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On June 17, 2024, the Food and Drug Administration approved 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) (PCV21; CAPVAXIVE; Merck Sharp & Dohme, LLC) for adults aged >18 years. PCV21 does not contain certain serotypes that are included in other licensed pneumococcal vaccines but adds eight new serotypes. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends use of a PCV for all adults aged ≥65 years, as well as adults aged 19--64 years with certain risk conditions for pneumococcal disease if they have not received a PCV or whose vaccination history is unknown. Previously, options included either 20-valent PCV (PCV20; Prevnar20; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) alone or a 15-valent PCV (PCV15; VAXNEUVANCE; Merck Sharp & Dohme, LLC) in series with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23; Pneumovax23; Merck Sharp & Dohme, LLC). Additional recommendations for use of PCV20 exist for adults who started their pneumococcal vaccination series with 13-valent PCV (PCV13; Prevnar13; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). The ACIP Pneumococcal Vaccines Work Group employed the Evidence to Recommendations framework to guide its deliberations on PCV21 vaccination among U.S. adults. On June 27, 2024, ACIP recommended a single dose ofPCV21 as an option for adults aged >19 years for whom PCV is currently recommended. Indications for PCV have not changed from previous recommendations. This report summarizes evidence considered for these recommendations and provides clinical guidance for use of PCV21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imitating each other is a central element of human nature and everyday life. Modelling – setting an example to others – and imitation – when the modelled behaviour is copied – are just as fundamental to learning as to maintaining and transmitting culture. Yet, the moral connotations of modelling and imitation are not well understood. Building on and extending the theoretical framework of vicarious responsibility, we investigate the imitated model's responsibility and the psychological processes underlying blame attribution to the model for their imitators’ behaviour. We argue that people understand that imitating a wrongdoing renders it potentially more consequential and that people account for these additional consequences in their appraisals of the original, modelled wrongdoing. Moreover, we hypothesized that models would be blamed for their imitators’ harmful behaviour to the extent that the observers copied the model's action. Five studies (Ntotal = 945) utilizing various contexts from animal mistreatment to online bullying, three of them preregistered, provide consistent support for our hypotheses and show that models are blamed for their imitators’ behaviour, that is, for setting a bad example for others. Extending present theories of vicarious responsibility, we demonstrate that shared group membership is not always a necessary requirement for vicarious blame attributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "EP18.14: The fetal brain in RASopathies: Noonan genes revisited," explores the neurodevelopmental variability and brain imaging features of patients with RASopathies. The study focuses on describing the fetal brain and associated features of fetuses with confirmed RASopathies. The researchers conducted a retrospective study that included four patients with variants in RIT1, LZTR1, RRAS-2, and PTPN11. The findings highlight the range of features observed in fetal brain imaging and emphasize the importance of prenatal assessment for accurate diagnosis and counseling. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "Screening for fetal CNS anomalies: are the actual standards sensitive enough?", discusses the use of ultrasound in detecting central nervous system (CNS) anomalies in fetuses. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the current screening criteria and propose potential improvements. Two experts reviewed data from cases of CNS anomalies and found that while the extended axial views increased the detection rate, additional planes were still necessary for a comprehensive assessment and accurate diagnosis. The authors recommend further research into extended views and the addition of supplementary planes for fetal brain imaging. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of the use of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) (Shingrix), which protects against herpes zoster (HZ), among immunocompromised adults aged 19 to 49 years, as a contribution to deliberations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients experience a high incidence of HZ, and the efficacy of RZV in preventing HZ has been studied in clinical trials. The cost-effectiveness model calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios that compared vaccination with RZV with a no vaccination strategy among adults aged 19 to 49 years. Costs and outcomes were calculated until age 50 years using the healthcare sector perspective and summarized as cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. The base case represents HCT recipients, with scenario analyses representing persons with other immunocompromising conditions, including hematologic malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus, and autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Uncertainty was investigated using univariate, multivariate, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Base-case results indicated vaccination with RZV would avert approximately 35% of HZ episodes and complications, while saving approximately 11% of net costs. Compared with no vaccination, vaccination of HCT recipients with RZV generated cost-savings (ie, lower costs and improved health) in the base case and in 81% of simulations in the probabilistic analysis. In scenario analyses, vaccination cost US dollar ($) 9500/QALY among patients with hematologic malignancies, $79 000/QALY among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus, and $208 000/QALY among persons with selected autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Generally favorable economic estimates supported recommendations for vaccination of immunocompromised adults with RZV to prevent episodes of HZ and related complications. • In a cost-effectiveness analysis, the use of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) among adults aged 19 to 49 years who received a hematopoietic cell transplant was found to be cost-saving in the base-case scenario and in most sensitivity analyses. Scenario analyses investigating persons with other selected immunocompromising conditions resulted in a wide range of economic values. • Generally favorable economic estimates further support that vaccination of immunocompromised adults with RZV should be a clinical priority to prevent episodes of herpes zoster and related complications. • In October 2021, RZV (Shingrix) was recommended for use among immunocompromised adults aged ≥ 19 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective memories of trauma can have profound impact on the affected individuals and communities. In the context of intergroup conflict, in the present article, we propose a novel theoretical framework to understand the long-term impact of historical trauma on contemporary intergroup relations from both victim and perpetrator perspectives. Integrating past research on intergroup conflict and the biopsychosocial model of threat and challenge, we argue that people appraise their group's past victimization and perpetration differently, either as a threat or as a challenge. Shaped by contextual factors and individual differences, these differential appraisals will subsequently influence how group members respond to contemporary intergroup conflict, with both adaptive and maladaptive consequences. This model contributes to unifying the previous research that has shown diverse effects of historical trauma on present-day intergroup dynamics. We present preliminary empirical evidence in support of the framework and discuss its theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intellectual capital (IC) cyber security is a priority in all organizations. Because of the dearth in IC cyber security (ICCS) research theories and the constant call to theory building, this study proposes a theory of ICCS drawing upon tested empirical data of information systems security (ISS) theory in Lebanon. Design/methodology/approach: After a pilot test, the authors tested the newly developed ISS theory using a field study consisting of 187 respondents, representing many industries, thus contributing to generalizability. ISS theory is used as a proxy for the development of ICCS theory. Findings: Based on a review of the literature from the past three decades in the information systems (IS) discipline and a discovery of the partial yet significant relevance of ISS literature to ICCS, this study succinctly summarized the antecedents and independent variables impacting security compliance behavior, putting the variables into one comprehensive yet parsimonious theoretical model. This study shows the theoretical and practical relevancy of ISS theory to ICCS theory building. Practical implications: This paper highlights the importance of ISS compliance in the context of ICCS, especially in the area of spoken knowledge in environments containing Internet-based security devices. Originality/value: This research article is original, as it presents the theory of ICCS, which was developed by drawing upon a comprehensive literature review of the IS discipline and finding the bridges between the security of both IS and IC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of far-right movements calls for greater understanding of how the public responds to such movements. In the context of the United States, we examined the role of normative beliefs about the Alt-Right in shaping public reactions toward the movement (three studies, total N = 1,379). Specifically, we examined how perceived prevalence (high descriptive norms) and acceptability (high injunctive norms) of the Alt-Right are linked to public attitudes toward that movement. We found limited evidence of a threat response—that is, perceived prevalence of the Alt-Right did not consistently predict more negative reactions toward it, such as fearing its potential harm to society. There was, however, more consistent evidence of a normalization response—that is, perceived acceptability of the Alt-Right predicted more positive reactions toward it, such as showing leniency toward their activities. These findings underscore the importance of far-right movements in possibly shaping normative standards in society, and how such norms are linked to public attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prisons and jails are high-risk settings for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccines may substantially reduce these risks, but evidence is needed on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness for incarcerated people, who are confined in large, risky congregate settings. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate effectiveness of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), against confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among incarcerated people in California prisons from 22 December 2020 through 1 March 2021. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation provided daily data for all prison residents including demographic, clinical, and carceral characteristics, as well as COVID-19 testing, vaccination, and outcomes. We estimated vaccine effectiveness using multivariable Cox models with time-varying covariates, adjusted for resident characteristics and infection rates across prisons. Results Among 60 707 cohort members, 49% received at least 1 BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 dose during the study period. Estimated vaccine effectiveness was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64%–82%) from day 14 after first dose until receipt of second dose and 97% (95% CI, 88%–99%) from day 14 after second dose. Effectiveness was similar among the subset of residents who were medically vulnerable: 74% (95% CI, 62%–82%) and 92% (95% CI, 74%–98%) from 14 days after first and second doses, respectively. Conclusions Consistent with results from randomized trials and observational studies in other populations, mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections among incarcerated people. Prioritizing incarcerated people for vaccination, redoubling efforts to boost vaccination, and continuing other ongoing mitigation practices are essential in preventing COVID-19 in this disproportionately affected population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A patient with progressive metastatic pancreatic cancer was treated with a single infusion of 16.2×109 autologous T cells that had been genetically engineered to clonally express two allogeneic HLA-C*08:02-restricted T-cell receptors (TCRs) targeting mutant KRAS G12D expressed by the tumors. The patient had regression of visceral metastases (overall partial response of 72% according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1); the response was ongoing at 6 months. The engineered T cells constituted more than 2% of all the circulating peripheral-blood T cells 6 months after the cell transfer. In this patient, TCR gene therapy targeting the KRAS G12D driver mutation mediated the objective regression of metastatic pancreatic cancer. (Funded by the Providence Portland Medical Foundation.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations of individual differences in how safe people feel in their social lives have typically used single-item measures or indirect measures. To examine the multifaceted nature of perceived personal safety more comprehensively, we introduce a novel measurement model of perceived personal safety, validated over the course of 8 studies (5 main and 3 supplementary studies; total N = 4390). Three distinct factors capturing variance in perceived personal safety emerged, Feeling of Safety (i.e., experiencing security in day-to-day life), Fear of Crime (i.e., being afraid of victimization), and Safety Confidence (i.e., trusting one's own ability to remain safe). Studies 1–3 introduce a newly developed multidimensional model, providing evidence for its face and construct validity. Studies 4 A-4B suggest that the feeling of safety facet specifically relate to better mental health outcomes, even across the span of one year. Study 5 explored the cross-national validity of this model across four different European countries. Contrary to past conceptualizations, perceived personal safety appears to be multidimensional, with different facets affecting our lives in distinct ways. • A multidimensional, three-factor model of perceived personal safety is validated • Feelings of safety measure levels of safety in familiar, day-to-day environments • Fear of crime captures perceived threat from victimization from different crimes • Safety confidence measures a person's perception that they can protect themselves • Relationships with mental well-being and demographic indicators are highlighted [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the central role of interstitial fibrosis in disease progression in chronic kidney disease (CKD), a role for diffusion-weighted MRI has been pursued. We evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of using radiomic features to phenotype apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps and hence to the clinical classification(s) of the participants. The study involved 40 individuals (10 healthy and 30 with CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)). Machine learning methods, such as hierarchical clustering and logistic regression, were used. Clustering resulted in the identification of two clusters, one including all individuals with CKD (n = 17), while the second one included all the healthy volunteers (n = 10) and the remaining individuals with CKD (n = 13), resulting in 100% specificity. Logistic regression identified five radiomic features to classify participants as with CKD vs. healthy volunteers, with a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 70%, respectively, and an AUC of 0.95. Similarly, four radiomic features were able to classify participants as rapid vs. non-rapid CKD progressors among the 30 individuals with CKD, with a sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 43%, respectively, and an AUC of 0.75. These promising preliminary data should support future studies with larger numbers of participants with varied disease severity and etiologies to improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under increasing pressure to demonstrate environmental responsibility, organizations realize that they cannot