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Purpose: Dry eye syndrome is a common ocular disease that causes morbidity, high healthcare burden, and decreased quality of life. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial effects of a standardized extract of small black soybean (EYESOY®) in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced murine model of dry eye. Methods: Experimental dry eye was induced by instillation of 0.02% BAC on the right eye of the Sprague-Dawley rats. Saline solution or EYESOY were administered orally every day for 8 weeks. Results: EYESOY significantly improved tear volume in the cornea compared with that in the BAC group. Moreover, EYESOY inhibited damage to the corneal epithelial cells and lacrimal glands by suppressing the oxidative and inflammatory responses in a mouse dry eye model. It also increased the goblet cell density and mucin integrity in the conjunctiva. Conclusions: Our results suggest that EYESOY has the potential to alleviate dry eye syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a crucial modality for abdominal imaging evaluation of focal lesions and tissue properties. However, several obstacles, such as prolonged scan times, limitations in patients' breath-hold capacity, and contrast agent-associated artifacts, remain in abdominal MR images. Recent techniques, including parallel imaging, three-dimensional acquisition, compressed sensing, and deep learning, have been developed to reduce the scan time while ensuring acceptable image quality or to achieve higher resolution without extending the scan duration. Quantitative measurements using MRI techniques enable the noninvasive evaluation of specific materials. A comprehensive understanding of these advanced techniques is essential for accurate interpretation of MRI sequences. Herein, we therefore review advanced abdominal MRI techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This post hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of intravenous belimumab 10 mg/kg in the South Korean subgroup of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) enrolled in the North East Asia (NEA) study (GSK Study BEL113750; NCT01345253). Methods: NEA was a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized Phase 3 trial. Patients with active, autoantibody‐positive SLE were randomized 2:1 to belimumab or placebo plus standard therapy administered on Days 0, 14, and 28, and then every 28 days up to Week 48. The primary efficacy endpoint in this analysis was SLE Responder Index 4 (SRI‐4) response rate at Week 52, defined as the proportion of patients achieving a ≥4‐point reduction in Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment‐SLE Disease Activity Index (SELENA‐SLEDAI) score, no worsening (<0.3 increase from baseline) in Physician Global Assessment, no new British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) A domain and <2 new BILAG B domain scores. Results: Among 100 South Korean patients enrolled in NEA, 54/66 (81.8%) belimumab‐ and 24/34 (70.6%) placebo‐treated patients completed the double‐blind phase. Significantly more belimumab‐ than placebo‐treated patients achieved SRI‐4 response at Week 52 (n = 35/66, 53.0% vs. n = 8/34, 23.5%; odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)]: 3.67 [1.45, 9.28]; p =.0061). The proportion of patients experiencing ≥1 adverse event was similar between groups (belimumab: n = 60/66, 90.9% vs. placebo: n = 31/34, 91.2%). No new safety signals emerged in this subgroup analysis. Conclusion: Belimumab was efficacious for the treatment of SLE and well tolerated among the South Korean subgroup of patients from the NEA study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the future world of work, problem-solving skills will continue to be important assets for youths. The present study tested the effectiveness of a 16-week and an additional 5-week project-based learning program designed for improving problem-solving skills. Data were collected from 97 youth (M age = 23.03), who participated in the program, using three different sources of assessment (i.e., self, peer, rater) and two methods of measurement (i.e., survey questionnaires, task performance). A two-level hierarchical linear model was applied to data. Results from self-reports showed that problem-solving skills increased after 16-week participation, but no extra improvement was found by participating in an additional 5-week booster program. When using peers' and raters' reports, the participants' skills also significantly improved throughout the 16-week program. The implications of the findings on theory are discussed. • Participants' self-reported problem-solving skills improved after a 16-week program. • Thinking skills assessed by raters increased after the 16-week program. • Peer reports of empathy also increased after participating in the 16-week program. • The 5-week booster program showed no more benefits than 16-week program. • With regard to career outcomes, problem-solving skills and career adaptability were predictive of employability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Game Based Learning (DGBL) was considered as an effective way to engage learners and enhance learning performance. This case study demonstrates a design case that uses DGBL to support writing practices using student-centered pedagogy in K-12 education. Minecraft is used as a tool of transferring students' imagination and abstract design to actual writing and building. We investigated a curriculum