evaluated the oral toxicity of M. oleifera leaf aqueous extract (MoAE) and its impact on gout-induced rats. Materials and Methods: 2000 mg/kg was given in a single dose during the acute oral toxicity test, while 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg were given daily for 28 days in the repeated dose toxicity test. 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg MoAE doses were administered during the assessment of its impact on gout caused by monosodium urate. In the hyperuricemia model induced by oxonic acid, serum uric acid levels were assessed and pain response was measured through acetic acid-induced writhing. Results: In acute oral and 28-day repeated dose tests, no indications of toxicity were detected, while MoAE alleviated ankle joint swelling and reduced serum uric acid concentrations in arthritic rats, causing a significant reduction in acetic acid-induced contortions. Conclusion: No acute oral toxicity or toxicity in 28-day repeated doses was found for MoAE, while it exhibited antiarthritic, antihyperuricemic, and pain-relieving effects in the murine model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to isolate and diagnose fungi contaminating onion fruits and secreting mycotoxins, and to study the effect of Moringa oleifera extract on the growth of the fungus Aspergillus niger. The results of isolating fungi from onions showed the presence of the following fungi: Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer. It became clear that there was a predominance of the fungus A. niger, then the fungus Fusarium sp., followed by the fungus Rhizopus stolonifur, as their frequency rates reached 53.33, 36.66, and 10.00%, respectively, while the occurrence rate reached 83.33, 50.00, and 33.33%, respectively. In this study, molecular diagnosis of the fungus A. niger was carried out using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genetic markers, and the results of chemical analysis using thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that 9 of the 16 isolates were A. niger, isolated from onions, produced ochratoxin A with a production rate of 56.25%. The moringa extract inhibited the growth of the fungus A. niger, as the percentage of inhibition increased with increasing concentration, and the highest percentage of inhibition was at a concentration of 15%, which reached 47.32%. The percentage of inhibition was at concentrations of 5 and 10 (12.82 and 26.15%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed priming is one method for increasing the growth and quality of seedlings. This study aims to evaluate moringa leaf extract as a priming agent and its effect on the seedling growth and quality of shallot from true seed. This study used a randomized block design with five replications. Priming treatment consisted of unprimed, hydropriming, and three levels of Moringa leaf extract concentration, including 12.5%, 25%, and 37.5%. A one-way analysis of variance was used to perform statistical analysis, with a p-value of 0.05 considered significant. In addition, the mean comparison was performed by Tukey multiple comparison test. According to the research, seed priming with moringa leaf extract at 37.5% resulted in the best effects on the parameter seedling emergence index (1.20), plant height (31.12 cm), number of leaves (4.80), pseudo stem diameter (3.22 mm), total root length (329.70 mm), number of root tips (94.60), root volume (4.64 mm³ ), fresh weight seedling (2.77 g), dry weight seedling (0.19 g) and seedling quality index (0.0126), while compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by their ability to protect epinephrine hydrochloride from autooxidation. Extracts obtained from the herb and morphological parts of Moringa oleifera showed the greatest activity when extracted with an aqueous alcohol mixture with an alcohol content of 40%. Dry alcohol extract from the herb Moringa oleifera contains a bioelement complex, potentially possessing antioxidant activity: tannins (up to 30%), flavonoids (up to 5%), coumarins (up to 3.5%), phenol carbonic and oxycoric acids (up to 6%), amino acids (up to 2%), ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, carotenodes and 61 elements. The antioxidant activity of extracts (inactivation of radicals) is provided by biologically active substances of a phenolic nature (due to the presence of double bonds), ascorbic acid, and elements with variable valence, carotenoids, chlorophylls bind reactive oxygen species. Studies of anti-inflammatory activity (in acute and chronic inflammation) have determined the antiproliferative and phlogogenic effect of the dry herb extract, which is more pronounced than that of the comparison drug, acetylsalicylic acid. The dependence between the manifestation of antioxidant activity and the anti-inflammatory effect of Moringa oleifera extract of dry grass was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of partial replacement of the crud protein of the concentrated feed mixture by Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) on growth performance, hematological profile, and some blood plasma constituents of growing lambs. Twenty-four healthy male Farafra lambs (5 and 6 months old and 30 ± 0.50 kg body weight) were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was fed on 60% of the concentrated feed mixture (CFM) and 40% wheat straw as DM and served as