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Purpose: To develop a consensus on diagnosis and treatment of rotator cuff tears. The study focused on selected areas: imaging, prognostic factors, treatment options, surgical techniques. Methods: Panel was composed of all members of the shoulder committee of the Italian Society of Arthroscopy, Knee, Upper arm, Sport, Cartilage and Orthopedic techniques (SIAGASCOT). Four rounds were performed. The first round consisted of gathering questions which were then divided into seven blocks referring to: imaging, patient-related prognostic factors, treatment options, surgical steps, reparative techniques, surgical predictive factors, advanced techniques. Subsequent rounds consisted of condensation by means of online questionnaire and debates. Consensus was defined as two-thirds agreement on one answer. Descriptive statistic was used to summarize the data. Results: Forty-one shoulder experts were involved. Fifty-six statements were finally formulated. A consensus could be achieved on 51. Experts agreed that preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is strongly recommended because it allows a careful evaluation of tear characteristics, while the role of US remains debatable. Controversial patient-related factors such as age, comorbidities, smoking and stiffness do not contraindicate the repair. From a surgical standpoint, the experts highlighted that pseudo-paralysis is not a contraindication to rotator cuff repair. Consensus on specific surgical steps was also achieved: capsular release should be performed only in stiff shoulders; footprint preparation is mandatory, while debridement of tendon edges is not essential. If necessary, a rotator interval release could be performed without interrupting the continuity between subscapularis and supraspinatus tendon; posterior delamination should be always included in the repair. Advanced techniques such as tendon transfers should be selected based on the main clinical deficit, while the superior capsule reconstruction plays a role only in combination with a functional repair. Conclusion: A consensus was achieved almost on every topic of controversy explored. Particularly, MRI was deemed necessary to determine tear characteristics, while radiographs remain important for differential diagnosis; age should not be considered a contraindication to surgery; pseudo-paralysis does not represent a contraindication to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, but superior capsule reconstruction plays a role only in combination with a functional repair. Latissimus dorsi transfer plays a role when the main functional deficit is in elevation, while the lower trapezius transfer plays a role when the main functional deficit is the external-rotation. Level of evidence: V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To advance personalized medicine in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD), we aimed to explore the utility of serological biomarkers in predicting response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Children with CD were enrolled at initiation of anti-TNF and followed prospectively at 4 and 12 months thereafter, as well as at last follow-up. At baseline, 10 serological markers of the “PROMETHEUS® IBD sgi Diagnostic test” were measured, including pANCA, ASCA IgG and IgA, anti-CBir1, anti-OmpC, anti-A4-Fla2, anti-Fla-X, SAA, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The primary outcome was sustained steroid-free remission (SSFR, i.e. clinical remission without steroids at both 4 and 12 months) and the secondary outcome was primary non-response (PNR).Of the 72 included children (mean age, 12.8 ± 3.1 years; median disease duration, 6.4 months [IQR 2.5–17.3]), 42 (58%) were treated with adalimumab and 30 (42%) with infliximab. PNR was noted in 20 (28%) children and failure to achieve SSFR in 36 (50%). The most common positive serological markers were SAA (86%) and ICAM-1 (82%). In univariate analyses, none of the serological markers achieved statistical significance in association with SSFR or with PNR. In multivariable analysis, positivity of ASCA IgG (OR 3.3 [95%CI 0.8–14.4]) and pANCA (OR 5.3 [95%CI 0.9–48]) were the closest to achieving significance in predicting SSFR, with fair predictive performance for the model (AUC 0.67 [95%CI 0.55–0.80]).The serological markers tested here have limited utility in predicting response to anti-TNF treatment. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the utility of ASCA IgG and pANCA.Methods: To advance personalized medicine in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD), we aimed to explore the utility of serological biomarkers in predicting response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Children with CD were enrolled at initiation of anti-TNF and followed prospectively at 4 and 12 months thereafter, as well as at last follow-up. At baseline, 10 serological markers of the “PROMETHEUS® IBD sgi Diagnostic test” were measured, including pANCA, ASCA IgG and IgA, anti-CBir1, anti-OmpC, anti-A4-Fla2, anti-Fla-X, SAA, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The primary outcome was sustained steroid-free remission (SSFR, i.e. clinical remission without steroids at both 4 and 12 months) and the secondary outcome was primary non-response (PNR).Of the 72 included children (mean age, 12.8 ± 3.1 years; median disease duration, 6.4 months [IQR 2.5–17.3]), 42 (58%) were treated with adalimumab and 30 (42%) with infliximab. PNR was noted in 20 (28%) children and failure to achieve SSFR in 36 (50%). The most common positive serological markers were SAA (86%) and ICAM-1 (82%). In univariate analyses, none of the serological markers achieved statistical significance in association with SSFR or with PNR. In multivariable analysis, positivity of ASCA IgG (OR 3.3 [95%CI 0.8–14.4]) and pANCA (OR 5.3 [95%CI 0.9–48]) were the closest to achieving significance in predicting SSFR, with fair predictive performance for the model (AUC 0.67 [95%CI 0.55–0.80]).The serological markers tested here have limited utility in predicting response to anti-TNF treatment. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the utility of ASCA IgG and pANCA.Results: To advance personalized medicine in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD), we aimed to explore the utility of serological biomarkers in predicting response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Children with CD were enrolled at initiation of anti-TNF and followed prospectively at 4 and 12 months thereafter, as well as at last follow-up. At baseline, 10 serological markers of the “PROMETHEUS® IBD sgi Diagnostic test” were measured, including pANCA, ASCA IgG and IgA, anti-CBir1, anti-OmpC, anti-A4-Fla2, anti-Fla-X, SAA, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The primary outcome was sustained steroid-free remission (SSFR, i.e. clinical remission without steroids at both 4 and 12 months) and the secondary outcome was primary non-response (PNR).Of the 72 included children (mean age, 12.8 ± 3.1 years; median disease duration, 6.4 months [IQR 2.5–17.3]), 42 (58%) were treated with adalimumab and 30 (42%) with infliximab. PNR was noted in 20 (28%) children and failure to achieve SSFR in 36 (50%). The most common positive serological markers were SAA (86%) and ICAM-1 (82%). In univariate analyses, none of the serological markers achieved statistical significance in association with SSFR or with PNR. In multivariable analysis, positivity of ASCA IgG (OR 3.3 [95%CI 0.8–14.4]) and pANCA (OR 5.3 [95%CI 0.9–48]) were the closest to achieving significance in predicting SSFR, with fair predictive performance for the model (AUC 0.67 [95%CI 0.55–0.80]).The serological markers tested here have limited utility in predicting response to anti-TNF treatment. