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This paper takes up the classical scheme regarding the problems of distribution, accumulation, and growth, first in a closed economy, and then in an open one. It seeks to update such a theory in the light of modern knowledge and to see to what extent it can help to understand contemporary problems in different geographical territories of the world, in particular concerning subsistence wage levels in a scenario of unlimited labour supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal (GI) disruptions and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are commonly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), but how they may impact risk for PD remains poorly understood. Herein, we provide evidence that prodromal intestinal inflammation expedites and exacerbates PD endophenotypes in rodent carriers of the human PD risk allele LRRK2 G2019S in a sex-dependent manner. Chronic intestinal damage in genetically predisposed male mice promotes α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra, loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor impairment. This male bias is preserved in gonadectomized males, and similarly conferred by sex chromosomal complement in gonadal females expressing human LRRK2 G2019S. The early onset and heightened severity of neuropathological and behavioral outcomes in male LRRK2 G2019S mice is preceded by increases in α-synuclein in the colon, α-synuclein-positive macrophages in the colonic lamina propria, and loads of phosphorylated α-synuclein within microglia in the substantia nigra. Taken together, these data reveal that prodromal intestinal inflammation promotes the pathogenesis of PD endophenotypes in male carriers of LRRK2 G2019S, through mechanisms that depend on genotypic sex and involve early accumulation of α-synuclein in myeloid cells within the gut. Prodromal gut inflammation exacerbates Parkinson's disease endophenotypes in mouse carriers of human LRRK2 G2019S in a sex-dependent manner, showing increased α-synuclein positive macrophages in the colon and brain microglia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial introduces the journal's new open data policy for original articles using quantitative data. It discusses key opportunities from data and code sharing. It further briefly sets out the new methods review that articles which use quantitative analysis will automatically undergo. With both changes we hope to strengthen our review process and contribute to a better evidence base in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation is a common feature of many dementia-causing neurodegenerative diseases. Tau can be phosphorylated at up to 85 different sites, and there is increasing interest in whether tau phosphorylation at specific epitopes, by specific kinases, plays an important role in disease progression. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related enzyme NUAK1 has been identified as a potential mediator of tau pathology, whereby NUAK1-mediated phosphorylation of tau at Ser356 prevents the degradation of tau by the proteasome, further exacerbating tau hyperphosphorylation and accumulation. This study provides a detailed characterisation of the association of p-tau Ser356 with progression of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, identifying a Braak stage-dependent increase in p-tau Ser356 protein levels and an almost ubiquitous presence in neurofibrillary tangles. We also demonstrate, using sub-diffraction-limit resolution array tomography imaging, that p-tau Ser356 co-localises with synapses in AD postmortem brain tissue, increasing evidence that this form of tau may play important roles in AD progression. To assess the potential impacts of pharmacological NUAK inhibition in an ex vivo system that retains multiple cell types and brain-relevant neuronal architecture, we treated postnatal mouse organotypic brain slice cultures from wildtype or APP/PS1 littermates with the commercially available NUAK1/2 inhibitor WZ4003. Whilst there were no genotype-specific effects, we found that WZ4003 results in a culture-phase-dependent loss of total tau and p-tau Ser356, which corresponds with a reduction in neuronal and synaptic proteins. By contrast, application of WZ4003 to live human brain slice cultures results in a specific lowering of p-tau Ser356, alongside increased neuronal tubulin protein. This work identifies differential responses of postnatal mouse organotypic brain slice cultures and adult human brain slice cultures to NUAK1 inhibition that will be important to consider in future work developing tau-targeting therapeutics for human disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of 'High Fat Sugar Salt' (HFSS) products and front-of-pack nutrition labelling (FOPNL) characteristics across promoted products in UK online supermarkets. Design: A cross-sectional survey conducted (December 2021–January 2022) on promoted products. Data on ingredients, nutritional composition and display of FOPNL were collected from product webpages. The UK's Nutrient Profiling Model and Multiple Traffic Light criteria were used to determine HFSS status and possession of inherent red traffic lights (iRTL), respectively. Data analysis determined the prevalence (i.e. percentage of products of the total number of products sampled) of HFSS; FOPNL and possession of iRTL. Chi-squared tests explored associations between these. Setting: Three major UK online supermarket retailer websites. Participants: Product 'multibuy' and 'entrance' promotions, from selected product categories. Results: Among the sampled 625 promoted products, the prevalence of HFSS was greater in entrance (73 %) compared with multibuy (41 %) promotions (χ2 (1) = 34, P < 0·05), with variations in the former across retailers (49–92 %). The prevalence of HFSS products in multibuy promotions offered by two retailers varied by category (i.e. Confectionery 94–97 %, Yogurts 20–20 %, Soft Drinks 16–33 %, Ready Meals 1·4–18 %). Not all promoted products displayed FOPNL on webpages (70 %) or images (52 %). A number of iRTL were found to be possessed by both HFSS and non-HFSS-promoted products. Conclusions: Prior to the 2022 implementation of Regulations restricting these, HFSS products were promoted in online supermarkets with varying display of FOPNL and possession of iRTL. Findings support future policy evaluation and mandatory digital FOPNL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayesian analysis enables flexible and rigorous definition of statistical model assumptions with well-characterized propagation of uncertainties and resulting inferences for single-shot, repeated, or even cross-platform data. This approach has a strong history of application to a variety of problems in physical sciences ranging from inference of particle mass from multi-source high-energy particle data to analysis of black-hole characteristics from gravitational wave observations. The recent adoption of Bayesian statistics for analysis and design of high-energy density physics (HEDP) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments has provided invaluable gains in expert understanding and experiment performance. In this Review, we discuss the basic theory and practical application of the Bayesian statistics framework. We highlight a variety of studies from the HEDP and ICF literature, demonstrating the power of this technique. Due to the computational