a control. The other 3 treatment groups (10 MOL, 20 MOL, and 30 MOL), partially substituted the crud protein of the CFM at rates 10, 20, and 30% with Moringa oleifera leaves protein, respectively. The results revealed that dietary MOL had no significant effect on body weight gain, however they may adversely be affected by increasing the levels of MOL. The inclusion MOL at 20% in the diet of lambs increased (P <0.05) WBC’s count particularly neutrophils as compared with other groups. Also, MOL groups tended to be higher in RBC’s count and percentages of HG and HCT than control one. The plasma albumin was decreased (P˂0.05) with increasing levels of MOL in the diets of lambs. Also, the urea concentration and ALT values were lower (P˂0.05) with MOL supplementation at Levels of 20 and 30% than that in 10% group. It could be concluded that the partial substitution of concentrate feed with Moringa oleifera leaves up to 10 % growing lambs' diets can improve growth performance, blood hematology, and plasma constituents, and exert protective effects in the liver without inducing adverse effects on animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for animal products has led to widespread antibiotics usage in broiler diets to maintain health and productivity. However, concerns regarding the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential negative impacts on animal welfare and public health, and consumer preferences for natural alternatives have driven the search for safer and more sustainable approaches. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) and turmeric powder (TP) as antibiotic growth promoter alternatives in broiler chickens, focusing on their impact on performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. In a 3x3 factorial experiment, 360 Cobb-500 broilers were allocated to nine treatment groups receiving varying dietary levels of MOLP (0%, 1%, 2%) and TP (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%). Additionally, a separate experiment with 80 birds evaluated the effects of flavomycin supplementation (0.1%) compared to a control group. The results demonstrated that MOLP supplementation significantly increased key performance parameters, including feed intake, body weight gain, final body weight, and production efficiency factor, particularly at the 2% inclusion level. TP supplementation did not significantly influence overall growth performance. Flavomycin, as a positive control, significantly improved final body weights compared to the control group. Interestingly, significant interactions were observed between MOLP and TP, influencing specific aspects of carcass composition and meat quality. Combined supplementation significantly affected liver yield and meat flavour, suggesting potential synergistic effects. However, no significant impacts were observed on other carcass composition parameters, physical meat measurements (colour, drip loss, cooking loss), or sensory attributes (appearance, juiciness, tenderness). Notably, supplementation with 2% MOLP increased dressed weight and breast yield while simultaneously reducing meat redness. Additionally, 0.5% TP supplementation significantly increased gizzard yield, indicating potential benefits for digestive function. Flavomycin supplementation did not significantly influence any carcass composition, physical, or sensory parameters. These findings offer promising evidence that MOLP and TP can be incorporated into broiler diets at levels up to 2% and 0.5%, respectively, as viable alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. MOLP and TP demonstrated the potential to enhance broiler performance, influence specific carcass and meat quality attributes without compromising overall quality, and promote specific physiological processes like gizzard development. Further research is encouraged to explore the long-term effects of these additives, optimize their inclusion levels for specific benefits, and investigate their potential impact on broiler health and disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biscuit was supplemented with Moringa oleifera seed protein concentrate at 2, 4 and 6%. Compared to the control sample (100% wheat biscuit), supplementation resulted in improved antioxidative properties – DPPH (40–51%) against 31% (control), hydroxyl radical (45–70%) against 30% (control), metal ion chelation (42–54%) against 40% (control), ABTS (0.009–0.013 mmol/g against 0.007 mmol/g (control) but reduced FRAP (2.81–6.68 mg/g) against 8.2 mg/g (control). The in vitro antidiabetic properties showed that the supplemented biscuit had a range of 39 to 57% inhibition against α-glucosidase against 30% (control) and 1.81 to 24.25% inhibition against α-amylase against (1.65%). Supplementation with mspc also showed better potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Anti-inflammatory properties evaluated through the inhibition of albumin denaturation and anti-hemolytic assays showed that enrichment with mspc is safe. It was concluded that supplementing biscuit with mspc is safe and may provide enhanced antioxidative, anti-inflammatory as well as inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbofuran pesticide is used to control insects in agriculture and acts as a contaminant that pollutes aquatic ecosystems, exerting harmful effects on fish health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effects