of adopting Minecraft in writing practices and analyzed students' writing artifacts to identify the elements that fulfill US Common Core State Standards (CCSS) requirements in a rich digital learning environment. In this study, we found that using DGBL could develop students' literacy skills that meet CCSS in a student-centered curriculum and eventually support students to prepare for standardized tests. Implications for K-12 educators are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Onion skins are agricultural by‐products that contain high levels of antioxidants, including quercetin and protocatechuic acid. The solubility of extracts can affect their antioxidant capacity in food oil matrices. The antioxidative properties of onion skin extracts with different polarity were compared and the chemical profiles of the extracts were identified by GC‐MS. Highly lipophilic, moderately hydrophilic and highly hydrophilic onion skin extracts (HLE, MHE and HHE, respectively) were prepared and their antioxidant properties were tested using in vitro assays and bulk oil or oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions. The most abundant phenolic compounds in the onion skin extracts were quercetin and protocatechuic acid. The lipophilicity levels of HLE, MHE and HHE were 0.674, 0.394 and −1.225, respectively. HLE showed higher antioxidant capacity in bulk oil and O/W emulsion matrices compared to MHE and HHE. The antioxidant capacity of HLE was higher in the O/W emulsion than in the bulk oil system. Therefore, highly lipophilic onion skin extracts can be used as effective natural antioxidants in oil matrices, especially O/W emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Efficient, accurate, and stable coupling scheme for the aerosol dynamics in the containment. • Validation with the analytic solutions of the simplified general dynamic equations. • Analyses on international standard problem No. 44 to validate with the experimental data. • Negligible computation burden required for the coupling scheme as additional. Abstract Most fission products are released into the containment as aerosol particles during severe accidents. In the conventional codes, two sets of equations are used to analyze the aerosol behaviors in the containment. The first set of equations are multicomponent sectional equations, solutions of which are given with the mass concentrations in each discretized section. The multicomponent sectional equations require very large number of sections to remove the numerical diffusion when hygroscopic growth occurs with other aerosol dynamics simultaneously. For efficient calculations, Mason Equations are used to analyze the hygroscopic growth. The solutions of the equations, on the other hand, are given with the radius of an individual particle. Therefore, it is essential to couple the two equations in rigorous manner for efficient analyses on the aerosol behaviors when hygroscopic growth and other aerosol dynamics occur simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a new formulation for the coupling scheme of multicomponent sectional equations and Mason equations. In the formulation, the two equations are coupled via a transition rate matrix obtained by interpolation of the mass distribution within a section for each component in multicomponent sectional equations and the solutions of Mason equations. In order to validate the formulation, it is applied to the simplified GDE to compare with the analytic solutions. The formulation is also applied to international standard problem No. 44 for the validation with experimental data. Computation time for the formulation is also compared with those of the conventional method. With negligible computation burden as additional, the formulation would analyze the aerosol behaviors efficiently, accurately, and stably when hygroscopic growth occurs with other aerosol dynamics simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Research indicates that sexual and gender minority youth [SGMY] may engage more with information communication technologies [ICTs] more than their non-SGMY counterparts Craig SL et al. 2020. While scholarship generally explores youth's use of ICTs, there are gaps in scholarship that connect SGMY, their ICT engagement and influences to mental health. This scoping review will synthesize the literature that connects these core concepts in order to better understand the influence ITCs have on the mental health of SGMY and to develop a more fulsome understanding of this emerging area of literature. Methods and analysis: Following the scoping review framework of Arksey and O'Malley, the search will be conducted in the PsycINFO [Ovid interface, 1980-], MEDLINE [Ovid interface, 1948-], CINAHL [EBSCO interface, 1937-], Sociological Abstracts [ProQuest interface, 1952-], Social Services Abstracts [ProQuest interface, 1979-], and Scopus. Descriptive summaries and thematic analysis will summarize the articles that meet the inclusion criteria using an extraction table. Ethics and dissemination: The review outlined in this paper provides an overview of information that exists on the technology use of SGMY, ICTs and the interconnection with mental health. Results will be disseminated through peer reviewed journals and national and international conferences. As information collected for this paper as is retrieved from publicly available sources, ethics approval is not required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel, a type of accident-tolerant fuel (ATF), consists of TRISO particles randomly dispersed in a SiC matrix. In this study, for a thermal analysis of the FCM fuel with such a high heterogeneity, a two-temperature homogenized thermal-conductivity model was applied by the authors. This model provides separate temperatures for the fuel-kernels and the SiC matrix. It also provides more realistic temperature profiles than those of harmonic- and volumetric-average thermal conductivity models, which are used for thermal analysis of a fuel element in VHTRs having a composition similar to the FCM fuel, because such models are unable to provide the fuel-kernel and graphite matrix temperatures separately. In this study, coupled with a neutron diffusion model, a FCM fuel-loaded reactor core is analyzed via a two-temperature homogenized thermal-conductivity model at steady- and transient-states. The results are compared to those from harmonic- and volumetric-average thermal conductivity models, i.e., we compare k eff eigenvalues, power distributions, and temperature profiles in the hottest single-channel at steady-state. At transient-state, we compare total powers, reactivity, and maximum temperatures in the hottest single-channel obtained by the different thermal analysis models. The different thermal analysis models and the availability of fuel-kernel temperatures in the two-temperature homogenized thermal-conductivity model for Doppler temperature feedback cause significant differences as revealed by comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a community action project designed to promote the importance of parents' involvement in their children's preschool education. Topics discussed include the features of the community action project, the benefits that the program provided to the preschools involved in the project and the reaction of parents to the program. Also discussed is the implication of the community service project for preschool education.

Highlights: [•] Two-temperature homogenized model is applied to thermal analysis of fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuel. [•] Based on the results of Monte Carlo calculation, homogenized parameters are obtained. [•] 2-D FEM/1-D FDM hybrid method for the model is used to obtain 3-D temperature profiles. [•] The model provides the fuel-kernel and SiC matrix temperatures separately. [•] Compared to UO2 fuel, the FCM fuel shows ∼560K lower maximum temperatures at steady- and transient states. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background Diverse causes of extrinsic damage to the hair shaft have been documented and can be roughly divided into physical and chemical causes. Chemical causes of hair damage include bleaching, hair dyeing, and perming. Objectives The goal of this study was to investigate differences in patterns of serial damage in Asian, White European ( WE), and African hair after chemical stress imposed by straightening and coloring treatments. Methods Hairs were divided into control and treatment groups (straightening, coloring, and a combination of straightening and coloring). At 24 hours after the final treatment, patterns of hair damage were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) and lipid TEM. Grades of hair cuticle and cortex damage were evaluated by three dermatologists. Results In the TEM examination, the cuticle of Asian hair proved to be resistant to damage caused by straightening treatments, whereas the WE hair cuticle and cortex were relatively susceptible to stress imposed by coloring treatments. In the combination treatment of straightening and coloring, African hair emerged as the most resistant to stress. In the lipid TEM examination, no notable differences in cell membrane complex damage were observed among the three groups of hairs. Conclusions The present study suggests that WE hair is relatively susceptible and African hair is more resistant to chemical stresses, such as those imposed by straightening and coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis on the importance of iodine chemistry models in AnCheBi during a severe accident. • Reaction coefficients in the models randomly sampled by Latin Hypercube sampling. • Correlation coefficients to determine the dominant phenomena among the various models. • Important reaction coefficients and related parameters in terms of iodine behaviors provided. In this paper, with the experimental data on the chemical behavior of iodine under the conditions of severe accident in nuclear power plant, first, we perform numerical analyses on the iodine chemistry model in AnCheBi (An alysis on Che mical B ehavior of I odine Species in the Containment) code for validation. Then, we perform analyses on the importance of the iodine chemistry models in AnCheBi code. In the analyses, the reaction coefficients are randomly sampled via Latin Hypercube sampling. The correlation coefficients, then, are calculated via the results of sensitivity analyses of AnCheBi with the randomly sampled reaction coefficients. In the calculations of correlation coefficients, concentrations of the iodine species are selected as figure of merits. From the correlation coefficients, we provide the reaction coefficients which are related with the dominant phenomena among the various chemical behaviors of iodine. Hence, they are the most important to evaluate the source term of nuclear accident in terms of regulatory view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A new method of depletion calculation is introduced by decomposing nuclide