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In this paper, we completely characterize the distributivity between the extended conjunctive aggregation functions and the extended disjunctive aggregation functions. We give two necessary and sufficient conditions for the distributivity of the extended aggregation functions and the convexity of fuzzy truth values. Most of the current research focuses on the distributivity of the extended t-norm (resp. t-conorm), overlap function (resp. grouping function) and uninorm (resp. nullnorm), and so on. It is well-known that a conjunctive (resp. disjunctive) aggregation function is a more general aggregation function than a t-norm (resp. t-conorm). Therefore, the obtained results show that the distributivity equation is more general than the previous ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite time-series data contain information in three dimensions—spatial, spectral, and temporal—and are widely used for monitoring, simulating, and evaluating Earth activities. However, some time-phase images in the satellite time series data are missing due to satellite sensor malfunction or adverse atmospheric conditions, which prevents the effective use of the data. Therefore, we need to complement the satellite time series data with sequence image interpolation. Linear interpolation methods and deep learning methods that have been applied to sequence image interpolation lead to large errors between the interpolation results and the real images due to the lack of accurate estimation of pixel positions and the capture of changes in objects. Inspired by video frame interpolation, we combine optical flow estimation and deep learning and propose a method named Multi-Scale Optical Flow-Intermediate Feature Joint Network. This method learns pixel occlusion and detailed compensation information for each channel and jointly refines optical flow and intermediate features at different scales through an end-to-end network together. In addition, we set a spectral loss function to optimize the network's learning of the spectral features of satellite images. We have created a time-series dataset using Landsat-8 satellite data and Sentinel-2 satellite data and then conducted experiments on this dataset. Through visual and quantitative evaluation of the experimental results, we discovered that the interpolation results of our method retain better spectral and spatial consistency with the real images, and that the results of our method on the test dataset have a 7.54% lower Root Mean Square Error than other approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful launching of more satellites in recent years has made data fusion an important and promising task because it can significantly increase the temporal frequency of the resulting time series data. To improve the usability of Gaofen-1 analysis ready data (GF1-ARD), Sentinel-2 (S2) is selected to enhance the temporal resolution of GF1-ARD due to their similar characteristics and short revisit period. Before constructing a denser time series from different platforms, bandpass alignment is required. Most researchers implement bandpass alignment using the linear model. However, the transformed bands of S2 by the linear model cannot match GF1-ARD well due to the limited globally shared parameters. In contrast, local-derived lookup tables (LUTs) can better address this problem. Inspired by the powerful capability of deep learning, we develop a model based on the U-shaped network (UNet) to learn tile-adaptive LUTs. Specifically, the LUTs are adaptively learned from the histogram of the S2 tile. Given that the bandpass alignment can be viewed as a histogram matching process, the expected LUTs are believed to be highly correlated with the input histogram. In addition, a simple convolutional module is further introduced to address the pixel-level misregistration. We have created a large-scale dataset and conducted extensive experiments on it to evaluate the competitive performance of the proposed model. Meanwhile, extensive visualizations are generated to illustrate the mechanism of our model. Furthermore, the temporal frequency of S2 and GF1-ARD is thoroughly assessed to demonstrate that bandpass alignment can significantly improve the temporal resolution of GF1-ARD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid cavity magnomechanical system to transfer the bipartite entanglements and achieve the strong microwave photon–phonon entanglement based on the reservoir engineering approach is constructed. The magnon mode is coupled to the microwave cavity mode via magnetic dipole interaction and to the phonon mode via magnetostrictive force (optomechanical‐like). It is shown that the initial magnon‐phonon entanglement can be transferred to the photon‐phonon subspace in the case of these two interactions cooperating. In the reservoir‐engineering parameter regime, the initial entanglement is directionally transferred to the photon‐phonon subsystem, so a strong bipartite entanglement in which the magnon mode acts as the cold reservoir to effectively cool the Bogoliubov mode delocalized over the cavity and the mechanical deformation mode is obtained. Moreover, dual‐mode cooling is realized by engineering the dissipation of photon and phonon modes within the target mode, which allows entanglement to be further enhanced. The results indicate that the steady‐state entanglement is robust against temperature. The dual‐mode cooling reservoir engineering scheme can potentially be extended to other three‐mode quantum systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient that maintains the health of animals. It can improve pig health via modulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, skeletal muscle development and the immune system. In recent years, the application of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in pigs has attracted the attention of scientists. VD can regulate the immune response of piglets, inhibit the infection of pathogenic microorganisms and relieve growth retardation, improve muscle quality through its strong antioxidant capacity, supplementation of VD in pregnancy and lactation diets can improve reproductive performance and lactation performance of sows and increase blood levels of 25(OH)D3 in offspring piglets. In the paper, the application effect of VD in the production of piglets, growing-finishing pigs and breeding pigs was reviewed, which provided reference for the application of VD in the actual production of pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly conducts a comparative study of body posture action feature extraction and recognition in three‐dimensional (3D) space through motion capture technology and virtual reality technology. Firstly, this paper proposes a body posture feature extraction method in 3D space to obtain joint point data and conduct body posture feature extraction research. At the same time, this method is used for action recognition research, which solves the difficulty of traditional methods in 3D scene feature extraction and motion recognition. In addition, this paper proposes two action comparison methods in 3D space. One is a 'distance threshold method' that calculates the distance between bones in the form of joint points and bones, which can finally provide the effect of dynamic display of sliders; the other is the 'feature plane method' that calculates the detailed information based on different skeletal joint point planes, and finally provides a text display effect with detailed body posture difference values. Finally, combined with virtual reality technology, an application platform for body posture feature recognition and comparison is designed and implemented, which solves the problems of poor visualization effect and weak interaction of traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly investigates the distributivity of an extended uninorm over an extended overlap function when the uninorm is continuous in (0 , 1) 2. It first studies the distributivity of the extended representable uninorms over the extended overlap functions. Then, it presents the distributivity of the extended uninorms over the extended overlap functions when the uninorms belong to one of the usual classes U c o s , min , U c o s , max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use segmentation is a fundamental yet challenging task in remote sensing. Most current methods mainly take images as input and sometimes cannot achieve satisfactory results due to limited information. Inspired by the inherent relations between land cover and land use, we investigate land use segmentation using additional land cover data. The topological relations among land cover objects are beneficial for bridging the semantic gap between land cover and land use. Specifically, these relations are usually depicted by a geo-object-based graph structure. Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are capable of extracting local patterns but fail to efficiently explore topological relations. In contrast, contextual relations among objects can be easily captured by graph convolutional networks (GCNs). In this study, we integrated CNNs and GCNs and proposed the CNN-enhanced HEterogeneous Graph Convolutional Network (CHeGCN) to incorporate local spectral-spatial features and long-range dependencies. We represent topological relations by heterogeneous graphs which are constructed with images and land cover data. Afterwards, we employed GCNs to build topological relations by graph reasoning. Finally, we fused CNN and GCN features to accomplish the inference from land cover to land use. Compared with other homogeneous graph-based models, the land cover data provide more sufficient information for graph reasoning. The proposed method can achieve the transformation from land cover to land use. Extensive experiments showed the competitive performance of CHeGCN and demonstrated the positive effects of land cover data. On the IoU metric over two datasets, CHeGCN outperforms CNNs and GCNs by nearly 3.5% and 5%, respectively. In contrast to homogeneous graphs, heterogeneous graphs have an IoU improvement of approximately 2.5% in the ablation experiments. Furthermore, the generated visualizations help explore the underlying mechanism of CHeGCN. It is worth noting that CHeGCN can be easily degenerated to scenarios where no land cover information is available and achieves satisfactory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we deal with the algebraic structures of the partial orders induced by non-divisible t-norms. We first give a condition for the partial orders induced by non-divisible t-norms being a meet semi-lattice. Then, we show the condition for the partial orders induced by right-continuous t-norms being a lattice, which is very useful for constructing new lattice structures. Finally, an illustrative example is presented. Our results go a further step towards answering the first open problem raised by Karaçal and Kesicioğlu (Kybernetika 47:300-314, 2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we deal with partial orders induced by the smallest and greatest nullnorms on bounded lattices, respectively. We first obtain the conditions for the partial orders induced by the smallest and greatest nullnorms to be a lattice, respectively. Then, we completely characterize the distributivity of the partial orders induced by the smallest and greatest nullnorms, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for fluorophores exhibiting large two‐photon absorption cross sections and high fluorescence efficiency is an important topic. Two 2,2'‐bithienyl derivatives are disclosed which contain two N,N‐disubstituted amino and two dimesitylboryl groups at 3,3'‐ and 5,5'‐positions, respectively. Despite the great steric effect of amino groups, the bithienyl skeleton still adopts a coplanar geometry. Herein, they are characterized by a quadrupolar structure and display good fluorescence efficiency and large two‐photon absorption cross sections up to 473 GM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel metal-organic framework (MOF) based on 2,6-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)naphthalene (L) and biphenyl-3,4′,5-tricarboxylic acid (H3bptc), namely [Co(L)(Hbptc)(H2O)] (1), has been prepared. 1 has a distinct infinite chain structure, further linked together by winding interactions to give the three-dimensional (3D) network structure. 