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Our understanding of molecules has stagnated at a single quantum system, with atoms as Newtonian particles and electrons as quantum particles. Here, however, we reveal that both atoms and electrons in a molecule are quantum particles, and their quantum–quantum interactions create a previously unknown, newfangled molecular property—supracence. Molecular supracence is a phenomenon in which the molecule transfers its potential energy from quantum atoms to photo-excited electrons so that the emitted photon has more energy than that of the absorbed one. Importantly, experiments reveal such quantum energy exchanges are independent of temperature. When quantum fluctuation results in absorbing low-energy photons, yet still emitting high-energy photons, supracence occurs. This report, therefore, reveals novel principles governing molecular supracence via experiments that were rationalized by full quantum (FQ) theory. This advancement in understanding predicts the super-spectral resolution of supracence, and molecular imaging confirms such innovative forecasts using closely emitting rhodamine 123 and rhodamine B in living cell imaging of mitochondria and endosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast reconstruction is becoming increasingly recognized as a fundamental component in comprehensive breast cancer treatment. The primary goal for any reconstruction is to safely restore a natural appearing breast. When it comes to achieving the elements of size, shape, symmetry, and softness, the use of autologous tissue has many advantages. The approach to autologous breast reconstruction has changed substantially over the years as microsurgical free tissue transplants become more routine and accessible. While a variety of flap donor sites exist, careful flap selection based on surgical history and the availability of donor tissue is critical in achieving reliable results. This article reviews the clinical considerations in patient evaluation, donor site selection, and surgical approach taken at the Buncke Clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of complex upper extremity trauma can be overwhelming in its urgency and complexity. Having a systematic approach that maintains a clear set of priorities focused on hand and upper extremity function, operative efficiency, and long-term planning for future operations allows the reconstructive extremity surgeon to effectively treat these complex injuries. This article addressed these overall clinical considerations and details the approach taken at the Buncke Clinic including replantation and revascularization as well as osseous and soft tissue reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood smoke contains large quantities of carbonaceous aerosols known to increase climate forcing and be detrimental to human health. This paper reports the findings from our ambient sampling of fresh residential wood combustion (RWC) plumes in two heating seasons (2015–2016, 2016–2017) in Upstate New York. An Aethalometer (AE33) and a pDR-1500 were employed to monitor residential wood smoke plumes in Ithaca, NY through a hybrid mobile-stationary method. Fresh wood smoke plumes were captured and characterized at 13 different RWC sources in the city, all without significant influence from other combustion sources or atmospheric aging. Wood smoke absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) was estimated using both a one-component model, AAEWB, and a two-component model, AAEBrC (assuming AAEBC = 1.0). Consistent with the recent laboratory studies, our results show that AAEs were highly variable for residential wood smoke for the same source and across different sources, with AAEWB values ranging from 1.3 to 5.0 and AAEBrC values ranging from 2.2 to 7.4. This finding challenges the use of using a single AAE wood smoke value within the range of 1 to 2.5 for source apportionment studies. Furthermore, the PM2.5/BC ratio measured using optical instruments was demonstrated to be potentially useful to characterize burning conditions. Different wood smoke sources can be distinguished by their PM2.5/BC ratio, which range between 15 and 150. This shows promise as an in-situ, cost-effective, ambient sampling-based method to characterize wood burning conditions. Implications: There are two main implications from this paper. First, the large variability in wood smoke absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values revealed from our real-world, ambient sampling of residential wood combustion plumes indicated that it is not appropriate to use a single AAE wood smoke value for source apportionment studies. Second, the PM2.5/BC ratio has been shown to serve as a promising in-situ, cost-effective, ambient sampling-based indicator to characterize wood burning conditions. This has the potential to greatly reduce the costs of insitu wood smoke surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring multiple molecular probes simultaneously establishes their correlations and reveals the holistic mechanism. Current fluorescence imaging, however, is limited to about four colors because of typically circa 100‐nm spectral width. Herein, we show that molecular supracence imparts superior spectral resolution, resolving eight colors in 300‐nm width, about 37.5‐nm per color. A recently discovered light‐molecule interacting phenomenon, supracence only measures molecular emission above its excitation energy due to entanglement between atomic quantum system and electronic quantum system. As such, supracence takes advantage of sharp spectral edge of a single pathway and excitation specificity to produce narrow bands, whereas fluorescence has to deal with multiple pathways spilling out low‐energy long tail, that causes poor resolution. Thus, supracence enables myriad innovative molecular spectroscopy and microscopic imaging with profound impact broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring multiple molecular probes simultaneously establishes their correlations and reveals the holistic mechanism. Current fluorescence imaging, however, is limited to about four colors because of typically circa 100‐nm spectral width. Herein, we show that molecular supracence imparts superior spectral resolution, resolving eight colors in 300‐nm width, about 37.5‐nm per color. A recently discovered light‐molecule interacting phenomenon, supracence only measures molecular emission above its excitation energy due to entanglement between atomic quantum system and electronic quantum system. As such, supracence takes advantage of sharp spectral edge of a single pathway and excitation specificity to produce narrow bands, whereas fluorescence has to deal with multiple pathways spilling out low‐energy long tail, that causes poor resolution. Thus, supracence enables myriad innovative molecular spectroscopy and microscopic imaging with profound impact broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currently understood principles about light–molecule interactions are limited, and thus scientific scope beyond current theories is rarely harvested. Herein we demonstrate supracence phenomena, in which the emitted photons have more energy than the absorbed photons. The extra energy comes from couplings of the absorbed and emitted photon to molecular phonons, whose potentials are constantly exchanging with molecular quantum energy