complexity of multi-physics models needed to analyze HEDP and ICF experiments, Bayesian inference is often not computationally tractable. Two sections are devoted to a review of statistical approximations, efficient inference algorithms, and data-driven methods, such as deep-learning and dimensionality reduction, which play a significant role in enabling use of the Bayesian framework. We provide additional discussion of various applications of Bayesian and machine learning methods that appear to be sparse in the HEDP and ICF literature constituting possible next steps for the community. We conclude by highlighting community needs, the resolution of which will improve trust in data-driven methods that have proven critical for accelerating the design and discovery cycle in many application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiome influences many host physiologies, spanning gastrointestinal function, metabolism, immune homeostasis, neuroactivity, and behavior. Many microbial effects on the host are orchestrated by bidirectional interactions between the microbiome and immune system. Imbalances in this dialogue can lead to immune dysfunction and immune-mediated conditions in distal organs including the brain. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and dysregulated neuroimmune responses are common comorbidities of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome–neuroimmune axis as a regulator of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting a role for the gut microbiome in regulating the neuroimmune landscape in health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is used to understand the mixed lithiation/deposition behavior on graphite anodes during the charging process. The conductivity, degree of lithiation, and the deposition process of the graphite are reflected by the EPR spectroscopic quality factor, the spin density, and the EPR spectral change, respectively. Classical over‐charging (normally associated with potentials ≤0 V vs. Li+/Li) are not required for Li metal deposition onto the graphite anode: Li deposition initiates at ca. +0.04 V (vs. Li+/Li) when the scan rate is lowered to 0.04 mV s−1. The inhibition of Li deposition by vinylene carbonate (VC) additive is highlighted by the EPR results during cycling, attributed to a more mechanically flexible and polymeric SEI layer with higher ionic conductivity. A safe cut‐off potential limit of +0.05 V for the anode is suggested for high rate cycling, confirmed by the EPR response over prolonged cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ electrochemical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is used to understand the mixed lithiation/deposition behavior on graphite anodes during the charging process. The conductivity, degree of lithiation, and the deposition process of the graphite are reflected by the EPR spectroscopic quality factor, the spin density, and the EPR spectral change, respectively. Classical over‐charging (normally associated with potentials ≤0 V vs. Li+/Li) are not required for Li metal deposition onto the graphite anode: Li deposition initiates at ca. +0.04 V (vs. Li+/Li) when the scan rate is lowered to 0.04 mV s−1. The inhibition of Li deposition by vinylene carbonate (VC) additive is highlighted by the EPR results during cycling, attributed to a more mechanically flexible and polymeric SEI layer with higher ionic conductivity. A safe cut‐off potential limit of +0.05 V for the anode is suggested for high rate cycling, confirmed by the EPR response over prolonged cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high temperature performance of water-in-salt electrolytes was investigated using a carbon-based electrode with commercial cell components. Supercapacitors using 21 m Li bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide (TFSI) and 21 m LiTFSI + 7 m Li trifluoromethanesulphonyl electrolytes are shown to operate at a voltage of 2 V at 100 °C and 120 °C, respectively, with gravimetric capacitances exceeding 100 F g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sialyl-Lewis X/L-selectin high affinity binding interactions between transmembrane O-glycosylated mucins proteins and the embryo have been implicated in implantation processes within the human reproductive system. However, the adhesive properties of these mucins at the endometrial cell surface are difficult to resolve due to known discrepancies between in vivo models and the human reproductive system and a lack of sensitivity in current in vitro models. To overcome these limitations, an in vitro model of the human endometrial epithelial was interrogated with single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to delineate the molecular configurations of mucin proteins that mediate the high affinity L-selectin binding required for human embryo implantation. Results: This study reveals that MUC1 contributes to both the intrinsic and extrinsic adhesive properties of the HEC-1 cellular surface. High expression of MUC1 on the cell surface led to a significantly increased intrinsic adhesion force (148 pN vs. 271 pN, p < 0.001), whereas this adhesion force was significantly reduced (271 pN vs. 118 pN, p < 0.001) following siRNA mediated MUC1 ablation. Whilst high expression of MUC1 displaying elevated glycosylation led to strong extrinsic (> 400 pN) L-selectin binding at the cell surface, low expression of MUC1 with reduced glycosylation resulted in significantly less (≤200 pN) binding events. Conclusions: An optimal level of MUC1 together with highly glycosylated decoration of the protein is critical for high affinity L-selectin binding. This study demonstrates that MUC1 contributes to cellular adhesive properties which may function to facilitate trophoblast binding to the endometrial cell surface through the L-selectin/sialyl-Lewis x adhesion system subsequent to implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a series of Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) experiments conducted on the Z pulsed power facility that utilized high aspect ratio (ratio of outer radius to wall thickness) liners with dielectric coatings and low-mix laser preheat configurations. The liners consisted of an aspect ratio of 10.6 beryllium tube coated with 75 μm of epoxy on the outside that have been shown to maintain a better implosion stability than uncoated beryllium and have demonstrated consistent stagnation performances in previous experiments [Ampleford et al., Phys. Plasmas 31, 022703 (2024)]. Two-dimensional HYDRA simulations were used to design three different "co-injection" laser configurations, whereby a second laser is used to provide an early prepulse before the main pulse, to reduce LEH foil mix while increasing the fuel density and coupled energy. The laser preheat energy for each configuration was constrained using dedicated laser experiments before being applied to the integrated MagLIF experiments on Z. The DD neutron yield for experiments using co-injection preheat configurations is found to increase with the specific preheat energy in line with simulations. The highest neutron yield achieved in this study of 1.1 × 1013 matches the highest reported in a MagLIF experiment to date and is a factor 3.5 times higher than similar experiments using preheat with no phase plate smoothing. We attempt to assess the effects of mix and morphology to explain the improved performance; however, neither factor is found to be conclusive within the uncertainty of the measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Situational judgement tests (SJTs) are widely used to evaluate 'non‐academic' abilities in medical applicants. However, there is a lack of understanding of how their predictive validity may vary across contexts. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to synthesise existing evidence relating to the validity of such tools for predicting outcomes relevant to interpersonal workplace performance. Methods: Searches were conducted in relevant databases to June 2019. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Results were pooled using random effects meta‐analysis and meta‐regressions. Results: Initially, 470 articles were identified, 218 title or abstracts were reviewed, and 44 full text articles were assessed with 30 studies meeting the final inclusion criteria and were judged, overall, to be at moderate risk of bias. Of these, 26 reported correlation coefficients relating to validity, with a pooled estimate of 0.32 (95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.39, P <.0001). Considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 96.5%) with the largest validity coefficients tending to be observed for postgraduate, rather than undergraduate, selection studies (β = 0.23, 0.11 to 0.36, P <.001). The correction of validity coefficients for attenuation was also independently associated with larger effects (β = 0.13, 0.03 to 0.23, P =.01). No significant associations with test medium (video vs text format), cross‐sectional study design, or period of assessment (one‐off vs longer‐term) were observed. Where reported, the scores generally demonstrated incremental predictive validity, over and above tests of knowledge and cognitive ability. Conclusions: The use of SJTs in medical selection is supported by the evidence. The observed trend relating to training stage requires investigation. Further research should focus on developing robust criterion‐relevant outcome measures that, ideally, capture interpersonal aspects of typical workplace performance. This will facilitate additional work identifying the optimal place of SJTs within particular selection contexts and further enhancing their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Historically, situational judgement tests (SJTs) have been widely used for personnel selection. Their use in medical selection in Europe is growing, with plans for further expansion into North America and Australasia, in an attempt to measure and select on 'non‐academic' personal attributes. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding what such tests actually measure and how they should be designed, scored and implemented within the medical and health education selection process. In particular, the theoretical basis from which such tests are developed will determine the scoring options available, influencing their psychometric properties and, ultimately, their validity. Methods: The aim of this article is to create an awareness of the previous theory and practice that has informed SJT development. We describe the emerging interest in the use of the SJT format to measure specific constructs (eg 'resilience', 'dependability', etc.), drawing on the tradition of 'individual differences' psychology. We compare and contrast this newer 'construct‐driven' method with the traditional, pragmatic approach to SJT creation, often employed by organisational psychologists. Making reference to measurement theory, we highlight how the anticipated psychometric properties of traditional vs construct‐driven SJTs are likely to differ. Conclusions: Compared to traditional SJTs, construct‐driven SJTs have a strong theoretical basis, are uni‐ rather than multidimensional, and may behave more like personality self‐report instruments. Emerging evidence also suggests that construct‐driven SJTs have comparable predictive validity for workplace performance, although they may be more prone to 'faking' effects. It is possible that construct‐driven approaches prove more appropriate at early stages of medical selection, where candidates have little or no health care work experience. Conversely, traditional SJTs may be more suitable for specialty recruitment, where a range of hypothetical workplace scenarios can be sampled in assessments. Although Situational Judgment Tests have grown in prevalence in medical education, no assessment format is failsafe. The authors of this article review how different approaches SJT development may influence effectiveness in various scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-resolved emission spectroscopy and high-speed photography were used to study the chemical dynamics and thermal history of aluminized hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) charges following detonation. The aluminized RDX charges contained 20 wt. % of either 30-70 nm or 16-26 µm Al particles. Non-aluminized RDX charges were also studied for comparison. Spectra collected from the aluminized charges exhibited Al and AlO emissions during the first ∼60 µs, followed by a broadband emission that evolved over two time scales: one in the early time, 0-200 µsec, and another on late time, 0.5-10 ms. The apparent temperatures of the early-time fireballs were obtained using barium atom thermometry and were found to be ∼2900 K for the RDX-only charges, ∼3600 K for the RDX-micron Al charges, and ∼4000 K for the RDX-nano Al charges. In both types of aluminized samples, once Al and AlO emissions ceased, the fireballs began to cool and approached the temperature obtained for the non-aluminized RDX charges. For aluminized charges, a late-time luminescence was also observed, with the intensity and duration dependent upon the size of the Al particles. Aluminum nanoparticles yielded a higher early-time temperature, but a less intense and shorter duration late-time emission, while micron-sized particles produced a lower early-time temperature, but a longer-lived and more intense late-time energy release. These results indicate that post-detonation Al combustion occurs in multiple stages during the evolution of the fireball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0 and let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over k⁠. Under some standard hypothesis on G , we give a direct approach to the finite W-algebra U(g,e) associated to a nilpotent element e ∈ g = LieG⁠. We prove a PBW theorem and deduce a number of consequences, then move on to define and study the p-centre of U(g,e), which allows us to define reduced finite W-algebras Uη(g,e) and we verify that they coincide with those previously appearing in the work of Premet. Finally, we prove a modular version of Skryabin's equivalence of categories, generalizing recent work of the second author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new criterion and potentiostatic method is demonstrated to determine the electrochemically stable potential window (ESPW) of supercapacitors, enabling the calculation of the optimal electrode mass ratio for two different electrode-electrolyte pairings. The criterion uses the decay of electrode current in a three-electrode test cell during potentiostatic ageing at progressively higher voltages to determine the ESPW. To perform these measurements a quasi-reference electrode (QRE) was incorporated within a CR2032 coin cell with a small and simple modification. This enabled three-electrode measurements