1 was characterized by X-ray crystallography, infrared spectra (IR) spectroscopy, elemental and thermal analysis. Photoluminescence studies revealed that 1 shows a strong emission at 361 nm upon excitation at 290 nm at room temperature. Moreover, 1 can efficiently detect Fe3+ ions by luminescence quenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new metal‐organic framework (MOF) compound, [Ni(L)(IDC)(H2O)] ⋅ 0.5 L (1), (H2IDC=4,4′‐iminodibenzoic acid), was synthesized by solvothermal reaction of 2,6‐di(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)naphthalene (L) and dicarboxylic acid ligands with nickel salt. The results of single crystal diffraction show that the framework belongs to the P21/c space group and has a unique infinite one‐dimensional (1D) chain structure. They are further linked together through imidazole interaction and finally form a three‐dimensional (3D) structure. The crystal structure was characterized by Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), infrared spectra (IR) and elemental analyses (EA). Meanwhile, the thermal stability and luminescence properties of the crystal were tested. It was found that 1 could recognize acetone molecules by luminescence quenching. It has proved itself an efficient sensor for acetone at low con‐centration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we first introduce some subalgebras in a reduct of the truth value algebra of type-2 fuzzy sets and prove one of them is a bisemilattice. Then we also obtain three necessary and sufficient conditions under which subalgebras of the truth value algebra of type-2 fuzzy sets form a bisemilattice. Next we investigate some subalgebras of this kind of bisemilattice and their characterizations. Finally, we introduce some subalgebras different from the bisemilattice and show a necessary and sufficient condition that a function is convex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concentrates on the distributive laws between extended t-norms and t-conorms on fuzzy truth values under the condition that the t-norm is conditionally distributive over the t-conorm or the t-conorm is conditionally distributive over the t-norm. It presents the distributive laws between extended t-norms and t-conorms, which are then used to discuss the distributive laws between extended uninorms and t-norms, and the distributive laws between extended uninorms and t-conorms, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and correct estimation of driver lane change intention plays an important role in the advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), which could make the driver improve the reliability of the ADAS system and help to decrease driver workload. In this study, a method based on the long short-term memory network (LSTM) and Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is proposed. The model consists of a preliminary decision-making label and a final decision-making label. Driver visual information, head orientation, and vehicle dynamics are collected by preliminary decision-making label. Then, LSTM is used to calculate the initial probability of the driver lane change (left, right, and lane keeping) maneuver intention. The outputs of LSTM are normalized and assigned a basic probability by the Dempster–Shafer evidence theory. The final decision-making label analyzes the information and outputs the probability of each lane change intention and the decision is to identify the driver's current intention. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the model is 90.7% for the intention of changing left and 89.1% for the intention of changing right. The outcome of this work is an essential component for all levels of road vehicle automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the hesitant fuzzy filters on residuated lattices. A one-to-one correspondence between the set of all hesitant fuzzy filters and the set of all hesitant fuzzy congruences is established and a quotient residuated lattice with respect to a hesitant fuzzy filter is induced. Furthermore, several special types of hesitant fuzzy filters such as hesitant fuzzy implicative, regular and Boolean filters are introduced, and some alternative definitions of them are obtained, then some typical logical algebras are characterized by these identity forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the convolution operations on the set of functions between bounded lattices. Firstly, we show a subset of the set of functions that is both a bisemilattice and a Birkhoff system under the convolution operations and then show another subset of the set of functions that is a bounded distributive lattice under the convolution operations, while the domain lattice of the functions does not need to be distributive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), [Co(L)(pda)(H 2 O) 2 ]·2H 2 O (1), had been assembled by the solvothermal method using 3,3′-di(1 H -imidazol-1-yl)-1,1′-biphenyl (L) and ligand 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid (H 2 pda) as starting materials and coordinating with cobalt metal. 1 belongs to the P -1 space group, triclinic system, and develops from a 2D network structure to a 3D structure through hydrogen bonding. 1 was well characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography (SCXRD), elemental analyses (EA), infrared spectra (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and UV-absorption spectra. The crystal texture of 1 can stably exist before 305 ℃ and is a high-temperature resistant MOF material. In the meantime, 1 also has high stability in water. Besides, the fluorescence test results revealed that 1 can effectively identify and detect small organic molecules, antibiotics, anions, and cations due to its super luminescent properties. Hence, 1 can serve as a multifunctional luminescent probe to sense acetone, sulfamethazine, CrO 4 2-, Cr 2 O 7 2-, and Fe3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Cd(II) framework with mixed organic ligands of 1,3-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene and 1,4-phenylenediacete was found to be a potential luminescent sensor for acetone molecules, and Fe3+ and Cr 2 O 7 2− ions. In this work, two new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on 1,3-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L) and 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid (H 2 pda), namely [Ni(L)(pda)(H 2 O)] (1) and [Cd(L)(pda)] (2), have been achieved. MOFs 1 and 2 have distinct infinite one-dimensional (1D) chain structures, which are further linked together by hydrogen bonding interactions to give the eventual three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular architectures. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the Cd(II) MOF 2 shows strong emission at 346 nm upon excitation at 308 nm at room temperature. Furthermore, 2 can efficiently detecting acetone molecules, and Fe3+ and Cr 2 O 7 2− ions via fluorescent quenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A local dynamic path planning method is proposed to compensate for the lack of consideration of the movement state of surrounding vehicles, the poor comfort, and the low traffic efficiency when the existing vehicle changes lanes automatically. Firstly, the cubic polynomial is predefined, and the optimal track path is solved. According to the real-time information of environment perception, the model is continuously modified by acquiring real-time information in the course of path planning, and the regional safety of the vehicle is realized. The Carsim and simulink simulation results and actual vehicle verification show that, compared with the traditional nondynamic research method, this method can effectively solve the problem that the vehicle speed variation and the sudden intrusions of the vehicle leading to the compulsory operation of the vehicle during the course of lane-changing. The safety is also improved. In order to ensure the vehicle comfort and stability, the lane-changing time is shortened by 20%, and the efficiency of lane-changing is improved obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The androgenic gland (AG) hormone is well known as a key peptide to induce masculinization and maintains male characteristic in crustaceans. In this study, a full‐length cDNA encoding insulin‐like androgenic gland hormone (EsIAG) was identified from the AG of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. The full length of EsIAG cDNA contains 1,481 nucleotides, which encodes for a deduced protein of 151 amino acid residues. The predicted pre‐peptide is composed of a signal peptide of 19 amino acids (aa), A chain of 44 aa, B chain of 31 aa, and C peptide of 57 aa. Moreover, six conserved cysteine residues and a putative N‐linked glycosylated site were found in the deduced protein as reported in other crustaceans. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analysis showed EsIAG was only expressed in the AG with especially high abundance during the mature stage of testis. Interestingly, a significantly higher expression level of EsIAG was also detected in precocious individuals than that in the normal grown ones, suggesting that the abnormally high expression of EsIAG might contribute to male precociousness in E. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tert -Butyl (3 R ,5 S ) - 6-chloro-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate ((3 R ,5 S )-CDHH) is a key chiral intermediate for the side chain synthesis of rosuvastatin. In this study, random mutagenesis, site-saturation mutagenesis and combinatorial mutagenesis methods were applied to improve the activity of a synthesized stereoselective short chain carbonyl reductase (SCR) to prepare (3 R ,5 S )-CDHH. After screened by high-throughput screening method and high-performance liquid chromatography, mut-Phe145Met/Thr152Ser and mut-Phe145Tyr/Thr152Ser, were obtained, and the enzyme activities of mutants were improved by 1.60- and 1.91-fold compared with parent enzyme, respectively. The catalytically efficiencies ( k cat/ K m) of mut-Phe145Met/Thr152Ser and mut-Phe145Tyr/Thr152Ser exhibited 5.11- and 8.07-fold improvements in initial activity toward ( S ) - 6-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-oxohexanoate (( S )-CHOH), respectively. In the asymmetric reduction, mut-Phe145Tyr/Thr152Ser catalyzed 500 g L −1 of ( S )-CHOH to produce (3 R ,5 S )-CDHH with >99% yield and >99% e.e. , and the highest space-time yield achieved at 752.76 mmol L −1 h −1  g −1 wet cell weight within 8 h bioconversion. This study provides a foundation for the preparation of (3 R ,5 S )-CDHH by carbonyl reductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a subset of the set of idempotent functions that is both a bisemilattice and a Birkhoff system under the join- and meet-convolution operations, and show this subset is a bounded distributive lattice under the convolution operations whether or not the domain lattice of the lattice functions is distributive. This answers the first open problem raised by De Miguel et al. (2018) [3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an order ⪯ ⊙ T induced by extended t-norms ⊙ T on normal and convex functions. First, we investigate the relationship between the meet order (resp. join order) and ⪯ ⊙ T . And then we define the set of incomparable convex normal functions with respect to ⪯ ⊙ T and deeply study its properties. • An order induced by extended t-norms on convex normal functions of type-2 fuzzy set is studied. • The relationship between the meet order (resp. join order) and the order induced by extended t-norms is obtained. • The set of incomparable convex normal functions with respect to the order induced by extended t-norms is defined. • The set of convex normal functions may form a lattice under the order induced by extended t-norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) is widely used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of chelating agents, glyphosate herbicides and surfactants. To improve activity and tolerance to the substrate for IDA production, Acidovorax facilis nitrilase was selected for further modification by the gene site saturation mutagenesis method. After screened by a two-step screening method, the best mutant (Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S) was selected. Compared to the wild-type nitrilase, Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S showed 136% improvement in specific activity. Co 2+ stimulated nitrilase activity, whereas Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ and Tween 80 showed a strong inhibitory effect. The V max and k cat of Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S were enhanced 1.23 and 1.23-fold, while the K m was decreased 1.53-fold. The yield of Mut-F168V/T201N/S192F/M191T/F192S with 453.2 mM of IDA reached 71.9% in 5 h when 630 mM iminodiacetonitrile was used as substrate. This study indicated that mutant nitrilase obtained in this study is promising in applications for the upscale production of IDAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogeny of hard ticks (Ixodidae) remains unresolved. Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are increasingly used to resolve phylogenetic controversies, but remain unavailable for the entire large Hyalomma genus. Hyalomma asiaticum is a parasitic tick distributed throughout the Asia. As a result of great morphological variability, two subspecies have been recognised historically; until a morphological data-based synonymization was proposed. However, this hypothesis was never tested using molecular data. Therefore, objectives of this study were to: 1. sequence the first Hyalomma mitogenome; 2. scrutinise the proposed synonymization using molecular data, i.e. complete mitogenomes of both subspecies: H. a. asiaticum and kozlovi; 3. conduct phylogenomic and comparative analyses of all available Ixodidae mitogenomes. Results corroborate the proposed synonymization: the two mitogenomes are almost identical (99.6%). Genomic features of both mitogenomes are standard for Metastriata; which includes the presence of two control regions and all three "Tick-Box" motifs. Gene order and strand distribution are