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the utility of ASCA IgG and pANCA.Conclusion: To advance personalized medicine in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD), we aimed to explore the utility of serological biomarkers in predicting response to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Children with CD were enrolled at initiation of anti-TNF and followed prospectively at 4 and 12 months thereafter, as well as at last follow-up. At baseline, 10 serological markers of the “PROMETHEUS® IBD sgi Diagnostic test” were measured, including pANCA, ASCA IgG and IgA, anti-CBir1, anti-OmpC, anti-A4-Fla2, anti-Fla-X, SAA, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The primary outcome was sustained steroid-free remission (SSFR, i.e. clinical remission without steroids at both 4 and 12 months) and the secondary outcome was primary non-response (PNR).Of the 72 included children (mean age, 12.8 ± 3.1 years; median disease duration, 6.4 months [IQR 2.5–17.3]), 42 (58%) were treated with adalimumab and 30 (42%) with infliximab. PNR was noted in 20 (28%) children and failure to achieve SSFR in 36 (50%). The most common positive serological markers were SAA (86%) and ICAM-1 (82%). In univariate analyses, none of the serological markers achieved statistical significance in association with SSFR or with PNR. In multivariable analysis, positivity of ASCA IgG (OR 3.3 [95%CI 0.8–14.4]) and pANCA (OR 5.3 [95%CI 0.9–48]) were the closest to achieving significance in predicting SSFR, with fair predictive performance for the model (AUC 0.67 [95%CI 0.55–0.80]).The serological markers tested here have limited utility in predicting response to anti-TNF treatment. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the utility of ASCA IgG and pANCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the event-driven fuzzy L ∞ control of direct-current (DC) microgrids subject to deception attacks, persistent bounded (PB) disturbances, premise mismatching, quantizer, and delays. First, using states of the fuzzy plant and a constant, a Zeno-free dynamic event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is presented, which is more robust to the PB disturbances than the static state-related ETMs (SSRETMs). Second, by virtually dividing the updating intervals of the controller, a unified time-delay fuzzy system model is established, which takes effects of dynamic ETM, deception attacks, disturbances, quantizer, and delays into account. Third, criteria for globally exponentially ultimately bounded (GEUB) stability in mean square with guaranteed L ∞ -gain are obtained, and the quantitative relationship between the ultimate bound and the dynamic ETM is established. To overcome the inconvenience of the emulation method requiring two design steps, a co-design strategy is provided to simultaneously design the ETM and fuzzy controller subject to premise mismatching. Simulation results confirm that, even with the triggering rate 36.9% and the attacking rate 11.4%, satisfactory control performance can still be achieved; the dynamic ETM achieves better triggering performance than the SSRETMs; and the proposed controller achieves shorter settling time and smaller overshoot than the robust linear controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies output-based event-triggered security control of networked T-S fuzzy systems under signal quantisation, actuator saturation and deception attacks governed by a Bernoulli distribution. Firstly, using periodically sampled output of a T-S fuzzy system, a discrete event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is introduced to save network bandwidth, which excludes Zeno behaviour absolutely. Secondly, a closed-loop system model is built, which integrates parameters of the T-S fuzzy plant, the ETM, quantiser, actuator saturation, stochastic attacks, network-induced delays and fuzzy dynamic output feedback controller in a unified framework. Thirdly, sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability of the T-S fuzzy system are obtained, and further a fuzzy output-based security controller is designed. Finally, examples confirm effectiveness of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the fuzzy $ H_\infty $ H ∞ control of nonlinear DC microgrids subject to the dynamic event-triggered mechanism (ETM), aperiodic DoS attacks, noises and mismatching premises. First, using the information of DC microgrid's T-S fuzzy model and aperiodic DoS attacks, a discrete-time resilient dynamic ETM is proposed, which can save constrained system resources, as well as actively exclude attack-induced dropouts and Zeno behaviour. Second, a fuzzy switched system model is built, which provides a unified platform to evaluate effects of all the affecting factors such as the dynamic ETM and DoS attacks. Third, by constructing a piecewise Lyapunov functional, criteria for exponential stability with guaranteed $ H_\infty $ H ∞ performance are obtained, and an event-triggered fuzzy injection current controller is further designed. Simulation results confirm that, in the presence of aperiodic DoS attacks and noises, the proposed controller can stabilise the nonlinear DC microgrids, while the dynamic ETM works well in reducing the triggering rate without dropouts. Tradeoffs can be made between control and communication resources, and the proposed fuzzy controller achieves shorter settling times and smaller overshoots than the robust controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies output-based decentralised event-triggered dissipative control of NCSs under aperiodic DoS attacks. Firstly, to save constrained system resources such as network bandwidth, using information on aperiodic DoS attacks, an output-based decentralised resilient event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is introduced. Secondly, a switched system model is built, which characterises effects of aperiodic DoS attacks, decentralised resilient ETM and disturbances in a unified framework. Thirdly, sufficient conditions are derived such that the system is exponentially stable and strictly (G , H , I) -dissipative, which establish quantitative relationships among aperiodic DoS attacks, decentralised resilient ETM, disturbances and system performance. Further, co-design conditions are presented to compute parameters of switched dynamic output feedback controller and decentralised resilient ETM simultaneously. Finally, examples illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies output-based resilient control of uncertain networked control systems under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, resilient