to be performed inside the coin cell using organic electrolytes whilst outside a glovebox. The voltage-optimised mass ratio (m+/m−) for activated carbon electrodes in 1 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF 4) in acetonitrile (ACN) and propylene carbonate (PC) electrolytes was shown to be 2.38 and 0.61 respectively. The validity of the technique was verified by full-cell potentiostatic ageing experiments on mass-balanced and mass-symmetric supercapacitors. For both electrolytes the maximum operating voltage, energy storage capacity and cycle lifetime were improved significantly with mass balancing. The maximum voltage increased from 2.0 V to 2.9 V for ACN and from 2.3 V to 2.7 V for PC, whilst the energy density increased by ∼90% for ACN and by ∼40% for PC. • Introduction of a reference electrode into a standard coin cell. • New criterion for determining stable voltage range. • Increases voltage to 2.9 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The early recognition and management of psychosis spectrum disorders is associated with superior outcomes in affected individuals. However, this can be challenging for numerous reasons. This article provides perspectives on the effective evaluation and rating of potentially psychotic phenomena young people. We compare and contrast two widely used instruments that can support this process. Findings: The Comprehensive Assessment for At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS) is used to explore potentially psychotic experiences in young people perceived to be at risk of an emerging or imminent psychosis. There is evidence to support its reliability and, to some extent, the predictive validity of the resultant scores. However, relatively low short–medium transition rates to psychosis in 'positive' cases suggest that its use as a screening instrument should be restricted to groups who show some indication of impending risk (e.g. help‐seeking, distress, declining functioning, perceptual disturbance, etc.). In contrast, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is calibrated to rate symptoms in those with an established psychosis, especially those with a diagnosis related to the schizophrenia spectrum. Consequently, the PANSS is useful for evaluating the clinical course and outcomes of psychotic illness. Conclusions: Although neither instrument is designed specifically for use in those under 18, with care they can be used to effectively support the management of adolescents reporting perceptual and ideational disturbance. However, it is important that any instrument ratings are placed meaningfully in the context of the overall clinical picture and all available information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of the performance of graphene‐based supercapacitors is difficult, owing to the variety of production methods used to prepare the materials. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic investigation into the effect of the graphene production method on the supercapacitor performance. In this work, we compare graphene produced through several routes. This includes anodic and cathodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene, liquid phase exfoliated graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoribbons. Graphene oxide exhibited the highest capacitance of approximately 154 F g−1 in 6 M KOH at 0.5 A g−1 attributed to oxygen functional groups giving an additional pseudocapacitance and preventing significant restacking; however, the capacitance retention was poor, owing to the low conductivity. In comparison, the anodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene exhibited a capacitance of approximately 44 F g−1, the highest of the 'pure' graphene materials, which all exhibited superior capacitance retention, owing to their higher conductivity. The cyclability of all of the materials, with the exception of reduced graphene oxide (70 %), was found to be greater than 95 % after 10 000 cycles. These results highlight the importance of matching the graphene production method with a specific application; for example, graphene oxide and anodic electrochemically exfoliated graphene would be best suited for high energy and power applications, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression causes significant physical and psychosocial morbidity. Predicting persistence of depressive symptoms could permit targeted prevention, and lessen the burden of depression. Machine learning is a rapidly expanding field, and such approaches offer powerful predictive abilities. We investigated the utility of a machine learning approach to predict the persistence of depressive symptoms in older adults.Method: Baseline demographic and psychometric data from 284 patients were used to predict the likelihood of older adults having persistent depressive symptoms after 12 months, using a machine learning approach ('extreme gradient boosting'). Predictive performance was compared to a conventional statistical approach (logistic regression). Data were drawn from the 'treatment-as-usual' arm of the CASPER (CollAborative care and active surveillance for Screen-Positive EldeRs with subthreshold depression) trial.Results: Predictive performance was superior using machine learning compared to logistic regression (mean AUC 0.72 vs. 0.67, p < 0.0001). Using machine learning, an average of 89% of those predicted to have PHQ-9 scores above threshold at 12 months actually did, compared to 78% using logistic regression. However, mean negative predictive values were somewhat lower for the machine learning approach (45% vs. 35%).Limitations: A relatively small sample size potentially limited the predictive power of the algorithm. In addition, PHQ-9 scores were used as an indicator of persistent depressive symptoms, and whilst well validated, a clinical interview would have been preferable.Conclusions: Overall, our findings support the potential application of machine learning in personalised mental healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy release dynamics of explosives are of ongoing interest, but the short timescales involved often limit the measurements that can be made during these processes. We have used atomic emission spectroscopy to measure the temperature of fireballs resulting from detonation of charges of Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine doped with barium nitrate. The time-averaged emission spectra indicate an apparent temperature of ∼3000 K, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The technique demonstrated herein should be applicable to time-resolved studies, including those on detonation timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper reports the key findings of Committee 8 of the Joint SIU-ICUD Consultation on Urologic Management of the Spinal Cord Injured Patient and address issues pertaining to the older person with a SCI and the time-related changes relevant to their urological, gastrointestinal and functional management.Methods: A literature review using the Pubmed and Ovid search engines was performed examining pertinent literature regarding SCI in the older patient.Results: There is a rising incidence of both traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in older people and improvements in healthcare and nutrition mean patients with SCI are living longer. Outcomes after a SCI in the older person are a sum of the effects of injury and its management