and the environment. Thus, supracence is a linear optical process rather than a nonlinear optical process, such as second harmonic generation. Because supracence results in cooled molecular phonons and thus cooled molecules, behavior opposite to that of hot fluorescing emitters is expected. This report reveals certain supracence principles while contrasting fluorescence with supracence in high‐resolution imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currently understood principles about light–molecule interactions are limited, and thus scientific scope beyond current theories is rarely harvested. Herein we demonstrate supracence phenomena, in which the emitted photons have more energy than the absorbed photons. The extra energy comes from couplings of the absorbed and emitted photon to molecular phonons, whose potentials are constantly exchanging with molecular quantum energy and the environment. Thus, supracence is a linear optical process rather than a nonlinear optical process, such as second harmonic generation. Because supracence results in cooled molecular phonons and thus cooled molecules, behavior opposite to that of hot fluorescing emitters is expected. This report reveals certain supracence principles while contrasting fluorescence with supracence in high‐resolution imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human cadaveric skin (allograft) is used in treating major burns both as temporizing wound coverage and a means of testing wound bed viability following burn excision. There is limited information on outcomes, and clinicians disagree on indications for application in intermediate-sized burns. This study aims to improve understanding of allograft use in 20-50% total body surface burns by assessing current utilization and evaluating inpatient outcomes.Methods: Discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality assessed 3557 major burn patients (>second degree depth and 20-50% TBSA) undergoing operative treatment. Outcomes were evaluated with propensity score matching. The primary outcome was mortality with secondary outcomes including complications, length of stay, total burn operations, and charges.Results: After matching, 771 allografted patients were paired with 1774 controls. Covariate mean standard differences were all <11% after matching. The average treatment effect (ATE) of allograft on inpatient mortality was an increase of 2.8% (95% CI 0.2-5.3%, p=0.041). Allograft ATEs were all significantly higher for secondary outcomes: composite complication index increased 0.13 (95% CI 0.07-0.20, p<0.001), length of stay 8.4days (95% CI 6.1-1.9 days, p<0.001), total burn operations 1.6 (95% CI 1.4-1.9, p<0.001), and total charges $139,476 [$100,716-178,236, p<0.001).Conclusions: Allograft use in major burns 20-50% TBSA was associated with a significant increase in inpatient mortality. There was a notable correlation with increased inpatient complications, longer length of stay, more burn operations, and greater total charges. Better studies are needed to justify the use of this costly and limited resource in the intermediate sized major burn population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Feeding tubes in burn patients are at high risk for becoming dislodged as traditional tape securement does not adhere well to sloughed skin, resulting in nutrition delivery disruption and placing patients at increased risk for iatrogenic injury upon reinsertion. Methods Seventy-four patients admitted to our regional burn center requiring nasoenteric nutritional support were prospectively followed. Fourty-one patients received a nasal bridle while thirty-three received traditional tape and elastic dressings. Primary outcomes centered on measuring clinical efficacy of the nasal bridle system. Results Conventional tape-secured feeding tubes were dislodged more frequently (0.9 ± 0.2 times per 10 feeding days vs. 0.2 ± 0.1 times per 10 feeding days; p = 0.005). Nasal bridle secured tubes showed significantly longer functional life on Kaplan Meier analysis (hazard ratio 0.35; p = 0.01). Fewer abdominal x-ray studies were performed to confirm tube placement in nasal bridle patients (1.48 ± 0.13 for nasal bridle vs. 2.21 ± 0.21 for conventional tape-secured; p = 0.003). Overall, patients with bridle securement had fewer hours of missed enteric feeds (2.51 ± 0.95 hours vs. 6.72 ± 2.07 hours; p = 0.05). Importantly, utilization of a nasal bridle decreased overall estimated costs for enteric feeding management ($1,379.72 ± 120.70 vs. $1,107.66 ± 63.95; p = 0.05). Conclusions Utilization of a nasal bridle system provides a reliable method for securement of nasoenteric feeding tubes with clinical benefits in the burn patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role and the efficiency of nonconvex loss functions for binary classification problems. In particular, we investigate how to design adaptive and effective boosting algorithms that are robust to the presence of outliers in the data or to the presence of errors in the observed data labels. We demonstrate that nonconvex losses play an important role for prediction accuracy because of the diminishing gradient properties—the ability of the losses to efficiently adapt to the outlying data. We propose a new boosting framework called ArchBoost that uses diminishing gradient property directly and leads to boosting algorithms that are provably robust. Along with the ArchBoost framework, a family of nonconvex losses is proposed, which leads to the new robust boosting algorithms, named adaptive robust boosting (ARB). Furthermore, we develop a new breakdown point analysis and a new influence function analysis that demonstrate gains in robustness. Moreover, based only on local curvatures, we establish statistical and optimization properties of the proposed ArchBoost algorithms with highly nonconvex losses. Extensive numerical and real data examples illustrate theoretical properties and reveal advantages over the existing boosting methods when data are perturbed by an adversary or otherwise. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembled micrometer-scale vesicles composed of lamellar phase forming amphiphiles are useful as chemical microreactors, as minimal artificial cells, as protocell mimics for studies of the origins of life, and as vehicles for the targeted delivery of drugs. Given their varied uses, discovery of a universal mechanism that is simple, rapid, and that produces vesicles from a large variety of amphiphiles with different chemical and physical properties at high yield is extremely desirable. Here we show that cellulose, in the form of cellulose paper, facilitates the assembly of membranous vesicles 5-20 µm in diameter from scientifically and technologically important amphiphiles of diverse chemical structures and functionality such as fatty acids (fatty acid vesicles), amphiphilic diblock copolymers, and amphiphilic triblock copolymers (polymersomes). Assembly of vesicles occurred within 90 min of placing the amphiphile-coated cellulose paper into aqueous solutions. Varying thermal and chemical conditions, however, are required for the high-yield assembly of vesicles from the different amphiphiles. The vesicles, when attached to cellulose fibers, have membranes that remain unsealed. This topological characteristic of the vesicles grown on paper allowed the scalable separation of the process of growth