claim to be environmentally sustainable if their supply chains are not. This research seeks to understand how an interorganizational green IS influences environmental sustainability (ES) initiatives within organizations in a supply chain. We examine a green IS taking the form of an interorganizational ES platform. Our analysis sheds insights into how role conflicts arising from the various roles played by the platform users compromise the nature of actions associated with platform beliefs. In particular, cooptition conflict arising from participants' roles as supplier to the platform owner and competitor to other platform participants explains the symbolic organizational content contribution, whereas the professional conflict resulting from participants' roles as employee of an organization and knowledge peer to participants from other organizations explains the substantive personal content contribution. The lack of organizational substantive content creates content paucity, which platform users respond to by developing off-platform relationships with content contributors. The personal ES knowledge acquired through platform content consumption and the relationships with content contributors help individuals advocate for ES initiatives within their organizations. Our research is among the first to consider green IS at an interorganizational level and the corresponding multilevel perspective of the green IS users as they are at once organizational and individual actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Private insurance reimbursements for recombinant zoster vaccine averaged $149 in 2018. • Reimbursement rates varied across states. Most reimbursements exceeded $140 in 2018. • Reimbursement rates may be important to consider for vaccination providers and programs. A two-dose series of the recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, Shingrix) was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration in 2017 and recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in 2018 for adults in the United States age 50 years and older. Despite the health benefits of shingles vaccination, coverage has remained low, with financial barriers among healthcare providers identified as one potential factor. This study estimates the reimbursement levels for RZV among a large sample of privately insured individuals in the US from the 2018 IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database. Of 198,534 claims for an RZV dose, the mean reimbursement was $149. Most claims (83%) exceeded $140, which was the private sector vaccine price reported on the CDC vaccine price list in April 2018. These results can be useful for providers considering procuring RZV and for state immunization programs considering ways to improve vaccination coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective and widely used vaccine could reduce the burden of dengue virus (DENV) around the world. DENV is endemic in Puerto Rico, where the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV is currently under consideration as a control measure. CYD-TDV has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials in vaccinees who had prior dengue virus infection. However, in vaccinees who had no prior dengue virus infection, the vaccine had a modestly elevated risk of hospitalization and severe disease. The WHO therefore recommended a strategy of pre-vaccination screening and vaccination of seropositive persons. To estimate the cost-effectiveness and benefits of this intervention (i.e., screening and vaccination of seropositive persons) in Puerto Rico, we simulated 10 years of the intervention in 9-year-olds using an agent-based model. Across the entire population, we found that 5.5% (4.6%-6.3%) of dengue hospitalizations could be averted. However, we also found that 0.057 (0.045–0.073) additional hospitalizations could occur for every 1,000 people in Puerto Rico due to DENV-naïve children who were vaccinated following a false-positive test results for prior exposure. The ratio of the averted hospitalizations among all vaccinees to additional hospitalizations among DENV-naïve vaccinees was estimated to be 19 (13–24). At a base case cost of vaccination of 382 USD, we found an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 122,000 USD per QALY gained. Our estimates can provide information for considerations to introduce the CYD-TDV vaccine in Puerto Rico. Author summary: The first dengue vaccine, known as CYD-TDV, is currently under consideration as a public health tool in Puerto Rico, where dengue is endemic. Although the vaccine protects individuals with prior exposure to dengue virus, individuals vaccinated without prior dengue virus infection could experience a higher chance of severe disease. To avoid vaccinating individuals who have not been exposed to dengue virus, screening for prior infection before vaccination is recommended. Understanding the potential impacts of this intervention in specific settings can help public health decision makers to balance economic and health benefits to consider the implementation of this vaccine. In this study, we estimated the impacts of incorporating screening and vaccination in Puerto Rico for the next 10 years. We found that the vaccine could have a positive impact in reducing severe dengue by preventing 5.5% of hospitalizations, but it could also cause 1.6 hospitalizations for every 1,000 vaccinated who had a false-positive screening result. We also found that this intervention could be cost-effective in Puerto Rico at a cost of 382 USD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly evolving permeation of digital technologies into everyday human life, we are witnessing an era of personal data digitalization. Personal data digitalization refers to the sociotechnical encounters associated with the digitization of personal data for use in digital technologies. Personal data digitalization is being applied to central attributes of human life--health, cognition, and emotion--with the purported aim of helping individuals live longer, healthier lives endowed with the requisite cognition and emotion for responding to life situations and other people in a manner that enables human flourishing. A concern taking hold in manifold fields ranging from IT, bioethics, and law, to philosophy and religion is that as personal data digitalization permeates ever more areas of human existence, humans risk becoming artifacts of technology production. This concern brings to center stage the very notion of what it means to be human, a notion encapsulated in the term human dignity, which broadly refers to the recognition that human beings possess intrinsic value and, as such, are endowed with certain rights and should be treated with respect. In this paper, we identify, describe, and transform what we know about personal data digitalization into a higher order theoretical structure around the concept of human dignity. The result of our analysis is the CARE (claims, affronts, response, equilibrium) theory of dignity amid personal data digitalization, a theory that explains the relationship of personal data digitalization to human dignity. Building upon the CARE theory as a foundation, researchers in a variety of IS research streams could develop mid-range theories for empirical testing or could use the CARE theory as an overarching lens for interpreting emerging IS phenomena. Practitioners and government agencies can also use the CARE theory to understand the opportunities and risks of personal data digitalization and to develop policies and systems that respect the dignity of employees and citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Improving the utilization of preventive care among adolescents is important for achieving individual-level and population-level health goals. The Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set reports data submitted by managed care health plans, capturing a large number of individuals in the U.S.Methods: Using Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set from 2018, mean performance levels were calculated for 5 preventive care measures among adolescents. Differences in performance between states that use Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set or Health Plan Accreditation and those that use neither were estimated. Analysis was conducted in January-July 2020.Results: The sample included data from 39 states, with 32 that use Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set