compounded by specific effects of ageing and the emergence of unrelated comorbidities. Changes in health, comorbidities, cognition and dexterity with ageing have an impact on function and are important considerations in the management of the older patient with SCI. Treatment decisions are thus increasingly complex due to the need to take into account these changes and accompanying polypharmacy. For the person living with a SCI, changes in circumstances (social and financial) have an impact on quality of life and influence management and support strategies.Conclusions: Older patients with SCI face additional challenges both in the acute setting and with ageing. Clinicians should take into account comorbid conditions, mental health, physical function, cognition and social support in making management decisions. With the global ageing population, health services planning will need to allow for increase in resources required to care for older patients with SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twelve 1- n -pentyl-2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-(1- and 2-naphthoyl)-indoles each have the same substituents attached to the indole ring, identical elemental composition (C 24 H 23 NO) yielding identical nominal and accurate masses. These twelve isomers cover all possible positions of carbonyl bridge substitution for both indole (positons 2–7) and naphthalene rings (positions 1 and 2). Regioisomeric compounds can represent significant challenges for mass based analytical methods however, infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the identification of positional isomers in organic compounds. The vapor phase infrared spectra of these twelve uniquely similar compounds were evaluated in GC-IR experiments. These spectra show the bridge position on the indole ring is a dominating influence over the carbonyl absorption frequency observed for these compounds. Substitution on the pyrrole moiety of the indole ring yields the lowest C O frequency values for position 2 and 3 giving a narrow range from 1656 to 1654 cm −1 . Carbonyl absorption frequencies are higher when the naphthoyl group is attached to the benzene portion of the indole ring yielding absorption values from 1674 to 1671 cm −1 . The aliphatic stretching bands in the 2900 cm −1 region yield a consistent triplet pattern because the N -alkyl substituent tail group remains unchanged for all twelve regioisomers. The asymmetric CH 2 stretch is the most intense of these three bands. Changes in positional bonding for both the indole and naphthalene ring systems results in unique patterns within the 700 wavenumber out-of-plane region and these absorption bands are different for all 12 regioisomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez that create uncertainty for private entities that contract as derivative sovereign immunity. It mentions increase in costs of using government contractors that will increase prices to offset the costs of expected litigation. It also mentions monetary costs to the government of outsourcing projects to private firms with lower social cost.

There has been much interest in the potential for machine learning and artificial intelligence to enhance health care. In this article, we discuss the potential applications of the technology to child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). We also outline the four key criteria that are likely to be necessary for automated prediction to be translated into clinical benefit. These relate to the choice of task to be automated, the nature of the available data, the methods applied and the context of the system to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High spin states of neutron-rich La have been reinvestigated by $\gamma$ - $\gamma$ - $ \gamma$ and $\gamma$ - $\gamma$ - $\gamma$ - $\gamma$ coincidence data from a Cf spontaneous fission experiment by using Gammasphere. Thirty-two new transitions in La are observed. Two new bands in La have been established. One of them is proposed to be the octupole parity partner of the previously known band. Twenty new transitions in La are observed. The ground state band of La has been established with a proposed $ 5/2^+$ band-head. Angular correlation of cascades has been used to study the spins and parities of the states. The B( E1)/ B( E2) ratios and dipole moments of bands in La have been measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: International medical graduates working in the UK are more likely to be censured in relation to fitness to practise compared to home graduates. Performance on the General Medical Council's (GMC's) Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) tests and English fluency have previously been shown to predict later educational performance in this group of doctors. It is unknown whether the PLAB system is also a valid predictor of unprofessional behaviour and malpractice. The findings would have implications for regulatory policy.Methods: This was an observational study linking data relating to fitness to practise events (referral or censure), PLAB performance, demographic variables and English language competence, as evaluated via the International English Language Test System (IELTS). Data from 27,330 international medical graduates registered with the GMC were analysed, including 210 doctors who had been sanctioned in relation to at least one fitness to practise issue. The main outcome was risk of eventual censure (including a warning).Results: The significant univariable educational predictors of eventual censure (versus no censures or referrals) were lower PLAB part 1 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.00) and part 2 scores (HR, 0.94; 0.91 to 0.97) at first sitting, multiple attempts at both parts of the PLAB, lower IELTS reading (HR, 0.79; 0.65 to 0.94) and listening scores (HR, 0.76; 0.62 to 0.93) and higher IELTS speaking scores (HR, 1.28; 1.04 to 1.57). Multiple resits at either part of the PLAB and higher IELTS speaking score (HR, 1.49; 1.20 to 1.84) were also independent predictors of censure. We estimated that the proposed limit of four attempts at both parts of the PLAB would reduce the risk in this entire group by only approximately two censures per 5 years in this group of doctors.Conclusions: Making the PLAB, or any replacement assessment, more stringent and raising the required standards of English reading and listening may result in fewer fitness to practice events in international medical graduates. However, the number of PLAB resits permitted would have to be further capped to meaningfully impact the risk of sanctions in this group of doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we consider the centre of the reduced enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of a reductive algebraic group in very good characteristic p > 2 . The Harish-Chandra centre maps to the centre of each reduced enveloping algebra and, using a combination of induction and deformation arguments, we describe precisely for which p -characters this map is surjective: it is if and only if the chosen character is regular. This provides the converse to a theorem of Mirković and Rumynin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which presented in situ temperature dependent magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements in ultrahigh vacuum for 80 and 300 Â thick gadolinium. Sample preparation; Results and discussion; Conclusions.

