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• The FER with nano-sized fins was successfully prepared by a secondary growth method. • The finned FER shows more BASs and shorter diffusion pathway. • Both increased BASs and improved diffusion properties contribute to the enhanced DME carbonylation activity. The carbonylation of dimethyl ether (DME) to produce methyl acetate (MA) has a promising prospect in industry. FER zeolites have high MA selectivity and considerable stability but suffer from low activity due to diffusion limitation. Enhancing the diffusion properties of FER zeolites can improve their competitiveness in the DME carbonylation. This study proposed the synthesis of finned FER zeolites with low Si/Al ratio by a secondary growth method. Based on NH 3 -TPD and FTIR, the amount and distribution of acid sites in FER with fins were determined. Combining the normalized MA formation rates on the BASs in 8-MR and diffusion kinetic studies of DME, the influence of diffusion limitation was quantitatively discussed. The results showed that the acidity and diffusion properties were significantly improved on the finned FER, which boosted the DME conversion. This work illustrated the importance of the acidity and diffusion properties in FER catalyzed DME carbonylation. It inspires the rational design of zeolite catalysts by constructing morphology and optimizing compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By surface affinity modulation, MoS 2 powder gains a face-to-edge ratio close to 1 and tends to distribute in the interface between water and oil. For the first time, MoS 2 functions similarly to a surfactant, and enhances the interaction of incompatible molecules. • Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. • The surface affinity was modulated by the reaction time and Mo/S proportion. • MoS 2 with a face-to-edge ratio close to 1 can function as a surfactant. This paper reported a simple hydrothermal method to prepare MoS 2 with different surface affinity. By adjusting the reaction time and Mo/S proportion of hydrothermal synthesis, MoS 2 powder with a face-to-edge ratio of 1.19 can be obtained on the surface. Interestingly, for the first time, MoS 2 with such ratio can function as an intermediary similar to surfactant. It tends to distribute on the interface between water and n -hexane, and further adsorb methylene blue from water to the interface. By this route, it has a great implication for the interaction of incompatible molecules and the interfacial process in future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hBMSC) are multi-potent stem cells that can differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Adiponectin (APN) is an adipocyte-derived hormone that modulates a series of metabolic processes. Recent studies revealed a relationship between APN and bone regeneration, though the underlying mechanism was not fully examined. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and a therapeutic target for the metabolic syndrome. Its deletion mutants increase osteoblast activity and bone mineral density. Both APN and PTEN are involved in osteogenic differentiation. However, whether PTEN is involved in APN-induced bone metabolism remains unclear. This project was designed to study whether PTEN was involved in APN-mediated osteogenesis of hBMSCs. We found that APN downregulated PTEN expression and that both it and an inhibitor of PTEN (SF1670) increased the expression of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and runt-related transcription factor-2 in APN-treated hBMSCs. Our results suggested that APN enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro partially by inhibiting PTEN expression. APN could be a therapeutic agent in tissue regeneration engineering and bone regeneration by inhibiting PTEN expression and then promoting the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ODQ is a query language for streaming office documents. In order to increase the query efficiency and lower the use difficulty, this paper proposed a method to flatten the ODQ document model and grammar. First, it translated the ODQ document model from the original tree structure into multi-linear structure, and reduced the level of document model. Second, it designed a specific keyword in grammar, which was able to link all levels of document model and created a path that led to the target data. The experimental results show that the flatten procedure can increase the query efficiency and simplify the query operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• As F-S powder content increases, the flexural crack spacing increases. • F-S concrete strength is an important factor ensuring the flexural capacity. • Concrete strength affects the ductility of RC beams. • F-S concrete with required strength can be applied in beams. Concrete containing ferronickel slag with blast furnace slag, namely composite ferronickel slag concrete or F-S concrete, is featured by low bond strength with horizontally-placed rebar compared with normal concrete of equal strength. This feature may affect the flexural capacity and deformational characteristic of F-S concrete beams, which needs to be investigated. Four under-reinforced beams were prepared and tested, including one normal concrete beam and three F-S concrete beams. The variable was the percentages of F-S powder content, i.e., 0%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The experimental results showed that as F-S powder content increased, both the flexural capacity and ductility of RC beams decreased. For the flexural capacity analysis, directly increasing F-S powder content lowers concrete strength, thus reducing the flexural capacity. Regarding the deformational characteristic analysis, the RC beam is ideally simplified to the combination of the compressive concrete column model plus the tie bar model, and the influence