event-triggered mechanism (ETM) and quantisation. Firstly, to save constrained system resources such as network bandwidth, using information of DoS attacks and sampled outputs of plant, an output-based resilient ETM is introduced. Secondly, a switched system model is built, which characterises effects of DoS attacks, the resilient ETM, plant uncertainty and quantisation in a unified framework. Thirdly, sufficient conditions for exponential stability are obtained with less conservativeness, which establish quantitative relationships among DoS attacks, the resilient ETM, plant uncertainty, quantisation, dynamic output feedback (DOF) controller and system stability. Further, co-design conditions are presented to compute parameters of the resilient ETM and DOF controller simultaneously. Finally, example illustrates effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has detrimental consequences on swine industry, due to severe outbreaks especially in the suckling piglets. In March 2013, an outbreak was reported on a commercial swine farm in Guangdong Province, Southern China. A wild-type PEDV strain named as CHYJ130330 was identified, complete genome was sequenced and deposited in GenBank (accession no. KJ020932). The molecular epidemiological including evolutionary characteristics and pathogenicity assessment were explored during this study with particular interest and focus to develop this candidate strain for new vaccine. The isolates from China pre- and post-2013 shared 96.5–97.2% and 97–99% nt identity respectively with wild-type CHYJ130330 strain which during experimental studies has demonstrated high virulence and 100% mortality in 104 TCID50 group piglets within 5 days. The 22 reference strains selected from other parts of the world shared 98–99% identity with our sequence except Chinese (CV777) and S. Korean (vir.DR13, SM98 and atten.DR13) strains sharing 96.8, 97.6, 96.6 and 97.1% identity respectively. The phylogenetic tree revealed most strains reported after 2013 in GII genogroup while the prototype (CV777), S.korean and earlier Chinese (JS2008, 85-7mutant, Atten.vaccine, SD-M, LZC and CH/S) were GI Group. The amino acid sequence of CHYJ130330 E and M protein is highly conserved while ORF3 and N protein having 9 and 17 amino acid substitutions respectively in comparison to CV777 strain. The comparison of full length genome and the structural proteins revealed variations signifying that PEDV variant strains are still the main source of outbreaks in spite of continuous vaccination and also explain the variable trend of large scale outbreaks during this decade as compared to sporadic tendency of disease found before 2010. It is evident from this study that Chinese strains display significant level of mixing with the strains reported from other countries. The strain CHYJ130330 was also adapted successfully to Vero cell line and has shown high virulence in piglets. The information/findings will be helpful to develop a strategy for control of PEDV and have also shown that CHYJ130330 strain has strong virulence and is a more popular clinical strain in recent years, which has the potential to be developed into PEDV vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus caused a significant economic loss to the livestock industry worldwide. Although BVDV infections have increasingly been reported in China in recent years, the molecular aspects of those BVDV strains were barely characterized. In this study, we reported the identification and characterization of a novel BVDV isolate designated as SD-15 from cattle, which is associated with an outbreak characterized by severe hemorrhagic and mucous diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality in Shandong, China. SD-15 was revealed to be a noncytopathic BVDV, and has a complete genomic sequence of 12,285 nucleotides that contains a large open reading frame encoding 3900 amino acids. Alignment analysis showed that SD-15 has 93.8% nucleotide sequence identity with BVDV ZM-95 isolate, a previous BVDV strain isolated from pigs manifesting clinical signs and lesions resembling to classical swine fever. Phylogenetic analysis clustered SD-15 to a BVDV-1m subgenotype. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of glycoproteins revealed that E2 has several highly conserved and variable regions within BVDV-1 genotypes. An additional N-glycosylation site (240NTT) was revealed exclusively in SD-15-encoded E2 in addition to four potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) shared by all BVDV-1 genotypes. Furthermore, unique amino acid and linear epitope mutations were revealed in SD-15-encoded Erns glycoprotein compared with known BVDV-1 genotype. In conclusion, we have isolated a noncytopathic BVDV-1m strain that is associated with a disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality, revealed the complete genome sequence of the first BVDV-1m virus originated from cattle, and found a unique glycosylation site in E2 and a linear epitope mutation in Erns encoded by SD-15 strain. Those results will broaden the current understanding of BVDV infection and lay a basis for future investigation on SD-15-related pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of chloroquine, once the drug of choice in the fight against Plasmodium falciparum, is now severely limited due to widespread resistance. Amodiaquine is one of the most potent antimalarial 4-aminoquinolines known and remains effective against chloroquine-resistant parasites, but toxicity issues linked to a quinone-imine metabolite limit its clinical use. In search of new compounds able to retain the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine while circumventing quinone-imine metabolite toxicity, we have synthesized five 4-aminoquinolines that feature rings lacking hydroxyl groups in the side chain of the molecules and are thus incapable of generating toxic quinone-imines. The new compounds displayed high in vitro potency (low nanomolar IC50), markedly superior to chloroquine and comparable to amodiaquine, against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum, accompanied by low toxicity to L6 rat fibroblasts and MRC5 human lung cells, and metabolic stability comparable or higher than that of amodiaquine. Computational studies indicate a unique mode of binding of compound 4 to heme through the HOMO located on a biphenyl moeity, which may partly explain the high antiplasmodial activity observed for this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-model retrieval has emerged as one of the most important upgrades for text-only search engines (SE). Recently, with powerful representation for pairwise text–image inputs via early interaction, the accuracy of vision–language (VL) transformers has outperformed existing methods for text–image retrieval. However, when the same paradigm is used for inference, the efficiency of the VL transformers is still too low to be applied in a real cross-modal SE. Inspired by the mechanism of human learning and using cross-modal knowledge, this paper presents a novel Vision–Language Decomposed Transformer (VLDeformer), which greatly increases the efficiency of VL transformers while maintaining their outstanding accuracy. By the proposed