from the process of loading cargo (temporally decoupled growth and loading). We demonstrate a temporally decoupled process to rapidly produce large quantities of protein-loaded polymersomes on the benchtop by using high temperatures to accelerate the growth of the polymersomes and subsequently milder temperatures during diffusive loading of the protein cargo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case: A 15-month-old boy who was being followed for developmental dysplasia of the hip because of breech presentation was discovered to have a solitary infantile myofibroma in the left femoral neck. The patient was avoiding weight-bearing on the affected extremity; thus, stabilization of the femoral neck was performed using a proximal femur locking plate. Postoperatively, he achieved all gross motor developmental milestones. Conclusion: This report is the first to describe a solitary infantile myofibroma in the femoral neck and demonstrates the utility of operative stabilization of these lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Left-sided lesions (LSLs) account for an important fraction of severe congenital cardiovascular malformations (CVMs). The genetic contributions to LSLs are complex, and the mutations that cause these malformations span several diverse biological signaling pathways: TGFB, NOTCH, SHH, and more. Here, we use whole exome sequence data generated in 342 LSL cases to identify likely damaging variants in putative candidate CVM genes. Methods: Using a series of bioinformatics filters, we focused on genes harboring population-rare, putative loss-offunction (LOF), and predicted damaging variants in 1760 CVM candidate genes constructed a priori from the literature and model organism databases. Gene variants that were not observed in a comparably sequenced control dataset of 5492 samples without severe CVM were then subjected to targeted validation in cases and parents. Whole exome sequencing data from 4593 individuals referred for clinical sequencing were used to bolster evidence for the role of candidate genes in CVMs and LSLs. Results: Our analyses revealed 28 candidate variants in 27 genes, including 17 genes not previously associated with a human CVM disorder, and revealed diverse patterns of inheritance among LOF carriers, including 9 confirmed de novo variants in both novel and newly described human CVM candidate genes (ACVR1, JARID2, NR2F2, PLRG1, SMURF1) as well as established syndromic CVM genes (KMT2D, NF1, TBX20, ZEB2). We also identified two genes (DNAH5, OFD1) with evidence of recessive and hemizygous inheritance patterns, respectively. Within our clinical cohort, we also observed heterozygous LOF variants in JARID2 and SMAD1 in individuals with cardiac phenotypes, and collectively, carriers of LOF variants in our candidate genes had a four times higher odds of having CVM (odds ratio = 4.0, 95% confidence interval 2.5-6.5). Conclusions: Our analytical strategy highlights the utility of bioinformatic resources, including human disease records and model organism phenotyping, in novel gene discovery for rare human disease. The results underscore the extensive genetic heterogeneity underlying non-syndromic LSLs, and posit potential novel candidate genes and complex modes of inheritance in this important group of birth defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study sought to examine trends in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and in-hospital patient outcomes on a national level by utilizing national administrative data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Methods and materials: Using the NIS database, all discharges where patients underwent inpatient SRS were included in our study from 1998-2011 as designated by the ICD9-CM procedural codes. Trends in the utilization of primary and adjuvant SRS, in-hospital complications and mortality and resource utilization were identified and analyzed. Results: Our study included over 11,000 hospital discharges following admission for primary SRS or for adjuvant SRS following admission for surgery or other indication. The most popular indication for SRS continues to be treatment of intracranial metastatic disease (36.7%), but expansion to primary CNS lesions and other non-malignant pathology beyond trigeminal neuralgia has occurred over the past decade. Second, inpatient admissions for primary SRS have declined by 65.9% over this same period of time. Finally, as inpatient admissions for SRS become less frequent, the complexity and severity of illness seen in admitted patients has increased over time with an increase in the average comorbidity score from 1.25 in the year 2002 to 2.29 in 2011 and an increase in over-all in-hospital complication rate of 2.8 times over the entire study period. Conclusions: As the practice of SRS continues to evolve, we have seen several trends in associated hospital admissions. Overall, the number of inpatient admissions for primary SRS has declined while adjuvant applications have remained stable. Over the same period, there has been associated increase in complication rate, length of stay and mortality in inpatients. These associations may be explained by an increase in the comorbidity-load of admitted patients as more high-risk patients are selected for admission at inpatient centers while more stable patients are increasingly being referred to outpatient centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate incidence and evaluate demographic risk factors and visual acuity (VA) outcomes of open-globe injuries requiring surgical repair in the IRIS® Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight). Retrospective cohort study. Patients with open-globe injury repairs (OGRs) were identified by Current Procedural Terminology codes (65275, 65280, 65285, 65286, 65235, 65260, and 65265) from 2014 through 2018 in the IRIS Registry. Logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, United States region, concurrent and subsequent surgeries, and baseline VA. Outcomes included annual and 5-year incidence rates per 100 000 people and factors associated with OGR, VA better than 20/40, and VA of 20/200 or worse at final follow-up (3–12 months after OGR). Thirteen thousand seven hundred sixty-six OGRs were identified; 5-year cumulative incidence was 28.0 per 100 000 patients. Open-globe repair was associated with age 21 to 40 years compared with younger than 21 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–1.7]), male sex (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.7–2.9), Black versus White race (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2–1.4), Hispanic versus non-Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.6–1.8), and South (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3–1.5) and West (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2–1.4) versus Midwest regions and associated inversely with Asian versus White race (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.6–0.7). Visual acuity outcomes, analyzed in a subset of 2966 patients with VA data available, showed vision impairment (VA < 20/40) at final follow-up was associated with VA of 20/200 or worse at presentation (20/200 better than 20/40; OR, 11.1; 95% CI, 8.0–15.7), older age (e.g., > 80 years vs. < 21 years; OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 3.2–10.7), and Black versus White race (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.6). Risk factors were similar for VA of 20/200 or worse after OGR. Among the 1063 patients undergoing OGR with VA of 20/200 or worse at presentation, VA did not improve to better than 20/200 at follow-up in 35% of patients (1063/2996). Our findings bring to light racial disparities in risk of OGR and poor visual outcomes that warrant further exploration. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure the rotation of a sunspot in solar active region NOAA 11158 (Solar Target Identifier SOL2011-02-15) that was associated with an M-class flare. The flare occurred when the rotation rate of the sunspot reached its maximum. We also calculate the energy in the corona produced by the sunspot rotation. The energy accumulated in the corona before the flare reached $5.5\times10 ^{32}~\mbox{erg}$, which is sufficient to meet the energy requirements for a moderately strong solar eruption. This suggests that sunspot rotation, which is often observed in solar active regions, is an effective mechanism for building up magnetic energy in the corona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have revealed a role for zinc in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Randomized placebo-controlled zinc supplementation trials have demonstrated improved glycemic traits in patients with type II diabetes (T2D). Moreover, rare loss-of-function variants in the zinc efflux transporter SLC30A8 reduce T2D risk. Despite this accumulated evidence, a mechanistic understanding of how zinc influences systemic glucose homeostasis and consequently T2D risk remains unclear. To further explore the relationship between zinc and metabolic traits, we searched the exome database of the Regeneron Genetics Center-Geisinger Health System DiscovEHR cohort for genes that regulate zinc levels and associate with changes in metabolic traits. We then explored our main finding using in vitro and in vivo models. We identified rare loss-of-function (LOF) variants (MAF <1%) in Solute Carrier Family 39, Member 5 (SLC39A5) associated with increased circulating zinc (p=4.9 × 10-4). Trans-ancestry meta-analysis across four studies exhibited a nominal association of SLC39A5 LOF variants with decreased T2D risk. To explore the mechanisms underlying these associations, we generated mice lacking Slc39a5. Slc39a5-/- mice display improved liver function and reduced hyperglycemia when challenged with congenital or diet-induced obesity. These improvements result from elevated hepatic zinc levels and concomitant activation of hepatic AMPK and AKT signaling, in part due to zinc-mediated inhibition of hepatic protein phosphatase activity. Furthermore, under conditions of diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), Slc39a5-/- mice display significantly attenuated fibrosis and inflammation. Taken together, these results suggest SLC39A5 as a potential therapeutic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) due to metabolic derangements including T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R4022 --> 900.5 --> Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) experience extreme fluctuations in blood oxygen levels during repeated bouts of deep diving. Such fluctuations characterize human cardiovascular pathologies including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, though seals do not incur vascular injury during the repetitive hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles associated with diving. Marine mammals diving at sea remain inaccessible for most real‐time in vivo biochemical investigations, thus we developed a proliferative arterial endothelial cell culture system from expelled placentae from elephant seals and humans to assess the molecular and biochemical response to oxidative stress. Seal endothelial cells generate oxidants when pharmacologically stimulated but remain protected against lipid peroxidation when treated with tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BOOH, 300 uM), while human cells exposed to the same conditions display a doubling in lipid peroxidation levels (p=0.0002). Seal endothelial cells maintain viability at moderate (100 uM) doses of t‐BOOH while human cells display significantly reduced viability at the same dose. Interestingly, protein expression of the only two enzymes capable of repairing lipid peroxidation – glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) and peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) – decreases in both seal and human endothelial cells after t‐BOOH treatment (Human: Gpx4 17% decrease, p=0.08; Prdx6 37% decrease, p=0.007; Seal: Gpx4 53% decrease, p=0.036; Prdx6 35% decrease, p=0.007). Additionally, seal endothelial cells display lower baseline glutathione peroxidase activity than human cells (p<0.0001) and activity in human (p=0.0002) but not seal cells declines after t‐BOOH treatment. Seal endothelial cells exposed to 1% O2 for up to 6 h upregulate expression of genes in the KEGG glutathione metabolism pathway within 30 minutes of hypoxia onset, while expression of these genes returns to baseline levels beyond 1 h in hypoxia. Among those genes contributing to the overrepresentation of the glutathione pathway are several glutathione S‐transferases (GSTM3, GSTK1, GSTO1, MGST2), suggesting that glutathione S‐transferases may limit oxidative damage in seal endothelial cells during hypoxia/reoxygenation bouts. That this upregulation occurs absent the reintroduction of oxygen into the system may suggest that the seal glutathione system is "primed" for rapid response to protect against oxidative injury during the repeated hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles associated with diving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its ultrasensitivity, fluorescence offers a noninvasive means to investigate biomolecular mechanisms, pathways, and regulations in living cells, tissues, and animals. However, real-world applications of fluorescence technologies encounter many practical challenges. For example, the intrinsic heterogeneity of biological samples always generates optical interferences. High background such as autofluorescence can often obscure the desired signals. Finally, the wave properties of light limit the spatial resolution of optical microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about problems of people residing on rent in the U.S. in relation to expression of freedom of speech. It discusses U.S. Supreme Court's Judgment in case that has been challenged under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution including City of Ladue v. Gilleo, wherein residential signs have been considered crucial and distinct medium of expression. It further mentions that City of Ladue has laws for the protection of free speech for homeowners only but nothing has been specified for renters.

The article offers information on an inexpensive and new alcohol concoction that has been considered dangerous for health by doctors and is marketed as "Caffeinated Beer Beverage" by manufacturers. It describes CBB as colorful, fruity smell but has potential harmful health risks suggesting that infusion of caffeine leads to increased risks of alcohol related consequences. It discusses several regulatory bodies like the U.S. Treasury Department's Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Bureau (TTB) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that checks the quality and unlawful practices, and several acts such as the Federal Alcohol Administration Act and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act for regulating food safety.