of moringa leaf powder after fish being exposed to carbofuran on hematobiochemical and histological changes, oxidative and antioxidative mechanisms in the soft tissues of rohu Labeo rohita. Fish were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Group A treated as control while groups B and C were exposed to two sublethal doses (0.32 and 0.84 mg/L) of carbofuran for 28 days. At day 28, ten fish were removed from the high dose group and transferred to carbofuran-free freshwater (group D) for recovery responses. Results revealed that concentrations of hemoglobin (HGB), red blood cells (RBCs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), albumin, globulin, total proteins, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) significantly decreased. White blood cells (WBCs), triglycerides, cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), urea, and creatinine levels were elevated significantly in carbofuran exposed fish. Results showed a significant rise in oxidative stress content (TBARS and ROS), and a decline in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) in the brain, kidney, liver, and gills of exposed fish. Histological alterations showed deleterious effects on different organs in carbofuran-exposed fish. After the recovery period, all parameters were recovered to some extent. The results of this study indicated that carbofuran is harmful to fish even at low doses. Therefore, extreme care should be taken to prevent the drainage of carbofuran into water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QSPR analysis can be used in a variety of applications, such as drug discovery, materials science, and environmental chemistry. For example, QSPR models can be used to predict the toxicity of new chemicals, to design more effective drugs, or to optimize the properties of materials for specific applications. Phenolic compounds act as anti-oxidants, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-bacterial agents present in Moringa oleifera. These Phenolic compounds have significant antioxidant properties as they can scavenge free radicals, slow the aging process, and improve glucose uptake in muscles. They are also used to prevent the accumulation of lipids in the liver and subsequently prevent fatty liver disease, protect kidneys, prevent cancer, prevent whitening skin, chemopreventive for cancer, induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer, protect kidneys, decrease pro-inflammatory enzymes, and increase antioxidants enzymes. Furthermore, phenolic compounds inhibit enzymes linked to diabetes type-2 and they can be used to cure diabetes. Owing to the significance of these phenolic compounds, we carried out QSPR analysis using degree-based indices to know the physical characteristics affiliated with them. The outcomes indicate that these phenolic compounds could be investigated further by pharmacists and chemists when designing drugs using these topological indices values. Since the correlation for the topological indices has been discovered, positively correlated compounds may be considered for the combination of novel drug designs. Also, the computed results are useful to predict the physical properties of the phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical and subtropical regions of the world support the growth of the Indian plant Moringa oleifera. It usually goes by the name drumstick tree or horseradish tree and thrives in warm climates. The leaves of the M. oleifera tree are now frequently used as nutrients and nutraceuticals due to their availability of various minerals. While having only very minor antinutritional effects, the leaves are abundant in many beneficial compounds. A recent review of the bioactive components and activity of moringa leaves has focused on both in vivo and in vitro studies. Drumstick leaves have antidiabetic qualities, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial qualities among other health benefits. Phytochemicals, in addition to minerals and vitamins, are abundant in this vegetable. The majority of these effects, according to a review in the literature, are mostly brought on by the presence of carotenoids, glucosinolates, and phytochemicals. As a value‐added component in the production of wholesome meals, moringa is becoming more popular. Despite extensive research into locating and quantifying these advantageous elements in drumstick leaves, bioavailability and bioaccessibility studies were carried out. Beneficial photochemicals are absorbed and digested through incredibly intricate processes that involve several physicochemical and physiological interactions. Therefore, the biological impact of food may be attributed to its various metabolites that can access particular areas of action rather than its original substances. This body of literature offers the most recent findings in scientific research on the bioavailability, health advantages, nutritional profiles, and bioactive activities of moringa leaves as they relate to their use in a range of food products. Drumsticks are frequently used as a food element that promotes health because of their potent protection against a variety of ailments and the presence of environmental pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential benefits of supplementing Moringa oleifera leaves on various aspects of Baladi goat health and productivity