or Health Plan Accreditation and 7 that do not. Adolescent vaccination coverage was 28% for the complete human papillomavirus series, 81% for meningococcal, and 88% for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis. Access to a primary care practitioner (a 2-year measure) was 91%, and well-care visits (a 1-year measure) were 50%. When compared with states that do not use Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set or Health Plan Accreditation, the mean performance of states that used either Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set or Health Plan Accreditation was statistically significantly higher for 4 of the 5 assessed measures.Conclusions: Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set measures can help public health officials to monitor progress toward health goals, such as Healthy People 2020, and identify poorly performing health plans and types of preventive services in greatest need of improvement. States using Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set or Health Plan Accreditation were associated with better performance in some adolescent measures, which suggests that health plan accountability may have a role in achieving health outcomes and could be an important area for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which examined the county-level incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in the U.S. to allow higher education institutions to plan their face-to-face opening of classes. Also cited are the susceptibility of young adults to severe COVID-19, and the assessment of the effect of school instructional format like remote and in-person in large colleges and universities on COVID-19 infections among students.

People on both sides of an intergroup conflict undertake various forms of collective action to seek justice for their own group. Three studies investigated whether modes of ingroup identification promoted distinct preferences for justice, which subsequently shaped the form of collective action people supported. Among Arab (Study 1, n = 148) and Jewish Israelis (Study 2, n = 294), we found that ingroup glorification promoted a desire for retributive justice, which predicted support for nonnormative collective action, whereas ingroup attachment promoted a desire for restorative justice, which predicted support for normative collective action. Further, during a period of conflict escalation (i.e., Palestinian protests at the Gaza Strip), emphasizing retributive or restorative justice produced differential effects on the links from glorification and attachment to nonnormative and normative collective action (Study 3, n = 546). This research advances our understanding of when and how collective action can escalate intergroup conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the elimination of measles in the United States (US) in the year 2000, cases continue to occur, with measles outbreaks having occurred in various jurisdictions in the US in 2018 and 2019. Understanding the cost associated with measles outbreaks can inform cost-of-illness and cost-effectiveness studies of measles and measles prevention. We performed a literature review and identified 10 published studies from 2001 through 2018 that presented cost estimates from 11 measles outbreaks. The median total cost per measles outbreak was $152 308 (range, $9862–$1 063 936); the median cost per case was $32 805 (range, $7396–$76 154) and the median cost per contact was $223 (range, $81–$746). There were limited data on direct and indirect costs associated with measles. These findings highlight how costly measles outbreaks can be, the value of this information for public health department budgeting, and the importance of more broadly documenting the cost of measles outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Commercially available systems for ion beam reference dosimetry in water are mainly based on ionization chambers. In those systems, a large number of small detectors are typically arranged in a two‐dimensional (2D) array or matrix to achieve high spatial resolution (order of several millimeters) and large field coverage at the same time. The goal of this work was to investigate the reliability of a detector of superior spatial resolution to perform three‐dimensional (3D) ionization measurements in carbon ion pencil beams. Methods: The GEMPix is a small gaseous detector with a highly pixelated readout, consisting of a drift region (with 2.8 cm3 × 2.8 cm3 × 0.3 cm3 volume), three gas electron multipliers (GEMs) for signal amplification and four Timepix ASICs with 55 µm pixel pitch and a total of 262,144 pixels. An integrated system was designed and built, which consists of a commercial water phantom with a three‐axis motorized arm, a reference large‐area ionization chamber for signal normalization to the beam output and the GEMPix itself. Measurements at different depths in water have been performed at the Italian National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAO) with three carbon ion beam energies. Lateral beam profiles measured with the GEMPix at the shallowest depth were compared to those measured with radiochromic EBT3 films in air in the position of the reference ionization chamber. The Timepix readout was calibrated in energy by using one independent depth scan with carbon ions of 150 mm range. Bragg peak curves were also simulated using the Monte Carlo FLUKA code as a reference. Results: Beam profiles measured with the GEMPix were smooth and showed similar shape and full width at half maximum when compared to those measured with radiochromic EBT3 films. Smooth, reproducible Bragg curves were obtained with statistical uncertainties of about 2%, matching FLUKA simulations of the Bragg curves within 15% for most data points. This difference is partially explained for the measurement with carbon ions of 150 mm range by a saturation effect in the GEMs. The high granularity of the readout allowed to produce 2D images of the deposited dose at different depths, as well as 3D data distributions. Conclusions: This paper demonstrates the capability of the GEMPix detector to measure the 3D dose distribution of carbon ions in water for a clinical pencil beam reliably. In the future, the detector area will be increased to cover fields of scanned beams. Measurements at higher beam intensities and with protons are planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Both refrigerator and freezer compartments of household-grade combination storage units do not perform as well as household-grade stand-alone or purpose-built storage units. • Performance estimates support current vaccine storage and handling guidelines to minimize the use of household-grade combination storage units, particularly the freezer compartments. To evaluate the ability of different types of vaccine storage units to maintain appropriate temperatures for the storage of vaccines and to characterize deviations from recommended temperatures. Continuous temperature monitoring devices, or digital data loggers, from vaccine providers who participated in a continuous temperature monitoring pilot project. We computed descriptive statistics on the percentage of runtime with an out-of-range temperature, or excursion, for different storage unit types (freezers and refrigerators) and for different storage unit grades (household-grade combination, household-grade stand alone, and purpose-built or pharmaceutical grade). We developed frequency histograms for the percentage of storage unit runtime outside of the normal range. We plotted the duration and temperature extrema for identified excursions. Analyses were stratified by storage unit type and grade. Household-grade combination units underperformed relative to household-grade stand-alone and purpose-built units. Among refrigerators, household-grade combination units operated in the normal temperature range an average of 98.9% of their observed runtime, which was lower than 99.4% (p value = 0.038) for household-grade stand-alone and 99.9% (p value < 0.001) for purpose-built units. Among freezers, household-grade combination units operated in the normal temperature range an average of 95.0% of their observed runtime, which was lower than 99.3% (p value < 0.001) for household-grade stand-alone units and 99.7% (p value < 0.001) for purpose-built units. These findings, in particular the underperformance of household-grade combination units relative to household-grade