What normative principles animate our laws on the conferral of citizenship? The present literature is divided between two competing ideas: the Consent Principle, which holds that citizenship stems from the mutual consent of the prospective citizen and the existing polity; and the Responsiveness Principle, which holds that citizenship is extended by the government in fulfillment of its duty to be responsive to the governed. In this Note, I argue that the Consent Principle is best understood as a background political theory and the Responsiveness Principle as an interpretive theory of law, and that thus understood, these principles are functionally complimentary rather than competitive. I then contribute a third idea called the Allegiance Proviso. The Allegiance Proviso says that, notwithstanding any affirmative obligations to the contrary, a government may withhold citizenship if it reasonably believes that a prospective citizen will not undertake the duties of citizenship--obedience to the laws and assistance in the common defense--in good faith. Taken together, the Consent Principle, Responsiveness Principle, and Allegiance Proviso form a coherent theory that fits our intuitions and illuminates the hard issues of citizenship today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single probe has limited brightness in time-domain imaging and such limitation frequently renders individual molecules undetectable in the presence of interference or complex cellular structures. However, a single photoswitchable probe produces a signal, which can be separated from interference or noise using photoswitching-enabled Fourier transformation (PFT). As a result, the light-modulated probes can be made super bright in the frequency domain simply by acquiring more cycles in the time domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel interconnected cylindrical micellar network was prepared from a diblock copolymer, poly(maleic anhydride-alt-styrene)-b-polystyrene, in ethanol under a self-assembly directing agent: Zn2+ ions. The solution containing interconnected cylindrical network is bluish and transparent, which is stable for more than 6 months at room conditions without any observable macroscopic phase separation. In aqueous solution, however, hydrolysis of the anhydride yields hydrophilic carboxyl groups, which result in formation of uniform positive spherical micelles from the same diblock polymer. The nanostructures of both the spherical micelles and cylindrical assemblies are characterized with light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Using layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, we have deposited multilayers of poly(diallydimethylammonium) (PDDA) and nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. To determine how self-assembled multilayers affect charge transfer properties of conductive ITO surface, Kelvin probe and surface photovoltage measurements have been carried out. The results showed an oscillation of the surface potential as the top layer was alternated between PDDA and NiPc. The changes in surface potential of ITO induced by the growth of PDDA or NiPc monolayers are attributed to the modulation in electron affinity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Low-grade glioma (LGG) is a malignancy of the central nervous system that is often treatable with surgical resection and chemoradiation. However, despite an initial positive response to standard therapy, most LGG eventually progress to high-grade gliomas which are nearly uniformly fatal. There is a pressing need for more clinical trials and greater clinical trial accessibility to improve the standard of care of LGG to delay or prevent its progression. In this study, we systematically examined the scope and inclusion of clinical trials for LGG based in the United States. This cross-sectional study analyzes trends in trial design and reported demographic data from completed LGG trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between 2010 to 2023. Inclusion criteria, investigational therapies, primary outcomes, and preliminary results were compared and summarized. A total of 14 trials with 1067 participants were included in the study. Most of the trials were not exclusive to LGGs and 14% had mutation-specific inclusion criteria. To date, two of the trials have led to new FDA-approved treatments. All trials reported age and sex, while only 57% reported race and 43% reported ethnicity. Individuals identifying as Black or African American and Asian or Pacific Islander were statistically underrepresented. Lastly, we investigated the geographic distributions of trial sites across the United States, which demonstrated several coverage gaps in the Rocky Mountain and Southeast regions. These findings suggest specific areas for improvement in LGG clinical trial reporting and accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typical human exome harbors dozens of loss-of-function (LOF) variants, which can lower disease risk factor levels and affect drug efficacy. We hypothesized that LOF variants are enriched in genes influencing risk factor levels and the onset of common chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced the exomes of 8,554 individuals and analyzed the effects of predicted LOF variants on 20 chronic disease risk factor phenotypes. Analysis of this sample as discovery and replication strata of equal size verified two relationships in well-studied genes (PCSK9 and APOC3) and identified eight new loci. Previously unknown relationships included elevated fasting glucose in carriers of heterozygous LOF variation in TXNDC5, which encodes a biomarker for type 1 diabetes progression, and apparent recessive effects of C1QTNF8 on serum magnesium levels. These data demonstrate the utility of functional-variant annotation within a large sample of deeply phenotyped individuals for gene discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R1577 --> Marine mammals experience acute fluctuations in blood flow and oxygen content while diving. In humans and other non‐diving species, fluctuations of similar magnitude (e.g., during ischemia/reperfusion events) increase reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative damage. Endothelial cells are particularly susceptible to reperfusion injury, which is associated with vascular pathologies including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Marine mammals, however, are protected against reperfusion injuries, though the precise cellular mechanisms driving this protection remain unclear. To study this phenomenon, we isolated placental arterial endothelial cells from humans and northern elephant seals. Elephant seals are elite divers with extreme hypoxemic tolerance. Seal and human endothelial cells express canonical endothelial cell markers (PECAM‐1, VE‐cadherin) and respire under basal culture conditions. Seal endothelial cells have lower proton leak and higher respiratory capacity than human cells and respond to pharmacological stimulation of NADPH oxidase. Hypoxia/reoxygenation or treatment with menadione increases oxidant generation in human cells by 5‐fold (p=0.027) but not in seal cells (2.5‐fold, p=0.18). Similarly, lipid