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BACKGROUND Subdinical atrial fibrillation is short-lasting and asymptomatic and can usually be detected only by long-term continuous monitoring with pacemakers or defibrillators. Subclinical atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of stroke by a factor of 2.5; however, treatment with oral anticoagulation is of uncertain benefit. METHODS We conducted a trial involving patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation lasting 6 minutes to 24 hours. Patients were randomly assigned in a double-blind, double-dummy design to receive apixaban at a dose of 5 mg twice daily (2.5 mg twice daily when indicated) or aspirin at a dose of 81 mg daily. The trial medication was discontinued and anticoagulation started if subdinical atrial fibrillation lasting more than 24 hours or clinical atrial fibrillation developed. The primary efficacy outcome, stroke or systemic embolism, was assessed in the intention-to-treat population Call the patients who had undergone randomization); the primary safety outcome, major bleeding, was assessed in the on-treatment population (all the patients who had undergone randomization and received at least one dose of the assigned trial drug, with follow-up censored 5 days after permanent discontinuation of trial medication for any reason). RESULTS We included 4012 patients with a mean (*SD) age of 76.817.6 years and a mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of 3.911.1 (scores range from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of stroke); 36.1% of the patients were women. After a mean follow-up of 3.511.8 years, stroke or systemic embolism occurred in 55 patients in the apixaban group (0.78% per patient-year) and in 86 patients iii the aspirin group (1.24% per patient-year) (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval ICI], 0.45 to 0.88; P=0.007). In the on-treatment population, the rate of major bleeding was 1.71°6 per patient-year in the apixaban group and 0.94% per patient-year in the aspirin group (hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.57; P=0.001). Fatal bleeding occurred in 5 patientS in the apixaban group and 8 patients in the aspirin group. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation, apixaban resulted in a lower risk of stroke or systemic embolism than aspirin but a higher risk of major bleeding. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; ARTESIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01938248.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this scoping review was to identify, describe, and characterize the literature on probiotic supplementation in dairy calves. Eligible studies were nonrandomized, quasi-randomized and randomized controlled trials in English, Spanish, or Portuguese that evaluated the effect of probiotic supplementation on growth and health of dairy calves. The search strategies were based on a modification of the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) framework and used synonyms and words related to "dairy calves" (population), "probiotics" (intervention), and "growth and health measurements" (outcomes). No restrictions for publication year or language were applied. Searches were conducted in Biosis, CAB Abstracts, Medline, Scopus, and the Dissertations and Theses Database. In total, the search identified 4,467 records, of which 103 studies (110 controlled trials) met the inclusion criteria. The studies were published between 1980 and 2021 and originated from 28 countries. Trials were randomized (80.0%), nonrandomized (16.4%), and quasi-randomized (3.6%), ranging in sample size from 5 to 1,801 dairy calves (mode = 24; average = 64). Enrolled calves were frequently Holstein (74.5%), males (43.6%), and younger than 15 d at the beginning of probiotic supplementation (71.8%). Often, trials were conducted in research facilities (47.3%). Trials evaluated probiotics with single or multiple species of the same genus: Lactobacillus (26.4%), Saccharomyces (15.4%), Bacillus (10.0%), Enterococcus (3.6%), or multiple species of various genera (31.8%). Eight trials did not report the probiotic species used. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecium were the species most supplemented to calves. The duration of probiotic supplementation ranged from 1 to 462 d (mode = 56; average = 50). In trials with a constant dose, it ranged from 4.0 × 106 to 3.7 × 1011 cfu/calf per day. Most probiotics were administered mixed solely into feed (88.5%; whole milk, milk replacer, starter, or total mixed ration) and less frequently orally as a drench or oral paste (7.9%). Most trials evaluated weight gain (88.2%) as a growth indicator and fecal consistency score (64.5%) as a health indicator. Our scoping review summarizes the breadth of controlled trials evaluating probiotic supplementation in dairy calves. Differences in intervention design (mode of probiotic administration, dose, and duration of probiotic supplementation) and outcomes evaluation (type and methods) justify future efforts toward standardized guidelines in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating the efficacy and comparative efficacy of antimicrobials (AMs) for the treatment of diarrhea in calves. Eligible studies were non- and randomized controlled trials evaluating an AM intervention against a positive and negative control, with at least one of the following outcomes: fecal consistency score, fever, dehydration, appetite, attitude, weight gain, and mortality. Four electronic databases were searched. Titles and abstracts (three reviewers) and full texts (two reviewers) were screened. A total of 2899 studies were retrieved; 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed. Most studies had incomplete reporting of trial design and results. Eight studies compared AMs to a negative control (placebo or no treatment). Among eligible studies, the most common outcomes reported were diarrhea severity (n = 6) and mortality (n = 6). Eligible studies evaluated very different interventions and outcomes; thus, a meta-analysis was not performed. The risk of bias assessment revealed concerns with reporting of key trial features, including disease and outcome definitions. Insufficient evidence is available in the scientific literature to assess the efficacy of AMs in treating calf diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patient-tailored contrast delivery protocols strongly reduce the total iodine load and in general improve image quality in CT coronary angiography (CTCA). We aim to use machine learning to predict cases with insufficient contrast enhancement and to identify parameters with the highest predictive value. Methods: Machine learning models were developed using data from 1,447 CTs. We included patient features, imaging settings, and test bolus features. The models were trained to predict CTCA images with a mean attenuation value in the ascending aorta below 400 HU. The accuracy was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and precision-recall curves (AUPRC). Shapley Additive exPlanations was used to assess the impact of features on the prediction of insufficient contrast enhancement. Results: A total of 399 out of 1,447 scans revealed attenuation values in the ascending aorta below 400 HU. The best model trained using only patient features and CT settings achieved an AUROC of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73–0.83) and AUPRC of 0.65 (95% CI: 0.58–0.71). With the inclusion of the test bolus features, it achieved an AUROC of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.81–0.87), an AUPRC of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.66–0.76), and a sensitivity of 0.66 and specificity of 0.88. The test bolus' peak height was the feature that impacted low attenuation prediction most. Conclusion: Prediction of insufficient contrast enhancement in CT coronary angiography scans can be achieved using machine learning models. Our experiments suggest that test bolus features are strongly predictive of low attenuation values and can be used to further improve patient-specific contrast delivery protocols. Key Points: • Prediction of insufficient contrast enhancement in CT coronary angiography scans can be achieved using machine learning models. • The peak height of the test bolus curve is the most impacting feature for the best performing model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Over the past few years, Psychiatry has undergone a significant transformation with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This shift has been driven by the increasing demand for mental health services, as well as advances in AI technology. AI analyzes extensive datasets, including text, voice, and behavioral data, aiding in mental health diagnosis and treatment. Consequently, a range of AI-based interventions has been developed, including chatbots, virtual therapists and apps featuring cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) modules. Notably, chatbots, as conversational agents, have emerged as valuable tools, assisting users in monitoring emotions and providing evidence-based resources, well-being support, psychoeducation and adaptive coping strategies. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of AI chatbots on improving mental health, evaluate their strengths and weaknesses and explore their potential for early detection and intervention in mental health issues. Methods: A literature review was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using keywords 'artificial intelligence', 'chatbot' and 'mental health'. The selection focused on the most relevant articles published between January 2021 and September 2023. Results: Mental health chatbots are highly personalized, with a primary focus on addressing issues such as depression or anxiety within specific clinical population groups. Through the integration of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques and rule-based AI algorithms, these chatbots closely simulate human interactions and effectively instruct users in therapeutic techniques. While chatbots integrating CBT principles have gained widespread use and extensive research attention, some also incorporate alternative therapeutic approaches, including dialectical behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, acceptance and commitment therapy, positive psychology or mindfulness-based stress reduction. AI chatbots provide substantial advantages in terms of accessibility, cost-effectiveness and improved access to mental health support services. Nonetheless, they also exhibit limitations, including the absence of human connection, limited expertise, potential for misdiagnosis, privacy concerns, risk of bias and limitations in risk assessment accuracy. Conclusions: AI-based chatbots hold the potential to enhance patient outcomes by enabling early detection and intervention in mental health issues. However, their implementation in mental health should be approached with caution. Further studies are essential to thoroughly evaluate their effectiveness and safety. Disclosure of Interest: None Declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Involuntary admission rates differ between gender across various countries. In several European Union countries, men are more frequently involuntarily admitted, while an opposite trend, associating women with involuntary care, has been observed in countries like Switzerland, Brazil, and China. Objectives: Considering the contradictory evidence about gender and involuntary care in the literature, we aim to analyze the gender patterns of involuntary care in Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo's Psychiatric Acute Unit, exploring the gender differences in diagnosis among involuntary patients. Methods: We stored and analyzed the data using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics. We studied psychiatry admissions at Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo, Portugal over 2 years. The Acute Psychiatric Unit, located within a general hospital, has 24 beds, and offers acute mental healthcare services to adults aged 18 and above, serving a coverage area of approximately 251,000 residents. As part of our data collection process for all admissions to the Acute Psychiatry Unit, we recorded information such as gender, age, diagnosis at discharge, treatment type (voluntary or involuntary), and length of stay. Results: From January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, there were 686 psychiatry admissions at Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo, of which 125 (18,2%) were involuntary. The admission rates were approximately 136.6 per 100,000 people annually, with 24.9 being involuntary admissions per 100,000 people annually. In our analysis of involuntary admissions, women had a lower rate of such admissions, making up 6.4%, while men had a higher rate at 11.8%. No other gender identity was mentioned. Schizophrenia-related disorders were the primary cause for involuntary admissions for both genders, with 67.9% for men and 50% for women. Mood disorders were the second most common reason for involuntary admission, accounting for around 40.9% of cases for women and a significantly lower 16% for men. Involuntarily hospitalized patients exhibited longer lengths of stay independently of the gender. Men hospitalized involuntarily tended to be younger, whereas for women, involuntary hospitalizations were associated with older ages. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study reveals gender differences in psychiatric involuntary admissions, with more men being involuntarily admitted than women. Schizophrenia group disorders were the most common diagnoses among male and female involuntary patients. Furthermore, all hospitalized women exhibited a higher prevalence of mood disorders, a trend that was more pronounced among those admitted involuntarily. These gender trends match the overall patterns seen in the epidemiology of schizophrenia and mood disorders. Additionally, women with schizophrenia generally exhibit better social functioning than men, which may explain the lower needs of involuntary hospitalization. Disclosure of Interest: None Declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotic abdominoplasty to correct abdominal wall lateral bulging in adult PBS patients using longitudinal plication sutures to reinforce the fascial defect, followed by the application of a mesh, is feasible and presents good functional and cosmetic results. Prune belly syndrome (PBS) is defined by three major findings: deficiency of the abdominal musculature, bilateral undescended testicles and genitourinary tract anomalies [[1]]. There are several abdominal wall plication techniques for abdominoplasty in PBS patients, including open and laparoscopic techniques [[1], [3]]. [Extracted from the article]

This paper presents a strategy to compute a suboptimal solution to the finite-horizon linear-quadratic control problem for Markov jump linear parameter-varying systems. The system parameters depend not only on a Markov chain but also on linear parameter-varying elements that take values in convex polytopic sets. The suboptimal approach represents an attempt towards solving the optimal control problem that remains unsolved in the literature. Illustrating that such a suboptimal approach can be of interest when solving practical control problems. Experimental results on the control of an automotive throttle valve subject to failures driven by a Markov chain are discussed, thus supporting the usefulness of the theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prebiotic supplementation has been studied as a means to enhance growth and health in dairy calves; however, results seem to be inconsistent across studies. The first objective of the future review is to identify, summarize, appraise, and discuss the current literature on the prebiotic supplementation for dairy calves. The second objective is to evaluate the effect of prebiotic supplementation on growth and health of dairy calves. Eligible studies will be non-randomized and randomized controlled trials in English, Spanish, or Portuguese that examined the supplementation of prebiotics to dairy calves (up to 6 months of age) and reported growth or health outcomes. The main growth outcomes will be average daily gain, feed efficiency, and main health outcomes will be fecal score and diarrhea incidence. A search will be conducted in Biosis, CAB Abstracts, Medline, Scopus, and the Dissertations and Theses Database with the support of a UC Davis librarian. Two reviewers independently will screen the titles and abstracts of retrieved studies. The screening of full manuscripts will be performed by one reviewer. The data extraction will be executed based on pre-tested forms. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. If feasible, a random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted. Heterogeneity will be evaluated with I2 statistic. If possible, publication bias will be investigated by using funnel plots, Begg's adjusted rank correlation, and Egger's test. The certainty of the evidence will be determined using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) approach. The proposed review will contribute to the current knowledge on prebiotic supplementation for dairy calves; this information may guide management decision at the farm level and identify gaps of knowledge to be addressed in future research. The protocol is registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ar5g2/) and available in the Systematic Reviews for Animals and Food (http://www.syreaf.org/contact/). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sustained alcohol intake, when combined with incomplete treatment, can result in chronic structural changes in the Central Nervous System, including generalized cortical and cerebellar atrophy, amnesic syndromes like Korsakoff's syndrome, and white matter disorders such as Central Pontine Myelinolysis and Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome. It is crucial to prevent these complications due to their potential for irreversible and debilitating consequences. For Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, early recognition and thiamine administration for prevention are paramount, as it arises from thiamine deficiency due to malnutrition caused by persistent alcohol use. In the case of Central Pontine Myelinolysis, which is caused by abrupt fluctuations in serum osmolality, controlled sodium correction is essential. Objectives: Through a clinical case and a review of published literature, this study aims to reflect on the importance of preventing neurological injuries associated with chronic alcohol consumption, specifically Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis. Methods: A literature review was conducted by searching for articles on PubMed using the terms "Alcohol Use Disorder," "Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome," and "Central pontine myelinolysis." A clinical case is presented, featuring a 50-year-old patient with alcohol use disorder who developed Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis. Considering this case, we reflect on the primary approaches that could have been beneficial in preventing these complications and propose a straightforward method for doing so. Results: A 50-year-old patient presented with poor general condition, characterized by low weight, significant loss of strength in the limbs and arms, and incoherent speech with anterograde amnesia and confabulation. This condition had progressed to a point where the patient could no longer walk, perform basic self-care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating independently, underscoring the severity of his condition. The diagnoses of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis were established based on clinical manifestations and the presence of hyperintense lesions observed in the central pons on T2/FLAIR axial MRI scans. This clinical case highlights the importance of proper and precocious prevention of complications in patients with alcohol use disorder. The foremost step in preventing these complications is to treat alcohol dependence effectively, even when faced with patient resistance. It's vital to remain vigilant about potential complications and implement suitable prophylactic measures. Conclusions: The devastating effects of complications arising from Alcohol Use Disorder, such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Central Pontine Myelinolysis, underscore the importance of enhanced attention that clinicians should provide when approaching these patients at all clinical interactions. Disclosure of Interest: None Declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to provide a legal basis for the indicators that make up the Updated Waste Management Condition Index (ICGRA), aiming at mandatory compliance by the public manager in the management of municipal solid waste. The methodology of this study was performed through documentary research with analysis of positive norms and legal principles that could be interrelated to constitute for each indicator the legal basis for their compliance. Since the indicators developed in most studies are not concerned with the legal basis, and since the public administration must be primarily submitted to such legal basis, this becomes relevant, as it provides the indicators with the basis for the requirement of compliance. Of the 62 indicators proposed by ICGRA, 89% were legally based, especially those related to urban cleaning services and solid waste treatment. The work serves the dissemination of the theme in academia, aiming at the importance of the legal basis for indicators of public management evaluation. This, in turn, can be used for environmental and control audits. The study shows an excellent adequacy of the indicators that compose the ICGRA to demand compliance, thus the management indicators can assess the adequacy of municipal solid waste management to the legal commandments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prophylactic antibiotics are traditionally given as a single dose for caesarean section. However, inconsistent application of recommendations and recent evidence prompted a literature review.Objectives: To assess the optimal regimen for antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section by comparing single versus multiple doses of the same intervention.Search Strategy: MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, SCOPUS, CENTRAL and ongoing trials databases were searched. Reference lists were reviewed and international groups contacted.Selection Criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing single with multiple dose regimens of the same antibiotic prophylaxis. Quasi-RCT and abstracts were suitable for inclusion.Data Collection and Analysis: Reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality of evidence. A random-effects model was used and results presented as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Main Results: Sixteen studies were included, involving 2695 women. Nonsignificant differences were observed between single dose and multiple dose antibiotic prophylaxis in the incidence of postpartum infectious morbidity (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.75-1.20, I2 = 25%), endometritis (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.74-1.42, I2 = 0%) and wound infection (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.72-2.08, I2 = 0%). A trend towards lower risk of urinary tract infection was seen with multiple dose (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34-1.24, I2 = 0%).Conclusions: There was insufficient evidence to determine whether there is a difference between single and multiple dose regimens in reducing the incidence of infectious morbidity after caesarean section. The quality of evidence was very low and well-designed RCTs are needed.Tweetable Abstract: Insufficient evidence of difference between dosage regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis in caesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for enhanced cooling systems, particularly in high-power computer processors, necessitates innovative solutions within the spatial constraints of computing environments. This paper introduces a design modification that strategically diverts a portion of the main flow toward and through the porous fin region, creating a "cross flow." The novel approach aims to maximize heat transfer through the fins, harnessing both conduction and convection heat transfer mechanisms. The realization of these flow patterns is achieved through interdigitated blocking of the inlet and outlet reigns of the microchannel, coupled with the utilization of converging and diverging microchannel porous fins in distinct elbow and zigzag geometrical configurations. Numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics are employed to assess the proposed microchannel heat sink's thermo-hydraulic performance. The proposed design innovation significantly enhances heat dissipation efficiency by augmenting the convection heat transfer mechanism within the porous fins, resulting in a remarkable 17% improvement in Nusselt number compared to conventional parallel microchannel heat sinks with porous fins. This study provides valuable insight into the thermal and hydraulic performance of the proposed design, offering promising prospects for addressing the escalating demand for enhanced cooling systems in high-power computing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the self-perception of the servers Federal University of Santa Maria, about their well-being at work; and also suggest activities with multidisciplinary