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BACKGROUND: Besides in vitro fecal fermentation model, a few supplementary methods have been constructed for high‐throughput screening of polysaccharides with hypoglycemic potentials. The purpose of this study was to establish a co‐culture fermentation model constructed by gut microbiota relating to glucose and lipid metabolism as a supplementary method for comparatively evaluating the proliferative effects and hypoglycemic potentials of typical plant polysaccharides, e.g. konjac glucomannan, Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharide, oat glucan and alga‐derived fucoidan. RESULTS: The results showed that the mixing culture medium of butyrate‐producing bacteria, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus at a ratio of 50:40:9:1 was optimal. This testing model in line with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and metabolite analysis multi‐dimensionally differentiated four polysaccharides possessing different behaviors on proliferation of total bacteria and specific genus or strain and accumulation of short chain fatty acids. CONCLUSION: Our study provided crucial data for establishing an initial screening method for proliferative effect/specific structure‐oriented extraction of polysaccharide with hypoglycemic potential. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) flavonoids (MOLF) with strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and MOL polysaccharides (MOLP) with strong cholic acid-binding capacity were efficiently prepared by two-stage extraction method and mixed in a certain proportion for development of MOL highly-processed products with hypoglycemic and hypolipemic potentials. Quercetin-3- O -glucoside (6.86%) and kaempferol-3- O -glucoside (4.02%) were identified as the main components of MOLF. MOLP constructed by galactose, arabinose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid possessed the strongest effects on delaying glucose diffusion and dialysis, delaying starch digestion, binding bile acids and inhibiting cholesterol micelle solubility, being the best MOL highly-processed products for regulating carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption. MOLF and MOLP had synergistic effect on delaying glucose diffusion and dialysis, delaying starch digestion and binding bile acids, while MOLF impaired the inhibitory effect of MOLP on cholesterol micelle solubility. Compared with MOL primary-processed products including MOL powder and de-phenolic MOL powder, MOL highly-processed products including MOLP and MOLF-MOLP complex possessed stronger hypoglycemic/hypolipemic potentials. [Display omitted] • M. oleifera leaf flavonoids, polysaccharides and their combination were prepared. • The polysaccharide had the strongest inhibitory effects on sugar and fat digestion. • Flavonoids and polysaccharides synergistically delayed sugar and fat digestion. • M. oleifera highly-processed products had hypoglycemic/hypolipemic potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectic polysaccharide is a bioactive ingredient in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ' Hangbaiju ' (CMH), but the high proportion of HG domain limited its use as a prebiotic. In this study, hot water, cellulase-assisted, medium-temperature alkali, and deep eutectic solvent extraction strategies were firstly used to extract pectin from CMH (CMHP). CMHP obtained by cellulase-assisted extraction had high purity and strong ability to promote the proliferation of Bacteroides and mixed probiotics. However, 4 extraction strategies led to general high proportion of HG domain in CMHPs. To further enhance the dissolution and prebiotic potential of CMHP, pectinase was used alone and combined with cellulase. The key factor for the optimal extraction was enzymolysis by cellulase and pectinase in a mass ratio of 3:1 at 1 % (w/w) dosage. The optimal CMHP had high yield (15.15 %), high content of total sugar, and Bacteroides proliferative activity superior to inulin, which was probably due to the cooperation of complex enzyme on the destruction of cell wall and pectin structural modification for raised RG-I domain (80.30 %) with relatively high degree of branching and moderate HG domain. This study provided a green strategy for extraction of RG-I enriched prebiotic pectin from plants. [Display omitted] • Chemical composition of chrysanthemum pectin was affected by extraction strategy. • Combination of cellulase and pectinase benefited the dissolution, modification and prebiotic activity of pectin. • 3C + P led to the highest yield and prebiotic activity on Bacteroides of pectin. • 3C + P led to high proportion of RG-I domain and degree of branching of pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is beneficial for elderly people, but its use is limited in geriatric foods due to the lack of comprehensive information on its preparation strategy and physical property. In this study, the low-ester rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) type pectic polysaccharide-protein complexes with varying physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, proliferative activities on Bacteroides , and immune-enhancing activities on RAW 264.7 cells, were obtained by moderate-temperature acid extraction within adjustment of enzymatic and physical pretreatments. LBP prepared by moderate-temperature acid extraction, namely S1-A, showed the strongest immune-enhancing activity via increasing the phagocytosis capacity and NO release of RAW 264.7 cells by 23 % and 76 %, respectively. S1-A exhibited relatively high viscosity and calcium ion response characteristic with the application potential for thickened liquid foods for the elderly with dysphagia. LBP prepared by composite cellulase and pectinase pretreatment combined with moderate-temperature acid extraction, namely S1-M1, showed the strongest Bacteroides proliferative activity that was equivalent to 0.60–0.97 times of that of inulin. S1-M1 exhibited extremely low viscosity and strong tolerance to food nutrients with high processing applicability for fluid foods. This study provided crucial data for the preparation and application of LBP targeting gut microbiota disorders and immunosenescence for the development of geriatric foods. [Display omitted] • Acid extraction with and without enzymatic pretreatment strategies were proposed. • L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) were RG-І type pectin-protein complexes. • LBPs showed Bacteroides proliferative and immune-enhancing activities. • LBPs were suitable for the geriatric foods with different attribute needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • High-quality Chenpi EO was obtained by supercritical fluid extraction at 25 MPa. • Chenpi flavouring essence was optimally prepared by microencapsulation of EO. • Microencapsulation improved thermostability and water dispersibility of Chenpi EO. • Chenpi flavouring essence reduced 20% usage of sucrose and salt via specific aroma. • Chenpi flavouring essence had dual effects on sweetness and saltiness enhancement. To obtain flavouring essence with application potential in sugar and salt-reduced foods, the optimal strategy for extraction and microencapsulation of essential oil (EO) from Chenpi was investigated. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and liquid–liquid-extraction-GC–MS confirmed the selectivity for volatiles ranked in hydrodistillation > supercritical fluid extraction > solvent extraction. The aroma characteristic of Chenpi EO was distinguished by 33 key volatiles (screened out via headspace-SPME-GC–MS) and quantitative descriptive analysis. EO extracted by supercritical fluid extraction was preferred for preserving the original aroma of Chenpi and displaying more fruity, honey and floral. Chenpi flavouring essence with superior encapsulation efficiency, particle size, water dispersibility, and thermostability was obtained through optimally microencapsulating EO with gum arabic and maltodextrin (1:1) by high-pressure homogenization coupled with spray drying. Chenpi flavouring essence was able to reduce the usage of sugar and salt by 20 % via enhancing flavour perception of sweetness and saltiness. This study first developed a flavouring essence promisingly effective in both sugar and salt-reduced foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galangal extract (GE)-based hypouricemic functional food is under-developed due to ambiguous quality control standard that is closely associated with action mechanisms and interaction of key xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors (kaempferide and galangin) in GE. In terms of kinetics analysis, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking, kaempferide and galangin showed similar docking posture to xanthine in molybdopterin center, and formed flavonol-XO complexes driven by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction and van der Waals force, competitively inhibiting XO. Kaempferide, had stronger binding affinity for XO and three more hydrogen bonds with XO than galangin, interacting with critical amino acid residues (Arg880 and Glu802) in catalysis reaction of XO and showing stronger XO inhibitory activity than galangin. The combination of kaempferide and galangin enhanced their binding affinities for XO, showing synergistic inhibition on XO at optimal molar