perfectly conserved for the entire Metastriata group. Suspecting compositional biases, we conducted phylogenetic analyses (29 almost complete mitogenomes) using homogeneous and heterogeneous (CAT) models of substitution. The results were congruent, apart from the deep-level topology of prostriate ticks (Ixodes): the homogeneous model produced a monophyletic Ixodes, but the CAT model produced a paraphyletic Ixodes (and thereby Prostriata), divided into Australasian and non-Australasian clades. This topology implies that all metastriate ticks have evolved from the ancestor of the non-Australian branch of prostriate ticks. Metastriata was divided into three clades: 1. Amblyomminae and Rhipicephalinae (Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, Dermacentor); 2. Haemaphysalinae and Bothriocrotoninae, plus Amblyomma sphenodonti; 3. Amblyomma elaphense, basal to all Metastriata. We conclude that mitogenomes have the potential to resolve the long-standing debate about the evolutionary history of ticks, but heterogeneous evolutionary models should be used to alleviate the effects of compositional heterogeneity on deep-level relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of rubber anthracnose, which is also one of the important biological factors threatening the development of natural rubber industry in the world. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) are key negative regulators of G-proteins, which play important roles in growth, development and pathogenic processes of plant pathogens. In this study, a RGS gene CgRGS1 was functionally characterized in C. gloeosporioides. Compared to the wild type, the CgRGS1 deletion mutant had slow vegetative growth, reduced conidia with multi-end germination, low appressorium formation rate, high resistance to oxidative stress and SDS. Moreover, the mutant was sensitive to osmotic pressure and showed decreased virulence. In conclusion, CgRGS1 is involved in regulation of vegetative growth, conidiation, germination, appressorium formation, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure response and pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel parameters identification method is proposed in this paper, which adopts the rectangular strain rosette structure with three FBGs, BFM (Body Force Method, BFM) theory and improved PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO) algorithm to identify the parameters for crack. To detect the strains, a rectangular strain rosette structure with three FBGs is adopted, and the transverse effect correction factor is established to improve the accuracy. The position of crack can be determined by improved PSO algorithm. By utilizing the principal strain direction angle to coarsely get the center coordinates of the crack which can initialize the particle, the local optimum problem of PSO can be solved. To improve the performance of PSO, the weight and termination condition are modified, and the selection of learning factors is discussed. To test performance of improved PSO algorithm, a well-known benchmark problem of the mathematical test function is first solved, and the numerical experiments have shown that the proposed PSO obtains better results among the compared algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tert -Butyl (3 R ,5 S )-6-chloro-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate ((3 R ,5 S )-CDHH) is the key intermediate for synthesis of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. Carbonyl reductase exhibits excellent activity toward tert -butyl ( S )-6-chloro-5-hydroxy-3-oxohexanoate (( S )-CHOH) to synthesize (3 R ,5 S )-CDHH. In this study, a whole cell biosynthesis reaction system to produce (3 R ,5 S )-CDHH was constructed in organic solvents. A solution of 10% ( v/v ) Tween-80 was introduced to the reaction system as a co-solvent, which greatly enhanced biotransformation process, giving 98.9% yield, >99% ee and 1.8-fold higher space time yield in 5 h bioconversion of 1 M ( S )-CHOH, compared with 98.7% yield and >99% ee in 9 h bioconversion of a purely aqueous reaction system. Moreover, a water-octanol biphasic reaction system was built and 20% of octanol was added as reservoir of substrate resulting in 98% yield, >99% ee and 4.08 mmol L −1  h −1  g −1 (wet cell weight) space time yield. This study paved a way for the whole cell biosynthesis of (3 R ,5 S )-CDHH in mono and biphasic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance nucleoside production in Hirsutella sinensis, the biosynthetic pathways of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides were constructed and verified. The differential expression analysis showed that purine nucleoside phosphorylase, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, and guanosine monophosphate synthase genes involved in purine nucleotide biosynthesis were significantly upregulated 16.56-fold, 8-fold, and 5.43-fold, respectively. Moreover, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, uridine nucleosidase, uridine/cytidine monophosphate kinase, and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase genes participating in pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthesis were upregulated 4.53-fold, 10.63-fold, 4.26-fold, and 5.98-fold, respectively. To enhance the nucleoside production, precursors for synthesis of nucleosides were added based on the analysis of biosynthetic pathways. Uridine and cytidine contents, respectively, reached 5.04 mg/g and 3.54 mg/g when adding 2 mg/mL of ribose, resulting in an increase of 28.6% and 296% compared with the control, respectively. Meanwhile, uridine and cytidine contents, respectively, reached 10.83 mg/g 2.12 mg/g when adding 0.3 mg/mL of uracil, leading to an increase of 176.3% and 137.1%, respectively. This report indicated that fermentation regulation was an effective way to enhance the nucleoside production in H. sinensis based on biosynthetic pathway analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) [Zn(L)(bpdc)]·1.6H2O (1), [Co(L)(bpdc)]·H2O (2), [Ni3(L)2(bptc)2(H2O)10]·2H2O (3) and [Cd2(L)(Hbptc)2] (4) were achieved by reactions of the corresponding metal salt with mixed organic ligands of 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L) and 4,4′-benzophenonedicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) or biphenyl-2,4′,5-tricarboxylic acid (H3bptc). They exhibit varied structures: MOFs 1 and 4 are porous three-dimensional (3D) frameworks, while 2 is an infinite one-dimensional (1D) chain and 3 is a two-dimensional (2D) network. Remarkably, 1 and 4 can act as potential fluorescent materials for sensing Fe(iii) ions and different ketone molecules with high selectivity and sensitivity. In addition, MOF 1 shows selective adsorption of CO2 over N2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two rigid 1H-imidazol-4-yl containing ligands of 1, 3-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L 1 ) and 1, 4-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L 2 ) were used to react with Ni(II) and Cd(II) salts together with 1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H 3 BTB) under hydro- and solvo-thermal conditions, and four new complexes [Ni 3 (L 1 ) 4 (BTB) 2 (C 2 H 5 OH) 2 (H 2 O) 6 ]·3H 2 O ( 1 ), [Cd 3 (L 1 ) 2 (BTB) 2 (H 2 O)]·DMF·H 2 O ( 2 ), [Ni 3 (L 2 ) 3 (BTB) 2 (H 2 O) 6 ]·4H 2 O ( 3 ) and [Cd 3 (L 2 ) 3 (BTB) 2 ]·H 3 BTB·H 2 O ( 4 ) (DMF = N , N -dimethylformamide) were achieved and structurally characterized. The complexes show structural diversity. 