approaches aimed at improving the quality of life and well-being at work the servers. For this study, we opted for a survey in one of the academic subunits, Arts and Letters Centre (CAL), which has 43 technical and administrative staff, allocated in support levels, intermediate and upper and administrative positions and technical area level in order, on quality of life and well-being at work. As for the research approach is classified as a qualitative and quantitative research. Data collection was carried out through an instrument designed based on a questionnaire developed and validated by Constantine (2007). The main findings reveal that the servers are satisfied it was revealed that the TAE Server presents satisfaction with their quality of life, the most unsatisfying factor was related to physical activities which raised the suggestion about gymnastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An anatomic study was performed to confirm whether the lateral malleolus could serve as a simple and reproducible anatomic reference for the distal insertion of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL).Methods: Dissection was performed after placement of a Kirschner wire to simulate the calcaneal tunnel for the distal insertion of the CFL. The skin was penetrated 1 cm distal and posterior to the tip of the lateral malleolus. The main information recorded was the distance from the Kirschner wire to the centre of the distal insertion of the CFL. Other elements were noted (characteristics of the CFL, distance between the distal insertion of the CFL-peroneal tubercle, nerve or tendon injuries).Results: Thirty ankles were dissected. The mean distance from the Kirschner wire to the centre of the distal insertion of the CFL was 2.4 ± 1.8 mm. Only one case of peroneal injury was noted. The sural nerve was usually located a mean 1.8 ± 1.1 mm from the Kirschner wire. The posterior tibial vascular pedicle was a mean 27.8 ± 3.5 mm from the point of exit of the Kirschner wire.Conclusion: Using the lateral malleolus as the cutaneous reference for the distal insertion of the CFL seems to be more reliable than the pure arthroscopic technique. This study describes a percutaneous technique to obtain a calcaneal tunnel for distal insertion of the CFL. The sural nerve is at the greatest risk of injury with this technique and requires careful subcutaneous incision to prevent injury. This new percutaneous technique is less invasive than a purely arthroscopic technique and more accurately identifies the location of the tunnel. It can be used to do calcaneal tunnel in clinical practice during anatomic ligament reconstruction for chronic ankle instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research site is located at Fazenda Itataia, in Santa Quitéria, State of Ceará. It is located in the Borborema Province, in the Central Ceará Domain, with a packet of supracrustal rocks of metassedimentary nature, being dominantly constituted by marble, schist and gneisses to two micas, with grenade and / or sillimanite, calcissilictic rocks and metamorphized quartzites in amphibolite facies high. The phosphorus-uraniferous deposit occurs as a uraniferous colophane, and the main ore body is 800 meters in length and variable in width from 250 to 400 meters. The ore occurs from the surface to the depth of approximately 180m. The mineralogical studies of the soils of this region are scarce, however, this knowledge is of great importance, both in the characterization and classification of the soils, and in the elucidation of its genesis, where the classification of the heavy residue of the sand fractions is of importance. The characterization of these soil data was done with the aid of the Ceará State land map of Embrapa and with the contribution of the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) technique that corresponds to one of the main techniques of microstructural characterization of crystalline materials, where, of all methods of analytical chemistry for the characterization of materials, only the XRD is able to provide qualitative and quantitative information of the constituent minerals of a mixture. The study area is located in a region with eutrophic red / yellow Argisols, with inclusions of luvisols and eutrophic lithole neosols, with a predominance of three minerals: quartz, fluoropatite, calcium carbonate and uranium oxide. of the presence of the main classes of clay minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim to evaluate the presence of biogenic amines (BA) in liqueurs, a previously developed dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was validated for a reliable and sensitive analysis of 18 BA from different chemical classes (aliphatic, heterocyclic and aromatic). The proposed method is based on an advanced procedure that allows simultaneous extraction and derivatization of all the amines in study through a simple and fast way. Very good figures for linearity (correlation coefficient >0.999), intra- and inter-day repeatability (maximum coefficient of variation of 10%) and recovery (79–108%) were obtained for all BA under study. Detection and quantification limits were lower than 4 μg/L and 10 μg/L, respectively. The validated method was used to screen the presence of BA in liqueurs from different origin and processing mode in a total of 27 samples, including 11 fruit liqueurs, 8 herbs liqueurs, 5 coffee liqueurs, 2 honey liqueurs, and 1 milk liqueur. The volatile amines methylamine, ethylamine, and dimethylamine, and the non-volatile amines morpholine, cadaverine, and histamine, were the BA more often detected. Although found in only 15 out of 27 samples, putrescine showed the higher mean content. Overall, coffee, honey and fruits liqueurs had significantly higher levels of BA ( p < 0.05) than those found in milk and herb liqueurs. The variability observed between samples was influenced by the type of components as well as by the different modes of production (homemade or industrial). Indeed, homemade sample had significantly higher amounts of BA ( p < 0.05) than industrial samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artisanal fishing has economic and social importance for the Brazilian coast communities. The aim of this study is to diagnose the problem of improper disposal of waste mollusk fishing (shells) in the community of Patané District Arez/RN. The study was conducted by documentary and field research, visits to community and interviews with fishermen and representatives of the municipal government. There are 1,575 residents in district that are primarily engaged in small-scale fishing and identified about 60 fishermen who exclusively perform fishing and has this activity like the only source of income. The main environmental impact is the disposal of shells landing in the site or in backyards and vacant lots. It was found that the main factors contributing to the current situation of fishery waste accumulation in public and private places are: lack of management activity by lack of training of fishermen, precariousness in the physical structures of processing, absence of studies on alternative and promoting the re-use of the shells in other production processes, and poor structure of the local environmental agency for troubleshooting. In addition, there caused health problems in the community associated with the disposal in backyards and in public places, as well as environmental degradation, especially in the areas near Guaraíras lagoon. Thus it is necessary to study alternatives to solve an economically viable and environmentally sustainable the problem, given the economic and social importance of artisanal fisheries of this shellfish to the community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oestradiol (E2) acts in the hypothalamus to regulate luteinising hormone ( LH) and prolactin ( PRL) secretion. Tamoxifen ( TX) has been extensively used as a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, although its neuroendocrine effects remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the hypothalamic effects of TX in rats under low or high circulating E2 levels. Ovariectomised ( OVX) rats treated with oil, E2 or TX, or E2 plus TX, were evaluated for hormonal secretion and immunohistochemical analyses in hypothalamic areas. Both E2 and TX reduced LH levels, whereas TX blocked the E2-induced surges of LH and PRL. TX prevented the E2-induced expression of progesterone receptor ( PR) in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus ( AVPV) and arcuate nucleus ( ARC), although it did not alter PR expression in OVX rats. TX