stand-alone and purpose-built units, support current CDC recommendations to avoid the use of household-grade combination storage units when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twinning is a crystal‐growth anomaly in which protein monomers exist in different orientations but are related in a specific way, causing diffraction reflections to overlap. Twinning imposes additional symmetry on the data, often leading to the assignment of a higher symmetry space group. Specifically, in merohedral twinning, reflections from each monomer overlap and require a twin law to model unique structural data from overlapping reflections. Neglecting twinning in the crystallographic analysis of quasi‐rotationally symmetric homo‐oligomeric protein structures can mask the degree of structural non‐identity between monomers. In particular, any deviations from perfect symmetry will be lost if higher than appropriate symmetry is applied during crystallographic analysis. Such cases warrant choosing between the highest symmetry space group possible or determining whether the monomers have distinguishable structural asymmetries and thus require a lower symmetry space group and a twin law. Using hexagonal cocrystals of HIV‐1 protease, a C2‐symmetric homodimer whose symmetry is broken by bound ligand, it is shown that both assigning a lower symmetry space group and applying a twin law during refinement are critical to achieving a structural model that more accurately fits the electron density. By re‐analyzing three recently published HIV‐1 protease structures, improvements in nearly every crystallographic metric are demonstrated. Most importantly, a procedure is demonstrated where the inhibitor can be reliably modeled in a single orientation. This protocol may be applicable to many other homo‐oligomers in the PDB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1994, the U.S. Vaccines for Children (VFC) program has covered the cost of vaccines for children whose families might not otherwise be able to afford vaccines. This report assessed and quantified the health benefits and economic impact of routine U.S. childhood immunizations among both VFC-eligible and non--VFC-eligible children born during 1994-2023. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine; oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines; measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine; hepatitis B vaccine; varicella vaccine; pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine; and rotavirus vaccine were included. Averted illnesses and deaths and associated costs over the lifetimes of 30 annual cohorts of children born during 1994--2023 were estimated using established economic models. Net savings were calculated from the payer and societal perspectives. Among approximately 117 million children born during 1994--2023, routine childhood vaccinations will have prevented approximately 508 million lifetime cases of illness, 32 million hospitalizations, and 1,129,000 deaths, at a net savings of $540 billion in direct costs and $2.7 trillion in societal costs. From both payer and societal perspectives, routine childhood vaccinations among children born during 1994--2023 resulted in substantial cost savings. Childhood immunizations continue to provide substantial health and economic benefits, while promoting health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2021, Serbia made the unprecedented announcement to offer free Covid‐19 vaccination to citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and notably to Bosniaks, against whom three decades earlier Serbia had waged a bloody war. How was this policy appraised and, most importantly, did the policy appraisal impact reconciliation? We report here the results of a longitudinal investigation amid a representative sample of Bosniak youth (N = 450). Results suggest that a positive appraisal of this actual, state‐level policy, predicted improvement on a series of intergroup reconciliation indicators (e.g., trust in the out‐group, forgiveness for past violence, hope for future relationship), particularly so amid those who are strongly attached to their Bosniak in‐group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International concern for the human rights of Afghan women has spiked since the Taliban consolidated power in Afghanistan in fall 2021. Yet little is known about how to effectively advocate for women's human rights under this new context. We present findings from a random sample of all adult Afghan internet users' attitudes toward peace, security, gender, and human rights and find significant support for women's human rights as a national priority within Afghanistan, even when controlling for other priorities and even among many men and women aligned with the Taliban. Given that men now have much more political power in Afghan society to protect women's rights, we paid particular attention to men's attitudes toward women's human rights. Our evidence from an embedded survey experiment, building on earlier literature from other countries, demonstrates that fathers of eldest daughters are particularly likely to favor prioritizing women's rights when primed to think about the gender of their eldest children. Thus, the human rights and humanitarian community should spend more time and attention engaging with this demographic, and specifically creating marketing and advocacy strategies that encourage men to think about or act on behalf of their eldest daughters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online dialogue has tremendous potential to influence intergroup relations in conflict-ridden societies. Although prior research has identified intergroup harmony and justice as two distinct approaches to intergroup contact, little is known about whether online dialogue would foster a harmony- or justice-oriented discourse around conflict. To examine this question, the present study implemented a pre–post within-subjects design around a 4-week online dialogue intervention with Bosniaks and Serbs in the postconflict context of former Yugoslavia. Analyses of pre–post surveys suggest that the dialogue may have fostered a justice-oriented discourse among both Bosniaks and Serbs, who showed greater group identification and demands for justice after the dialogue compared to before the dialogue. There was also lower support for the goal of improving relationships and higher prioritization of discussions of justice after the dialogue. Exploring the linguistic content of the dialogue during the 4-week intervention further revealed that expressions of anger and anxiety decreased, whereas time orientations toward the present increased over time, suggesting that the justice-focused dialogue was not necessarily accompanied by explicit hostility over past atrocities. These findings help inform future interventions in postconflict societies, especially the use of online platforms to shape the discourse of conflict. This research examined the outcomes of a 4-week online dialogue intervention between Bosniaks and Serbs, two groups with a history of conflict in the Balkans. We found that after the dialogue, there was a stronger focus on seeking justice, rather than fostering harmony, among both groups. These findings suggest that intergroup dialogue interventions in postconflict settings should address people's lingering desires for justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on literatures on social movements and collective action, mentalization, and morality, four studies investigated whether a social movement's use of nonviolence can increase people's willingness to support and join the movement. In a correlational study with a nested design, across 23 movements perceived use of nonviolence predicted participants' willingness to support and join the movement (Study 1, n = 203). This effect was also found experimentally, with Americans supporting nonviolent movements more than violent ones, in hypothetical and real foreign countries (Study 2 and 3, ns = 606 and 373). Study 4 (n = 247) replicated the effects in participants' own country. The effects were transmitted by attribution of mental states to nonviolent movements and subsequent greater perceived morality (Study 2–4). This research demonstrates that nonviolence can benefit social movements in terms of support and mobilization potential, and that these benefits are rooted in perceptions of mental capacity, humanness, and morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Advanced