peroxidation increases 2‐fold in human (p=0.0002) but not seal (p=0.19) cells treated with organic peroxides, despite lower protein abundance of the phospholipid hydroperoxidases peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) in seal cells. These results demonstrate that seal cells possess an intrinsic capacity to cope with oxidants. Moreover, these results highlight the translational potential of identifying the mechanisms driving seals' natural tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using photo-actuated unimolecular logical switching attained reconstruction (PULSAR) nanoscopy, the structures of photoswitchable polymeric nanoparticles self-assembled on the surfaces of CaCl2crystals at the nanoscale were revealed; the photoswitching events and the locations of the photoswitchable fluorescent dyes inside the hydrophobic cores of the core–shell type polymeric nanoparticles were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neuropathology of hippocampal seizure foci in human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and several animal models of epilepsy reveal extensive neuronal loss along with astrocyte and microglial activation. Studies of these models have advanced hypotheses that propose both pathological changes are essential for seizure generation. However, some seizure foci in human TLE show an extreme loss of neurons in all hippocampal fields, giving weight to hypotheses that favor neuroglia as major players. The epileptic (EL) mouse is a seizure model in which there is no observable neuron loss but associated proliferation of microglia and astrocytes and provides a good model to study the role of activated neuroglia in the presence of an apparently normal population of neurons. While many studies have been carried out on the EL mouse, there is a paucity of studies on the molecular changes in the EL mouse hippocampus, which may provide insight on the role of neuroglia in epileptogenesis. In this paper we have applied high throughput gene expression analysis to identify the molecular changes in the hippocampus that may explain the pathological processes. We have observed several classes of genes whose expression levels are changed. It is hypothesized that the upregulation of heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP72, FOSL2 (HSP40), and their molecular chaperones BAG3 and DNAJB5 along with the down regulated gene MALAT1 may contribute to the neuroprotection observed. The increased expression of BDNF along with immediate early gene expression (FosB, JunB, ERG4, NR4A1, NR4A2, FBXO3) and the down regulation of GABRD, DBP and MALAT1 it is hypothesized may contribute to the hyperexcitability of the hippocampal neurons in this model. Activated astrocytes and microglia may also contribute to excitability pathomechanisms. Activated astrocytes in the ELS mouse are deficient in glutamine synthetase and thus reduce the clearance of extracellular glutamate. Activated microglia which may be associated with C1Q and MHC class I molecules we propose may mediate a process of selective removal of defective GABAergic synapses through a process akin to trogocytosis that may reduce neuronal inhibition and favor hyperexcitability. • The hippocampus is a critical locus of seizure initiation in temporal lobe epilepsy. • Neural and neuroglial changes are seen in most epileptogenic seizure foci. • The Epileptic (EL) mouse uniquely has no neuronal loss but neuroglial proliferation. • Molecular changes in glia and neurons underlie hyperexcitability with neuroprotection. • Immediate early genes, heat shock proteins and complement pathways are involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Feeding tubes in burn patients are at high risk for becoming dislodged as traditional tape securement does not adhere well to sloughed skin, resulting in nutrition delivery disruption and placing patients at increased risk for iatrogenic injury upon reinsertion.Methods: Seventy-four patients admitted to our regional burn center requiring nasoenteric nutritional support were prospectively followed. Fourty-one patients received a nasal bridle while thirty-three received traditional tape and elastic dressings. Primary outcomes centered on measuring clinical efficacy of the nasal bridle system.Results: Conventional tape-secured feeding tubes were dislodged more frequently (0.9±0.2 times per 10 feeding days vs. 0.2±0.1 times per 10 feeding days; p=0.005). Nasal bridle secured tubes showed significantly longer functional life on Kaplan Meier analysis (hazard ratio 0.35; p=0.01). Fewer abdominal x-ray studies were performed to confirm tube placement in nasal bridle patients (1.48±0.13 for nasal bridle vs. 2.21±0.21 for conventional tape-secured; p=0.003). Overall, patients with bridle securement had fewer hours of missed enteric feeds (2.51±0.95hours vs. 6.72±2.07hours; p=0.05). Importantly, utilization of a nasal bridle decreased overall estimated costs for enteric feeding management ($1,379.72±120.70 vs. $1,107.66±63.95; p=0.05).Conclusions: Utilization of a nasal bridle system provides a reliable method for securement of nasoenteric feeding tubes with clinical benefits in the burn patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential remote sensing has been popularly used in voltage regulator (VR) design for many years to ensure a high regulation accuracy requirement for processor supply voltage. One new remote sensing method by using normal VR controller is proposed in this paper to achieve similar high regulation accuracy as that by using true differential remote sensing method for output voltage. Working principles of the proposed method are analyzed in detail for normal VR controller with individual ground and combined ground, respectively. Advantages, design considerations, and application constraints for it are analyzed in detail as well. Finally, test is conducted for normal VR controllers with individual ground and combined ground to verify its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique perylene diastereomeric linear and cyclic dimers were synthesized from twisted perylene monomers, revealing that π-stacking stereoisomerism imparted specific intermolecular self-assembly and intramolecular folding. Only the homochiral twisted tetrachloroperylene monomers cyclized via a cooperative reaction, forming the homochiral diastereomers. The heterochiral tetrachloroperylene monomers proceeded through a stepwise reaction and yielded a linear heterochiral dimer, which equilibrated with the linear homochiral dimers. The linear homochiral dimers cyclized to produce the same cyclic homochiral diastereomers. These results demonstrated that homochiral and heterochiral self-assemblies were two distinct molecular codes, directing two specific chemical pathways. The homochiral cyclic dimers remain isomerically pure at -20 °C but can be interconverted to the heterochiral cyclic dimer meso compound at room temperature. The diastereomers were readily separated by HPLC. While driven by solvophobic forces, foldable linear dimers synthesized from the same twisted monomers using phosphoramidite chemistry folded into homodimer and heterodimer, confirming the inherent molecular codes, which were dictated by the perylene chirality, ultimately gauged the weak π-stack forces, and directed self-assembly and folding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory illness that can