concentration vector into two blocks (short-lived nuclide block and long-lived nuclide block). For short-lived nuclide block calculation, general Bateman solution of each short-lived nuclide is used. An “importance” concept is introduced for selecting important parents for producing a particular short-lived nuclide so that computational burden for Bateman solution calculation is reduced. Long-lived nuclide block is solved by the method of variation of parameters, in which matrix exponentials are calculated efficiently since the norm of long-lived nuclide block matrix is small. The two-block decomposition method is tested on UO2 PWR fuel depletion problems and compared to existing depletion methods, i.e., ORIGEN code and Krylov subspace methods. The numerical results show that the two-block decomposition method gives much more accurate results than those of the ORIGEN code for similar computing time. For similar accuracy computing time of the two-block decomposition method is ∼10 times less than that of the Krylov subspace method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background Established pigment lasers have been used in partial unilateral lentiginosis ( PUL) have shown unsatisfactory results. Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of low-fluence 1,064-nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet ( QS Nd: YAG) laser treatment of PUL in Koreans. Materials and Methods Ten Korean patients with facial PUL were treated with 1,064-nm QS Nd: YAG laser, 7-mm spot size, 1.5- to 2.5-J/cm2 fluence at 2-week intervals. Standard digital photographs were taken under the same condition at baseline and at each follow-up visit. Independent dermatologists evaluated the photographs. All patients completed a questionnaire to assess their subjective satisfaction with the laser treatment using a 5-point grading system. Degree of pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (0-10). Any complications and side effects were recorded at each visit. Patients were followed up every 4 weeks for 12 weeks after the last laser treatment. Results Five of 10 patients (50%) had achieved excellent improvement (76-100%) at the end of treatment, and the remaining 50% had good improvement (51-75%). In patient self-evaluation of the degree of improvement of PUL, nine (90%) assessed it as very much to much improved (>50% improvement), and 1 (10%) assessed it as moderate (50-75%). Subjects rated the pain associated with laser treatment at a mean score of 3.3 (range: 1-5) on a scale of 1 to 10. Mottled hypopigmentation developed in two patients. At follow-up, 12 weeks after the last laser session, all of the patients had partial recurrence, which wqw resolved with one to two sessions of laser treatment. Conclusion Low-fluence 1,064-nm QS Nd: YAG laser treatment for facial PUL in Koreans showed improvement with no significant side effects. We recommend the low-fluence 1,064-nm QS Nd: YAG laser as a treatment option for facial PUL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Volatile profiles and degree of oxidation in corn oils after microwave treatment for 50 min were compared to oils with conventional heating at 180°C for 4 h. Oil microwaved for 10 and 50 min showed a similar degree of oxidation compared to the oil heated at 180°C for 1 and 3 h, respectively, based on the primary and secondary oxidation products. However, the total volatile contents of 50 min‐microwaved oil were significantly lower than that of corn oil heated for 1 h at 180°C (P < 0.05). Microwave treatment accelerated the rates of lipid oxidation by 4.6 times compared to 180°C thermal oxidation. Relatively short treatment with microwave irradiation may not provide sufficient time to generate volatiles from oil. Microwaved corn oil for 50 min had higher contents of hexanal and t‐2‐heptenal and lower contents of 2,4‐decadienal and nonanal than the oils heated at 180°C for 3 h. Reactive oxygen species may be involved in volatile formation in microwave‐irradiated oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many attempts to understand the central principle of life mediated by DNA-protein interactions surrounding complex environments. Still, the mechanistic insight of individual protein functions has been lacking in traditional ensemble assays. Thus, techniques visualizing a single molecule have emerged to uncover the discrete roles of DNA-protein interactions and their biophysical properties. This paper will review the advances in single-molecule tools imaging long genomic DNA and their applications in studying dynamic protein interactions. We focus on the three representative techniques, including molecular combing, nanochannel confinement, and DNA curtain assays, which use fluid-driven force to elongate the individual DNA. We provide an integrated perspective and a direction for future use to those who want to observe single DNA molecules along with their cellular factor of interest and employ them for dissecting protein function. • Single-molecule techniques for imaging genomic DNA advance our understanding of genome structure and functions. • Fluid-driven DNA stretching benefits characterizing the dynamics of chromatin-associated proteins. • Integrating lithography with individual DNA imaging overcomes the limitations of the single-molecule observation process. • We propose a next generation single-molecule platform capable of sensing protein behavior on DNA through electronic signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Recriticality of a degraded