1 is an infinite one-dimensional (1D) chain, 3 and 4 are two-dimensional (2D) networks, which are further linked together by hydrogen bonds to give eventual three-dimensional (3D) architectures, while 2 is a 3D framework. Fluorescent sensing and selectively adsorption properties of the complexes were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doublesex (Dsx) is a DM domain gene involved in sex determination and/or differentiation in insects. In this study, a novel sex-specific Dsx homolog, designated as EsDsx-like , was identified from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. The full-length cDNA of EsDsx-like was 921 bp, encoding a protein of 215 amino acids. The EsDsx-like mRNA and protein were detected exclusively in the testis. During spermatogenesis, the EsDsx-like mRNA were continuously expressed in spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid and spermatozoon. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the EsDsx-like mRNA was mainly detected in the nucleus of spermatogonium and spermatocyte, and then concentrated in a dot on the edge of the nucleus in spermatid. In spermatozoa, the hybridization signal was localized to the acrosomal tubule. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that the EsDsx-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm around the nucleus in spermatocyte and spermatid, and then appeared as a dot immuno-signal in the acrosomal tubule and distributed in the cup-shaped nucleus of the spermatozoa. Together, these results suggest a potential role for EsDsx-like in the formation of acrosome complex and nuclear morphogenesis during sperm maturation. In the early development, similar with the male sex regulator, insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (EsIAG), the EsDsx-like mRNA was specifically detected in all male individuals tested at juvenile III stage just before the first appearance of the petasma in morphological sex differentiation at juvenile IV. Further, RNAi knockdown of EsDsx-like significantly downregulated the expression of EsIAG in adult and juvenile-III males. The direct interaction between the EsDsx-like protein and EsIAG promoter was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assays, indicating that EsDsx-like could act as an upstream regulatory gene of EsIAG in sex differentiation. This study provided valuable insights into the role of sex-specific gene associated with morphological sex differentiation and might contribute to development of sex control techniques in the Chinese mitten crab. • A novel testis-specific expression gene EsDsx was identified from Eriocheir sinensis. • EsDsx is involved in the formation of acrosome complex and nuclear morphogenesis during sperm maturation. • EsDsx could act as an upstream regulatory gene of EsIAG in sex differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, two metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), [Co4(μ3-OH)2(L)(BTB)2(H2O)3]·5.6H2O (1) and [Cd3(L)2(BTB)2(μ2-H2O)]·7.4H2O (2), based on 1,3-di(1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene (L) and 1,3,5-tri(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (H3BTB), respectively, have been achieved. Compound 1 is a porous three-dimensional (3D) framework with butterfly-like tetranuclear clusters as 7-connected nodes, and compund 2 is a 3D net with a different topology. Remarkably, compounds 1 and 2 exhibit selective adsorption of CO2 over N2 and methyl orange (MO) dye molecules. Magnetic measurements reveal that there are antiferromagnetic interactions within the tetranuclear cluster in 1. Furthermore, 2 was well-dispersed in different solvents, and their luminescent properties were investigated, and the results indicated that 2 could be considered as a potential luminescent probe for the detection of ketone molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titled Zn(II) complex was synthesized by reacting the compound (E)-2-hydroxy-N′-{1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene}benzohydrazide with zinc(II) acetate dihydrate in alkaline DMSO and ethanol solution under reflux condition for 28 hours. The resulting solid was filtered and recrystallized from the mixture of ethanol and DMSO. The hydrazone Schiff base and its Zn(II) complex were characterized using 1H, 13C NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Meanwhile, their antibacterial activities were examined using disc diffusion method. The spectral studies showed that the hydrazone Schiff base underwent keto-enol tautomerization, forming a bidentate ligand (N,O) towards Zn(II) ion. Surprisingly, on top of the two hydrazone Schiff base molecules which coordinated to the Zn metal center, an additional DMSO molecule was found attached to the Zn metal center in the crystal data, resulting in a 5-coordinate distorted trigonal bipyramidal Zn(II) complex. Both hydrazone Schiff base and its Zn(II) complexes were found to exhibit low antibacterial activity even when the concentrations were increased to 800 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel family 18 chitinases, chiA and chiH , were identified and cloned from the transcriptome of H. sinensis based on the transcriptome sequence data. The recombinant chitinases were overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21, subsequently purified and functionally characterized. The optimal temperature and pH for chiA were 55 °C and 5.0, respectively, and those for chiH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. The highest enzyme activities of 11.5 U/mg and 8.1 U/mg were obtained for chiA and chiH, respectively, when colloidal chitin was used as the substrate with Ba 2+ . chiA exhibited higher V max of 1.94 μmol/μg/h and k cat of 1.443 S −1 than those of chiH with V max of 1.63 μmol/μg/h and k cat of 1.175 S −1 , and both were efficient towards colloidal chitin compared with other typical family 18 chitinases. Substrate specificity and gene expression analyses indicated that chiA and chiH preferred substrates containing N -acetyl groups, such as colloidal chitin and glycol chitin, while no activity was detected toward laminarin, cellobiose, carboxymethyl cellulose and starch. The work presented here would aid in the understanding and performance of future studies on the infection mechanism of H. sinensis . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(4 S )-3-[(5 S )-5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxypentanoyl]-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (( S )-ET-5) is an important chiral intermediate in the synthesis of chiral side chain of ezetimibe. Recombinant Escherichia coli expressing carbonyl reductase (CBR) was successfully constructed in this study. The total E. coli biomass and the specific activity of recombinant CBR in 5 L fermenter culture were 10.9 g DCW L −1 and 14900.3 U g −1 DCW, respectively. The dual-enzyme coupled biocatalytic process in an aqueous-organic biphasic solvent system was first constructed using p -xylene as the optimal organic phase under optimized reaction conditions, and 150 g L −1 (4 S )-3-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,5-dioxophentyl]-4-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one (ET-4) was successfully converted to ( S )-ET-5 with a conversion of 99.1% and diastereomeric excess of 99% after 24-h, which are the highest values reported to date for the production of ( S )-ET-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first MOF (metal–organic framework) built on both diarylethene and azobenzene photochromic units is reported here and displays distinct photoresponses for different guest molecules, thus creating an easy-to-use pathway to modulate the adsorption selectivity of MOF materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of various sulfates for enhanced cordyceps polysaccharide (CP) production in submerged cultivation of H. sinensis was investigated, and manganese sulfate was found the most effective. 2 mM of manganese sulfate on 0 day (d) was investigated as the optimal adding condition, and the CP production reached optimum with 5.33%, increasing by 93.3% compared with the control. Furthermore, the consumption of three main precursors of CP was studied over cultivation under two conditions. Intracellular mannose content decreased by 43.1% throughout 6 days cultivation, which corresponded to CP accumulation rate sharply increased from 0 d to 6 d, and mannose was considered as the most preferred precursor for generating CP. Subsequently, mannose biosynthetic pathway was constructed and verified for the first time in H. sinensis , which constituted the important part of CP biosynthesis, and transcriptional levels of the biosynthetic genes were studied. Transcriptional level of gene cpsA was significantly up-regulated 5.35-fold and it was a key gene involved both in mannose and CP biosynthesis. This study demonstrated that manganese sulfate addition is an efficient and simple way to improve CP production. Transcriptional analysis based on biosynthetic pathway was helpful to find key genes and better understand CP biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recirculating packed bed reactor (RPBR) was used for efficient production ofR-mandelic acid (R-MA) by kinetic resolution of racemicR,S-mandelonitrile (R,S-MN) using the recombinantE. colicells crosslinked with diatomite (DA)/glutaraldehyde (GA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI). The performance and productivity of RPBR were evaluated by several parameters, including cell load, substrate feeding rate, height diameter (H/D) ratio, reactor structures, and operation stability. The kinetic resolution process showed higher initial reaction rate (1.52 mM/min) and yield (100%) by recycling 100 mL of substrate solution (70 mM) through RPBR packed with 6.0 g immobilized cells at a substrate-feeding rate of 19 mL/min while the H/D ratio was 2.8. The immobilized cells were successfully applied into kinetic resolution ofR,S-MN in the RPBR for 50 batches with an average productivity of 4.12 g/L/h forR-MA with >99% of enantiomeric excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New transition metal complexe are synthesized > Excellent selectivity and reliable water stability. • The excellent dual-responsive probe for Fe3+ cations, Cr 2 O 7 2− and CrO 4 2− anions, acetone organic small molecules and antibiotics. • Photoluminescent properties were investigated. Reactions of ligands 2,6-Di(1 H -imidazol-1-yl) Naphthalene (L) and corresponding metal salts under hydrothermal conditions gave rise to a new Metal-Organic Framework (MOF), namely Cd(L)(CNN)·3H 2 O (1). (H 2 CNN = 4-(4-Carboxy-2-Nitrobenzene)-3-Nitrobenzoic acid). The crystal structure was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), infrared spectra (IR), and elemental analyses (EA). 1 belongs to orthorhombic system, space group Pbcn , with a = 18.41(5) nm, b = 12.72(4) nm, c = 27.42(7) nm, V = 6421(3) nm3, D c = 1.44 mg/m3, Z = 4, F (0 0 0) = 2792, GOF = 0.94, R 1 = 0.06, w R 2 = 0.15. This MOF has a three-dimensional (3D) penetration structure. Furthermore, the thermal stability and photoluminescence property of the MOF was investigated. Meanwhile, the thermal stability and luminescence properties of the crystal were tested. It was found that 1 is a highly efficient luminescent probe sensor for the identification and determination of Fe3+ cations, Cr 2 O 7 2− and CrO 4 2− anions, acetone organic small molecules, and antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

