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Abstract: A phytochemical investigation on the stems of Anodendron formicinum led to the isolation of eight prenylbenzoic acid derivatives. Three of these were new compounds, designated as formicinuosides A (1), B (2), and C (3). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with the reported spectroscopic data. This is the first report of chemical constituents from A. formicinum and their antimicrobial activities. Among the isolated compounds, compounds 4, 6 and 8 showed significant antibacterial activities against Providensia smartii with MIC values of 0.781μg/mL. Moreover, compound 8 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with MIC value of 0.781μg/mL. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel oligodeoxynuleotides containing 11 CpG motifs was synthesized and inserted into the VR1020 plasmid containing pig interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene (VPIL6) to construct recombinant plasmid, VPIL6C. The chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) were prepared by ionic cross linkage to entrap the VPIL6C (VPIL6C-CNP), VPIL6 (VPIL6-CNP) and CpG (CpG-CNP). 42-Day old female mice were divided into four groups and intramuscularly injected respectively with 6pmol VPIL6C-CNP, VPIL6-CNP, CpG-CNP and VR1020-CNP along with the bivalent vaccines against the Pasteurellosis and hog cholera. The blood was weekly collected from mice after vaccination to detect the changes of immunoglobulins, specific antibodies, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and immune cells. 28 days after vaccination, the mice were orally challenged with virulent Pasteurella multocida. The results showed that in comparison with those of the control VR1020 group, the content of immunoglobulins, specific antibodies and interleukins significantly increased in the sera from the treated two groups (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the number of lymphocytes and monocytes also remarkably elevated in the treated groups (P <0.05). The immune responses of VPIL6C mice were notably stronger than those of VPIL6 and CpG group. The challenge results proved that the overall immunity was further promoted in the treated mice which resisted the challenge infection; while the control mice manifested evident symptoms and lesions, and died of infection. These suggested that VPIL6C-CNP could better promote the immunity and resistance of mice against Pasteurellosis than VPIL6-CNP and CpG-CNP, and facilitate the development of effective adjuvant to enhance the immunity of animal against infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of a fusion gene of porcine IL-4 and IL-6 (PIL4/IL6) packaged with chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) in terms of the development of a novel effective adjuvant. The IL4/PIL6 fusion gene was constructed and inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector. The plasmid was bound to CNP and then utilized to orally inoculate 21-day-old female Kunming mice that simultaneously received intramuscular injection of inactivated Escherichia coli vaccine. At 35 days post-vaccination, the mice were challenged by oral feeding with virulent O139: K88 strain EPEC E. coli bacteria. Compared with those of control mice, the content of immunoglobulins and specific antibodies to E. coli increased significantly in the sera of mice immunized with VPIL4/IL6-CNP (P <0.05). Furthermore, the levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 increased remarkably in the sera of immunized mice (P <0.05). After challenge, these immunological markers were elevated to different degrees in the mice immunized with the fusion gene construct (IL4/VPIL6–CNP) or individual plasmids (VPIL4+VPIL6–CNP). The immunized mice all survived the challenge and did not show any symptoms or lesion, whereas the VR1020-CNP control mice manifested obvious clinical symptoms and hemorrhagic lesions in the digestive tracts. These results demonstrated that VPIL4/IL6 entrapped with CNP is a novel promising adjuvant to promote specific immunity and resistance of animals against infectious pathogen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]