cognitive capabilities enable humans to solve even complex tasks by representing and processing internal models of manipulation actions and their effects. Consequently, humans are able to plan the effect of their motions before execution and validate the performance afterwards. In this work, we derive an analog approach for robotic wiping actions which are fundamental for some of the most frequent household chores including vacuuming the floor, sweeping dust, and cleaning windows. We describe wiping actions and their effects based on a qualitative particle distribution model. This representation enables a robot to plan goal-oriented wiping motions for the prototypical wiping actions of absorbing, collecting and skimming. The particle representation is utilized to simulate the task outcome before execution and infer the real performance afterwards based on haptic perception. This way, the robot is able to estimate the task performance and schedule additional motions if necessary. We evaluate our methods in simulated scenarios, as well as in real experiments with the humanoid service robot Rollin' Justin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective responsibility processes have been investigated from the perspectives of the outgroup (e.g., collective blame) and the ingroup (e.g., collective guilt). This article extends theory and research on collective responsibility with a third perspective, namely that of the individual actor whose behavior triggers the attribution of collective blame. Four experiments (n = 78, 118, 208 and 77, respectively) tested the hypotheses that collective responsibility processes influence the individual actors' appraisals, emotions and behavior. The possibility of collective blame for their individual action prompted more prosocial behavior among participants (Experiment 1). Participants also experienced more ingroup reputation concern and in turn more negative emotions (Experiment 2–4) for a past wrongdoing if it could reflect negatively on the ingroup in the eyes of outgroups. The increased negative emotions then motivated participants to improve the ingroup's image (Experiment 4). The effects were moderated by perceived ingroup entitativity, in that activating collective blame increased ingroup reputation concern and negative emotions only for ingroups perceived as highly entitative (Experiment 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Silica nanoparticles are widely used platform materials for the immobilization of proteins to realize applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. We here report on the use of a highly delicate protein for the systematic evaluation of routes for the surface modification of multifunctional silica nanoparticles. To investigate how surface immobilization methods affect the functionality of surface-bound proteins, we constructed a novel fusion protein, dubbed FlipHOB, that combines the glucose sensor protein FLIP with a variant of the commercially-available self-ligating Halo-tag. As indicated by the spectroscopic properties and sensing capabilities of FlipHOB, the oriented immobilization of this protein through its HOB tag domain or DNA-directed immobilization were superior over the non-directional statistical immobilization via glutardialdehyde-mediated cross-coupling. Immobilization through double-stranded DNA bridges also allows for the triggered disassembly of FlipHOB nanosensors and the controlled recovery of the sensor protein. We demonstrate that the nanosensors are functional in in vitro settings and can be used for imaging in vivo. We believe that our results show generic strategies and provide essential guidelines for the development of protein-based nanoparticle sensors for applications in the life sciences. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Published studies report favorable cost-effectiveness profiles for adult vaccinations. • Some influenza, pneumococcal, and Td/Tdap evaluations report cost-savings. • Adult vaccines can prevent substantial morbidity, disability and death. Abstract Background Coverage levels for many recommended adult vaccinations are low. The cost-effectiveness research literature on adult vaccinations has not been synthesized in recent years, which may contribute to low awareness of the value of adult vaccinations and to their under-utilization. We assessed research literature since 1980 to summarize economic evidence for adult vaccinations included on the adult immunization schedule. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, EconLit, and Cochrane Library from 1980 to 2016 and identified economic evaluation or cost-effectiveness analysis for vaccinations targeting persons aged ≥18 years in the U.S. or Canada. After excluding records based on title and abstract reviews, the remaining publications had a full-text review from two independent reviewers, who extracted economic values that compared vaccination to "no vaccination" scenarios. Results The systematic searches yielded 1688 publications. After removing duplicates, off-topic publications, and publications without a "no vaccination" comparison, 78 publications were included in the final analysis (influenza = 25, pneumococcal = 18, human papillomavirus = 9, herpes zoster = 7, tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis = 9, hepatitis B = 9, and multiple vaccines = 1). Among outcomes assessing age-based vaccinations, the percent indicating cost-savings was 56% for influenza, 31% for pneumococcal, and 23% for tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccinations. Among age-based vaccination outcomes reporting $/QALY, the percent of outcomes indicating a cost per QALY of ≤$100,000 was 100% for influenza, 100% for pneumococcal, 69% for human papillomavirus, 71% for herpes zoster, and 50% for tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccinations. Conclusions The majority of published studies report favorable cost-effectiveness profiles for adult vaccinations, which supports efforts to improve the implementation of adult vaccination recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Overall, studies were transparent, e.g. inclusion of a clearly stated study perspective. • For consistency, we examined the frequency of particular model characteristics. • We find opportunity for improvement in costs included and sensitivity analyses. • We find these presentations contribute beneficially to the ACIP policy-making process. Abstract We identified 16 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) presentations from 2012 to 2016 that indicated 'cost' or 'economic' content. Characteristics were reviewed, abstracted, and tabulated to quantify and assess the transparency and consistency of economic evidence presented to ACIP. To assess transparency, we documented if each study identified author affiliation, conflicts of interest, study limitations, a clearly described model structure and other model attributes. To assess consistency, we identified the frequency of specific modeling choices, including the perspective, types of health outcomes considered, inclusion of specific types of costs, discount rate, and use of sensitivity analyses. Our results indicate that the content in these presentations appear to be transparent overall and consistent in several important areas, such as study perspective and health outcomes. However, we find the inclusion of particular types of direct costs, indirect costs, program costs, and sensitivity analyses are areas that could improve consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world, movements for justice or social change struggle with the question of whether to use nonviolent or violent protest strategies. While research suggests that nonviolent strategies may be more successful than violent ones, people's preferences and support for different strategies may depend on their specific role in the conflict. We tested this in Study 1 in the context of the Kurdish question in Turkey (N = 320), and we found that Turks and Americans supported nonviolent movements more than violent movements, while Kurds were equally supportive of both. Study 2 (N = 192) replicated Study 1 and investigated whether the preference for nonviolent strategies among the third‐party group was dependent on the perceivers' specific preferred outcomes in the conflict. We found that, in the context of the Kurdish question in Syria, third‐party Americans still supported nonviolent movements