blocked the E2 induction of c-Fos in AVPV neurones, consistent with the suppression of LH surge. However, TX failed to prevent E2 inhibition of kisspeptin expression in the ARC. In association with the blockade of PRL surge, TX increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH) in the median eminence of OVX, E2-treated rats. TX also precluded the E2-induced increase in TH expression in the ARC. In all immunohistochemical analyses, TX treatment in OVX rats caused no measurable effect on the hypothalamus. Thus, TX is able to prevent the positive- but not negative-feedback effect of E2 on the hypothalamus. TX also blocks the effects of E2 on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurones and PRL secretion. These findings further characterise the anti-oestrogenic actions of TX in the hypothalamus and provide new information on the oestrogenic regulation of LH and PRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the importance of adopting environmental responsibility practices in public organizations to achieve sustainable development. In particular, the article focuses on the Project "Campus Verde - Gestão Ambiental do IFRN" pointing benefits and prospects for its adoption, as well as difficulties and limitations. The project is an initiative of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN). Methodologically, it has a qualitative approach and an exploratory and descriptive nature and for data collection interviews were used. It was observed that the project possible changes in the institution that underlie the themes: rational use of natural resources, solid waste management, sustainable government acquisition, health and quality of life and continued training in environmental education. It is a project with good prospects, however need to improve the structure providing unified actions and systematized processes, through its institutionalization. Thus, it can be considered that the attitude adopted by IFRN shows up positive as it brings a new way of thinking and acting of public organizations focused on socioenvironmental responsibility and on the respect of the triple bottom line: social, environmental and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between an excitation (similar to a pair of Nambu monopoles connected by their associated string) and a lattice defect are studied in an artificial two-dimensional square spin ice. This is done by considering a square array of islands containing only one island different from all others. This difference is incorporated in the magnetic moment (spin) of the "imperfect" island and several cases are studied, including the special situation in which this distinct spin is zero (vacancy). We show that the two extreme points of a defective island behave like two opposite magnetic charges. Then, the effective interaction between a pair of Nambu monopoles with the defective island is a problem involving four magnetic charges (two pairs of opposite poles) and a string. We also sketch the configuration of the field lines of these four charges to confirm this picture. The influence of the string on this interaction decays rapidly with the string distance from the defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A detailed morphometry of the Hill-Sachs lesion and quantification of its volume was studied in 71 patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability with radiographs and computerized arthrotomography. Methods: The accuracy of the conventional radiographs and Bernageau view to visualize the humeral and the glenoid lesion was also assessed. This study also analysed the depth of the Hill-Sachs lesion ( D) and the humeral head radius ( R) from conventional radiograph and its location from the computerized arthrotomography. All the findings were analysed and correlated with the outcome of the arthroscopic stabilization procedure. Results: Sensitivity for demonstrating the Hill-Sachs lesion for the 45° internal rotation anteroposterior radiograph was 84%, whereas sensitivity for demonstrating the glenoid lesion for the comparative Bernageau view was 68%. The mean D/ R ratio, the lateralization angle and the volume of the Hill-Sachs lesion were 16.2%, 188° and 1,019 mm³, respectively. The mean Hill-Sachs lesion volume represented 2.28% of the total humeral head volume. The D/ R ratio, the lateralization angle and the volume of the Hill-Sachs lesion were significantly high in the recurrent dislocation group, whereas the D/ R ratio and the lesion volume were also significantly high in the group that did not perform well following the stabilization procedure. The recurrence rate in this study was 16.6%, majority being from the recurrent dislocation group. Conclusion: This study confirms the interest as risk factor for a simple and reproducible radiographic quantitative measure of the Hill-Sachs lesion: D/ R. Level of evidence: II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern Web sites use several techniques (e.g. DOM manipulation) that allow for the injection of new content into their Web pages (e.g. AJAX), as well as manipulation of the HTML DOM tree. This has the consequence that the Web pages that are presented to users (i.e. after browser processing) are different from the original structure and content that is transmitted through HTTP communication (i.e. after browser processing). This poses a series of challenges for Web accessibility evaluation, especially on automated evaluation software. This article details an experimental study designed to understand the differences posed by accessibility evaluation after Web browser processing. We implemented a Javascript-based evaluator, Qual Web, that can perform WCAG 2.0 based accessibility evaluations in the two phases of browser processing. Our study shows that, in fact, there are considerable differences between the HTML DOM trees in both phases, which have the consequence of having distinct evaluation results. We discuss the impact of these results in the light of the potential problems that these differences can pose to designers and developers that use accessibility evaluators that function before browser processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: EEG–fMRI localizes epileptic foci by detecting cerebral hemodynamic changes that are correlated to epileptic events visible in EEG. However, scalp EEG is insensitive to activity restricted to deep structures and recording the EEG in the scanner is complex and results in major artifacts that are difficult to remove. This study presents a new framework for identifying the BOLD manifestations of epileptic discharges without having to record the EEG. The first stage is based on the detection of epileptic events for each voxel by sparse representation in the wavelet domain. The second stage is to gather voxels according to proximity in time and space of detected activities. This technique was evaluated on data generated by superposing artificial responses at different locations and responses amplitude in the brain for 6 control subject runs. The method was able to detect effectively and consistently for responses amplitude of at least 1% above baseline. 46 runs from 15 patients with focal epilepsy were investigated. The results demonstrate that the method detected at least one concordant event in 37/41 runs. The maps of activation obtained from our method were more similar to those obtained by EEG–fMRI than to those obtained by the other method used in this context, 2D-Temporal Cluster Analysis. For 5 runs without event read on scalp EEG, 3 runs showed an activation concordant with the patient''s diagnostic. It may therefore be possible, at least when spikes are infrequent, to detect their BOLD manifestations without having to record the EEG. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Oryzalin is a dinitroaniline drug that has attracted recent interest for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Its use as an antiparasitic therapeutic agent is limited by the low water solubility associated with an in vivo rapid clearance, leading to the administration of larger and possibly toxic doses in in vivo studies, and the use of solvents that may lead to undesirable side effects. In the present work oryzalin-containing lipid nanoparticles were produced by a emulsion–solvent evaporation technique using a composition suitable for parenteral administration, i.e., tripalmitin (solid lipid) and a complex mixture of three emulsifying agents (soya lecithin, Tween® 20 and sodium deoxycholate). Physicochemical characterization included the determination of mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and DSC studies. Final formulations revealed values of <140nm (PI<0.2) and zeta potential of ≈−35mV, as well as encapsulation efficiency >75%. The effects of various processing parameters, such as lipid and surfactant and composition and concentration, as well as the stability during the harsh procedures of autoclaving (121°C/15min) and freeze-drying were also evaluated. Formulations revealed to be stable throughout freeze-drying and moist-heath sterilization without significant variations on physicochemical properties and no significant oryzalin losses. The use of a complex surfactant mixture proved crucial for preserving formulation stability. Particularly, lecithin appears as a key component in the stabilization of tripalmitin-based oryzalin-containing lipid nanoparticles. Finally, cell viability studies demonstrated that the incorporation of oryzalin in nanoparticles decreases cytotoxicity, thus suggesting this strategy may improve tolerability and therapeutic index of dinitroanilines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction. Cognitive dysfunction as a core feature in the course of bipolar affective disorder (BPD) is a current subject of debate and represents an important source of psychosocial and functional burden. Objectives. To stand out the connection and clinical implications between cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and BPD. Methods. A nonsystematic review of all English language Pub Med articles published between 1995 and 2011 using the terms "bipolar disorder," "cognitive dysfunction," and "dementia". Discussion. As a manifestation of an affective trait or stage, both in the acute phases and in remission, the domains affected include attention, executive function, and verbal memory. The likely evolution or overlap with the behavioural symptoms of an organic dementia allows it to be considered as a dementia specific to BPD. This is named by some authors, as BPD type VI, but others consider it a form of frontotemporal dementia. It is still not known if this process is neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative in nature, or both simultaneously. The assessment should consider the iatrogenic effects of medication, the affective symptoms, and a neurocognitive evaluation. Conclusion. More specific neuropsychological tests and functional imaging studies are needed and will assume an important role in the near future for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repairing abdominal wall defects after cloacal exstrophy reconstruction always poses a challenge. Our proposal for repair consists of bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy and external iliac fixation with Schanz pins, together with abdominoplasty through bilateral groin flaps of skin and muscular aponeuroses, in a single staged procedure.7 patients (5 male and 2 female; mean age 3.1 years) with cloacal exstrophy underwent reconstructive surgery at our institution. Cloacal exstrophy reconstruction was performed in 3 stages, whenever possible. In Stage 1, the intestinal tract is separated from the hemi-bladders; the small colon is tubularized (colorrhaphy) with an opening on the left flank. The hemi-bladders are joined and the pathology is converted into classic bladder exstrophy, followed by primary repair (cystorraphy). At this stage, closure of the abdominal wall is made by groin flap plasty, following bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy with an external iliac fixator. Stage 2 consists of bladder augmentation and the management of urinary continence. Stage 3 is genitoplasty. The aim of this study was to demonstrate our results for the first stage.After a mean follow-up of 7 years, closure of abdominal wall was found to be excellent and successful in all 7 patients. Their abdominal walls are strong and solid, with no retraction, fistula or eventration.The association, in a single stage, of a posterior osteotomy with an external iliac bone fixator and bilateral groin flaps for the closure of soft tissue defects of the abdominal wall in cloacal exstrophy appears to be a safe and cosmetically acceptable alternative technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: For texture analysis, several features such as co-occurrence matrices, Gabor filters and the wavelet transform are used. Recently, fractal geometry appeared to be an effective feature to analyze texture. But it is often restricted to 2D images, while 3D information can be very important especially in medical image processing. Moreover applications are limited to the use of fractal dimension. This study focuses on the benefits of fractal geometry in a classification method based on volumic texture analysis. The proposed methods make use of fractal and multifractal features for a 3D texture analysis of a voxel neighborhood. They are validated with synthetic data before being applied on real images. Their efficiencies are proved by comparison to some other texture features in supervised classification processes (AdaBoost and support vector machine classifiers). The results showed that features based on fractal geometry (by combining fractal and multifractal features) contributed to new texture characterization. Information on new features was useful and complementary for a classification method. This study suggests that fractal geometry can provide a new useful information in 3D texture analysis, especially in medical imaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We evaluated the protection afforded by an oil formulation against non-compatible fungicides in mixtures with conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) and Beauveria bassiana (Bb). Under laboratory conditions, viability of unformulated (aqueous suspensions) Ma conidia was harmed by recommended label doses of carbendazim (not tested for Bb), and both Ma and Bb conidia were affected by triadimefon. On the other hand, effect of fungicides was usually nil or minimal on conidia formulated as oil-containing suspensions (emulsifiable oil + water). Germination rates for unformulated and oil-formulated Ma conidia subjected to carbendazim were reduced by 77.3 and 12.1%, respectively, compared to their fungicide-free counterparts. Germination rates at 16 h post-inoculation for unformulated and oil-formulated Bb conidia subjected to triadimefon were reduced by 20.5 and 5.5%, respectively, compared to their fungicide-free counterparts. No differences were observed at 20 h post inoculation, indicating a fungistatic action of this compound on Bb conidia. Virulence of unformulated conidia amended with fungicides against third instar Diatraea saccharalis larvae was negatively affected compared to their formulated counterparts. These results suggest that oil-formulated conidia can be effectively protected from damage caused by chemicals, which could have applications in tank mixing or alternate applications with shared spraying equipment, being especially relevant for IPM programs in which mycopesticides and chemicals are simultaneously sprayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchrotron X-ray imaging systems with fluorescence techniques was developed for biomedical researches in Brazilian Synchrotron Laboratory. An X-ray fluorescence microtomography system was implemented to analyse human prostate and breast samples and an X-ray microfluorescence system was implemented to study bone sites of human and animal samples with and without bone disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Computerized detection of prostate cancer on T2-weighted MR images. Methods: The authors combined fractal and multifractal features to perform textural analysis of the images. The fractal dimension was computed using the Variance method; the multifractal spectrum was estimated by an adaptation of a multifractional Brownian motion model. Voxels were labeled as tumor/nontumor via nonlinear supervised classification. Two classification algorithms were tested: Support vector machine (SVM) and AdaBoost. Results: Experiments were performed on images from 17 patients. Ground truth was available from histological images. Detection and classification results (sensitivity, specificity) were (83%, 91%) and (85%, 93%) for SVM and AdaBoost, respectively. Conclusions: Classification using the authors' model combining fractal and multifractal features was more accurate than classification using classical texture features (such as Haralick, wavelet, and Gabor filters). Moreover, the method was more robust against signal intensity variations. Although the method was only applied to T2 images, it