under arid conditions in Siwa Oasis. Specifically, the study aimed to assess the effects on hematological and biochemical parameters, milk production and composition, and reproduction. A total of 30 healthy Baladi goats, with an average weight of 19.70 ± 0.36 kg, were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the control (C) group, which received a basal diet without Moringa oleifera leaves, and the treatment (T) group, which received the basal diet supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves at a rate of 50 grams/doe/day throughout the experimental period. The findings revealed that feeding goats with Moringa oleifera leaves led to increased milk productivity compared to the control group. Specifically, milk yield and all milk components, except for ash, were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the Moringa-treated group. Moreover, the Moringa group exhibited significantly higher levels of Hb concentration, RBC, PCV, and MCV compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences in MCH and MCHC between the two groups. Interestingly, the control group showed a significant increase in WBC compared to the Moringa group. In terms of biochemical parameters, the results demonstrated a decrease in cholesterol and urea concentrations in Baladi goats fed with Moringa oleifera leaves. Conversely, the Moringa group exhibited significantly higher levels of serum total protein, glucose, and albumin compared to the control group. Furthermore, supplementation with Moringa oleifera leaves significantly improved kidding and weaning rates, as well as litter size in Baladi goats and decrease of mortality rates. Overall, the findings suggest that incorporating Moringa oleifera leaves into the diets of Baladi goats can enhance reproductive performance, milk production and composition, without any negative effects on the haemato-biochemical profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based proteins are increasingly being utilized as they are sustainable, economical, and can enhance the organoleptic properties of food products. This study investigated the effect of extraction and isolation techniques (alkaline extraction & isoelectric precipitation and salt extraction & micellization) on the functional properties ((solubility, water holding and oil absorption capacity (WHC/OAC), emulsifying activity and stability index (EAI/ESI), foaming capacity and stability (FC/FS), and gelation)) of Moringa oleifera protein isolates. The effect of ionic strength (0.2–1.0 M NaCl) and pH (2–10) on the functional properties were also investigated. Salt extraction & micellization produced an isolate with a high solubility at 0.8 M NaCl and pH 10 (98.1%, 91.8%), EAI at 0.6 M NaCl and pH 6 (56.2 m2/g, 77.0 m2/g), and ESI at 0.8 M NaCl and pH 4 (64.4 min, 243.5 min). Alkaline extraction & isoelectric precipitation resulted in an isolate with a high WHC at 0.6 M NaCl and pH 10 (5.8 g/g, 4.0 g/g), OAC (4.9 g/g), FC at 0.4 M NaCl and pH 2 (203.3%, 163.3%), and gelation at 0.2 M NaCl, 0.4 M NaCl, and pH 8 (20.0%). Both extraction methods can be applied in the valorization of M. oleifera seedcake. Micellized isolate could be used in food emulsions due to better emulsifying properties, while isoelectric isolate can be applied in meats and sauces, owing to better water holding and oil absorption capacity. M. oleifera protein isolates are promising plant-based proteins that can be used in food formulations or to replace animal-derived proteins in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Oil‐Camellia (Camellia oleifera), belonging to the Theaceae family Camellia, is an important woody edible oil tree species. The Camellia oil in its mature seed kernels, mainly consists of more than 90% unsaturated fatty acids, tea polyphenols, flavonoids, squalene and other active substances, which is one of the best quality edible vegetable oils in the world. However, genetic research and molecular breeding on oil‐Camellia are challenging due to its complex genetic background. Here, we successfully report a chromosome‐scale genome assembly for a hexaploid oil‐Camellia cultivar Changlin40. This assembly contains 8.80 Gb genomic sequences with scaffold N50 of 180.0 Mb and 45 pseudochromosomes comprising 15 homologous groups with three members each, which contain 135 868 genes with an average length of 3936 bp. Referring to the diploid genome, intragenomic and intergenomic comparisons of synteny indicate homologous chromosomal similarity and changes. Moreover, comparative and evolutionary analyses reveal three rounds of whole‐genome duplication (WGD) events, as well as the possible diversification of hexaploid Changlin40 with diploid occurred approximately 9.06 million years ago (MYA). Furthermore, through the combination of genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, a complex regulatory network was constructed and allows to identify potential key structural genes (SAD, FAD2 and FAD3) and transcription factors (AP2 and C2H2) that regulate the metabolism of Camellia oil, especially for unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Overall, the genomic resource generated from this study has great potential to accelerate the research for the molecular biology and genetic improvement of hexaploid oil‐Camellia, as well as to understand polyploid genome evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial canker disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis is a substantial threat to the cultivation of tomatoes, leading to considerable economic losses and global food insecurity. Infection is characterized by white raised lesions on leaves, stem, and fruits with yellow to tan patches between veins, and marginal necrosis. Several agrochemical substances have been reported in previous studies to manage this disease but these were not ecofriendly. Thus present study was designed to control the bacterial canker disease in tomato using green fabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNps). Nanosilver particles (AgNPs) were synthesized utilizing Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). FTIR showed presence of bioactive compounds in green fabricated AgNPs and UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band in the range of 350 nm to 355 nm. SEM showed the rectangular segments fused together, and XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized AgNPs. The presence of metallic silver ions was confirmed by an EDX detector. Different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) of the green fabricated AgNPs were exogenously applied on tomato before applying an inoculum of Clavibacter michigensis to record the bacterial canker disease incidence at different day intervals. The optimal concentration of AgNPs was found to be 30 µg/mg that exhibited the most favorable impact on morphological (shoot length, root length, plant fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll contents, membrane stability index, and relative water content) as well as biochemical parameters (proline, total soluble sugar and catalase activity). These findings indicated a noteworthy reduction in biotic stress through the increase of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities by the green fabricated AgNPs. This study marks a first biocompatible approach in assessing the potential of green fabricated AgNPs in enhancing the well-being of tomato plants that affected with bacterial canker and establishing an effective management strategy against Clavibacter michiganensis. This is the first study suggests that low concentration of green fabricated nanosilvers (AgNPs) from leaf extract of Moringa oleifera against Clavibacter michiganensis is a promisingly efficient and eco-friendly alternative approach for management of bacterial canker disease in tomato crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of Egypt's most notable and historically significant vegetable crops is the Liliaceae plant, Allium cepa L. In this study, the effectiveness of methanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves, Calotropis procera latex, Moringa oleifera seeds, and Syzygium aromaticum clove was investigated in vitro and, in a greenhouse, setting against Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogen that causes onion basal rot in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The S. aromaticum extract exhibited the inhibition peak (63.3%), whereas the A. absinthium extract had the lowest inhibition impact against F. oxysporum growth (41.1%). The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis revealed that 82 important compounds, with abundances ranging from low to high, were present in the tested S. aromaticum's methanolic extract. The primary components were acetaldehyde, hydroxy- and 2-propanone, 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-(42.71%), 1,2-ethanediol, and methyl alcohol (34.01%). In comparison to the infected control, the disease severity was significantly reduced by 20% with the use of a plant extracts mixture and Dovex 50% and increased by 62.22% with the use of an extract from A. absinthium. When compared to the infected control, onion plant fresh weight and dry weight were considerably higher under the clove extract therapy. The plant extracts used in this study's testing contain a number of active ingredients, including amino acids, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and enzymes, which is probably why they have such positive impacts. The application of a combination of plant extracts was suggested as a feasible strategy for improving the growth and productivity of onion plants by the study's findings. More research is needed to comprehend the mechanisms by which plant extracts promote plant development and to optimize the concentration and timing of administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health of calves has a significant impact on the production of cows and livestock. Some desert plants have pharmacological importance, as they can be used to reduce antibiotic resistance. Our hypothesis is designed to detect Virulent- Multidrug-Resistant and Extended- spectrum Beta- lactamase Enterobacteriaceae (Virulent-MDR-ESBL Enterobacteriaceae and to determine whether Moringa oleifera has antibacterial activity against the detected isolates. A total of 39 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 28 diarrheic samples were collected from calves aged between 20 days and 20 months from 3 different flocks in North Sinai, Sahl-Eltina region, Egypt. E.coli 46% (18/39), O157 13% (5/39), Klebsiella pneumoniae 41% (16/39). MDR members accounted for 87%, while ESBL isolates accounted for 43%. The antibacterial activity is represented by microdilution. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera ranged from 2.5,5,10, and 25mg/ ml among E.coli isolates, and O157 was susceptible to (2.5mg/ ml), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to (5-50mg/ ml). Analysis of the methanol extract revealed that ferulic acid was the dominant phenolic compound with a concentration of 29,832 parts per million (ppm). In silico docking study expected the active site of ferulic acid to act on the tyrosine bacterial enzyme through Pi-alkyl, Pi-anion, Carbon hydrogen bonds, and extra ionic attractive interactions with copper ions which can stabilize ferulic acid inside the targeted pocket Diverse virulent gene profiles were observed in E. coli. The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was reported in 83% of the isolated E. coli, while the DNA gyrase (gyrA) was harbored in 100% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Various profiles of antibiotic resistance genes for both E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were distinguished. blaTEM genes were detected in 99% of E. coli and 100% of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sequence analysis for E. coli strain DRC-North Sinai-Eg was placed in accession numbers (OP955786) for the Shiga toxin 2 gene (Stx2A), (OP997748) and (OP997749) for the Adhesion to host cell gene (Eae). For the hemolysine gene (hylA), the accession number was (OP946183). Klebsiellapneumoniae strain DRC-North Sinai-Eg was placed in (OP946180) for (gyrA). This study has proven the broad range of Moringa oliefera's antibacterial effects in vitro against the virulent-MDR- ESBL E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from North Sinai calves diarrhea. These are congruent with the disability effect on bacterial tyrosinase enzyme through docking study therefore, we recommend the usage of this desert plant as a prospective feed additive, we endorse this as an antibacterial new insight natural source and for the medication of considered pathogens with zoonotic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FN-doped carbon dots were synthesized using powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera L./Chromolaena odorata L./Tridax procumbens L./Tinospora cordifolia L./ and Lantana camara L., along with a precursor called 4,5-difluoro-1,2-benzenediamine (DFBD) and compared against the drug zaltoprofen derived carbon dots. They were assessed for their optical and structural characteristics using photoluminescence (optimal emission λ of 600 nm), vibrational (FTIR) spectroscopy (characteristic wave numbers of 1156 and 1269 cm−1 for C–F), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) (highest intensity at 27.56°) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) (particles in the size range of 15–20 nm). Further, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) / energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) indicated FN doping of oval/oblong carbon dots. Membrane protection in percent is found to be 55.3 and 80.4 for FN-CDs and Z-FN-CDs respectively. The DPPH-free radical scavenging activity by FN-CDs was 69.4%, while with Z-FN-CDs, it was 54.2%. When tested on six bacterial strains (three each for gram-positive and gram-negative), the FN-CDs displayed a halo (ZOI) between 9 and 19 mm, whereas the Z-FN-CDs displayed a clearance zone between 9 and 17 mm. The FN-CDs showed significant emission-red-shift effects and demonstrated concentration-dependent biocompatibility and viability in neuroblastoma and beta-TC6-cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The climatic changes crossing the world menace the green life through limitation of water availability. The goal of this study was to determine whether Moringa oleifera Lam. trees cultivated under Tunisian arid climate, retain their tolerance ability to tolerate accentuated environmental stress factors such as drought and salinity. For this reason, the seeds of M. oleifera tree planted in Bouhedma Park (Tunisian arid area), were collected, germinated, and grown in the research area at the National Institute of Research in Rural Engineering, Waters and Forests (INRGREF) of Tunis (Tunisia). The three years aged trees were exposed to four water-holding capacities (25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 60 days to realise this work. Results: Growth change was traduced by the reduction of several biometric parameters and fluorescence (Fv/Fm) under severe water restriction (25 and 50%). Whereas roots presented miraculous development in length face to the decrease of water availability (25 and 50%) in their rhizospheres. The sensitivity to drought-induced membrane damage (Malondialdehyde (MDA) content) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberation (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content) was highly correlated with ROS antiradical scavenging (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and (2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH)), phenolic components and osmolytes accumulation. The drought stress tolerance of M. oleifera trees was associated with a dramatic stimulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities. Conclusion: Based on the several strategies adopted, integrated M. oleifera can grow under drought stress as accentuated adverse environmental condition imposed by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]