Presents a study that examined self-phase modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers. Calculation of the output intensity and frequency chirp for different shape input pulses; Analysis of the output pulse shape and carrier frequency of Gaussian input pulses; Background on self-phase modulation.

This paper presents a mathematical model for predicting the geometrical shapes of rigid, two-pin, moment-less arches of constant cross section. The advancement of this work lies in the inclusion of arch self-weight and the ability to produce momentless arch forms for any span/rise ratio, and any ratio of uniformly distributed load per unit span, w, to uniformly distributed arch weight per unit arch length, q. The model is used to derive the shapes of two classical 'moment-less' arch forms: parabolic and catenary, prior to demonstrating a general case, not restricted by the unrealistic load assumptions (absence of q, in the case of a parabolic form, or no w, in the case of a catenary arch). Using the same value of span/rise ratio, and w/q >1, the behaviour of the momentless and parabolic arches under permanent loading, (w + q), is analysed. Results show the former to be developing much lower stresses than its parabolic rival, even when there are relatively small differences in the two geometries; for a medium span/rise ratio of 4 and w/q =2, differences in the parabolic and moment-less arch geometries would, in practical terms, be viewed as insignificant, but the stresses in them are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and operations are designed to provide the maximum reconnection science. The mission phases are chosen to investigate reconnection at the dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail. At the dayside, the MMS orbits are chosen to maximize encounters with the magnetopause in regions where the probability of encountering the reconnection diffusion region is high. In the magnetotail, the orbits are chosen to maximize encounters with the neutral sheet, where reconnection is known to occur episodically. Although this targeting is limited by engineering constraints such as total available fuel, high science return orbits exist for launch dates over most of the year. The tetrahedral spacecraft formation has variable spacing to determine the optimum separations for the reconnection regions at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. In the specific science regions of interest, the spacecraft are operated in a fast survey mode with continuous acquisition of burst mode data. Later, burst mode triggers and a ground-based scientist in the loop are used to determine the highest quality data to downlink for analysis. This operations scheme maximizes the science return for the mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) assessment in accurately identifying stenoses location extracranial venous circulation and physiological changes in blood flows after treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It mentions extracranial duplex ultrasound (ECDU) where vertebral veins and internal jugular veins were examined in sitting and supine positions after and before venoplasty in MS patients.

Aim: To assess whether separate endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) lymph node (N)-staging is still of prognostic value in those staged node negative (N0) at combined positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients with oesophageal cancer (OC). Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen consecutive patients [median age 67 years; 88 male; 98 cases of adenocarcinoma, 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] staged as N0 at PET/CT underwent EUS to record tumour (T)- and N-stage. The patients were subsequently separated into two groups: EUS N0 (n = 78) and EUS N+ (n = 39). Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier and Cox's proportional hazard methods was performed. Primary outcome was overall survival from diagnosis. Results: EUS N-stage and EUS N0 versus EUS N+ (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively) were found to be significantly and independently associated with survival in two models of multivariate analysis, in patients staged N0 at PET/CT. EUS T-stage was significantly associated with survival on univariate analysis. Conclusion: EUS N-staging still has prognostic value in patients staged N0 at PET/CT. There is a significant difference in survival between EUS N0 and positive nodal EUS status in those staged N0 at PET/CT, suggesting PET/CT is unreliable for local staging. PET/CT and EUS continue to have complimentary roles in OC staging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Let Q be a simple algebraic group of type or over a field of good positive characteristic. Let and consider the centraliser . We show that the invariant algebra is generated by the pth power subalgebra and the mod p reduction of the characteristic zero invariant algebra. The latter algebra is known to be polynomial [17] and we show that it remains so after reduction. Using a theory of symmetrisation in positive characteristic we prove the analogue of this result in the enveloping algebra, where the p-centre plays the role of the pth power subalgebra. In Zassenhausʼ foundational work [30], the invariant theory and representation theory of modular Lie algebras were shown to be explicitly intertwined. We exploit his theory to give a precise upper bound for the dimensions of simple -modules. An application to the geometry of the Zassenhaus variety is given. When is of type and is a symmetric decomposition of orthogonal type we use similar methods to show that for every nilpotent the invariant algebra is generated by the pth power subalgebra and which is also shown to be polynomial. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Water evaporation & power are challenges in water-stressed & developing countries. • Floating PV addresses both issues providing economic and environmental benefits. • Various FPV system modelled and compared; optimum design reduced evaporation by 42% • At present, fixed tilt FPV are preferable to those with tracking and active cooling. • Approach is generalisable; addresses challenges in the water-energy-food nexus. Water resources are essential for human consumption and food production. The extraction and delivery of water resources are highly dependent on energy. Hence water, energy and food security are inextricably linked, and this nexus constitutes a major global societal challenge. Furthermore, globally, irrigation constitutes around 70% of our freshwater resources, rising to 90% in developing countries. There are over 300 million drinking water and irrigation ponds globally where 90% of the world's standing irrigation water resides. There is a need to conserve such resources, considering more than two thirds of the world's population are currently experiencing water stress. Hence, this work tackles the conservation of such resources addressing two