ratio 1:4 that could be quality control standard for GE. This study provided new insights into structure-XO inhibitory activity relationship of methoxylated flavonoids and quality control standard for GE-based hypouricemic functional food. Unlabelled Image • Kaempferide and galangin inhibited xanthine oxidase in competitive manners. • Methoxy substitution enhanced xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of galangin. • Kaempferide had stronger binding affinity for xanthine oxidase than galangin. • Kaempferide interacted with Arg880 and Glu802 in molybdopterin center. • Kaempferide had strong synergistic effect with galangin at molar ratio of 1:4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfated fucan chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fraction from low-edible-value sea cucumber may be a good alternative to high-edible-value sea cucumber-derived polysaccharide for application in hypoglycemic functional foods. To evaluate the potential effect of low-edible-value sea cucumber-derived polysaccharide fraction on type 2 diabetes (T2DM), two sulfated fucan/fucosylated chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fractions screening from 10 global commercial low-edible-value sea cucumber species were investigated to identify their anti-diabetics efficacies using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced T2DM rat model. Sulfated fucan-dominated polysaccharide fraction from Thelenota ananas and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate-dominated polysaccharide fraction from Cucumaria frondosa ameliorated hyperglycemia, restored hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, decreased inflammatory status and oxidative stress, protected against liver injury, as well as improved insulin resistance and promoted accumulation of hepatic glycogen by activating IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling and regulating GSK-3β gene expression in T2DM rats. The current findings provide an available strategy for the commercialization of sea cucumber polysaccharide based-hypoglycemic functional food. Unlabelled Image • Two low-edible-value sea cucumber polysaccharide fractions were obtained. • Two polysaccharide fractions ameliorated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. • Two polysaccharide fractions decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. • Two polysaccharide fractions protected liver and promoted glycogen synthesis. • Two polysaccharide fractions regulated IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Submicroparticles promoted the absorption of chrysanthemum phenolics. • Submicroparticles accounted to 22% of chrysanthemum tea infusion's soluble solids. • Esterified pectin provided spherical skeleton to form submicroparticles. • Phenolics attached to the external region of spherical pectin by hydrogen bonds. • Phenolics attached to the internal cavities of pectin by hydrophobic interactions. Submicroparticles are important components generally existed in chrysanthemum tea infusion, but their functionality, chemical composition, structure and self-assembly mechanism are unclear due to lack of suitable preparation method and research strategy. This study showed that submicroparticles promoted the intestinal absorption of phenolics in chrysanthemum tea infusion by comparison of chrysanthemum tea infusion, submicroparticles-free chrysanthemum tea infusion and submicroparticles. Submicroparticles efficiently prepared by ultrafiltration mainly consisting of polysaccharide and phenolics accounted for 22% of total soluble solids in chrysanthemum tea infusion. The polysaccharide, which was determined as esterified pectin with a spherical conformation, provided spherical skeleton to form submicroparticles. A total of 23 individual phenolic compounds were identified in submicroparticles with the total phenolic content of 7.63 μg/mL. The phenolics not only attached to the external region of spherical pectin by hydrogen bonds, but also got into hydrophobic cavities of spherical pectin and attached to the internal region by hydrophobic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium barbarum fruit (wolfberry) is rich in rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) pectin with favorable prebiotic activity. However, there is currently limited research on the targeted extraction of RG-I type pectin from Lycium barbarum fruit (LBP). DES is widely recognized as an efficient solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from plants. In this study, a mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and propylene glycol (PG) at the molar ratio 1:2 with 20 wt% water content was optimal to extract LBP. The yield and extent of branching of LBP extracted by ChCl-PG-water system (LBP-P) were 1.74-fold and 2.87-fold higher than those of LBP extracted by water (LBP-W), respectively. Compared with LBP-W, LBP-P exhibited higher total neutral sugar and uronic acid contents, as well as lower molecular weight and viscosity. The proliferative ability of LBP-P on six Bifidobacterial strains was 1.06–1.92-fold greater than that of LBP-W. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and apparent viscosity proved that the role of water was to maintain strong hydrogen bonds of DES with reduced viscosity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra and density functional theory (DFT) calculations proved that the role of DES was to penetrate cell walls and interact with target substances. The effective extraction mechanism of the DES-water system was based on cell wall cellulose disassembly, side chain exposure, and high-branched LBP dissolution stages. Our results provided a theoretical basis for targeted extraction of RG-I pectin using new solvents. [Display omitted] • DES-water system was used to extract RG-I wolfberry pectin polysaccharide (LBP). • The DES-water system extraction method was high-efficient for LBP extraction. • LBP prepared by DES-water system showed a strong prebiotic activity. • The underlying mechanism of DES-water system for efficient extraction was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a shortage of lotus leaf pectin-type polysaccharide (LLP)-based prebiotic functional foods due to its low extraction efficiency and indistinct prebiotic and functional properties. In the study, medium-temperature alkali water, deep eutectic solvent, high pressure homogenization-assisted dual enzyme, and reflux extraction methods were used to screen out a process for LLP with high extraction efficiency, in vitro prebiotic activity, and functionality. It was demonstrated that LLPs prepared by high pressure homogenization-assisted dual enzyme, deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride and urea) and reflux extraction methods showed excellent prebiotic activities. Among them, LLP prepared by high pressure homogenization-assisted dual enzyme extraction (LLP-EP) had high extraction efficiency, high purity, high content of RG-I domain, fine homogeneity, low esterification degree, strong in vitro prebiotic activity, and comprehensive functional properties i.e. good water dispersibility and stability, rheological property, and emulsification stability. According to the structure-activity relationship analysis using a series of partially acid-hydrolyzed LLP-EP as prebiotics, the prebiotic activity of LLP-EP was mainly depended on high content of RG-I domain. These findings indicated that LLP had the potential to be used in beverages-based prebiotic functional foods, and also provided the theoretical basis for structural features of pectins to be better prebiotics. [Display omitted] • Five lotus leaf polysaccharides prepared by different processes were pectins. • Three lotus leaf polysaccharides effectively proliferated human gut probiotics. • Polysaccharide via homogenization-assisted enzymolysis showed strong prebiotic effect and comprehensive functionality. • Structure-prebiotic activity relationship of optimal polysaccharide was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, phenolic profiles of chrysanthemums derived from five main species were determined for characterization of rationality of their application in tea, beverages and functional foods. A total of 41 phenolics including 3 phenolic acids, 17 flavones, 9 flavanones, 1 dihydroflavonol, 4 flavonols, 4 chalcones and 3 aurones were identified. The contents of 22 characteristic phenolics were simultaneously determined. Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ' Qiju ' (with abundant phenolics) and Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (with unique and abundant flavonoid aglycones and glycosides), exhibited excellent cellular antioxidant activities and strong market potentials. Chlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and luteolin-7- O -glucoside largely contributing to cellular antioxidant activity of ' Qiju ' by forming protective membrane around erythrocyte should be markers for quality control of ' Qiju '. Okanin, the gut microbial-produced metabolite of marein, possessed strong protective effect on oxidatively damaged erythrocyte via incorporating in membrane and entering cytoplasm. Okanin and marein should be markers for quality control of C. tinctoria. Unlabelled Image • Chrysanthemums derived from five main species were classified by phenolic profiles. • C. morifolium cv. ' Qiju ' and C. tinctoria had good cellular antioxidant activities. • Phenolic acids were identified as marker compounds of C. morifolium cv. ' Qiju '. • Okanin and marein were identified as marker compounds of C. tinctoria. • Marker phenolics enhanced nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Catechin inhibited protein oxidation in linoleic acid-lipoxygenase reaction system. • Catechin promoted gastrointestinal digestibility of oxidized β -conglycinin. • Catechin improved antioxidant activity of oxidized β -conglycinin digest. • Catechin increased abundance of di-/tripeptide in oxidized β -conglycinin digest. Abstract The aim of the present study was to enhance oxidative stability and bioaccessibility of β -conglycinin (7S) prepared from low denatured defatted soybean flours with residual lipids and high lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. The model system consisting of linoleic acid (LA), LOX and unheated 7S (UH-7S)/heated 7S (H-7S) or UH-7S-catechin/H-7S-catechin complex, and in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion model were used to investigate the effect of complexation with catechin on protein oxidation and characterisation of GI digest. The interaction of UH-7S/H-7S with catechin dramatically inhibited LOX-catalyzed LA peroxidation-induced protein oxidation. The interaction also promoted the degree of proteolysis in GI digestion and intestinal absorption for oxidized UH-7S/H-7S, increasing the antioxidant activity of oxidized UH-7S/H-7S, bioaccessibility for catechin and release of di-/tripeptides with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV/angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory effects or antioxidant activities during GI digestion. The complexation with catechin is a potential strategy to enhance the oxidative stability, GI digestibility and bioaccessibility of 7S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) is an excellent source of high‐quality plant protein. MOL hydrolysate (MOLH) was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol precipitation. The adsorption kinetics of SP‐207 resin for antioxidant peptides from MOLH were studied. The adsorption process for antioxidant peptides on SP‐207 was well described by the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. The adsorption was a multi‐molecule layer adsorption process, which was exothermic. The peptide fraction with antioxidant activity (MOLP, 40% ethanol elution fraction) possessing high contents of antioxidant and hydrophobic amino acids was obtained by SP‐207 column chromatography. A total of eight dipeptides including PR, L(I)K, L(I)H, L(I)P, L(I)L(I), GE, VL(I) and PF were identified in gastrointestinal digest of MOLP by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS. The protective effects of MOLP digest and LH on oxidatively damaged erythrocytes by inhibition of MDA formation were comparable to that of GSH, indicating that MOLP could be used as an antioxidative ingredient in functional food. MOLP obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol precipitation and then purified by SP‐207 column chromatography could be used as an antioxidative ingredient in functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural functional hydrophilic colloids with glycolipid-lowering activities have remarkable application prospects but scarce. Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf (MOL) is a good candidate for novel plant-based functional hydrophilic colloid, but the development of high-purity MOL polysaccharide (MOLP) is limited due to high protein and pigment contents in MOL and bottleneck of green preparation. In this study, a green preparation strategy for high-purity MOLP as a functional hydrophilic colloid was established through comparative evaluation of different enzyme-assisted extraction and conventional/non-conventional purification methods on purity and function of MOLP. Liquid nitrogen pulverization coupled with cellulase enzymolysis, high-temperature treatment and yeast fermentation was optimal to extract MOLP. Dual protease enzymolysis in combination of dual resins absorption was screened out as the most efficient purification method for MOLP in comparison with TCA, sevage, enzymolysis, and chromatography methods. High-purity MOLP with high molecular weight exceeding 1000 kDa and high proportions of Ara and Gal showed strong glycolipid absorption inhibitory activity, prebiotic effect on human gut probiotics related to glycolipid metabolism, and good function property e.g. light color, viscoelasticity, emulsibility and water/oil holding capacity, which exceeded commercial pectin in bioactivity and resembled commercial pectin in functionality. The positive correlation between purity of MOLP and function was clarified in terms of correlation coefficients of total sugar content/molecular weight distribution and bioactivity/functionality. It offered theoretical direction for the development of high-purity polysaccharide as functional hydrophilic colloid from leaf-derived raw materials. [Display omitted] • Three-step enzyme-assisted extraction effectively extracted Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf polysaccharide (MOLP). • Dual protease enzymolysis in combination of dual resins was optimal to purify MOLP. • MOLP had stronger glycolipid-lowering activity than commercial pectin. • MOLP had good functional property and resembled commercial pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The high‐acid apple (Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf) possessing deep red peel and light red flesh is widely distributed in China. To determine if a useful apple variety is being ignored, the monomeric phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of peel, flesh, pomace, whole fruit and juice were evaluated. The results were compared to those of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples. The high‐acid apple possessing the highest total phenolic and anthocyanin contents among three apple varieties contained the most chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, p‐coumaric acid and caffeic acid. The extraction yields of phenolics (64%) and anthocyanins (89%) from the high‐acid apple to juice were the highest. The high‐acid apple possessing the greatest antioxidant activity had the strongest antihaemolysis activity, indicating that it could be used to produce juice and value‐added ingredient to assist in the prevention of chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Maca is known to be rich in macamides. The objective of this study was to analyse macamide profiles of macas with different colours cultivated in Yunnan, China, and commercial Peru maca by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activities of water, citric acid and alkali‐extracted polysaccharides from Yunnan and Peru macas were evaluated via DPPH radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and erythrocyte haemolysis inhibition effect assays. Six major macamides present in Peru maca were also found dominant in Yunnan maca at comparable concentrations. Maca polysaccharide effectively scavenging DPPH and peroxyl radicals protected the erythrocytes against H2O2‐induced haemolysis by inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) generation. Citric acid extraction was found the most suitable preparation method for generating heteropolysaccharide with strong antioxidant activity. Black maca cultivated in Yunnan possessing the most abundant macamides and polysaccharide with strong antioxidant activity could be developed as functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption and desorption characteristics of seven macroporous resins on the antioxidants in soy sauce were investigated. SP-207 and SP-825 resins possessing good adsorption and desorption capacities were studied further. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models were demonstrated to be appropriate to describe the whole exothermic and physical adsorption processes of antioxidants onto resins. The 60% ethanol eluted fraction from soy sauce purified by SP-825 resin column possessed the strongest antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities and contents of typical soy isoflavones, furanones, pyranones, and phenolic acids in soy sauce were determined. These compounds contributed to 50.02% of the total antioxidant activity of the SP-60% fraction. The key small molecule antioxidant compounds in soy sauce were identified as 4-ethylguaiacol, catechol, daidzein, and 4-ethylphenol by the antioxidants omission experiments. Additionally, the purified active fraction with high contents of antioxidants from soy sauce could be applied as bioactive ingredient in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted soy meal is a candidate for preparing lipid-lowering active ingredient. The study aimed to optimally co-extract soy protein and polysaccharide with lipid-lowering activity and improved functional and nutritional properties using non-conventional extraction techniques, i.e. thermal-, high pressure homogenization- and enzyme-assisted extraction. Non-conventional extraction enhanced the yields of soy protein and soluble saccharides and inactivated anti-nutrients. Soy extract (SE) prepared by pectinase-assisted extraction possessed not only strong in vitro lipid-lowering activity (i.e. cholesterol micellar inhibition