( R)-(−)-Mandelic acid ( R-MA) is widely used both as a versatile intermediate for pharmaceuticals and a resolving agent in chiral resolution processes. In the current study, to improve the stability of operation, recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis were immobilized for the enantioselective hydrolysis of ( R, S)-mandelonitrile to R-MA. Different immobilization methods including entrapment matrices, entrapment matrices cross-linked by cross-linking and polymerization agents, and direct cross-linking cells using glutaraldehyde (GA) or bionic silicon were investigated. To facilitate industrial solid-liquid separation, the direct cross-linking recombinant E. coli cells using diatomite/GA/polyethyleneimine with 135.95% relative activity compared with free cells was chosen using water as the reaction medium. The operational stability of the immobilized cells was obviously superior to that of free cells, without significant activity loss after 28 cycles of batch reaction and the successive production of R-MA could reach 1.88 M. Moreover, the immobilized cells showed good storage stability with about 52% relative activity after storing for 30 days at 4 °C. Therefore, the immobilized biocatalyst is very promising for upscale production of optically pure R-MA with high performance and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background d -serine, the endogenous co-agonist of N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is considered to be essential for learning and memory. The aim of the current investigation was to systematically evaluate the role of d -serine on addiction behaviors considered to be mediated by the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Methods d -Serine concentration in the NAc was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) models were used to evaluate the relation between changes in serine in the nucleus accumbens and cocaine-induced behavioral effects. The expression of serine racemase (SR), D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and upstream kinases, and N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors subunits were analyzed by western blot. Long-term depression (LTD) in the NAc was investigated by electrophysiological methods. Results The NAc slices obtained from the behavioral sensitization rats presented significantly reduced d -serine concentrations, increased expression of DAAO, and down-regulated expression of SR in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, d -serine injections into the nucleus accumbens blocked the development of behavioral sensitization and caused extinction of CPP. The ERK-CREB-Fos pathway and the NMDA receptor NR2B subunits in the NAc were involved in the cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. We also found that d -serine was essential for NMDAR-dependent LTD and d -serine-regulated LTD in a bell-shaped concentration-dependent manner. The disrupted NMDAR-dependent LTD in the NAc of cocaine-treated rats was reversed by d -serine. Conclusions Our results provide evidence for a critical role of d -serine in synaptic plasticity relevant to cocaine addiction and indicate that d -serine may be an effective therapeutic agent for cocaine addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemoenzymatic strategy was developed for ( S )-duloxetine production employing carbonyl reductases from newly isolated Rhodosporidium toruloides into the enantiodetermining step. Amongst the ten most permissive enzymes identified, cloned, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli , Rt SCR9 exhibited excellent activity and enantioselectivity. Using co-expressed E. coli harboring both Rt SCR9 and glucose dehydrogenase, ( S )-3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2-thienyl)-1-propanol 3a was fabricated with so far the highest substrate loading (1000 mM) in a space-time yield per gram of biomass (DCW) of 22.9 mmol L −1 h −1 g DCW −1 at a 200-g scale. The subsequent synthetic steps from Rt SCR9-catalyzed ( S )- 3a were further performed, affording ( S )-duloxetine with 60.2% overall yield from 2-acethylthiophene in >98.5% ee . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm can compute the maximum-likelihood (ML) or maximum a posterior (MAP) point estimate of the mixture models or latent variable models such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA),which has been one of the most popular probabilistic topic modeling methods in the past decade. However, batch EM has high time and space complexities to learn big LDA models from big data streams. In this paper, we present a fast online EM (FOEM) algorithm that infers the topic distribution from the previously unseen documents incrementally with constant memory requirements. Within the stochastic approximation framework, we show that FOEM can converge to the local stationary point of the LDA’s likelihood function. By dynamic scheduling for the fast speed and parameter streaming for the low memory usage, FOEM is more efficient for some lifelong topic modeling tasks than the state-of-the-art online LDA algorithms to handle both big data and big models (aka, big topic modeling) on just a PC. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A halohydrin dehalogenase (HHDH-PL) from Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1 was characterized and applied to determine azide and cyanide in the water. In this methodology, HHDH-PL catalysed azide and cyanide to react with butylene oxide and form corresponding β-substituted alcohols 1-azidobutan-2-ol (ABO) and 3-hydroxypentanenitrile (HPN) that could be quantitatively detected by gas chromatograph. The detection calibration curves for azide ( R 2 = 0.997) and cyanide ( R 2 = 0.995) were linear and the lower limits of detection for azide and cyanide were 0.1 and 0.3 mM, respectively. Several other nucleophiles were identified having no effect on the analysis of azide and cyanide, excepting nitrite which influenced the detection of cyanide. This was the first report of a biological method to determine the inorganic azide and cyanide by converting them to the measurable organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new two-step chemo-enzymatic approach for highly efficient synthesis of all- trans-retinyl palmitate is constructed in this study. In the first step, retinyl acetate as starting material was fully hydrolyzed to retinol by potassium hydroxide. In the hydrolysis system, anhydrous ethanol was the best co-solvent to increase the solubility of retinyl acetate. The addition amounts of 5 M potassium hydroxide and anhydrous ethanol were 8 and 10 mL against 10 g retinyl acetate, respectively, and 100 % hydrolysis rate was obtained. In the second step, esterification was catalyzed by immobilized lipase on macroporous acrylic resin AB-8 using the extracted retinol and palmitic acid as substrates in non-aqueous system. After optimization, the parameters of esterification reaction were confirmed as follows: non-aqueous solvent was selected as n-hexane, washing times of extraction solution was four times, retinol concentration was 300 g/L, substrate molar ratio of retinol to palmitic acid was 1:1.1, the amount of immobilized enzyme was 10 g/L, and the esterification temperature was 30 °C. Under the optimal conditions, this protocol resulted in a 97.5 % yield of all- trans-retinyl palmitate in 700-L reactor. After purification, all- trans-retinyl palmitate was obtained with above 99 % of purity and 88 % of total recovery rate. This methodology provides a promising strategy for the large-scale production of all- trans-retinyl palmitate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]