Search

Context Portion size norm is described as the perception of how much of a given food people choose to eat. Reducing the portion size norm of foods that are high in saturated fat, added sugar, and added salt toward smaller sizes might be a potential strategy to promote appropriate portion size selections. However, an overview of existing portion size norms for discretionary foods has yet to be established. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to examine the portion size norm of discretionary foods and assess the methodologies used to investigate the norm. Data Sources The literature search was conducted in 6 databases following the PRISMA guidelines (from inception to January 2022). Data Extraction Forty studies were eligible and grouped into 3 categories by portion size norm measures: normal (n = 26), appropriate (n = 8), and preferred portion sizes (n = 3). Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Data Analysis A wide range of portion sizes were considered normal for each food type, with means/medians varying from 2- to 4-fold among studies. Studies differed considerably in design, with variables including the setting, food type, food presentation, the manner in which portion-size-related questions were formulated, and the range and number of displayed serving size options. The quality of reviewed studies was mixed (25 studies had low or moderate risk of bias, 15 had high risk of bias), and the method of assessing portion size was not validated in 15 of 33 quantitative studies. Conclusion The assessment of portion size in future studies should be conducted using tools that are validated for the population of interest so that more definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding portion size norms for discretionary foods. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42021249911. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitness monitoring has become increasingly important in modern lifestyles; the current fitness monitoring always relies on physical sensors, making it challenging to detect pertinent issues at a deeper level when exercising. Here, we report a fully integrated wearable microneedle sensor that simultaneously measures fitness related biomarkers (e.g., glucose, lactate, and alcohol) during physical exercise. Such a sensor integrates a biocompatible 3D-printed microneedle array that can comfortably access skin interstitial fluid and a small circuit for signal processing and calibration, and wireless communication. The microneedle array features good biocompatibility and highly sensitive biochemical sensors that can detect even the slightest variations within the biomarkers of this fluid. On-body experimental results indicate that such a sensor can monitor fitness-related biomarkers across multiple subjects and support multi-day monitoring, with results showing a good correlation with commercial devices. The data was transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth and uploaded to cloud platforms for further health assessment. This study has the potential to boost intelligent wearable devices in sports health. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uric acid (UA) is considered a potential risk factor in the causation or progression of kidney disease. Capabilities in personalized health monitoring enabled by capture and quantitative analysis of uric acid in the interstitial fluid could make up for the limitations of approach assessment of blood samples. Herein, we report a microfluidic−based wearable plasmonic microneedle sensor for interstitial fluid (ISF) sampling and minimally invasive uric acid monitoring. Under the force of the negative pressure generated by finger push. The hollow microneedle array could extract and deliver subcutaneous fluids to the sensing chamber by a microfluidic channel for SERS detection. The SERS sensing chip based on three-dimensional (3D) gold nanoarrays was found to have excellent reproducibility with 5.96% RSD. This high−density microarray showed ultrasensitive and label-free detection of uric acid molecules with a detection limit of 0.51 µM and enable fast identification of target molecules by integration with a handheld Raman spectrometer. The sensing platform may help bring unlimited possibilities for efficient medical healthcare and early disease prevention in daily life. • Plasmonic microneedle sensor for uric acid determination in interstitial fluid developed. • A microfluidic chip enables sampling and delivery ISF from skin by negative pressure. • Linear SERS response over wide concentration range (1 ×10−5 M to 1 ×10−3 M). • Low limit of detection of 0.51 µM. • A handheld Raman spectrometer increase the portability of testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]