reactor core during the early phase of a severe accident. • MELCOR calculations to obtain the configurations during the phase of a severe accident. • Whole-core modeling of the degraded reactor core for calculations via Serpent 2. • Sensitivity studies on the recriticality of the degraded reactor core. • Boron concentration obtained to make the degraded reactor core sub-critical. In this paper, first, MELCOR calculations for a conventional high power pressurized water reactor are performed to obtain the geometrical configurations and remaining fraction of the fission products in the degraded reactor core during the early phase of a severe accident. Then, based on the coupling between MELCOR and Serpent 2 code, sensitivity analyses on the criticality are performed for various water levels, burnup, and release of fission products with whole-core modelling on the degraded reactor. Sub-critical boron concentrations are obtained on the configuration of the degraded reactor core showing the largest criticality. The sub-critical boron concentrations are compared to critical boron concentrations of the intact reactor core to quantify additional boron concentrations required to make the reactor sub-critical during the early phase of the severe accident. Effects of control rod degradation and fission product release are also presented in terms of boron concentrations from the results of sensitivity analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Radio wave treatment (approximately 50 kHz frequency) on the oxidative stability was evaluated in corn oil at 180 °C and chicken frying oil for 150 cycles. Radio wave treatment decreased moisture content and critical micelle concentration of lecithin in corn oil. Moisture content in frying oil remained higher when radio wave was treated for the first 30 frying cycles. Radio wave treatment prevented lipid oxidation significantly in corn oil heated at 180 °C when moisture was not added (P < 0.05). p‐Anisidine value and total polar material in chicken frying oils treated with radio waves were significantly lower than those of frying oils without radio wave treatment (P < 0.05). Radio wave treatment enhanced the stability of tocopherols in corn oil heated at 180 °C in the absence of moisture, while the reverse result was observed with moisture addition. Overall, radio wave treatment can be a useful tool to enhance the oxidative stability of frying oils by modifying their moisture content and tocopherol stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of moisture and amphiphilic compounds, including oleic acid, lecithin, and monoacylglycerols (MAGs), on the oxidative stability are evaluated in microwave‐treated corn oil. Moreover, the physical properties including critical micelle concentration (CMC) and moisture content are determined in oils treated by microwave irradiation. The CMC of lecithin and moisture content of oils decreases remarkably, whereas the temperature of the oil increases rapidly with microwave irradiation. The addition of lecithin results in increased moisture content significantly in the edible oils, whereas oleic acid and MAGs do not exhibit these effects. Primary oxidation products in all the oil samples increase, despite the type of amphiphilic compounds used. Corn oil containing oleic acid and samples with lecithin exhibits lower and higher p‐anisidine values (p‐AV), respectively. Remarkably high moisture content in corn oils containing lecithin may contribute to the formation of volatile compounds and high p‐AV. Collectively, moisture and amphiphilic compounds affect the degree of lipid oxidation in microwave‐irradiated bulk oils. Practical application: A microwave oven is an irreplaceable home appliance and is widely used in households nowadays. Effects of amphiphilic compounds and moisture on the oxidative stability are evaluated and it is found that the amphiphilic compounds in lipids affect heat transfer and oxidative stability of oils. The results of this study can provide fundamental insights into lipid oxidation in edible oils, and can provide a direction to the food industry with respect to the development of more efficient and safe methods for the preparation of microwavable foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Solubility or content of oxygen molecules in oil matrices could be a critical factor to determine oxidative stability in lipid‐rich products. In this study, a method to determine oxygen content in oil was developed by gas chromatograph with a thermal conductivity detector (GC‐TCD), and factors affecting oxygen solubility or oxygen content were evaluated in bulk oil. Validation parameters were confirmed for headspace oxygen molecules using a GC‐TCD. Oxygen gas was spiked into headspace of air‐tight 10‐mL vials with 70% sample content produced more reliable results on oxygen molecules for 6 h duration. The ratio of 7:3 (w/w) between sample content and headspace was selected considering precision and sensitivity. Addition of lecithin significantly decreased oxygen solubility in bulk oil, while monoacylglycerols did not show such decreasing effects. Medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) had significantly high oxygen solubility compared to conventional edible oils partly due to the relatively low surface tension. Heavily oxidised bulk oils had higher surface tension and lower oxygen solubility. Therefore, oils with relatively low surface tension had higher oxygen solubility. The results of this study can help to explain the oxidative