could be extended to multispectral MR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is an accurate imaging method for the diagnosis of refractory partial epilepsy. Two scans are carried out: interictal and ictal. The interest of this method is to provide an image in the ictal period, which allows hyperperfused areas linked to the seizure to be localized. The epileptic foci localization is improved by subtracting the two acquisitions (subtracted ictal SPECT: SIS). In some cases, the SIS method is not effective and does not isolate the seizure foci. In this article, we investigate a new method based on texture analysis using fractal geometry features. Fractal geometry features were extracted from each scan in order to quantify the heterogeneity change resulting from the hyperperfusion. A support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm was used to classify the voxels into two classes: focal and healthy. Quantitative evaluation was performed on simulated images and clinical images from 22 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Results on both experiments showed that the proposed method is more specific and more sensitive than the SIS method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We have used the Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) to map the gas kinematics of the inner ∼200 × 500 pc2 of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 in the Z, J, H and K bands at a resolving power of 5000 and spatial resolution of ∼8 pc. The ionized gas emission is most extended along the known ionization bi-cone at position angle PA = 60°–240°, but is observed also along its equatorial plane. This indicates that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) ionizes gas beyond the borders of the bi-cone, within a sphere with ≈1 arcsec radius around the nucleus. The ionized gas has three kinematic components: (1) one observed at the systemic velocity and interpreted as originating in the galactic disc; (2) one outflowing along the bi-cone, with line-of-sight velocities between −600 and 600 km s−1 and strongest emission at ±(100–300) km s−1; and (3) another component due to the interaction of the radio jet with ambient gas. The radio jet (at PA = 75°–255°) is not aligned with the narrow-line region (NLR) and produces flux enhancements mostly observed at the systemic velocity, suggesting that the jet is launched close to the plane of the galaxy (approximately plane of the sky). The mass outflow rate, estimated to be along each cone, exceeds the inferred black hole accretion rate by a factor of ∼100. This can be understood if the NLR is formed mostly by entrained gas from the circumnuclear interstellar medium by an outflow probably originating in the accretion disc. This flow represents feedback from the AGN, estimated to release a kinetic power of , which is only ∼0.3 per cent of the bolometric luminosity of the AGN. There is no evidence in our data for the gradual acceleration followed by gradual deceleration proposed by previous modelling of the [O iii] emitting gas. Our data allow the possibility that the NLR clouds are accelerated close to the nucleus (within 0.1 arcsec, which corresponds to ≈7 pc at the galaxy) after which the flow moves at essentially constant velocity (≈600 km s−1), being consistent with near-infrared emission arising predominantly from the interaction of the outflow with gas in the galactic disc. The molecular gas exhibits distinct kinematics relative to the ionized gas. Its emission arises in extended regions approximately perpendicular to the axis of the bi-cone and along the axis of the galaxy's stellar bar, avoiding the innermost ionized regions. It does not show an outflowing component, being observed only at velocities very close to systemic, and is thus consistent with an origin in the galactic plane. This hot molecular gas may only be the tracer of a larger reservoir of colder gas which represents the AGN feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Many algorithms exist for 3D reconstruction of data from freehand 2D ultrasound slices. These methods are based on interpolation techniques to fill the voxels from the pixels. For quantification purposes, segmentation is involved to delineate the structure of interest. However, speckle and partial volume effect errors can affect quantification. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of the combination of a fuzzy model and 3D reconstruction algorithms of freehand ultrasound images on these errors. Methods: We introduced a fuzzification step to correct the initial segmentation, by weighting the pixels by a distribution function, taking into account the local gray levels, the orientation of the local gradient, and the local contrast-to-noise ratio. We then used two of the most wide-spread reconstruction algorithms (pixel nearest neighbour (PNN) and voxel nearest neighbour (VNN)) to interpolate and create the volume of the structure. Finally, defuzzification was used to estimate the optimal volume. Validation: B-scans were acquired using 5MHz and 8MHz ultrasound probes on ultrasound tissue-mimicking phantoms. Quantitative evaluation of the reconstructed structures was done by comparing the method output to the real volumes. Comparison was also done with classical PNN and VNN algorithms. Results: With the fuzzy model quantification errors were less than 4.3%, whereas with classical algorithms, errors were larger (10.3% using PNN, 17.2% using VNN). Furthermore, for very small structures (0.5cm3), errors reached 24.3% using the classical VNN algorithm, while they were about 9.6% with the fuzzy VNN model. Conclusion: These experiments prove that the fuzzy model allows volumes to be determined with better accuracy and reproducibility, especially for small structures (<3cm3). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the last years, fractal and multifractal geometries were applied extensively in many medical signal (1D, 2D or 3D) analysis applications like pattern recognition, texture analysis and segmentation. Application of this geometry relies heavily on the estimation of the fractal features. Various methods were proposed to estimate the fractal dimension or multifractal spectral of a signal. This article presents an overview of these algorithms, the way they work, their benefits and their limits. The aim of this review is to explain and to categorize the various algorithms into groups and their application in the field of medical signal analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Osteoporosis in men is underestimated, but our data point to an increasing prevalence rate in those over 70 years old with body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2, bioavailable testosterone <2.7 nmol/L, bioavailable estradiol <40 pmol/L, and high bone turnover, defined in this study as serum carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) >4.3 μg/L. The association of sex steroids and osteoporosis was evaluated in 104 men, aged 50–93 years old. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover (ICTP), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E2) were measured; free and bioavailable hormones (free testosterone index [FTI], BioT, free estradiol index [FEI], and BioE2) were calculated from T, E2, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin. Nonparametric analysis and Poisson regression models were used. Significant increases in SHBG and ICTP and decreases in femoral neck BMD, FTI, FEI, BioT, and BioE2 were observed with each additional decade of age. Femoral neck BMD was inversely correlated with ICTP, and both were significantly associated with SHBG, FTI, BioT, FEI, and BioE. There was a direct and graded association between age and osteoporosis prevalence rate (OP PR; p = 0.028). Compared to participants less than 70 years old, the crude OP PR of those 80 years and older was 3.2 (95%CI = 1.4–7.3). Adjusting sequentially for BMI and bioavailable sex hormones attenuated the association between age and osteoporosis prevalence by 55% and 77%, respectively. Our data support the view that low BMI and declining sex steroids explain most of the association between aging, increased bone turnover, and osteoporosis in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifractal analysis is known as a useful tool in signal analysis. However, the methods are often used without methodological validation. In this study, we present multidimensional models in order to validate multifractal analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess variables associated with the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the relation of AF with short- and long-term outcomes and with other in-hospital complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) with and without ST-segment elevation. Design: Pooled database of 120 566 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) ACS enrolled in 10 clinical trials. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards modelling were used to identify factors associated with AF and its relation with clinical outcomes. Setting: ACS complicated by AF. Patients: 120 566 patients with STEMI and NSTE-ACS in 10 clinical trials. Interventions: None evaluated. Main outcome measure: Short- and long-term mortality. Results: Occurrence of AF was 7.5% in the overall population (STEMI 8.0% (n = 84 161); NSTE-ACS = 6.4% (n = 36 405)). Seven-day mortality was higher for patients with AF (5.1%) than for those without (1.6%). After adjusting for confounders, association of AF with 7-day mortality was present in STEMI (hazards ratio (HA) = 1.65; 95% Cl 1.44 to 1.90) and NSTE-ACS (HR = 2.30; 95% Cl 1.83 to 2.90; p interaction = 0.015). Risk of long-term mortality (day 8 to 1 year) was also higher in STEMI (HR = 2.37; 95% Cl 1.79 to 3.15) and NSTE-ACS (HR = 1.67; 95% Cl 1.41 to 1.99). AF had a larger impact in NSTE-ACS on risk of short-term mortality (p<0.001), stroke (p<0.001), ischaemic stroke (p<0.001) and moderate or severe bleeding (p<0.001). Conclusions: AF is more common in patients with STEMI. An association of AF with short- and long-term mortality among patients with STEMI and NSTE-ACS was found. Understanding these findings may lead to better care of patients with this common arrhythmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV)-I/II have a special tropism for infecting T cells and inducing spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation. Leukaemia and neurological manifestations are associated with HTLV-I/II infections, and treatment is usually based on anti-inflammatory drugs including glucocorticoids. Although steroid resistance has been reported, it is unknown whether this condition is related to the infection itself or to the treatment. Objective: We investigated whether spontaneous cell proliferation is associated with T-cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight HTLV-I/II patients and 11 healthy age-matched controls took part in this study. Lymphocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro to measure spontaneous and mitogen-induced proliferation as well as cellular sensitivity to dexamethasone. Results: Patients with HTLV-I/II infection showed similar stimulated and unstimulated T-cell proliferation as well as comparable sensitivity to dexamethasone in vitro. There were no group differences in the frequency of glucocorticoid responders versus non-responders. However, T cells of patients with spontaneous proliferation were unresponsive to mitogenic stimulation and were remarkably more resistant to dexamethasone than cells of patients with normal proliferation. Conclusion: These data suggest that the poor clinical response to steroids may be associated with spontaneous cell proliferation during HTLV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents The objective of this study was to determine the developmental rates and relative abundance of Hsp 70.1 and Glut-1 transcripts in in vivo- and in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos in media supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or different oestrous cow serum concentrations. In experiment 1, in vitro maturation and culture media were supplemented with 0.4% BSA or 1, 5, 10 or 20% of oestrous cow serum (ECS). The analysis of the expression of Hsp 70.1 and Glut-1 was carried out in individual days 7 and 8 embryos by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. In experiment 2, in vivo-produced morulae were collected on day 7 of the oestrous cycle and employed for the comparison of the relative abundances of Hsp 70.1 and Glut-1 transcripts with IVP morulae produced using two protein sources (10% ECS or 0.4% BSA). No differences were observed in cleavage rate among groups, but blastocyst formation (27%) and hatching rates (78%) were significantly higher in IVP embryos produced with 20% ECS than the other groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the relative abundances of Hsp 70.1 and Glut-1 mRNA in days 7 and 8 blastocysts expanded blastocysts between groups. The abundances of mRNA for those genes were similar between IVP and in vivo-produced morulae. In spite of the alterations observed in embryonic development, the presence of serum at distinct concentrations did not appear to alter the relative abundance profiles of Hsp 70.1 and Glut-1 compared with controls or the BSA supplementation to the IVP media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichosporon asahii is a yeast that may cause systemic infection, especially in neutropenic patients. To our knowledge, only two cases of invasive infection with Trichosporon were previously described in liver transplant recipients. We describe an additional case of T. asahii infection after orthotopic liver transplantation in a non-neutropenic patient who had no known risk factor for invasive fungal infection, and died in spite of amphotericin B therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Abnormalities in the control and execution of apoptosis are seen in many malignancies, including ovarian carcinoma. Many of these abnormalities involve the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, including overexpression of BIR-containing inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family proteins as well as dysregulated apoptosome function. We sought to stimulate the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by constructing a recombinant adenovirus encoding mature, processed Smac/DIABLO (Ad CMV tSmac), the second mitochondrial activator of caspases. Transfection of ovarian carcinoma cells with Ad CMV tSmac leads to increasing apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, transfection of IOSE397 immortalized normal ovarian surface epithelial cells does not cause apoptosis. We also show that the processed form of Smac is primarily expressed in the cytosol of ovarian carcinoma cells. Smac co-immunoprecipitates with both survivin and XIAP and stimulates survivin, but not XIAP, down-regulation. This down-regulation does not result from transcriptional changes, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR, but cycloheximide treatment indicates that survivin half-life is reduced from 6 to 2 h, which is secondary to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. RNA interference, however, suggests that survivin does not act to inhibit Smac-mediated apoptosis, which is confirmed by cotransfection with the phosphorylation mutant, survivin T34A. Finally, intraperitoneal delivery of Ad CMV tSmac increases median survival of mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma xenografts. We believe that expression of Smac/DIABLO can stimulate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma without damaging normal ovarian tissue and therefore has therapeutic potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Of 550 mentally retarded patients in an Italian institution, 125 (23%) were found to be infected with intestinal parasites. The infections were most frequent in young men, those with severe mental retardation, the chronically institutionalized and those living in older wards. Ninety-four (75.2%) of the parasitised subjects were infected only with protozoa, 25 (20%) only with helminths, and six (4.8%) with protozoa and helminths. Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar infections were detected, but at low prevalences; in-vitro culture in Robinson's medium and isoenzyme electrophoresis of the cloned amoebic isolates indicated one infection with E. histolytica (zymodeme XII) and two infections with E. dispar (zymodemes I and III). All three Entamoeba -positive subjects were asymptomatic cyst-passers. Antibodies to E. histolytica were detected in seven (1%) of the sera from the 550 patients examined; only one of these was a carrier of an E. dispar strain at the time of investigation. The low prevalences of all the parasitic infections and of the amoebic infections in particular (compared with those observed previously in institutions for the mentally retarded) reflect relatively good facilities and sanitary conditions, an adequate number of well trained staff and good control of the more susceptible subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]