activity, bile salts binding capacity, pancreatic lipase inhibition activity and cholesterol esterase inhibition activity), but also excellent functional (i.e. instant solubility of protein, low turbidity and acceptable color) and nutritional properties (i.e. none agglutinin activity). Resistant-digested fragment of 7S/11S played key role in lipid-lowering activity of SE. Moreover, SE beneficially altered colonic fermentation property of soy protein through promoting the release of bioactive peptides and organic acids, accelerating tryptophan and linoleic acid metabolism to produce indole acrylic acid, indole lactic acid and linoleic acid, and inhibiting putrefactive compounds (i.e. piperidine and tyramine). Oligosaccharide and polysaccharide in SE improved functional and nutritional properties of soy protein without compromising its lipid-lowering activity. [Display omitted] • Non-conventional extraction enhanced the yields of soy protein and saccharides and inactivated anti-nutrients. • Soy extract prepared by pectinase assisted extraction possessed strong lipid-lowering activity. • Resistant-digested fragment of 7S/11S played key role in lipid-lowering activity of soy extract. • Saccharides improved functional and nutritional properties of soy protein without compromising its lipid-lowering activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five tasty peptides were separated from soy sauce, by sensory-guided fractionation, using macroporous resin, medium-pressure liquid chromatography and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography, and identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry as ALPEEV, LPEEV, AQALQAQA, EQQQQ and EAGIQ (which originated from glycinin A1bB2-445, glycinin A1bB2-445, cobyric acid synthase, leucine-tRNA ligase and glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, respectively). LPEEV, AQALQAQA and EQQQQ tasted umami with threshold values of 0.43, 1.25 and 0.76 mmol/l, respectively. ALPEEV and EAGIQ had minimal umami taste, but ALPEEV, EAGIQ and LPEEV showed umami-enhancement with a threshold estimated at 1.52, 1.94 and 3.41 mmol/l, respectively. In addition, the synthetic peptides showed much better sensory taste than mixtures of their constitutive amino acids. It indicated that peptides might play an important role in the umami taste of soy sauce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DPPH assay is widely used to evaluate the radical scavenging activities of peptides. Effects of pH and buffers on the stability of DPPH• and its reduced product (DPPHH) in the ethanol-buffer solution were investigated in this study and the reactivity of DPPH• towards several dipeptides was compared to that of 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS• + ) and the peroxyl radicals in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Results showed that the deprotonation of DPPHH under basic condition could interfere with the spectrophotometric measurement at 515–525 nm. It was suggested that the reaction mixture be maintained at a final pH range of 5.0–6.5 in 1:1 ethanol–acetate/citrate buffer medium when evaluating the activities of peptides. Additionally, among tested dipeptides, only Cys-containing dipeptides displayed DPPH• scavenging activity with 0.14–0.28 μmol TE (Trolox equivalent)/μmol, while Tyr/Trp-containing dipeptides with high reactivity towards ABTS• + and peroxyl radicals were inert to DPPH• with TE values less than 0.02. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabdosia serra has been widely used for the treatment of the various human diseases. However, the antiproliferative effects and underlying mechanisms of the compounds in this herb remain largely unknown. In this study, an antiproliferative compound against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells from Rabdosia serra was purified and identified as lasiodin (a diterpenoid). The treatment with lasiodin inhibited cell viability and migration. Lasiodin also mediated the cell morphology change and induced apoptosis in NPC cells. The treatment with lasiodin induced the Apaf-1 expression, triggered the cytochrome-C release, and stimulated the PARP, caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavages, thereby activating the apoptotic pathways. The treatment with lasiodin also significantly inhibited the phosphorylations of the AKT, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK proteins. The pretreatment with the AKT or MAPK-selective inhibitors considerably blocked the lasiodin-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. Moreover, the treatment with lasiodin inhibited the COX-2 expression, abrogated NF-κB binding to the COX-2 promoter, and promoted the NF-κB translocation from cell nuclei to cytosol. The pretreatment with a COX-2-selective inhibitor abrogated the lasiodin-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. These results indicated that lasiodin simultaneously activated the Apaf-1/caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways and suppressed the AKT/MAPK and COX-2/NF-κB signaling pathways. This study also suggested that lasiodin could be a promising natural compound for the prevention and treatment of NPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of this work was to conduct an activity-guided isolation of antibacterial compounds from Rabdosia serra. The ethanol extracts of R. serra leaf and stem were partitioned sequentially into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions, respectively. The ethanol extract of leaf evidenced broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterial, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. The ethyl acetate fractions of leaf and stem exhibited strong inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria, and were then purified further. On the basis of antibacterial assay-guided purification, three phenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate and pedalitin) and four C-20 oxygenated ent-kauranes (effusanin E, lasiodin, rabdosichuanin D and a new compound namely effusanin F) were obtained, whose contents were determined by HPLC analysis. The broth microdilution method confirmed the important inhibition potential of C-20 oxygenated ent-kauranes with low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Effusanin E, lasiodin and effusanin F could be useful for the development of new antibacterial agents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Volatiles in Rabdosia serra were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and simultaneous–distillation extraction (SDE). The HS-SPME technique was previously evaluated to optimise sampling conditions. A total of 56 and 48 compounds including alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, ketones, carboxylic acid, ester, and aromatics were identified in leaf and stem by optimised HS-SPME method (CAR/PDMS fibre; incubation time, 10min; extraction temperature, 50°C; extraction time, 40min), respectively. 1-Octen-3-ol and (2E)-hexenal had significant contribution to R. serra aroma. Cluster analysis indicated that leaf and stem exhibited different volatile diversity. Air drying was favourable for the retention of the volatiles, while freeze- and sun-drying led to the loss of volatiles. SDE method preferred to the analysis of compounds with low volatility including fatty acids and esters. HS-SPME was a useful technique for the analysis of readily volatile components for the characteristics of R. serra aroma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Water-soluble polysaccharides of Rabdosia serra leaf and stem were fractionated by ultrafiltration and DEAE-Sepharose fast flow chromatogram to obtain water (RSLP-I and RSSP-I), 0.1M NaCl (RSLP-II and RSSP-II) and 0.2M NaCl (RSLP-III and RSSP-III) eluates. Their molecular weights were determined by high performance gel permeation chromatography. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that the water eluates comprised of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose. The ascending percentage of galactose and descending percentage of glucose in the eluates were observed with the increase of NaCl concentration. The branched RSLP-I and RSSP-I were composed mainly of →6)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Galp-(1→, and →5)-Araf-(1→ residues with the ratio of 15.0:4.2:3.8 and 5.5:6.4:3.5, respectively. However, a low level of 1,6-linked glucosyl was observed in RSLP-II, RSSP-II, RSLP-III and RSSP-III. The structural characteristics were further analysed by infrared spectrophotometry. The purified leaf and stem polysaccharides possessed moderate antioxidant capacities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Inactivation kinetics of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in fresh Rabdosia serra leaf were determined by hot water and steam blanching. Activation energy (52.30kJmol−1) of polyphenol oxidase inactivation was higher than that (20.15kJmol−1) of peroxidase. Water blanching at 90°C or steam blanching at 100°C for 90s was recommended as the preliminary treatment for the retention of phenolics. Moreover, comparative evaluation of drying methods on the phenolics profiles and bioactivities of R. serra leaf were conducted. The results indicated that only intact leaf after freeze drying retained the initial quality. The sun- and air-dried leaves possessed identical phenolic profiles. The homogenised leaf (after freeze-drying) possessed a lower level of phenolics due to enzymatic degradation. Good antioxidant activities were detected for the sun- and air-dried leaves. There was insignificant difference in anti-tyrosinase and anti-α-glucosidase activities among sun-, air-, and freeze-dried leaves. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A phytochemical investigation was conducted on Rabdosia serra leaf in this work. A new ent-kaurane-type diterpenoid named 6β,14α-dihydroxy-1α,7β-diacetoxy-7α,20-epoxy-ent-kaur-16-en-15-one, together with 6 known compounds were identified, including parvifolin G, effusanin E, lasiodin, nodosin, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. It was the first time that parvifolin G and effusanin E were found in R. serra. The assay of inhibition activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and HL-60 cell lines indicated that 10 compounds (including rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate and pedalitin which were isolated previously), except parvifolin G and stigmasterol, exhibited cytotoxicity against the tested tumour cells. The tumour inhibitory effects of ent-kaurane-type diterpenoids (except parvifolin G) were more effective than those of sterols and phenolics. Both 6β,14α-dihydroxy-1α,7β-diacetoxy-7α,20-epoxy-ent-kaur-16-en-15-one and lasiodin (IC50 <5μM) displayed strong cytotoxicity against the tested tumour cells, indicating the potential for new chemotherapeutic drugs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the present study, the performance and separation characteristics of two macroporous resins for the purification of phenolics from Rabdosia serra were evaluated. Both HP-20 and XAD-7HP resins were effective for phenolics enrichment, with insignificant difference of adsorption/desorption behaviors, according to their chemical and physical properties. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model was the most favorable for illustrating the whole exothermic adsorption process, which was affected by the mutual effects of boundary layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion kinetics. After treatment with gradient elution on resin columns, phenolics (from 16.66% to 67.87% by HP-20 and to 58.81% by XAD-7HP), antioxidants (3–4 times more than original) and rosmarinic acid (from 10.14% to 67.26% by HP-20 and to 63.16% by XAD-7HP) were enriched in 30% ethanol fractions. The production of highly concentrated phenolics and rosmarinic acid might expand the application of Rabdosia serra as a bioactive agent for both the food industry and pharmacy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Rabdosia serra has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. In order to illustrate the pharmaceutical activity of R. serra as hypoglycaemic and skin-whitening agents, rosmarinic acid (confirmed as the major compound in R. serra), methyl rosmarinate and pedalitin isolated from R. serra were evaluated for their inhibitory effects and mechanisms on tyrosinase and α-glucosidase. The inhibitory effects on both tyrosinase and α-glucosidase were in decreasing order, pedalitin>methyl rosmarinate>rosmarinic acid. The IC50 values for the tyrosinase and α-glucosidase activity inhibited by pedalitin were 0.28 and 0.29mM, respectively. Both rosmarinic acid and methyl rosmarinate were considered as noncompetitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, while pedalitin was suggested to be a mixed-type inhibitor of tyrosinase. In the assay of α-glucosidase inhibition, rosmarinic acid was found to be a competitive inhibitor, whereas both methyl rosmarinate and pedalitin were considered as mixed-type inhibitors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed to prepare polysaccharides from Isodon lophanthoides var. gerardianus (Bentham) H. Hara (Xihuangcao). Response surface methodology was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters. Central-composite design was applied to estimate the effects of ultrasonic time, liquid/solid ratio and pH on the yield of the polysaccharides from I. lophanthoides var. gerardianus (Bentham) H. Hara (ILHP). A mathematical model with high fitness was obtained. Ultrasonic time, liquid/solid ratio and pH exhibited independent and interactive effects on ILHP yield. Gas chromatography analysis suggested that ILHP-3 comprised Rha, Man, Glc with relative molar percentages of 3.9%, 8.0% and 88.1%, respectively. The assay of glycosidic linkage showed that ILHP-3 was consisted of →2)-Man-(1→, →6)-Glc-(1→, →3)-Rha-(1→ with a molar proportion of 1.9:26.5:1. The average molecular weight of ILHP-3 was measured to be 247kDa by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Furthermore, a good antioxidant activity was observed for ILHP-3. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The leaf and stem of Rabdosia serra were extracted by different solvents in this work. The results indicated that 60% ethanol was the most suitable solvent for efficiently extracting antioxidants with strong free radical-scavenging capacity and ferrous ion chelating capacity. The butanol and 60% ethanol extracts of stem, methanol and 60% ethanol extracts of leaf were analysed by HPLC–PDA. A similar chemical composition was observed for these stem and leaf extracts. The major compound was obtained by column chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which was confirmed to be rosmarinic acid. The contents of rosmarinic acid were in a descending order: butanol extract of stem>60% ethanol extract of leaf>60% ethanol extract of stem>methanol extract of leaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galangal is rich in flavonoids and polysaccharides but underutilized. In this study, galangal flavonoids and polysaccharides (GP-HN and GP-UN) were obtained by segmented extraction, used for chemical composition determination/structural characterization, and constructed for the emulsion delivery system. The results showed that galangin accounted for 71.45 % of total flavonoids. GP-HN and GP-UN were prepared by enzymatic-assisted high-temperature and ultrasonic extraction, which were low-molecular-weight pectin-type polysaccharides mainly constructed by galacturonic acid, galactose, and arabinose. GP-UN was the best emulsifier due to interfacial activities, emulsifying properties, interfacial resistance to bile salts displacement abilities, and anti-lipid digestion abilities of GPs. GP-UN emulsion could stably deliver flavonoids. This study presented a method for orderly reorganizing flavonoids and polysaccharides, guiding for utilization of whole bioactive components in galangal. • Galangal flavonoids and pectin-type polysaccharides were obtained. • Galangal polysaccharides effectively stabilized slow-lipid digestion emulsions. • Polysaccharide by enzymatic-ultrasonic extraction was the best emulsifier. • Galangal polysaccharide emulsion could stably deliver flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf (MOL), a rich source of protein and phenolics, was traditionally used to treat various diseases including headaches, fevers, sore throat and dyslipidemia. Recently, MOL was reported to possess antioxidant, anti-dyslipidemia and hepato-renal protective activities, indicating that MOL could become a potential agent to improve metabolic disorders associated with hyperuricemia. The antihyperuricemic effect of MOL hydrolysate (MOLH) with high contents of phenolics and peptides remains unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity of MOLH, to clarify phenolic and peptide profiles of MOLH, and to evaluate possible mechanism underlying the antihyperuricemic effect of MOLH. MOLH was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial trypsin. XO inhibitory activity was determined by XO reaction-UPLC-MS coupling method. The chemical profiles of the phenolic and peptide fractions of MOLH were determined by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The antihyperuricemic effect of MOLH was evaluated in a potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model at doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg. Serum uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen, creatinine (CRE), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, serum XO activity, liver malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalent level, renal tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels, and protein expression of renal urate-anion transporter 1, glucose transporter 9 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 were determined. The phenolic and peptide fractions played key roles in inhibiting XO activity and blocking uric acid production. Five flavonoids and sixteen polypeptides were identified in the phenolic and peptide fractions of MOLH, respectively. MOLH (200 and 500 mg/kg) could effectively reduce the serum UA level of hyperuricemic rats (p < 0.001) by regulation of serum XO activity (p < 0.05 at 200 mg/kg, p < 0.01 at 500 mg/kg) and renal urate transporters. Besides, MOLH could improve metabolic disorders associated with hyperuricemia by its multiple actions on liver MDA (p < 0.001), serum CRE (p < 0.05 at 500 mg/kg) and serum TG (p < 0.001). The results provided scientific evidence that MOLH rich in phenolics and peptides ameliorated hyperuricemia and metabolic disorders. This study validated the potential use