result in hospitalization or death. We used exome sequence data to investigate associations between rare genetic variants and seven COVID-19 outcomes in 586,157 individuals, including 20,952 with COVID-19. After accounting for multiple testing, we did not identify any clear associations with rare variants either exome wide or when specifically focusing on (1) 13 interferon pathway genes in which rare deleterious variants have been reported in individuals with severe COVID-19, (2) 281 genes located in susceptibility loci identified by the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, or (3) 32 additional genes of immunologic relevance and/or therapeutic potential. Our analyses indicate there are no significant associations with rare protein-coding variants with detectable effect sizes at our current sample sizes. Analyses will be updated as additional data become available, and results are publicly available through the Regeneron Genetics Center COVID-19 Results Browser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based whole transcriptome analysis (WTA) using ever-evolving next-generation sequencing technologies has become a primary tool for coding and/or noncoding transcriptome profiling. As WTA requires RNA-seq data for both coding and noncoding RNAs, one key step for obtaining high-quality RNA-seq data is to remove ribosomal RNAs, which can be accomplished by using various commercial kits. Nonetheless, an ideal rRNA removal method should be efficient, user-friendly and cost-effective so it can be adapted for homemade RNA-seq library construction. Here, we developed a novel reverse transcriptase-mediated ribosomal RNA depletion (RTR2D) method. We demonstrated that RTR2D was simple and efficient, and depleted human or mouse rRNAs with high specificity without affecting coding and noncoding transcripts. RNA-seq data analysis indicated that RTR2D yielded highly correlative transcriptome landscape with that of NEBNext rRNA Depletion Kit at both mRNA and lncRNA levels. In a proof-of-principle study, we found that RNA-seq dataset from RTR2D-depleted rRNA samples identified more differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs regulated by Nutlin3A in human osteosarcoma cells than that from NEBNext rRNA Depletion samples, suggesting that RTR2D may have lower off-target depletion of non-rRNA transcripts. Collectively, our results have demonstrated that the RTR2D methodology should be a valuable tool for rRNA depletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric fluorescent nanoparticles with covalently embedded perylene fluorophores were developed by facile synthesis strategy and their advanced features of extremely high fluorescence intensity, non-photoblinking and excellent photostability were experimentally confirmed at the single nanoparticle level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folding–unfolding imparts fluorescence dual color switching, thus a novel concept to switch fluorescence between two distinct colors while avoiding traditional bond rupturing and bond forming in photoswitching. Because folding and unfolding minimize the wear and tear on molecular structures, the new systems have excellent reversibility and fatigue resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular Modulation Spectroscopy reveals details of pure spectra of interest in interfering systems directly without time-consuming chemical separation and purification. [Display omitted] • Traditionally, absorption or emission spectroscopy cannot identify or quantify a molecule, but the reported 2D Molecular Modulation Spectroscopy overcomes these barriers and can characterize the target molecule in presence of absorbing or emitting interferences. • Absorption and emission bands are broad and multiple compounds usually cannot be resolved because of their strong overlap. Molecular Modulation 2D Spectroscopy breakthroughs this limitation, molecules, which cannot be resolved spectrally, are clearly resolved in the Modulation Frequency as sharp peaks. • Fluorescence tags are ubiquitously used for labelling and imaging and analyses. The reported modulatable tags (two reported) here have the potential to become novel tags, just like fluorescence tag; their presence in the sample can be unambiguously confirmed using their modulation frequencies. To accurately analyze strongly interfering species in a system, current analytical methodologies separate and purify each chemical species before individual characterization. Herein, we introduce a new concept to analyze individual molecules in interfering systems, provided the target molecules offer orthogonal modulation by external stimuli. Using optical and thermal modulation simultaneously, we demonstrated that two interfering molecules, one photoswitching while the other thermal switching, could be accurately identified in a mixture because they underwent orthogonal chemical reactions when stimulated by both light and heat. The broad impact of the newly developed molecular modulation spectroscopy (MMS) is significant because molecular species in interfering systems can be analyzed directly in situ and in detail without time-consuming chemical separation and purification. Conversely, such stimuli-induced switching molecules can function as molecular sensors, gauging the presence and magnitude of that specific external stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pair of reversible photochemical reactions correlates their reactant and product specifically, and such a correlation uniquely distinguishes their correlated signal from others that are not linked by this reversible reaction. Here a nanoparticle-shielded fluorophore is photodriven to undergo structural dynamics, alternating between a green-fluorescence state and a red-fluorescence state. As time elapses, the fluorophore can be in either state but not both at the same time. Thus, the red fluorescence is maximized while the green fluorescence is minimized and vice versa. Such an antiphase dual-color (AD) corelationship between the red and green fluorescence maxima as well as between their minima can be exploited to greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio, thus enhancing the ultimate detection limit. Potential benefits of this correlation include elimination of all interferences originating from single-color dyes and signal amplification of AD photoswitching molecules by orders of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the unusual colorful single molecule spectral dynamics during the folding and unfolding of chromophic foldamers. A 488-nanometer line of an argon ion laser and the perylene monomer was used to examine and found that single chromophore spectral fluctuation has occurred due to both conformational and environmental changes. It also stresses the importance of folded biolpoymers such as proteins in the generation of an array of novel biological functions.