of tensile rigidity effect with different bond level on the tie bar deformation is mainly studied. It is found that the lower bond stress just increases the flexural crack spacing, and changes the stress and strain distribution of rebar and concrete, but does not change the stress-mean strain relation of the rebar in the tie bar per unit length. The incorporation of F-S powder has no effect on the deformation of RC beams. Unexpectedly, the concrete strength is another important factor affecting the plastic rotation ability of RC beams. Whether increasing/decreasing the concrete strength will increase or decrease the ductility of RC beams, it is much determined by the given ratio of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement. In other words, while F-S concrete strength equals that of normal concrete, the ductility of the F-S concrete beam resembles that of normal concrete beam. F-S concrete can be applied in engineering structures, as long as it meets the design strength requirement as normal concrete does, irrespective of any F-S powder content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Neuronal injury in manganism is accompanied by activation of astroglia within the basal ganglia that is thought to increase production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). The present studies postulated that astroglial-derived NO mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by manganese (Mn) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells differentiated with nerve growth factor (NGF) were co-cultured with primary astrocytes and exposed to Mn and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Mn enhanced cytokine-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2, EC 1.14.13.39) and production of NO in astrocytes that correlated with apoptosis in co-cultured neurons, as determined by caspase activity, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and nuclear morphology. Apoptosis in PC12 neurons required the presence of astrocytes and was blocked by overexpression of a phosphorylation-deficient mutant of IκBα (S32/36A) in astrocytes that prevented induction of NOS2. Pharmacologic inhibition of NOS2 with (±)-2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (AMT) significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis, and the addition of low concentrations of the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), to neurons cultured without astrocytes was sufficient to recover the apoptotic phenotype following exposure to Mn and TNF-α/IFN-γ. It is concluded that Mn- and cytokine-dependent apoptosis in PC12 neurons requires astroglial-derived NO and NF-κB-dependent expression of NOS2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Bond quality of F-S concrete is inferior to that of normal concrete. • Bleeding has a severe impact on the bond quality of reinforcement-concrete. • A bond stress-slip relationship was proposed for F-S concrete. • An anchorage length modifying factor was proposed for F-S concrete. Thirty-six pullout tests, including twelve groups of three specimens, were performed to study the bond behavior of steel reinforcement in concrete containing ferronickel slag and blast furnace slag powder (F-S powder/concrete). Test parameters considered in this research were F-S powder replacement percentages (i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) and concrete strength grades (i.e., C30 and C35). Unexpectedly, the results showed that the bond quality of steel reinforcement in F-S concrete was inferior to that of normal concrete even with comparable concrete strength. The more F-S powder content, the greater the inferiority. Through investigating the underlying mechanism, it was found that bleeding adversely affected the reinforcement-concrete bond quality in F-S concrete. Based on the pullout test results, a bond stress-slip relationship and an anchorage length modifying factor were proposed for F-S concrete of C30 and C35 strength grade. The conclusions would help designers assess the suitability of a particular F-S concrete for use in a given structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• F-S concrete presents identical mechanical properties to conventional concrete. • The stress-strain curve characteristics were mainly related to F-S concrete strength. • The stress-strain constitutive equations were established for F-S concrete. This study investigated the mechanical properties of concrete of strength grade C30 and C35, containing different content (10%–50%) of a composite admixture of ferronickel slag and blast furnace slag powder (referred to as F-S powder and F-S concrete hereafter, respectively). The mechanical properties include axial compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, splitting tensile strength, and the compressive stress-strain relationship. The difference in mechanical properties between F-S concrete and conventional concrete was analyzed. Test results indicated that the positive correlation of conventional concrete between the axial compressive strength, elastic modulus, splitting tensile strength, and cubic compressive strength was applicable to F-S concrete irresponsible of the specific F-S powder content. Both Poisson's ratio and the failure mode under compression for F-S concrete were identical to those of conventional concrete. The shape characteristics and fitting parameters of the stress-strain curve were mainly related to F-S concrete strength grade but had little connection with the specific F-S powder content. Furthermore, based on tested data, the stress-strain constitutive equations were established for F-S concrete, which provides a reference for the test analysis of large specimens and corresponding engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel sustained released system (VCSB-Zn(II)) for zinc supplements was built by vanillin-chitosan Schiff base (VCSB) chelated with Zn2+ to improve the zinc trace element utilization ratio. Samples were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. The results showed that VCSB exhibited a more excellent chelation capacity of Zn2+ than chitosan. The chelation capacity of VCSB was about 1.7 times more than that of chitosan, corresponding to 50.96 mg/g and 29.91 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, VCSB-Zn(II) showed excellent sustained released performance at simulated gastric fluid because of the acid slow-dissolving ability. And the higher the C N content of VCSB, the higher the cumulative release rate (R i) of Zn2+, the highest R i reached 77.81%. The sustained released curves were described by the first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, which described the Zn2+ sustained released performance caused by the dissolution of VCSB-Zn(II) and Fick diffusion. This Zn2+ sustained released system shows great potential in the application in the field of trace elements supplements for animals. [Display omitted] • Vanillin-chitosan Schiff base shows a higher chelation capacity of Zn2+ than chitosan. • Vanillin-chitosan Schiff base zinc complex was built for zinc supplements as a novel Zn2+ sustained release system. • The acid slow-dissolving ability of chitosan achieved Zn2+ sustained release in simulated gastric fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Try to create a dose gradient function (DGF) and test its effectiveness in reducing radiation induced lung injury in breast cancer radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiotherapy plans of 30 patients after breast-conserving surgery were included in the study. The dose gradient function was defined as D G H = V D V p 3 , then the area under the DGF curve of each plan was calculated in rectangular coordinate system, and the minimum area was used as the trigger factor, and other plans were triggered to optimize for area reduction. The dosimetric parameters of target area and organs at risk in 30 cases before and after re-optimization were compared. RESULTS: On the premise of ensuring that the target dose met the clinical requirements, the trigger factor obtained based on DGF could further reduce the V5, V10, V20, V30 and mean lung dose (MLD) of the ipsilateral lung in breast cancer radiotherapy, P < 0.01. And the D2cc and mean heart dose (MHD) of the heart were also reduced, P < 0.01. Besides, the NTCPs of the ipsilateral lung and the heart were also reduced, P < 0.01. CONCLUSION: The trigger factor obtained based on DGF is efficient in reducing radiation induced lung injury in breast cancer radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In experiments with univalent target stimuli, task-switching costs can be eliminated if participants are unaware of the task rules and apply cue-target-response associations. However, in experiments with bivalent target stimuli, participants show task-switching costs. Participants may exhibit switch costs even when no task rules are provided in the instructions because they can infer the task rules. We tested this prediction by controlling the meaningfulness of cues and targets and therefore the ability to apply the task rules in 2 groups of participants. We compared the performance of Chinese and non-Chinese participants, who responded to Chinese numerals in an odd/even and high/low number task. In Experiment 1, Chinese participants, who knew Chinese characters and understood the task rules, showed task-switching costs. Non-Chinese participants on the other hand, who did not know Chinese characters, exhibited no switch costs. They applied a "target-first" strategy which means that they processed the target stimulus before the cue. In Experiment 2, we confirmed the absence of task-switching costs in Chinese participants using traditional Chinese numerals as target stimuli. Further, to determine how the target-first strategy affects switch costs, we manipulated the sequence of cue and target presentations. We conclude that task-switching costs can be eliminated more easily than previously thought, even for bivalent stimuli. The occurrence of task-switching costs depends on the approach used by participants and this may answer the puzzling question why humans typically do show task-switching costs whereas pigeons and monkeys do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypereutectic Al-x(1.75Fe-1.25Ni) (x=1,2,4,6) alloys were designed and prepared by gravity casting in the present study. Both the microstructure and the thermophysical properties were investigated. The microstructure was significantly transformed from the eutectic phases to the coarse primary phases with the increase in alloying elements. The result of thermal analysis indicated that the solidification behaviors were modified by the increase in alloying elements, which was ascribed to the generation of different phases. The thermal conductivity and thermal expansion properties were also related to the alloy composition. From the variation in the ratio of thermal conductivity/electrical conductivity, it could be inferred the effective medium of heat conduction was changing, which decreased thermal conductivity due to the introduced defects that hindered the transport of electrons and low efficiency heat conducting medium of intermetallic. Meantime, the formation of bulk intermetallic with low thermal expansion coefficient and large volume fractions reduced effectively the thermal expansion of the alloy. The mathematical model was presented to quantify the influence of alloy content on thermophysical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, the two-dimensional generalized complex Ginzburg–Landau equation (CGL) is studied. The existence of global attractor for this equation with periodic boundary condition is established and upper bounds of Hausdorff and fractal dimensions of attractor are obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Neuronal injury in manganese neurotoxicity (manganism) is thought to involve activation of astroglial cells and subsequent overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). Manganese (Mn) enhances the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on expression of NOS2 but the molecular basis for this effect has not been established. It was postulated in the present studies that Mn enhances expression of NOS2 through the cis-acting factor, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB). Exposure of C6 glioma cells to lipopopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in increased expression of NOS2 and production of NO that was dramatically potentiated by Mn and was blocked through overexpression of mutant IκBα (S32/36A). LPS-induced DNA binding of p65/p50 was similarly enhanced by Mn and was decreased by mutant IκBα. Phosphorylation of IκBα was potentiated by Mn and LPS and was not blocked by U0126, a selective inhibitor of ERK1/2. Mn decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased matrix calcium, associated with a rise in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was attenuated by the mitochondrial-specific antioxidant, MitoQ. Blocking mitochondrial ROS also attenuated the enhancing effect of Mn on LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα and expression of NOS2, suggesting a link between Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of NF-κB. Overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of the NF-κB-interacting kinase (Nik) prevented enhancement of LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκBα by Mn. These data indicate that Mn augments LPS-induced expression of NOS2 in C6 cells by increasing mitochondrial ROS and activation of NF-κB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mesoporous nickel phosphates (NiPOs) and Si-incorporated mesoporous nickel phosphates (Si–NiPOs) were used as catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of methanol in alkaline medium. NiPO-2, with shorter nanotubes and higher Ni content, shows much higher activity than NiPO-3. Si incorporation drastically raises the electrochemical activity of the nickel phosphates. The Si-incorporated materials also exhibit good stability in the electrochemical environment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies show that the electron-transfer resistances (R ct) are greatly reduced by Si incorporation (from 16kΩ to 3kΩ), indicating a faster electron-transfer process towards methanol oxidation. By optimizing the incorporated Si content in the framework of NiPO-2, the electrochemical activity is increased by a factor of 4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To explore the efficacy and sensitivity of 3D gamma analysis and bio-mathematical model for cervical cancer in detecting dose changes caused by dose-calculation-grid-size (DCGS).Methods: 17 patients' plans for cervical cancer were enrolled (Pinnacle TPS, VMAT), and the DCGS was changed from 2.0 mm to 5.0 mm to calculate the planned dose respectively. The dose distribution calculated by DCGS = 2.0 mm as the "reference" data set (RDS), the dose distribution calculated by the rest DCGS as the"measurement"data set (MDS), the 3D gamma passing rates and the (N) TCPs of the all structures under different DCGS were obtained, and then analyze the ability of 3D gamma analysis and (N) TCP model in detecting dose changes and what factors affect this ability.Results: The effect of DCGS on planned dose was obvious. When the gamma standard was 1.0 mm, 1.0 and 10.0%, the difference of the results of the DCGS on dose-effect could be detected by 3D gamma analysis (all p value < 0.05). With the decline of the standard, 3D gamma analysis' ability to detect this difference shows weaker. When the standard was 1.0 mm, 3.0 and 10.0%, the p value of > 0.05 accounted for the majority. With DCGS = 2.0 mm being RDS, ∆gamma-passing-rate presented the same trend with ∆(N) TCPs of all structures except for the femurs only when the 1.0 mm, 1.0 and 10.0% standards were adopted for the 3D gamma analysis.Conclusions: The 3D gamma analysis and bio-mathematical model can be used to analyze the effect of DCGS on the planned dose. For comparison, the former's detection ability has a lot to do with the designed standard, and the latter's capability is related to the parameters and calculated accuracy instrinsically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effects of adding basalt fiber and polyethylene fiber on the dynamic compressive strength of concrete under dynamic loading. • Dynamic damage constitutive model describing the behavior of BPFRC under dynamic compressive loading. In order to enhance concrete's impact resistance, this study investigates the effects of single basalt fiber and basalt-polyethylene hybrid fiber on concrete through split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, emphasizing their significance in engineering applications. A comparative analysis of the failure modes, dynamic compressive strength, dynamic compressive toughness, and dynamic growth factor of specimens was conducted under different strain rates and polyethylene fiber volume fractions. The study considered concrete damage, strain rate effect, and the toughening effect of fibers, introducing the damage factor, and establishing a dynamic damage constitutive model for fiber-reinforced concrete. The results showed that basalt-polyethylene fiber reinforced concrete (BPFRC) exhibited better impact resistance and deformation capability. There were improvements observed in dynamic compressive strength, dynamic compressive toughness, and dynamic growth factor. The addition of basalt fiber (BF) and polyethylene fiber (PE) played a buffering role in inhibiting crack propagation and slowing down the damage process. The optimum PE volume fraction for dynamic compressive