method, the cross-model retrieval is separated into two stages: the VL transformer learning stage, and the VL decomposition stage. The latter stage plays the role of single modal indexing, which is to some extent like the term indexing of a text SE. The model learns cross-modal knowledge from early-interaction pre-training and is then decomposed into an individual encoder. The VLDeformer requires only small target datasets for supervision and achieves both 1000 + times acceleration and less than 0.6% average recall drop. VLDeformer also outperforms state-of-the-art visual-semantic embedding methods on COCO and Flickr30k. 1 1 Code is available at. • Address the efficiency–accuracy trade-off between one/two stream CMR paradigms. • Combine the two stream models' efficiency and one stream models' accuracy. • Significantly outperforms two stream methods with similar efficiency. • Achieves 1000+ times acceleration with less than 0.6% average recall drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a virus strain designated as HY12 was isolated from cattle with a disease of high morbidity and mortality in Jilin province. Biological and physiochemical properties showed that HY12 isolates is cytopathic with an extremely high infectivity. HY12 is resistant to treatment of organic solvent and acid, and unstable at 60°C for 1 h. Electron microscopy observation revealed the virus is an approximately 22–28 nm in diameter. The complete genome sequence of HY12 consists of 7416 nucleotides, with a typical picornavirus genome organization including a 5′-untranslated region (UTR), a large single ORF encoding a polyprotein of 2176 amino acids, and a 3′-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis clustered HY12 isolates to a new serotype/genotype within the clade of enterovirus E (formerly BEV-A). Alignment analysis revealed a unique insertion of 2 amino acid residues (NF) at the C-terminal of VP1 protein between aa 825 and 826, and several rare mutations in VP1 and VP4 of HY12 isolates in relation to known bovine enterovirus (BEV) strains. This is the first report of an enterovirus E in China, which is potentially associated with an outbreak in cattle with severe respiratory and enteric diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding interactions between cognitive and motor performance is an important theoretical and practical aim of motor neuroscience. Toward this aim, we invited university students to move one hand back and forth at a self-paced rate either in silence or while overtly generating words from semantic categories. The same participants also generated words without movement. Word generation affected manual performance but manual performance did not affect word generation. Only the timing, but not the spatial features, of the hand movements were influenced by word generation. The simplicity of our procedure argues for its future use, both for theoretical and practical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work describes a new microfluidic device developed for the rapid screening of solubility diagrams. In several parallel channels, hundreds of nanolitre volume droplets of a given solution are first stored with a gradual variation in the solute concentration. Then, the application of a temperature gradient along these channels enables us to read directly and quantitatively phase diagrams, concentration vs. temperature. We show, using a solution of adipic acid, that we can measure ten points of the solubility curve in less than 1 hr and with only 250 µL of solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Shoulder stiffness (SS) is a condition characterised by active and passive restricted glenohumeral range of motion, which can occur spontaneously in an idiopathic manner or be associated with a known underlying aetiology. Several treatment options are available and currently no consensus has been obtained on which treatment algorithm represents the best choice for the patient. Herein we present the results of a national consensus on the treatment of primary SS. Methods: The project followed the modified Delphi consensus process, involving a steering, a rating and a peer‐review group. Sixteen questions were generated and subsequently answered by the steering group after a thorough literature search. A rating group composed by professionals specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder pathologies rated the question–answer sets according to the scientific evidence and their clinical experience. Results: Recommendations were rated with an average of 8.4 points out of maximum 9 points. None of the 16 answers received a rating of less than 8 and all the answers were considered as appropriate. The majority of responses were assessed as Grade A, signifying a substantial availability of scientific evidence to guide treatment and support recommendations encompassing diagnostics, physiotherapy, electrophysical agents, oral and injective medical therapies, as well as surgical interventions for primary SS. Conclusions: A consensus regarding the conservative and surgical treatment of primary SS could be achieved at a national level. This consensus sets basis for evidence‐based clinical practice in the management of primary SS and can serve as a model for similar initiatives and adaptable guidelines in other European countries and potentially on a global scale. Level of Evidence: Level I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP) occurs when an embryo aberrantly implants in the fallopian tube, leading to abortive or ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy (AEP or REP). Poor outcomes of REP include maternal infertility or mortality. Current studies on the prevention and treatment of ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy (REP) are unfortunately hampered by a lack of the cell spectrum and cell–cell communications in the maternal–foetal interface. Here, we investigate the mechanisms of tubal rupture through single‐cell transcriptome profiling of the fallopian tube‐trophoblast interface in REP, AEP and intrauterine pregnancy patients. In REP, extravillous trophoblast (EVTs) cells form a dominant cell population, displaying aggressive invasion and proliferation, with robust differentiation into three subsets. Cell communication analysis identified colony‐stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), overexpressed by fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells in REP, with CSF1R on EVTs and macrophages, as a ligand/receptor pair that stimulates EVT invasion and macrophage accumulation. CSF1+ secretory epithelial cells stimulate EVTs migration and invasion, leading to a tubal rupture in REP. These results provide a mechanistic context and cellular milieu leading to tubal rupture, facilitating further study and development of therapeutics for REP in early pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel event-triggered dynamic output feedback dissipative control of nonlinear systems under intermittent denial-of-service (DoS) attacks and actuator saturation. Firstly, based on attack information, a secure event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is introduced, which not only saves systems resources but also is Zeno-free and resilient to DoS attacks. Secondly, a switched T–S fuzzy closed-loop system model is built, which unifies the parameters of nonlinear plant, noises, ETM, DoS attacks, switched output feedback fuzzy controller, and actuator saturation all in one framework. Thirdly, low conservative exponential stability criteria are derived while guaranteeing strict (G , H , I) -dissipativity, and hence the relationships between system performance and factors such as DoS attacks, secure ETM, noises and actuator saturation are established. Further, sufficient conditions are given for the co-design of the switched output-based fuzzy controller and the secure ETM. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by numerical examples, achieving over 92% system resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microfracture surgery introduced by Stedman despite limitations still represents the most common procedure to repair chondral defects. In recent years other regeneration techniques, such as the implantation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), have been adopted in combination to boost and promote successful outcomes. This study aimed at evaluating clinical and functional results in 60 patients affected by chondral lesions and treated only using the microfracture procedure or in combination with intra-articular PRP infiltration. Patients were sub-divided in 2 groups: 30 were treated with microfracture reparative technique and the remaining 30 microfractures were treated with 3 platelet-rich plasma intra-articular injections. All patients were postoperatively evaluated based on the visual along scale, International Knee Documentation Committee, subjective knee function, and Lysholm knee scoring scale. The evaluation results for each follow-up showed an improvement of all evaluation scores compared to the preoperative phase and a variable and progressive deterioration registered at 24, 36 and 48-month follow-up visits, more pronounced in patients treated with microfracture alone. Instead, more successful outcomes in terms of pain symptomatology and functional recovery were reported during all follow-up visits and based on all scoring scales for the 30 patients treated with a combination of both techniques. The combination of the microfracture reparative technique and the platelet-rich plasma implantation favoured a faster resolution of pain symptomatology and a quicker functional recovery with favourable results maintained over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several evidences suggest that the position of palmitic acid (PA) in dietary triacylglycerol (TAG) influences different biological functions. We aimed at evaluating whether dietary fat with highly enriched (87%) PA in sn-2 position (Hsn-2 PA), by increasing PA incorporation into tissue phospholipids (PL), modifies fatty acid profile and biosynthesis of fatty acid—derived bioactive lipids, such as endocannabinoids and their congeners. Study Design: Rats were fed for 5 weeks diets containing Hsn-2 PA or fat with PA randomly distributed in TAG with 18.8% PA in sn-2 position (Lsn-2 PA), and similar total PA concentration. Fatty acid profile in different lipid fractions, endocannabinoids and congeners were measured in intestine, liver, visceral adipose tissue, muscle and brain. Results: Rats on Hsn-2 PA diet had lower levels of anandamide with concomitant increase of its congener palmitoylethanolamide and its precursor PA into visceral adipose tissue phospholipids. In addition, we found an increase of oleoylethanolamide, an avid PPAR alpha ligand, in liver, muscle and brain, associated to higher levels of its precursor oleic acid in liver and muscle, probably derived by elongation and further delta 9 desaturation of PA. Changes in endocannabinoids and congeners were associated to a decrease of circulating TNF alpha after LPS challenge, and to an improved feed efficiency. Conclusions: Dietary Hsn-2 PA, by modifying endocannabinoids and congeners biosynthesis in different tissues may potentially concur in the physiological regulation of energy metabolism, brain function and body fat distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning combined with satellite image time series can quickly, and reliably be implemented to map crop distribution and growth monitoring necessary for food security. However, obtaining a large number of field survey samples for classifier training is often time-consuming and costly, which results in the very slow production of crop distribution maps. To overcome this challenge, we propose an ensemble learning approach from the existing historical crop data layer (CDL) to automatically create multitudes of samples according to the rules of spatiotemporal sample selection. Sentinel-2 monthly composite images from 2017 to 2019 for crop distribution mapping in Jilin Province were mosaicked and classified. Classification accuracies of four machine learning algorithms for a single-month and multi-month time series were compared. The results show that deep neural network (DNN) performed the best, followed by random forest (RF), then decision tree (DT), and support vector machine (SVM) the least. Compared with other months, July and August have higher classification accuracy, and the kappa coefficients of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. Compared with a single phase, the kappa coefficient gradually increases with the growth of the time series, reaching 0.94 in August at the earliest, and then the increase is not obvious, and the highest in the whole growth cycle is 0.95. During the mapping process, time series of different lengths produced different classification results. Wetland types were misclassified as rice. In such cases, authors combined time series of two lengths to correct the misclassified rice types. By comparing with existing products and field points, rice has the highest consistency, followed by corn, whereas soybeans have the least consistency. This shows that the generated sample data set and trained model in this research can meet the crop mapping accuracy and simultaneously reduce the cost of field surveys. For further research, more years and types of crops should be considered for mapping and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of cropland are the key to ensuring the sustainable development of national agriculture. Remote sensing technology can accurately and timely detect the surface information, and objectively reflect the state and changes of the ground objects. Using high-resolution remote sensing images to accurately extract cropland is the basic task of precision agriculture. The traditional model of cropland semantic segmentation based on the deep learning network is to down-sample high-resolution feature maps to low resolution, and then restore from low-resolution feature maps to high-resolution ideas; that is, obtain low-resolution feature maps through a network, and then recover to high resolution by up-sampling or deconvolution. This will bring about the loss of features, and the segmented image will be more fragmented, without very clear and smooth boundaries. A new methodology for the effective and accurate semantic segmentation cropland of high spatial resolution