Inthis report, we integrated a photoswitchable quencher, a highlyemissive yet pH sensitive fluorophore, and a water-soluble polymerwith controlled hydrophilicity into a functional nanosystem. The photoswitchingquencher is based on dithienylethene (DTE) unit, while the pH-sensitiveemitter is naphthalimide (NI) unit and the water-soluble polymer isobtained from polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide(NIPAM). Together, these three units create a novel super-resolutionlysosome highlighter, although individually none can function as alysotracker. Because the emitter is sensitive to pH, the resultingpolymer becomes highly fluorescent in acidic lysosomes. In addition,photoswitching regulates the fluorescence on and off and thus enablessuper-resolution localization of fluorescent polymers with sub-40nm spatial resolution in imaging subcellular organelles. Thus, theconcept presented here, including the photoswitchable DTE-pH-sensitiveNI dyad, is promising to guide the development of future-generationsuper-resolution imaging agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoswitching of bis(dithiazole)ethene can be regulated by Hg(II) ions and EDTA in a "lock-and-unlock" manner. The molecular photoswitch provides an enzyme-like binding pocket that selectively binds specifically to mercury ions, thus modulating the degree of photoswitching in its presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective propensity score-matched analysis on a national database (MarketScan) between 2006 and 2010. OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of neurological deficits after elective single-level spinal procedures with and without intraoperative neuromonitoring, as well as associated payment differences and geographic variance. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is a technique that may contribute to avoiding permanent neurological injury during some spine surgery procedures. However, it is unclear whether all patients undergoing spine surgery benefit from neuromonitoring. METHODS: An identified 85,640 patients underwent single-level spinal procedures including anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), lumbar fusion, lumbar laminectomy, or lumbar discectomy. Neuromonitoring was identified with appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Cohorts were balanced on baseline comorbidities and procedure characteristics using propensity score matching. Trauma and spinal tumors cases were excluded. RESULTS: Patients (12.66%) received neuromonitoring intraoperatively. Lumbar laminectomies had reduced 30-day neurological complication rate with neuromonitoring (0.0% vs. 1.18%, P = 0.002). Neuromonitoring did not correlate with reduced intraoperative neurological complications in ACDFs (0.09% vs. 0.13%), lumbar fusions (0.32% vs. 0.58%), or lumbar discectomy (1.24% vs. 0.91%). With the addition of neuromonitoring, payments for ACDFs increased 16.24% ($3842), lumbar fusions 7.84% ($3540), lumbar laminectomies 24.33% ($3704), and lumbar discectomies 22.54% ($2859). Significant geographic variation was evident. Some states had no recorded single-level spinal cases with concurrent neuromonitoring. Rates for ACDFs and lumbar fusions, laminectomies, and discectomies ranged as high as 61%, 58%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSION: With intraoperative neurological monitoring in single-level procedures, neurological complications were decreased only among lumbar laminectomies. No difference was observed in ACDFs, lumbar fusions, or lumbar discectomies. There was a significant increase in total payments associated with the index procedure and hospitalization. We demonstrate significant geographic variation in neuromonitoring. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design. Retrospective propensity score-matched analysis on a national database (MarketScan) between 2006 and 2010. Objective. To compare rates of neurological deficits after elective single-level spinal procedures with and without intraoperative neuromonitoring, as well as associated payment differences and geographic variance. Summary of Background Data. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is a technique that may contribute to avoiding permanent neurological injury during some spine surgery procedures. However, it is unclear whether all patients undergoing spine surgery benefit from neuromonitoring. Methods. An identified 85,640 patients underwent single-level spinal procedures including anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), lumbar fusion, lumbar laminectomy, or lumbar discectomy. Neuromonitoring was identified with appropriate Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Cohorts were balanced on baseline comorbidities and procedure characteristics using propensity score matching. Trauma and spinal tumors cases were excluded. Results. Patients (12.66%) received neuromonitoring intraoperatively. Lumbar laminectomies had reduced 30-day neurological complication rate with neuromonitoring (0.0% vs. 1.18%, P = 0.002). Neuromonitoring did not correlate with reduced intraoperative neurological complications in ACDFs (0.09% vs. 0.13%), lumbar fusions (0.32% vs. 0.58%), or lumbar discectomy (1.24% vs. 0.91%). With the addition of neuromonitoring, payments for ACDFs increased 16.24% ($3842), lumbar fusions 7.84% ($3540), lumbar laminectomies 24.33% ($3704), and lumbar discectomies 22.54% ($2859). Significant geographic variation was evident. Some states had no recorded single-level spinal cases with concurrent neuromonitoring. Rates for ACDFs and lumbar fusions, laminectomies, and discectomies ranged as high as 61%, 58%, 22%, and 21%, respectively. Conclusion. With intraoperative neurological monitoring in single-level procedures, neurological complications were decreased only among lumbar laminectomies. No difference was observed in ACDFs, lumbar fusions, or lumbar discectomies. There was a significant increase in total payments associated with the index procedure and hospitalization. We demonstrate significant geographic variation in neuromonitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluorescence brightness of a molecular probe determines whether it can be effectively measured and its water solubility dictates if it can be applied in real-world biological systems. However, molecules brighter than the most efficient fluorescent dyes or particles brighter than quantum dots are hard to come by, especially when they must also be soluble in water. In this report, chromophoric phosphoramidites are used in a solid-state synthesis to construct functional dendrimers. When highly twisted chromophores are chosen and the proper spacers and dendrons are introduced, the resultant dendrimers emit exceptionally bright fluorescence. Chromophores, spacers, and dendrons are stitched together by efficient phosphoramidite reagents, which afford high-yield water-soluble phosphodiester linkages after deprotection. The resulting water-soluble dendrimers are exceptionally bright. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using one ray of light to encode another ray of light is highly desirable because information in optical format can be directly transferred from one beam to another without converting back to the electronic format. One key medium to accomplish such an amazing task is photoswitchable molecules. Using bis(dithiazole)ethene that can be photoswitched between its ring‐open and ring‐closed states quantitatively with excellent fatigue resistance and high thermal stability, it is shown that quantitative photoreversibility allowed the photoswitching light to control other light travelling through the photoswitchable medium, a phenomenon of transferring information encoded in one light ray to others, thus imparting photo‐optical modulation on the orthogonal light beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]