strength was 0.1% at a strain rate of 60 s−1, 0.15% at a strain rate of 95 s−1, and 0.05% at a strain rate of 120 s−1, all with a BF volume fraction of 0.25%. The optimum fiber volume fractions for dynamic compressive toughness and dynamic peak toughness were consistent, both at 0.25% BF and 0.1% PE. The established dynamic damage constitutive model for fiber-reinforced concrete can effectively describe the impact resistance performance of BPFRC, and the experimental curves fit well with the constitutive curves. Furthermore, it was observed that BF acted as macrofibers, bridging to restrain the post-hardening cracking of concrete, while PE acted as microfibers, inhibiting the propagation of plastic cracks, reducing internal defects in concrete, and enhancing the ductility and toughness of concrete. Consequently, BPFRC holds significant potential value in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer is a high-risk breast cancer with poor survival rate. To date, there is a lack of targeted therapy for this type of cancer. One unique phenomenon is that inflammatory breast cancer is frequently triple negative. However, it is still ambiguous how inflammation influences triple-negative breast cancer growth and responding to chemotherapy. Herein, we investigated the levels of inflammation-associated enzyme, iNOS, in 20 triple-negative breast cancer patients’ tumors, and examined its correlation with patients’ responses to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Our studies showed that triple-negative breast cancer patients with attenuated iNOS levels in tumor cells after treatment showed better responses to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy than other triple-negative breast cancer patients. Our further in vitro studies confirmed that induction of proper levels of NO increased the resistance to cisplatin in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Our data suggest that aberrant high level of iNOS/NO are associated with less effectiveness of platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Therefore, we propose to monitor iNOS levels as a new predictor for triple-negative breast cancer patient’s response to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, iNOS/NO is considered as a potential target for combination therapy with platinum drugs for triple-negative breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The electro-oxidation of methanol on mesoporous nickel phosphate NiPO-2, in comparison with that on zeolitic nickel phosphate VSB-5, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in alkaline medium. The mesoporous nickel phosphate modified GCE (NiPO-2/GCE) showed relatively high activity and stability. The positive correlation between the scan rates and the anodic currents implied a single diffusion-controlled kinetic process. The CV and SWV currents of NiPO-2/GCE varied with the concentration of methanol. The sensitivity of NiPO-2/GCE reached 1μM methanol, showing its potential use in developing sensors for the methanol determination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Leaf blight caused by Stemphylium solani is a major fungal disease of garlic (Allium sativum) in central China where it has caused severe crop losses during the winter growing season from the end of autumn to the middle of spring. Epidemiology, cultivar resistance, and chemical controls were investigated during the 2006 to 2008 growing seasons in Dangyang County to improve disease control methods. Disease severity monitoring revealed that the activity of S. solani was variable between growing seasons, and this may have been due to weather conditions. Disease severity was positively correlated with increasing temperatures, but no consistent relationship was found between total rainfall and disease. Additionally, the study demonstrated that conidia and mycelium of S. solani could survive in garlic debris for long periods and serve as the primary inoculum source for the subsequent season. Relatively few of the commonly grown cultivars had high levels of resistance to leaf blight. Garlic cultivars 'Qingganruanye', 'Ruanruanye' and 'Zixuan-2' were among the most resistant, but except for 'Zixuan-2', did not produce sufficient harvestable bolts as would be desirable for the local market. All fungicide treatments applied to cloves used as planting material seemed to promote seedling emergence, but significant effects (P = 0.05) were observed only with fludioxonil (0.05 g kg-1) and thiram (1.25 g kg-1). Fungicide applications in the field were effective in controlling leaf blight, and flusilazole (50 g ha-1), flusilazole plus famoxadone (50 g plus 104 g ha-1) or mancozeb (350 g ha-1) had the highest efficacy in reducing leaf blight severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Salicylaldehyde-chitosan Schiff base behaved an electrostatic adsorption on anionic dyes. • Salicylaldehyde-chitosan Schiff base had a greater adsorption capacity than chitosan. • Electron-donating-effect exhibited a greater impact than the -C = N content on the surface charges. • The adsorption was more affected by the -C = N hydrolysis than –NH 2. In this paper, an electropositive adsorbent, salicylaldehyde-chitosan Schiff base (SCSB), was prepared via chitosan modification. The results showed that SCSB exhibited electrostatic adsorption on anionic dyes with a better adsorption performance than chitosan, corresponding to 24.75% and 79.80% removal rate of methyl orange (MO), respectively. Furthermore, the positive charge from the C = N was not strong enough to counter the electron-donating effect of salicylaldehyde, the MO removal rates of 0.5SCSB, 1.0SCSB, and 1.5SCSB were 79.80%, 69.02% and 59.60%, respectively. In the pH test, the imine group (C = N) hydrolysis showed a greater impact on charges changing than the amino group (–NH 2) hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]