of MOLH for regulation of hyperuricemia. Image 1 • Moringa oleifera leaf hydrolysate exhibited significant antihyperuricemic effect. • M. oleifera leaf flavonoids and peptides contributed to antihyperuricemic effect. • M. oleifera leaf hydrolysate regulated xanthine oxidase and urate transporters. • M. oleifera leaf hydrolysate improved hyperuricemia and metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to incorporate sea cucumber peptide into beverage without compromising sensory and functional properties through Maillard reaction. Glucose/xylooligosaccharide was selected as a sweetener for preparing Cucumaria frondosa hydrolysate (CFH, an anti-aging ingredient from a low-value edible sea cucumber) based-beverage by autoclave sterilization due to its enhanced efficiency in antioxidant activity. The modification of CFH with glucose/xylooligosaccharide through Maillard reaction largely increased desirable volatile aroma compounds i.e. furfural, 3-methyl-butanal and benzaldehyde and reduced off-flavor compounds i.e. hexanal, nonanal and heptanal, improving overall flavor. Majority of di/tripeptides had satisfactory stability against Maillard reaction, whereas L(I)H, AQ, MD, MK, PTF and QVQ largely increased. Maillard reaction moderately inhibited the release of majority of di/tripeptides during gastrointestinal digestion but largely enhanced the release of AQ, L(I)W, AL(I), L(I)H, QVQ, PTF and L(I)D. Dietary supplementation of glycated CFH attenuated oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity in aging mice, showing a practical approach for development of CFH based- anti -aging beverage with desirable flavor. • Maillard reaction enhanced antioxidant activity of C. frondosa hydrolysate. • Maillard reaction increased desirable volatiles and improved overall flavor. • Majority of di/tripeptides had satisfactory stability against Maillard reaction. • Maillard reaction increased a few di/tripeptides during gastrointestinal digestion. • Glycated C. frondosa hydrolysate attenuated oxidative stress in aging mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Volatiles and phenolics of 31 batches of C. morifolium ' Boju ' were characterized. • Minority of ' Boju ' had abundant monoterpenoids and flavonoid aglycones. • Xanthine oxidase inhibitory effect-related phenolics and volatiles were screened. • Three flavonoid aglycones were identified as quality control standards of ' Boju '. • Four key monoterpenoids were identified as quality control standards of ' Boju '. This study aimed at obtaining precise quality control standards to efficiently screen Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ' Boju ' with strong xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity for developing C. morifolium ' Boju ' extract based-hypouricemic functional food. The results indicated significant differences in volatile and phenolic profiles and XO inhibitory (XOI) activities of 31 batches of C. morifolium ' Boju ' collected in herb/tea market. The minority of C. morifolium ' Boju ' having abundant characteristic monoterpenoids and flavonoid aglycones showed strong XOI activities, while the majority of C. morifolium ' Boju ' possessing few corresponding monoterpenoids and flavonoid aglycones exhibited moderate XOI activities. Seven XOI activity-directly related phenolics and ten XOI activity-indirectly related volatiles were identified by UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS-based and HS-SPME-GC/MS-based spectrum-effect relationships, respectively. Three flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin and acacetin) identified as key XO inhibitors and four monoterpenoids (filifolone, α-terpineol, thymol and piperitenone) closely related to key XO inhibitors were screened for XOI activity-oriented quality control of C. morifolium ' Boju '. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is an urgent need for safe and effective bile acid sequestrants from edible plants to treat hyperlipidaemia. Moringa oleifera leaf has been reported to be a source of hypolipidaemic agents. However, limited information is available on the bile acid‐binding capacity of M. oleifera leaf polysaccharide fraction (MOLPF). To illustrate structure‐bile acid‐binding capacity relationship of MOLPFs obtained by eight common extraction methods and provide an extraction technique for MOLPF with strong bile acid‐binding capacity, structure characteristics and bile acid‐binding capacities of MOLPFs were investigated. The results indicated that extraction method greatly affected morphology, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage and molecular weight distribution of MOLPF. MOLPFs with lower contents of galactose and more branched components exhibited lower binding rates. MOLPFs prepared by cellulase and ultrasonic‐assisted cellulase extraction methods possessing the highest contents of galactose and relatively high proportions of linear macromolecules exhibited the strongest binding capacities, showing potential hypolipidaemic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids have a variety of bioactivities, but their poor solubility, low bioavailability, and weak stability limit their application as functional factors in food systems. Soy extracts (SE) mainly composed of soy proteins and soluble polysaccharides at mass ratios of 4.1–5.8: 1 and possessing good bioactivity and nutritional property might be candidate functional encapsulation carriers to improve defects of flavonoids and enhance overall nutritional quality. In this study, galangin (Gal), a poorly water-soluble flavonoid, was used as an example to evaluate the application potential of SE in flavonoid delivery system. Gal-loaded SE nanoparticles (Gal-loaded SE NPs) with high Gal solubility, encapsulation efficiency and bioaccessibility were successfully constructed by pH-driven method. The solubilizing effect of SE on Gal largely depended on the concentrations of SE and Gal. Combining the encapsulation efficiency and retention rate, the optimal conditions were identified as SE concentration of 40 mg/mL, binding time of 5 min, and Gal to SE mass ratio of 1%. Gal-loaded SE NPs showed good storage, thermal, redissolution, and sodium ions stabilities. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscope analysis, the proteins in SE might undergo a typical de-folding and re-folding process during pH-shifting and mainly combine with Gal by hydrophobic interaction to form Gal-loaded SE NPs with spherical shape (particle diameter <100 nm). This study broadened the application of SE in flavonoid delivery system and provided new ideas for the design and development of new plant-based health food ingredients with multiple functional factors and high nutritional quality. [Display omitted] • Soy lipid-lowering extracts (SE) were used as carriers for galangin (Gal). • Gal loaded SE nanoparticles (Gal-loaded SE NPs) were constructed. • Gal-loaded SE NPs had high encapsulation efficiency. • Gal-loaded SE NPs showed good solubility, stability, and bioaccessbility. • Gal-loaded SE NPs might be mainly formed by hydrophobic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of polysaccharides is an effective way to develop prebiotics with stable performance during processing and digestion for human wellness. However, there is little information on optimal screening and complementary regulation of compound polysaccharides. This study aimed to optimally select a combination of Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharide (LBP) and Laminaria japonica polysaccharide (LJP) as a highly efficient prebiotic to regulate the gut probiotics and their metabolites. Two LBPs characterized as rhamnogalacturonan I enriched pectins and two LJPs characterized as fucoidans were obtained by enzyme-assisted acid extraction at moderate and dramatic temperatures and combined in pairs to obtain 4 groups containing 4 proportional combinations. All combinations showed better prebiotic effects than individual LJP. The combination of LBP and LJP extracted at 50 °C at a ratio of 4:1 exhibited the strongest prebiotic effect. The optimal compound polysaccharide achieved superior effect and complementary function via LBP-targeted proliferation of Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , and Bacteroides and production of SCFAs and non-SCFA health-associated metabolites, LJP-targeted accumulation of butyrate-producing bacteria and corresponding metabolites, as well as synergistic effect of LJP and LBP at exact proportion. Our study provided theoretical and methodological guidance for optimal screening of compound polysaccharides as new prebiotics. [Display omitted] • RG-I enriched Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharide promoted the growth of Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , and Bacteroides. • Fucoidan enriched Laminaria japonica polysaccharide promoted the growth of butyrate-producing bacteria. • The optimal compound polysaccharide exhibited the strongest prebiotic effect. • The optimal compound polysaccharide achieved complementary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with wide application in peptide analysis presents challenges in determination of molecular weight distribution due to the relatively low resolution. In this study, a stop-flow reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) × SEC system was constructed, aiming at