remote sensing images is presented in this paper. First, a multi-temporal sub-meter cropland sample dataset is automatically constructed based on the prior result data. Then, a fully convolutional neural network combined with contextual feature representation (HRNet-CFR) is improved to complete the extraction of cropland. Finally, the initial semantic segmentation results are optimized by the morphological post-processing approach, and the broken spots are ablated to obtain the internal homogeneous cropland. The proposed method has been validated on the Jilin-1 data and Gaofen Image Dataset (GID) public datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate that it outperforms the state-of-the-art method in cropland extraction accuracy. We selected the comparison of Deeplabv3+ and UPerNet methods in GID. The overall accuracy of our approach is 92.03%, which is 3.4% higher than Deeplabv3+ and 5.12% higher than UperNet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The breech extraction of the fetus through the vagina has a greater risk of hip fracture compared with the extraction by abdominal route. Case. A 2390 g female infant was delivered at 39 weeks by elective cesarean section for breech presentation. The newborn sustained a fracture of the right femur. A simple immobilization of the limb in extension led to a complete healing of the fracture without sequelae. Conclusion. Caesarean delivery reduces the risk of causing a traumatic injury of the newborn compared to vaginal delivery, especially with breech presentation but does not eliminate this possible accidental complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) is found to be undesirable to estimate Leaf Area Index (LAI) with heterogeneous canopy structure in low vegetation cover. In this article, three new vegetation indices (VIs), such as Normalized Hotspot-Signature Vegetation Index 2 (NHVI2), Hotspot-Signature Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (HSVI), and Hotspot-Signature 2-Band Enhanced Vegetation Index (HEVI2), are proposed for a better quantitative estimation of LAI and soil-noise resistance than with SAVI. To obtain these new indices, the angular index called Normalized Difference between Hotspot and Darkspot (NDHD) is introduced which represents the distribution of foliage in vegetation canopy. The validity of new VIs is statistically verified using simulated data and field measurements. The Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model is used to simulate both the homogeneous and heterogeneous canopy for analyzing vegetation isolines behaviors, soil-noise resistance, and LAI estimation. In situ measurements of LAI and bidirectional reflectance factor from the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) are also used to test the robustness of the new VIs for the estimation of LAI. By considering the distribution of the foliage, the accuracy of LAI estimation of SAVI for heterogeneous canopy improved almost 16% using exponential regression analysis. With the improvement of multiangular remote-sensing and Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) models in the future, hotspot-signature VIs have the potential to provide a more accurate LAI estimation for heterogeneous canopy in strong soil-noise interference area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: HY12 viruses are enteroviruses recently isolated from cattle characterized by severe respiratory and digestive disease with high morbidity and mortality in China. While the viruses exhibit unique biological and molecular characters distinct from known enterovirus E, the pathogenicity and viral pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Methods: Neonatal mice of Balb/C, ICR, and Kunming strain are infected with HY12 to determine the susceptible mouse strain. The minimal infection dose, the virus infection routes, the pathogenicity and tissue tropism for HY12 were determined by infecting susceptible mice with HY12 viruses, and confirmed by different approaches including virus isolation and recovery, virus detection, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Results: A murine model for HY12 infection was successfully established and employed to investigate the pathogenicity of HY12 viruses. ICR mouse strain is the most susceptible strain for HY12 infection with a minimal infective dose as 2×106TCID50/mouse. HY12 viruses have the capability of infecting ICR suckling mice via all infection routes including intranasal administration, oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, subcutaneous injection, and intramuscular injection, which are confirmed by the isolation and recovery of viruses from HY12-infected mice; detection of viruses by RT-PCR; observations of pathological lesions and inflammatory cell infiltrations in the intestine, lung, liver, and brain; uncovering of HY12 virus antigens in majority of tissues, especially in intestine, lung, and infected brain of mice by immunohistochemistry assay. Conclusions: A neonatal murine model for HY12 infection is successfully established for determining the susceptible mouse strain, the minimal infective dose, the infection route, the viral pathogenicity and the tropism of HY12, thus providing an invaluable model system for elucidating the pathogenesis of HY12 viruses and the elicited immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the putative roles of a single acute dose of resveratrol (RVT) in preventing cerebral oxidative stress induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion (BCCAO/R) and to investigate RVT’s ability to preserve the neuronal structural integrity. Frontal and temporal-occipital cortices were examined in two groups of adult Wistar rats, sham-operated and submitted to BCCAO/R. In both groups, 6 h before surgery, half the rats were gavage-fed with a single dose of RVT (40 mg/per rat in 300 µL of sunflower oil as the vehicle), while the second half received the vehicle alone. In the frontal cortex, RVT pre-treatment prevented the BCCAO/R-induced increase of lipoperoxides, augmented concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide and docosahexaenoic acid, increased relative levels of the cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2), and peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor (PPAR)-α proteins. Increased expression of CB1/CB2 receptors mirrored that of synaptophysin and post-synaptic density-95 protein. No BCCAO/R-induced changes occurred in the temporal-occipital cortex. Collectively, our results demonstrate that, in the frontal cortex, RVT pre-treatment prevents the BCCAO/R-induced oxidative stress and modulates the endocannabinoid and PPAR-α systems. The increased expression of synaptic structural proteins further suggests the possible efficacy of RVT as a dietary supplement to preserve the nervous tissue metabolism and control the physiological response to the hypoperfusion/reperfusion challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: The Enterovirus genus of the family of Picornaviridae consists of 9 species of Enteroviruses and 3 species of Rhinoviruses based on the latest virus taxonomy. Those viruses contribute significantly to respiratory and digestive disorders in human and