important issues related to energy and water, thereby addressing elements of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Its considered approach is the use of floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology implemented on irrigation reservoirs to conserve water by reducing evaporation losses whilst providing sustainable electricity at enhanced yield that can be utilised locally. For the study, we selected an arid and water stressed region of Jordan where real-world water and energy consumption data were available. Various floating PV (FPV) system configurations were modelled for installation on an irrigation reservoir where currently no FPV exists. A fixed tilt 300 kWp FPV system was found to be the optimum design in terms of water savings, energy yield, economics, and reductions in CO 2 emissions. Standard floating PV was deemed the preferred option compared to ground-mounted PV and FPV with tracking and/or active cooling. System payback period for the recommended design was 8.4 years with an annual greenhouse gas emission reduction of ∼ 141TCO 2. For the considered site, around 12,700 m3 of water can be saved annually or 42% savings when compared to the uncovered reservoir. This research has wider applicability to other arid regions such as Africa, Middle East, and the Indian Subcontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SECARS) from a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of benzenethiol on a silver-coated surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate has been measured for the 1574 cm−1SERS mode. A value of 9.6 ± 1.7×10−14W was determined for the resonant component of the SECARS signal using 17.8 mW of 784.9 nm pump laser power and 7.1 mW of 895.5 nm Stokes laser power; the pump and Stokes lasers were polarized parallel to each other but perpendicular to the grooves of the diffraction grating in the spectrometer. The measured value of resonant component of the SECARS signal is in agreement with the calculated value of 9.3×10−14W using the measured value of 8.7 ± 0.5 cm−1for the SERS linewidth (full width at half-maximum) and the value of 5.7 ± 1.4×10−7for the product of the Raman cross section σSERSand the surface concentration Nsof the benzenethiol SAM. The xxxxcomponent of the resonant part of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility |3 | for the 1574 cm−1SERS mode has been determined to be 4.3 ± 1.1×10−5cm.g−1.s2. The SERS enhancement factor for the 1574 cm−1mode was determined to be 3.6 ± 0.9×107using the value of 1.8×1015molecules/cm2for Ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W. Arthur Lewis, originario de la isla de Santa Lucía, fue profesor de economía política en varias universidades y trabajó para las Naciones Unidas en el decenio de 1950, tras lo cual continuó el ejercicio de su carrera en la Universidad de Princeton. Fue galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Economía en 1979, junto con T. W. Schultz, por sus trabajos sobre economía del desarrollo. Su contribución más importante a esta rama de la disciplina, todavía balbuceante en 1954, fue un trabajo publicado en dicho año en el que presenta un modelo simplificado según el cual la economía de los países pobres está dividida en dos sectores, el tradicional y el moderno. El primero comprende la agricultura de subsistencia, el trabajo por cuenta propia y diversas actividades urbanas, y el segundo está constituido por las grandes plantaciones, la agricultura comercial y la industria. Esta dualidad, que se conceptualiza en la actualidad en términos de sector formal e informal, ha perdurado, ya que la transición del sector tradicional al sector moderno, que en aquel entonces se daba por descontado, no ha adoptado la forma esperada. Destacaremos asimismo el pesimismo de Sir Arthur Lewis en relación con la posibilidad de que el comercio internacional sea el motor del crecimiento en los países poco desarrollados. En esto difería de Jan Tinbergen1, como puede verse en el artículo que reproducimos a continuación, en el que Lewis resume las conclusiones de una reunión de economistas convocada por la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo en 1969 con el fin de recabar asesoramiento en cuestiones de investigación para el Programa Mundial del Empleo que acababa de iniciarse. Los economistas reunidos analizaron las posibles causas macroeconómicas del desempleo en los países poco desarrollados: superpoblación, restricciones a las exportaciones, sobrevaluación de la moneda, productividad escasa del trabajo y propensión excesiva a la importación. Las cosas han cambiado bastante desde entonces, pero siguen manteniéndose ciertos elementos en el debate sobre economía y desarrollo, concretamente las cuestiones de los tipos de interés y del papel de los intercambios. Destacaremos asimismo la conclusión de Sir Arthur Lewis de que «la solución del problema, en su mayor parte, depende de la política macroeconómica, y no de expedientes aislados». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with cirrhosis commonly experience hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a condition associated with alterations in behavior, cognitive function, consciousness, and neuromuscular function of varying severity. HE occurring before liver transplant can have a substantial negative impact on posttransplant outcomes, and preoperative history of HE may be a predictor of posttransplant neurologic complications. Even with resolution of previous episodes of overt or minimal HE, some patients continue to experience cognitive deficits after transplant. Because HE is one of the most frequent pretransplant complications, improving patientHE status before transplant may improve outcomes. Current pharmacologic therapies for HE, whether for the treatment of minimal or overt HE or for prevention of HE relapse, are primarily directed at reducing cerebral exposure to systemic levels of gut-derived toxins (e.g., ammonia). The current mainstays of HE therapy are nonabsorbable disaccharides and antibiotics. The various impacts of adverse effects (such as diarrhea, abdominal distention, and dehydration) on patient's health and nutritional status should be taken into consideration when deciding the most appropriate HE management strategy in patients awaiting liver transplant. This paper reviews the potential consequences of pretransplantHE on posttransplant outcomes and therapeutic strategies for the pretransplant management of HE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of temperature, diffusive boundary-layer thickness, and sediment composition on fluxes of inorganic N and P were estimated for sediment cores with oxidized surfaces from nearshore waters (2-10 m) of a montane oligotrophic lake. Fluxes of N and P were not affected by diffusive boundary-layer thickness but were strongly affected by temperature. Below 16 °C, sediments sequestered small amounts of P and released small amounts of N. Above 16 °C, the seasonal maximum water temperature, sediments