stability of edible oils containing high amphiphilic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evaluation model of the contact pressure in elastic region is reviewed. • The drawbacks of the previous model are obtained by analytical stress analysis. • The improved contact pressure model is proposed using a new geometric configuration. • The proposed model is validated using finite element analysis. When damaged core materials are relocated to the reactor lower head with penetrations during a severe accident, the loss integrity of the reactor pressure vessel caused by ejection of a penetration tube will occur earlier than the global failure of the reactor lower head. The overall aim of this study is to review and improve the previous contact pressure evaluation models. In this part of the study, it was shown that the previous model in the elastic region only considers the deformation of a penetration tube itself by assuming one hollow cylinder with a limited stress-strain condition. Therefore, the new expression of the contact pressure at the interface was derived by stress analysis with assumption of additional concentric outer cylinder for a reactor lower head. The new contact pressure model was validated using finite element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of microwave irradiation on the oxidative stability of tocopherol‐enriched corn oil at temperatures of 60 or 100°C was evaluated using the Rancimat assay. Short durations of microwave treatment (1 min) on 10‐g oil aliquots were found to increase the induction period of corn oil samples containing 500 and 1000 ppm tocopherol by 7.7% and 9.9%, respectively compared to control oils. The moisture content of tocopherol‐enriched corn oil decreased by 15% compared to that of corn oil after 1 min of microwave treatment. At 100°C, 1000 ppm tocopherol‐enriched corn oil received 3 min of microwave treatment had 5.8% and 9.9% lower primary and secondary oxidation products than control groups, respectively while this effect was not clearly observed for oils stored at 60°C. However, 15 min of microwave irradiation accelerated the rates of lipid oxidation in corn oils irrespective of the addition of tocopherol. Content of α‐ and γ‐tocopherols in 1 min of microwave irradiated samples remained more by 28.8 and 5.8%, respectively than those of controls after 9 h heat treatment at 100°C. Overall, microwave irradiation within 3 min can increase the oxidative stability of 10 g‐corn oils, especially at 100°C, which could be due to the reduced moisture content in the bulk oil matrix. Practical Application: A microwave oven is an irreplaceable home appliance and is widely used in households. Short time exposure to microwave irradiation can remove moisture efficiently from edible oils without the formation of oxidation products, which could increase the oxidative stability of these oils, especially under frying conditions. The results of this study can be utilized to ensure a longer shelf‐life of fried products in the food industry by short time treatment of microwave irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chemical profiles of aqueous or ethanolic extracts of 140, 170 and 200 °C‐heated perilla meal were identified by GC‐MS, and antioxidant properties of the extracts were observed via in vitro assays and in bulk oil or oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion. A total of 22 and 27 chemicals were found in aqueous and ethanolic extracts from non‐heated samples, respectively. As the heating temperature increased to 200 °C, the carbohydrate and derivative contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas rosmarinic acid concentration decreased in both extracts. Ethanolic extracts possessed higher antioxidant activities than aqueous extracts based on the results of radical scavenging and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power assays and the Rancimat assay, but there were no significant differences among samples (P > 0.05). In the case of O/W emulsions, aqueous extracts inhibited lipid oxidation more efficiently than ethanolic extracts at 50 °C. In particular, heat treatment decreased the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts and not aqueous extracts in the O/W emulsion system. Aqueous extracts are recommended in moisture‐rich emulsion‐based foods while ethanolic extracts are more suitable in a lipid‐rich environment for enhancing oxidative stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a zoonotic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) thought to be caused by the same prion strain as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Unlike scrapie and chronic wasting disease there is no cell culture model allowing the replication of proteinase K resistant BSE (PrPBSE) and the further in vitro study of this disease. We have generated a cell line based on the Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line over-expressing the bovine prion protein. After exposure to naturally BSE-infected bovine brain homogenate this cell line has shown to replicate and accumulate PrPBSE and maintain infection up to passage 83 after initial challenge. Collectively, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the BSE agent can infect cell lines over-expressing the bovine prion protein similar to other prion diseases. These BSE infected cells will provide a useful tool to facilitate the study of potential therapeutic agents and the diagnosis of BSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]