more than violent movements regardless of their preferred outcomes, although the more that they preferred that Kurds would win the conflict, the more supportive they were of both nonviolent and violent protest movements. These studies suggest that the preference for nonviolent strategies may depend on people's role in the conflict, with important implications for addressing conflict needs and conflict resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify public opinion polls from other countries as an important form of indirect exposure to outgroups, and an important source of intergroup metaperceptions, outgroup perceptions, and support for group-level behavior towards outgroups. Three experiments demonstrate a two-step process through which such exposure affects support for ingroup behaviors that facilitate peaceful or violent intergroup relations. When indirectly exposed to national outgroups, Americans inferred intergroup metaperceptions (Step 1), which, in turn, shaped outgroup perceptions (Step 2). This effect and its underlying process occurred in relation to both fictitious (Experiment 2) and real outgroups (Iran, Experiment 1; Germany, Saudi Arabia, Experiment 3), as well as those similar (Germany) and dissimilar (Saudi Arabia) to the ingroup (Experiment 3). Further, this effect occurred beyond ingroup perceptions (Experiments 1–3), perceived intergroup threat (Experiments 2–3), and intergroup similarity (Experiment 3). Contributions to the literatures on cross-group contact, intergroup perceptions and attitudes, and image theory are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A positive impact of adding directional information to observations from the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYNGSS) constellation of microsatellites is observed in simulation using a high-resolution nature run of an Atlantic hurricane for a 4-day period. Directional information is added using a two-dimensional variational analysis method (VAM) for near-surface vector winds that blends simulated CYGNSS wind speeds with an a priori background vector wind field at 6-h analysis times. The resulting wind vectors at CYGNSS data locations are more geophysically self-consistent when using high-resolution 6-h forecast backgrounds from a Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast Model (HWRF) control observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) compared to low-resolution 6-h forecasts from an associated Global Forecast System (GFS) model control OSSE. An important contributing factor is the large displacement error in the center of circulation in the GFS background wind fields that produces asymmetric circulations in the associated VAM analyses. Results of a limited OSSE indicate that CYGNSS winds reduce forecast error in hurricane intensity in 0-48-h forecasts compared to using no CYGNSS data. Assimilation of VAM-CYGNSS vector winds reduces maximum wind speed error by 2-5 kt (1 kt 5 0.51 m s-1) and reduces minimum central pressure error by 2-5 hPa. The improvement in forecast intensity is notably larger and more consistent than the reduction in track error. The assimilation of VAM-CYGNSS wind vectors constrains analyses of surface wind field structures during OSSE more effectively than wind speeds alone. Because of incomplete sampling and the limitations of the data assimilation system used, CYGNSS scalar winds produce unwanted wind/pressure imbalances and asymmetries more often than the assimilation of VAM-CYGNSS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The development of a versatile class of silica nanoparticles for cell studies is reported. The particles contain a fluorescent dye‐encoded core and a single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotide‐displaying shell. They are accessible in arbitrary size and color through robust protocols for Stöber‐based colloidal synthesis and sturdy chemical surface functionalization. Silica particles in the size range of 100 nm to 1.5 µm diameter containing fluorescein, Cy3 oder Cy5 dye‐encoded cores are synthesized and functionalized with DNA oligonucleotides. These silica biopebbles are conveniently traceable by microscopy and have a high affinity to live cells, which makes them ideal for cell uptake studies, as demonstrated for MCF7 and A431 cancer cells. The biopebbles can be utilized as building blocks for the self‐assembled formation of arbitrary surface patterns on glass substrates. With these architectures, the privileged internalization of the biopebbles can be exploited for improved adhesion and guidance of cells because the particles are no longer ingested by adhered cells due to their physical connection with the solid support. It is believed that the biopebble approach will be useful for a variety of applications, fundamental studies in cell biology and tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four experiments examined people's responses to intergroup violence either committed or suffered by their own group. Experiment 1 demonstrated that Serbs who strongly glorified Serbia were more supportive of future violence against, and less willing to reconcile with, Bosniaks after reading about Serbian victimization by Bosniaks rather than Serbian transgressions against Bosniaks. Replicating these effects with Americans in the context of American–Iranian tensions, Experiment 2 further showed that demands for retributive justice explained why high glorifiers showed asymmetrical reactions to ingroup victimization vs. perpetration. Again in the Serb and the American context, respectively, Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that post‐conflict international criminal tribunals can help satisfy victim group members' desire for retributive justice, and thereby reduce their support for future violence and increase their willingness to reconcile with the perpetrator group. The role of retributive justice and the use of international criminal justice in intergroup conflict (reduction) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Torture can be opposed on the basis of pragmatic (e.g., torture does not work) or moral arguments (e.g., torture violates human rights). Three studies investigated how these arguments affect U.S. citizens' attitudes toward U.S.‐committed torture. In Study 1, participants expressed stronger demands for redressing the injustice of torture when presented with moral rather than pragmatic or no arguments against torture. Study 2 replicated this finding with an extended justice measure and also showed the moderating role of ingroup glorification and attachment. Moral arguments increased justice demands among those who typically react most defensively to ingroup‐committed wrongdoings: the highly attached and glorifying. Study 3 showed that the effect of moral arguments against torture on justice demands and support for torture among high glorifiers is mediated by moral outrage and empathy but not guilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on past research on judgment and decision making, as well as preference reversal, we investigated the impact of question framing on support for military versus diplomatic conflict resolution strategies. In three studies with two heterogeneous samples from the United States and one representative sample from Israel, preferences for military action were substantially stronger when asked in isolation (i.e., 'yes/no' [support/reject]) rather than in conjunction with the alternative of diplomacy (i.e., 'either-or' [military or diplomacy]), sometimes even causing a complete reversal from majority support for military action to majority support for diplomacy. These findings point to problems in public opinion polls and scientific research on military support (usually presenting no alternatives), and address issues important for psychology, political science, sociology, and survey methodology. In a real world context, our findings have important implications for governmental decisions on conflict resolution strategies and the implementation of policies based on public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio occultation (RO) by the Earth's atmosphere of the transmitted signals of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems' satellites has improved numerical weather prediction, has benefited atmospheric process studies, and benchmarked climate change by its strong traceability to the international definition of the second. Until now, research with RO