improving the peptide separation in SEC. As the chromatographic dispersion during stop-flow operation might contribute to the band broadening in the first dimension (1st D) RPLC, the effects of different stop-flow operational parameters on the additional band broadening were quantitatively evaluated. Unlike analytes of large molecular size or long retention time with low effective diffusion coefficient ( D eff ), additional band broadening was evidently observed for analytes of small molecular size and short retention time (high D eff ). Therefore, optimal flow rate, low column temperature and short stop-flow time were suggested for analyzing small molecules of short retention time. The established stop-flow two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) was further tested on protein hydrolysates. The resolution was evidently improved for both heart-cutting and comprehensive 2D-LC analysis (despite additional band broadening in RPLC). Compared with heart-cutting analysis with higher 1st D resolution for selective fractions, comprehensive analysis could provide more complete information about the molecular weight distribution of the eluting solutes along RPLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of this work was to analyse the honeysuckle extract (HE) for its in vitro antioxidant activity using the ORAC, reducing power, DPPH and ABTS assays. The effects of HE on the quality characteristics and physicochemical properties of porcine patties during refrigerated storage at 4 °C were studied. Chlorogenic acid contributed about 50% to the antioxidant activity of HE. HE possessing strong antioxidant activity was incorporated into porcine patties at 0.02%, 0.1% and 0.5% concentrations and compared with 0.02% and 0.1% chlorogenic acid as references. The addition of 0.1% HE and chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the loss of hardness, springiness, chewiness and cohesiveness of porcine patties in terms of inhibition of lipid oxidation, formation of protein carbonyls, generation of covalent bonds and tryptophan loss during 15 days of chilled storage. HE could be used in porcine patty as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the adsorption and desorption characteristics of six macroporous resins including XAD-7HP, XAD-16, HP-20, HP-2MGL, SP-207 and SP-825 for enrichment of adlay bran free phenolics were studied. XAD-16, SP-207 and SP-825 were chosen for further study due to their strong adsorption and desorption capacities. XAD-16, SP-207 and SP-825 had similar phenolics adsorption/desorption behaviors. Pseudo -second-order kinetics model and Freundlich isotherm model were suitable for describing the whole exothermic and physical adsorption processes of adlay bran free phenolics on XAD-16, SP-207 and SP-825. After treatment with gradient elution on XAD-16 resin column, the free phenolics were mostly enriched (from 89.61 to 1015.26 mg/100 g) in 50% ethanol fraction. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of 50% ethanol fraction was eight times higher than that of the crude extract. Therefore, the production of highly concentrated phenolics might expand the application of adlay bran used as a bioactive ingredient in functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performance and separation characteristics of four macroporous resins for purifying umami peptides from soy sauce were examined. Results showed that the resins could separate the peptides of soy sauce, and the particle diffusion kinetics model was suitable for describing the whole exothermic (Δ H < 43 kJ/mol) adsorption process on the SP-825 and HP-20 resins, while the pseudo -second-order kinetics model accurately described the XAD-16 and HP-2MGL resins. Furthermore, the adsorption processes of the peptides followed the Freundlich model. The XAD-16 resin was the most effective resin for the enrichment of peptides due to its high adsorption and total desorption capacities. Interestingly, the umami peptides were enriched in the deionized water fraction. This study provides new insights into exploring performance and separation characteristics of macroporous resins on soy sauce, and indicated that peptide may be the contributor to the umami taste in Chinese soy sauce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted walnut meal (DWM), a main byproduct of walnut oil production, is rich in proteins with a high essential amino acid content. Our research was focused on the functional activities of defatted walnut meal hydrolysate (DWMH). DWMH exhibited relatively strong hydroxyl scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacities, protective effect on H 2 O 2 -injured PC12 cells compared with GSH and cerebrolysin. Besides, DWMH could combat d -galactose induced learning and memory impairments in the Morris water maze test and in the Dark/light avoidance test of mice. Seventy-seven peptides were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in the most potent antioxidative fraction of DWMH. WSREEQEREE and ADIYTEEAGR were the peptides that most likely accounted for the suppression of H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. The mixture of the commercially available amino acids did not offer any protection on H 2 O 2 -injured PC12 cells, suggesting that amino acid sequence rather than amino acid composition was the dominant influencing factor. DWMH could be recommended as natural antioxidants for the development of functional foods targeting memory impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPs), including SFP-3-40, SFP-3-60, SFP-3-80, SFP-7-40, SFP-7-60, SFP-7-80, SFP-10-40, SFP-10-60, and SFP-10-80, were extracted at different pH (3, 7, and 10), and then precipitated with graded precipitation of 40%, 60% and 80% (v /v) ethanol solution, respectively. Their physicochemical properties and α -glucosidase inhibitory activity were determined. Results showed that SFPs significantly differed in the contents of total sugar, protein, uronic acid, sulfate, the zeta potential, and molecular weight distribution. SFPs, including SFP-10-40, SFP-10-60, and SFP-10-80, had bigger absolute zeta potential value and higher respective average molecular weight in the same ethanol concentration precipitate. All samples were mainly composed of fucose, glucuronic acid, and mannose with different molar ratios. The extraction pH and precipitation ethanol solution concentration caused little changes in functional groups, but significantly altered surface morphology of SFPs. Congo red test revealed that all polysaccharides were not helical polysaccharides. Rheological measurements indicated that SFPs were pseudoplastic fluids and showed elastic behavior of the gel. Except SFP-3-40 and SFP-3-60, all other samples had a stronger α -glucosidase inhibitory activity than that of acarbose. The inhibition type of SFPs against α -glucosidase varied owing to different extraction pH and precipitation ethyl concentration. This study shows that extraction pH can significantly affect the structure and hypoglycemic activity of SFPs and provide a data support for the scientific use of Sargassum fusiforme in industrial production. [Display omitted] • Nine polysaccharide fractions were obtained from Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch at different extraction pH. • The physicochemical properties of SFPs were significant different. • SFP-7-40 showed the strongest α -glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 0.304 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of present research was to explore whether Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide (SFP) could partly replace acarbose against type 2 diabetes in rats. Results indicated that SFP co-administered with low-dose acarbose intervention typically mitigated diabetic symptoms and serum profiles and exhibited better anti-diabetic effects than single acarbose treatment in controlling fasting blood glucose, improving insulin resistance and mitigating kidney injuries. The RT-qPCR analysis indicated that SFP co-administered with low-dose acarbose administration distinctly activated the IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway compared with single acarbose treatment. Moreover, the co-administration also restrained liver fat accumulation via affecting the expression of HMGCR and SREBP-1c genes. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that SFP co-administered with low-dose acarbose significantly restored beneficial composition of gut flora in diabetic rats, such as the increase of Muribaculaceae , Lachnospiraceae , Bifidobacterium , Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Ruminococcus _1, Romboutsia , Eggerthellaceae , Alistipes and Faecalibaculum , and the decrease of Escherichia - Shigella. These results suggested that SFP, the novel natural adjuvant of acarbose, displayed the desirable benefits in minimizing the dose of drug, while improving the anti-diabetic efficiency. Unlabelled Image • SFP-ACAR typically mitigated diabetic symptoms and serum profiles. • SFP-ACAR showed better effects in controlling FBG, insulin, BUN and Cr levels. • SFP-ACAR distinctly restored beneficial composition of gut flora in diabetic rats. • SFP-ACAR improved IR by notably activating the IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of current work was to explore the potential anti-diabetic mechanisms of Hizikia fusifarme polysaccharide (HFP) in type 2 diabetic rats. The carbohydrate loading experiment illustrated that HFP supplement could reduce blood sugar fluctuations caused by eating through inhibiting the hydrolysis of starch in mice. The analysis of typically diabetic symptoms and serum profiles showed that oral administration of HFP could mitigate hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in rats. The 16s rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that HFP treatment could restore beneficial composition of gut flora in diabetic rats, and the correlation analysis revealed that the improvement of diabetes is closely related to the modification of gut flora by HFP intervention. Furthermore, the RT-qPCR and western blotting analysis clarified that HFP administration could increase glycogen storage in liver and skeletal muscle of diabetic rats through activating IRS/PI3K/AKT/GLUT signaling pathway and restrain gluconeogenesis via affecting the relative expression of Egr-1 and PEPCK genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three algal polysaccharides (APs) were acquired from Scagassum (SCP), Sargassum fusiforme (Harv.) Setch. (SFP) and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) Ag. (MAP) by hot water extraction, and their structural characterization and antidiabetic activity were investigated in high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The results revealed that there were obvious differences in extraction yield, molecular weight, compositions of monosaccharide and organic element, molecular morphology, rheological properties and the contents of total sugar, protein, uronic acid and sulfate of SCP, MAP and SFP. SFP had the highest extraction yield, the contents of total sugar and uronic acid and the smallest molecular weight. Congo red assay indicated that all polysaccharides had no triple-helix structure. Oral administration of APs prominently restrained loss of weight and increase of water intake (P <.05), and also significantly controlled the increase of levels of blood glucose, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in diabetic rats (P <0.05). Diabetic rats treated with SCP had the highest high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (P <.05), similar to those in normal group. MAP and SCP showed positive effect in improving the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of diabetic rats (P <.05). Meanwhile, the increased ALT and BUN contents caused by the liver and kidney damages were markedly ameliorated in the diabetic rats with APs intervention (P <.05). As a consequence, APs could be promising candidates as natural medicines and functional foods for the improvement of diabetes and its complications. • The molecular weight, compositions, rheological properties and molecular morphology of APs are different. • APs controlled prominently the levels of blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) Alanine transaminase (ALT) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in type 2 diabetic rats. • MAP and SCP showed positive effect in controlling the low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of type 2 diabetic rats. • Oral administration of SCP significantly increased the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in type 2 diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three algae polysaccharides (APs) extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum (ANP), Fucus vesiculosus (FVP) and Undaria Pinnatifida (USP) significantly differed in the zeta potential, water and oil holding capacity, monosaccharide composition, organic element composition, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and rheological properties. Antidiabetic effects of APs were compared by oral intervention at the dose of 400 mg/kg·body weight/day in high sugar and fat diets and streptozotocin injection induced type 2 diabetic rats. The analysis of body weight, water intake, fasting blood glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance, blood lipid indicators (including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and free fatty acid (FFA)), liver function indexes (involving alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and renal function profiles (comprising uric acid (UA) and urea nitrogen (BUN)) showed that APs possessed obvious antidiabetic activities, and FVP showed better effects in controlling the levels of FFA, AST, ALT, UA and BUN. Intervention of FVP reduced the total bile acid (TBA) level and elevated high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of diabetic rats. Histomorphological observation further demonstrated that APs, especially FVP, could attenuate liver and kidney damage caused by diabetes. This study concluded that the antidiabetic effects of ANP, FVP and USP were distinctly different, which might be attributed to their different chemical structures. Therefore, the structure-activity relationship and antidiabetic mechanism of APs will be our future research direction. Unlabelled Image • The compositions, zeta potentials, molecular weights, rheological properties and microstructure of APs are significantly different. • USP has stronger water and oil holding capacity than ANP and FVP. • APs could ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney damage of diabetic rats, and FVP shows better effects in controlling the levels of free fatty acid (FFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid (TBA) and uric acid (UA). • Intervention of APs could decrease the serum insulin level of diabetic rats. • FVP could significantly increase the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of diabetic rats. • USP could more significantly reverse weight loss of diabetic rats than ANP and FVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two polysaccharide fractions (SFPs, designated as respectively SFP-1 and SFP-2) were acquired from Sargassum fusiforme by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, and their physicochemical properties and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were investigated. Structural analysis indicated that SFPs were obvious different in the zeta potential, molecular weight distribution, characteristic organic group, microstructure and the contents of total sugar, uronic acid, sulfate and moisture. SFPs consisted of fucose, mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and glucuronic acid with different molar ratios. Congo red test explained that SFPs had no triple-helix structure. SFP-1 exhibited lower viscosity due to its lower molecular weight. Regarding to hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, oral administration of SFPs prominently restrained loss of body weight and increase of water intake, and also significantly controlled the increase of levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), uric acid (UA), urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of diabetic rats, and SFP-2 showed better effects in controlling fasting blood glucose, ALT, UA and BUN levels. Intervention of SFP-2 reduced the levels of insulin, FFA and TBA of diabetic rats. Histomorphological observation further demonstrated that SFPs could attenuate liver and kidney damage caused by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Data indicated that SFPs, especially SFP-2, significantly improved hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney function of diabetic rats. • The physicochemical properties of SFPs are quite different from others investigated Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides. • The compositions, zeta potentials, molecular weights, characteristic organic groups, rheological properties and microstructure of SFPs are obviously different. • SFPs could ameliorate hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and liver and kidney damage of diabetic rats, and SFP-2 shows better effects in controlling the levels fasting blood glucose, free fatty acid (FFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bile acid (TBA), uric acid (UA) and urea nitrogen (BUN). • Intervention of SFP-2 could reduce the serum insulin level of diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant and aphrodisiac properties of oyster meat (OM) and its hydrolysates by alcalase (OMA) were compared. The results showed that OMA displayed a higher antioxidant activity than OM with or without gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, the study reported that oral administration of OM or OMA could induce aphrodisiac activities and consequently enhance the sexual behavior in normal male mice, at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Additionally, OMA also exhibited better antioxidant activity in vivo than OM by improving the activities of the endogenous cellular antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the MDA levels, which may be helpful in improving the sexual function. These results indicated that oysters' could be a potential functional ingredient with antioxidant and aphrodisiac activities, and the activities could be improved by alcalase hydrolysis. Unlabelled Image • OMA displayed higher antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. • OMA could improve the sexual function of normal male mice more efficiently. • The antioxidant activity may contribute to the aphrodisiac property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]