animals. Out of 9 Enterovirus species, Enterovirus E-G are closely related to diseases affecting on livestock industry. While enterovirus infection has been increasingly reported in cattle and swine, the enterovirus infections in small ruminants remain largely unknown. Methods: Virology, molecular and bioinformatics methods were employed to characterize a novel enterovirus CEV-JL14 from goats manifesting severe diarrhea with morbidity and mortality respectively up to 84% and 54% in China. Results: CEV-JL14 was defined and proposed as a new Enterovirus species L within the genus of Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. CEV-JL14 had a complete genome sequence of 7461 nucleotides with an ORF encoding 2172 amino acids, and shared 77.1% of genomic sequence identity with TB4-OEV, an ovine enterovirus. Comparison of 5’-UTR and structural genes of CEV-JL14 with known Enterovirus species revealed highly genetic variations among CEV-JL14 with known Enterovirus species. VP1 nucleotide sequence identities of CEV-14 were 51.8%-53.5% with those of Enterovirus E and F, 30.9%-65.3% with Enterovirus G, and 43.8–51. 5% with Enterovirus A-D, respectively. CEV-JL14 was proposed as a novel species within the genus of Enterovirus according to the current ICTV demarcation criteria of enteroviruses. Conclusions: CEV-JL14 clustered phylogenetically to neither Enterovirus E and F, nor to Enterovirus G. It was defined and proposed as novel species L within the genus of Enterovirus. This is the first report of caprine enterovirus in China, the first complete genomic sequence of a caprine enterovirus revealed, and the unveiling of significant genetic variations between ovine enterovirus and caprine enterovirus, thus broadening the current understanding of enteroviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) may trigger a physiological response in an attempt to preserve tissue and function integrity. There are several candidate molecules among which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and/or peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) may play a role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. The aims of the present study are to evaluate whether the ECS, the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PPAR-alpha are involved during BCCAO/R in rat brain, and to identify possible markers of the ongoing BCCAO/R-induced challenge in plasma. Methods: Adult Wistar rats underwent BCCAO/R with 30 min hypoperfusion followed by 60 min reperfusion. The frontal and temporal-occipital cortices and plasma were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to determine concentrations of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and related molecules behaving as ligands of PPAR-alpha, and of oxidative-stress markers such as lipoperoxides, while Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to study protein expression of cannabinoid receptors, COX-2 and PPAR-alpha. Unpaired Student's t-test was used to evaluate statistical differences between groups. Results: The acute BCCAO/R procedure is followed by increased brain tissue levels of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide, an avid ligand of PPAR-alpha, lipoperoxides, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, and COX-2, and decreased brain tissue concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the major targets of lipid peroxidation. In plasma, increased levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides were observed. Conclusions: The BCCAO/R stimulated early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The observed variations suggest that the positive modulation of the ECS and the increase of proinflammatory substances are directly correlated events. Increase of plasmatic levels of anandamide and lipoperoxides further suggests that dysregulation of these molecules may be taken as an indicator of an ongoing hypoperfusion/reperfusion challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the T–S fuzzy control of DC microgrids subject to false data injection (FDI) attacks, premise mismatching, and network delays using a dynamic event-triggered mechanism (ETM). Unlike the static ETMs using the fixed triggering parameters, by adaptively adjusting the triggering parameters, the proposed novel discrete-time dynamic ETM can more effectively reduce excessive usage of communication resources, and the Zeno behavior is also avoided naturally. Then, a novel T–S fuzzy closed-loop system model is built, which considers the FDI attacks, dynamic ETM, delays and premise mismatching all in one unified framework. Mean-square exponential stability criteria are derived, which establish the relationship between system performance and the contributing factors. Further, unlike the two-step emulation based method, the proposed co-design method can design the injection current controller and the dynamic ETM in one step, which offers a convenient framework for the tradeoffs between control and communication performances. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods, achieving 27.5% savings of communication resources while effectively stabilizing the DC microgrid even under the situation that 13.5% of the transmitted data are tampered by the FDI attacks. • A Zeno-free dynamic event-triggered mechanism is proposed. • A unified T-S fuzzy time-delay closed-loop system model is established. • A co-design method for the controller and the triggering mechanism is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Genetic reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses can create pandemic viruses. Influenza surveillance of pigs in Jilin Province, in China during 2007–2008 revealed that there were two distinguishable genotypes: a human-like H3N2 genotype and a double-reassortant genotype derived from the human H3N2 and avian H5 viruses. In this study, viral infection potential, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity were compared. The solid-phase binding assay demonstrated that both viruses prominently maintained a preference for the human-type receptor and the reassortant A/swine/Jilin/37/2008 (Sw/JL/37/08) showed relatively higher binding affinities than the non-reassortant A/swine/Jilin/19/2007 (Sw/JL/19/07). Replication kinetics showed that Sw/JL/37/08 had higher replicability in MDCK cells than Sw/JL/19/07. The mouse experiments clearly revealed that Sw/JL/37/08 had higher virulence than Sw/JL/19/07 as measured by more significant body weight loss, higher viral lung load, delayed viral clearance from lungs, and more severe pulmonary lesions. Sequence analysis indicated that the absence of glycosylation sites at residue 126 of HA and 93 of NA, as well as the characteristic NS1 C-terminal PL residues of ESEV may account for the increased replication and pathogenicity of Sw/JL/37/08. These results may imply that human may have infection risk by the reassortant swine influenza virus and emphasize the necessity for enhanced viral surveillance strategies, which monitor reassortment events in nature to reduce the public health threat posed by influenza viruses with the potential for human-to-human transmission currently circulating in pig populations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish a method that could differentiate antibodies against live and inactivated vaccines of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). A blocking ELISA (b-ELISA) was established using the PRRSV non-structural protein, Nsp9, as the antigen and a monoclonal antibody, 2D6, against the Nsp9 protein as the capture antibody. The test was validated by using 415 clinical sera in the b-ELISA compared to a commercial kit based on the indirect ELISA using the nucleocapsid (N) protein as antigen. Significant differences were observed for the data obtained by the two detection methods. This may be due to the commercial kit detecting antibodies elicited by live and inactivated virus, whereas the b-ELISA only detects antibodies produced by any active viral replication, such as natural infection or live vaccination. Therefore, the b-ELISA in this study is able to distinguish between antibodies against live and inactivated viruses in pigs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of periarticular injection of hyaluronate into shoulders with supraspinatus tendinosis under echographic guide. Methods and materials: The subjects were 56 patients with clinical, echographic and magnetic resonance diagnosis of supraspinatus tendinosis. They were divided in two groups by random sampling; 28 patients were assigned in SH group (sodium hyaluronate) and 28 patients in SC group (sodium chloride). The test drug was 20mg sodium hyaluronate (2ml, Hyalgan®, Fidia SpA, Abano T., P.M. 500–700.000, 20mg/2ml). Results: Preliminary results showed that sodium hyaluronate presented the highest efficacy in the improvement of clinical symptoms and recovery of functional status in patients with supraspinatus tendinosis in fact the mean V.A.S. score (Visual Analogue Scale) at 1 month after the end of the infiltrative cycle was 8.0 in the SC group vs. 2.8 in SH group and these numerical data were substantially unchanged also after 3 and 4 months. Conclusion: Hyaluronate injection under echographic guide should be use not only as a lubricant but also to prevent articular cartilage degeneration and cover and protect the articular cartilage; indeed sodium hyaluronate can decrease inflammatory joint process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Saturation effects limit the application of vegetation indices (VIs) in dense vegetation areas. The possibility to mitigate them by adopting a negative soil adjustment factor X is addressed. Two leaf area index (LAI) data sets are analyzed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) for validation. The first one is derived from observations of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 16 April 2013, to 21 October 2020, in the Apiacás area. Its corresponding VIs are calculated from a combination of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 surface reflectance products. The second one is a global LAI dataset with VIs calculated from Landsat-5 surface reflectance products. A linear regression model is applied to both datasets to evaluate four VIs that are commonly used to estimate LAI: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), transformed SAVI (TSAVI), and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). The optimal soil adjustment factor of SAVI for LAI estimation is determined using an exhaustive search. The Dickey-Fuller test indicates that the time series of LAI data are stable with a confidence level of 99%. The linear regression results stress significant saturation effects in all VIs. Finally, the exhaustive searching results show that a negative soil adjustment factor of SAVI can mitigate the SAVIs' saturation in the Apiacás area (i.e., X = −0.148 for mean LAI = 5.35), and more generally in areas with large LAI values (e.g., X = −0.183 for mean LAI = 6.72). Our study further confirms that the lower boundary of the soil adjustment factor can be negative and that using a negative soil adjustment factor improves the computation of time series of LAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The transient global cerebral hypoperfusion/reperfusion achieved by induction of Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion followed by Reperfusion (BCCAO/R) has been shown to stimulate early molecular changes that can be easily traced in brain tissue and plasma, and that are indicative of the tissue physiological response to the reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of the present study is to probe the possibility to prevent the molecular changes induced by the BCCAO/R with dietary natural compounds known to possess anti-inflammatory activity, such as the phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene (BCP). Methods: Two groups of adult Wistar rats were used, sham-operated and submitted to BCCAO/R. In both groups, 6 h before surgery, half of the rats were gavage-fed with a single dose of BCP (40 mg/per rat in 300 μl of sunflower oil as vehicle), while the second half were pre-treated with the vehicle alone. HPLC, Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze cerebral cortex and plasma. Results: After BCCAO/R, BCP prevented the increase of lipoperoxides occurring in the vehicle-treated rats in both cerebral cortex and plasma. In the frontal cortex, BCP further prevented activation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), spared the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), appeared to prevent the increase of cyclooxygenase-2 and increased the peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) protein levels, while, in plasma, BCP induced the reduction of arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) levels as compared to vehicle-treated rats. Conclusions: Collectively, the pre-treatment with BCP, likely acting as agonist for CB2 and PPAR-alpha receptors, modulates in a beneficial way the ECS activation and the lipoperoxidation, taken as indicative of oxidative stress. Furthermore, our results support the evidence that BCP may be used as a dietary supplement to control the physiological response to the hypoperfusion/reperfusion-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the major enamel matrix protein contributing to tooth development, amelogenin has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in tooth enamel formation. Previous studies have revealed amelogenin alternative splicing as a mechanism for amelogenin heterogeneous expression in mammals. While amelogenin and its splicing forms in mammalian vertebrates have been characterized, splicing variants of amelogenin gene still remains largely unknown in non-mammalian species. Here, using PCR and sequence analysis we discovered two novel amelogenin transcript variants in tooth organ extracts from a caudate amphibian, the salamander Plethodon cinereus. The one was shorter -S- (416 nucleotides including untranslated regions, 5 exons) and the other larger -L- (851 nt, 7 exons) than the previously published “normal” gene in this species -M- (812 nucleotides, 6 exons). This is the first report demonstrating the amelogenin alternative splicing in amphibian, revealing a unique exon 2b and two novel amelogenin gene transcripts in Plethodon cinereus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]