were substantial sources of N (NH-N = 2-24 mg m d; NO + NO-N = 2-5 mg m d) and P (0.1-0.4 mg m d), indicating potential responsiveness of sediment-water nutrient exchange, and of corresponding phytoplankton growth, to synoptic warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reports Charpy impact test data for the ACO-3 duct material (HT9) from the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) and its archive material. Irradiation doses for the specimens were in the range of 3–148dpa and irradiation temperatures in the range of 378–504°C. The impact tests were performed for the small V-notched Charpy specimens with dimensions of 3×4×27mm at an impact speed of 3.2m/s in a 25J capacity machine. Irradiation lowered the upper-shelf energy (USE) and increased the transition temperatures significantly. The shift of ductile–brittle transition temperatures (ΔDBTT) was greater after relatively low temperature irradiation. The USE values were in the range of 5.5–6.7J before irradiation and decreased to the range of 2–5J after irradiation. Lower USEs were measured for lower irradiation temperatures and specimens with T-L orientation. The dose dependences of transition temperature and USE were not significant because of the radiation effect on impact behavior nearly saturated at the lowest dose of about 3dpa. A comparison showed that the lateral expansion of specimens showed a linear correlation with absorbed impact energy, but with large scatter in the results. Size effect was also discussed to clarify the differences in the impact property data from subsize and standard specimens as well as to provide a basis for comparison of data from different specimens. The USE and ΔDBTT data from different studies were compared. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many properties of magnetic reconnection have been determined from in-situ spacecraft observations in the Earth's magnetosphere. Recent studies have focused on ion scale lengths and have largely confirmed theoretical predictions. In addition, some interesting features of reconnection regions on electron scale lengths have been identified. These recent studies have demonstrated the need for combined plasma and field measurements on electron scale lengths in the reconnection diffusion regions at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. They have also indicated that measurements, such as those that will be made by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the near future, will have a significant impact on understanding magnetic reconnection as a fundamental plasma process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most monogamous sandpiper species, females share parental care but leave the brood earlier than males, a feature unusual among birds in general. In the purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima), females almost always leave the brood at hatching and never share brood care. Males perform uniparental brood care from hatching until well after fledging. In this paper, we report the results of a mate-removal experiment conducted on the purple sandpiper in high Arctic Svalbard and discuss the implications for the evolution of their mate desertion strategy. By removing males from nests near hatching, we tested 2 hypotheses: 1) Males assume brood care because females, who always have a net benefit from deserting, have a fixed brood desertion strategy, whereas males do not; 2) females desert the brood because they cannot perform uniparental brood care as well as males and/or because they are under physiological stress at hatching due to egg laying and incubation activities hypothesis). We found that when experimentally deserted, most female purple sandpipers assumed brood care. Parental behavior and the growth and survival of the chicks suggested that the attending females were not under physiological stress after hatching and did not seem less able than males to perform brood care. Thus, we found no support for either hypothesis. We suggest that uniparental brood desertion is a consequence of strong selection for uniparental brood care in this species and that the actual sex roles may result from rather marginal differences between the sexes in the fitness consequences of care and desertion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a study that aims to compare the outcomes of definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), surgery alone, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery (CS) in oesophageal cancer patients. It notes that the research considered the tumour type, disease stage, age, and sex of patients. Its findings showed that 173 patients out of 417 had dCRT, 126 underwent surgery alone, and 118 received CS. Moreover, the results indicated a need for randomized trial of dCRT and surgery alone.

Background information. The endometrial epithelial cell membrane is a key interface in female reproductive biology. Steroid hormones play a predominant role in cyclic changes which occur at this interface during the female menstrual cycle. Specific changes in the morphology of the endometrial epithelial cell surface become apparent with the epithelial transition that drives the switch from a non-receptive to receptive surface due to the action of progesterone on an oestrogen primed tissue. AFM (atomic force microscopy) allows the high-resolution characterization of the endometrial epithelial cell surface. Its contact probe mechanism enables a unique imaging method that requires little sample preparation, yielding topographical and morphological characterization. By stiffening the cell membrane, low concentrations of fixatives allow the surface detail of the cell to be resolved while preserving fine ultra-structural details for analysis. Results. In the present study we use high resolution AFM analysis of endometrial epithelial cells to monitor the effect of progesterone on the nanoscale structure of the endometrial cell surface. High-resolution imaging reveals similar topographical nanoscale changes in both the Hec-1-A and Ishikawa model cell lines. Hec-1-B cells, used in the present study as a progesterone receptor negative control, however, exhibit a flattened cell surface morphology following progesterone treatment. Changes in average cell height and surface convolution correlate with increased surface roughness measurements, demonstrating alterations in molecular structure on the cell surface due to hormonal stimulation. Conclusions. Progesterone treatment induces changes to the cell surface as a result of nanoscale molecular modifications in response to external hormonal treatments. AFM provides the basis for the identification, visualization and quantification of these cell surface nanoscale changes. Together these findings demonstrate the utility of AFM for use in reproductive science and cancer biology where it could be applied in both in vitro analysis of protein structure-function relationships and clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]