has been isolated to the few centers that actually process the data and impracticable elsewhere because of limitations on data formats, organization and volume of the data, download bandwidth, and the lack of a database that can be queried before downloading data. We announce the availability of RO data in the Registry of Open Data of Amazon Web Services (AWS). RO data are freely available for download for the user and free to process and store for the manager of the repository. RO data as processed by the COSMIC Program Office at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, by the Radio Occultation Meteorology Satellite Application Facility (ROM SAF), by EUMETSAT, and by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory are available beginning with calibrated (excess) phase, extending to bending angle and refractivity and to retrievals of pressure, temperature and water vapor. The same RO repository also contains a metadata database that permits simple querying, filtering, and download of data using a Python application programming interface provided by this same project. Four tutorial demonstrations are provided as jupyter notebooks to provide representative samples of code to perform common research activities with RO data, including database querying and analysis, inter‐center comparison of RO retrieval performance, and atmospheric process studies. Plain Language Summary: Radio occultation is a space‐based technique used to profile pressure, temperature, and water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere from the surface to the top of the stratosphere. It has unusual properties compared to other methods for measuring the atmosphere from space, particularly its powerful calibration and its astonishing vertical resolution, both made possible because it is based on a measurement of timing rather than radiance. This paper announces the availability of all Earth radio occultation (RO) data ever obtained (with a few small exceptions) from multiple data providers in the Registry of Open Data of Amazon Web Services. This repository of RO data is formulated to greatly ease access and manipulation of RO data to users anywhere in the world. It comes with tutorials on how the data can be accessed, downloaded, and analyzed in the form of jupyter notebooks. Key Points: A repository of all historical Earth Radio occultation (RO) data of the atmosphere is now freely accessible in the Amazon Web Services Registry of Open DataData are organized to enable common RO, atmospheric science, and climate science research by users anywhereRO sounding data are easily queried, subset, and downloaded through a Python package available by PyPI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Vaccination coverage is typically measured as the proportion of individuals who have received recommended vaccine doses by the date of assessment. This approach does not provide information about receipt of vaccines by the recommended age, which is critical for ensuring optimal protection from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Objective To assess vaccination timeliness in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and the projected impact of suboptimal vaccination in the event of an outbreak. Methods Timeliness of the 4 th dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) and 1 st dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) among children 24–35 months was assessed in FSM. Both doses are defined as on time if administered from 361 through 395 days in age. Timeliness was calculated by one-way frequency analysis, and dose delays, measured in months after recommended age, were described using inverse Kaplan-Meier analysis. A time-series susceptible-exposed-infected-recovery (TSEIR) model simulated measles outbreaks in populations with on time and late vaccination. Results Total coverage for the 4 th dose of DTaP ranged from 36.6% to 98.8%, and for the 1 st dose of MMR ranged from 80.9% to 100.0% across FSM states. On time coverage for the 4 th dose of DTaP ranged from 3.2% to 52.3%, and for the 1 st dose of MMR ranged from 21.1% to 66.9%. Maximum and median dose delays beyond the recommended age varied by state. TSEIR models predicted 10.8–13.7% increases in measles cases during an outbreak based on these delays. Conclusions In each of the FSM states, a substantial proportion of children received DTaP and MMR doses outside the recommended timeframe. Children who receive vaccinations later than recommended remain susceptible to VPDs during the period they remain unvaccinated, which may have a substantial impact on health systems during an outbreak. Immunization programs should consider vaccination timeliness in addition to coverage as a measure of susceptibility to VPDs in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local church nowadays undergoes several changes, influenced by movements and contextualizations, seeking to fulfill its mission in the most efficient possible way. It is the responsibility of church leaders to examine each moment and check what their community needs. Being a church of Jesus Christ, submissive to Him, fulfilling His purposes, inclusive as leadership, is the great challenge. Do not let go of fads take place, or remain static, afraid to face the change. For this there is the leadership established by the Bible and that when it occupies its place according to the teaching, the church will be prosperous and will play its part in society. Deacons are chosen for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultations (RO) over the last 10 years have proved to be a valuable and essentially unbiased data source for operational global numerical weather prediction. However, the existing sampling coverage is too sparse in both space and time to support forecasting of severe mesoscale weather. In this study, the case study or quick observing system simulation experiment (Quick- OSSE) framework is used to quantify the impact of vastly increased numbers of GNSS RO profiles on mesoscale weather analysis and forecasting. The current study focuses on a severe convective weather event that produced both a tornado and flash flooding in Oklahoma on 31 May 2013. The WRF Model is used to compute a realistic and faithful depiction of reality. This 2-km "nature run" (NR) serves as the "truth" in this study. The NR is sampled by two proposed constellations of GNSS RO receivers that would produce 250 thousand and 2.5 million profiles per day globally. These data are then assimilated using WRF and a 24-member, 18-km-resolution, physics-based ensemble Kalman filter. The data assimilation is cycled hourly and makes use of a nonlocal, excess phase observation operator for RO data. The assimilation of greatly increased numbers of RO profiles produces improved analyses, particularly of the lower-tropospheric moisture fields. The forecast results suggest positive impacts on convective initiation. Additional experiments should be conducted for different weather scenarios and with improved OSSE systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the correlation between maternal parameters prepartum, such as levels of blood pressure and proteinuria, with the duration of pregnancy and neonatal birth weight. It mentions about the Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy as a regularly accompanied by intrauterine growth restriction.

Many people in the major Western economies (e.g., United States, UK, and Germany) subscribe to free market ideology (FMI), which claims that institutional oversight of the market is unnecessary for public reaction can force corporations to regulate their own behavior. The question then becomes how people's belief in FMI affects their reactions to corporate transgressions. Given its ingroup-centered values, we hypothesized that FMI beliefs would bias reactions to corporate transgressions. We report results of a pilot study showing that FMI beliefs are predicted by selfishness, tradition, conformity, and lack of universalism. We then report three experiments, which showed that stronger FMI beliefs predict weaker demands to redress corporate injustices committed by ingroup (but not outgroup) corporations (Studies 1-3), especially when victims of corporate wrongdoings belong to an outgroup (rather than the ingroup; Study 3). The findings inform our conceptual understanding of FMI and give insights about its implications for market justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]