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Most tracheostomy scars are depressive and adherent to the underlying trachea, which causes up and down movement when swallowing. This tracheocutaneous tethering causes discomfort, pain, dysphagia, and bad appearance. A tracheocutaneous fistula may be accompanied. Here, we present a new method for reconstructing a tracheostomy scar deformity with tracheocutaneous tethering: layer-by-layer restoration of the anatomical structure with a subcutaneous fat tissue blanket. The scar tissue was fully excised, with the associated skin and subcutaneous tissue. The bilateral strap muscles around the scar were dissected proximally and distally and approximated to the midline, secured without tension. Bilateral platysma muscle flaps cover them firmly. The subcutaneous tissue around the incision margin, which included the superficial cervical fascia was elevated to form a fat blanket, closed transversely. The skin was closed after confirming the absence of retraction upon swallowing. From 2010 to 2018, 10 patients with tracheocutaneous tethering and one patient with tracheocutaneous fistula underwent surgery. All patients were functionally and aesthetically satisfied with the results. The only complication was a hypertrophic scar in one patient, which was managed with a triamcinolone injection. An anatomical layer-by-layer restoration with a fat blanket provided consistent, satisfying results for correcting tracheostomy scar deformities without using additional tissue. This simple method was effective for reconstructing tracheocutaneous tethering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational lung disease remains one of the most common work-related illnesses and accounts for most deaths from occupational illness. Occupational lung diseases often have delayed manifestation over decades and nonspecific clinical presentations, making it challenging for clinicians to promptly identify the disease and implement preventive measures. Radiologists play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing occupational lung diseases, allowing for removal of the exposure and early medical intervention. In this review, we share our clinical and radiologic approach to diagnosing occupational lung disease and its subtypes. A collection of sample cases of occupational lung diseases commonly encountered in the modern era at a large Canadian university hospital is included to facilitate understanding. This review will provide radiologists with valuable insights into recognizing and diagnosing occupational lung diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring has recently been an important indicator of cardiac health diagnosis. In the past, ECG could be measured under limited conditions in hospitals with 12‐lead electrode systems. Recently, portable and wearable devices have offered continuous, real‐time monitoring of ECG signals in real life. However, developing wearable ECG sensors that provide low‐motion artifacts and high‐quality signals during exercise conditions is still challenging. Herein, this review reports a systematic summary of the key characteristics, properties, and requirements of flexible wearable ECG devices for the early diagnosis of heart dysfunction in dynamic motions, including exercise. In addition, the recent progress in controlling sensor adhesion and novel materials for designing dry electrodes are discussed to improve ECG signal quality in exercise. Finally, various aspects of electrode developmental challenges and limitations are reviewed, and research directions for future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) have progressed considerably, but a new biomarker that combines existing clinical and pathological data could be useful for a more precise diagnosis and prognosis. Some investigations have found that extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived miRNAs play crucial roles in various types of malignant tumors. The objective of this study was to explore EV miRNA and identify its biologic function as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRPC. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from five healthy donors (Control, CT) and 17 CRPC patients, categorizing into two groups based on their endocrine treatment response: partial response (PR; n = 10) and progressive disease (PD; n = 7). Candidate extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNAs were identified using miRNA microarray and RT-qPCR. The biological functions of the selected miRNAs were evaluated using the MTT assay, wound healing assay, trans-well assay, and RNA sequencing in CRPC cells after transient miRNA expression. Results: Microarray analysis revealed a significant downregulation of EV-miR-6880-5p in the PD samples compared to both CT and PR samples (p < 0.01). The expression of EV-miR-6880-5p in CRPC patients was decreased compared with that CT group (p = 0.0336) using RT-qPCR. In the PR group, EV-miR-6880-5p was increased at follow-up compared with the baseline (p = 0.2803), while in the PD group, it decreased at follow-up compared with the baseline samples (p = 0.4356). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-6880-5p hampered cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, downregulated pathways associated with tumor progression, and simultaneously upregulated pathways associated with cell growth and apoptosis in CRPC cells. Conclusions: EV-miR-6880-5p shows promise as a prognostic biomarker in patients with CRPC. Further, prospective validations are necessary to evaluate the potential of these candidate miRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of dementia is increasing due to the aging population, leading to significant investments in information technology-based dementia care solutions such as mobile dementia prevention services (MDPS). These services aim to facilitate early diagnosis and prevent cognitive decline, with the ultimate goal of reducing medical costs. This study examines how aging individuals perceive and evaluate MDPS and how these perceptions influence their adoption intentions. Drawing from a coping perspective, we analyze the impact of susceptibility and severity dimensions in dementia risk perception on the perceived usefulness and self-incongruence in MDPS adoption. Focusing on middle-aged and older adults aged 55 and above, the study reveals significant but contrasting effects of susceptibility and severity. Perceived susceptibility of dementia is associated with emotion-focused coping, positively influencing self-incongruence with MDPS. Perceived severity of dementia is linked to problem-focused coping, negatively impacting self-incongruence but positively influencing the perceived usefulness of MDPS, promoting adoption. These findings provide insights into promoting MDPS by considering dementia risk perceptions and contribute to the development of effective dementia-related strategies for aging individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives We propose a deep learning (DL) multitask learning framework using convolutional neural network for a direct conversion of single-energy CT (SECT) to 3 different parametric maps of dual-energy CT (DECT): virtual-monochromatic image (VMI), effective atomic number (EAN), and relative electron density (RED). Methods We propose VMI-Net for conversion of SECT to 70, 120, and 200 keV VMIs. In addition, EAN-Net and RED-Net were also developed to convert SECT to EAN and RED. We trained and validated our model using 67 patients collected between 2019 and 2020. Single-layer CT images with 120 kVp acquired by the DECT (IQon spectral CT; Philips Healthcare, Amsterdam, Netherlands) were used as input, while the VMIs, EAN, and RED acquired by the same device were used as target. The performance of the DL framework was evaluated by absolute difference (AD) and relative difference (RD). Results The VMI-Net converted 120 kVp SECT to the VMIs with AD of 9.02 Hounsfield Unit, and RD of 0.41% compared to the ground truth VMIs. The ADs of the converted EAN and RED were 0.29 and 0.96, respectively, while the RDs were 1.99% and 0.50% for the converted EAN and RED, respectively. Conclusions SECT images were directly converted to the 3 parametric maps of DECT (ie, VMIs, EAN, and RED). By using this model, one can generate the parametric information from SECT images without DECT device. Our model can help investigate the parametric information from SECT retrospectively. Advances in knowledge DL framework enables converting SECT to various high-quality parametric maps of DECT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prophylactic transfusion in total knee arthroplasty is not needed. • Prophylactic transfusion (allogenic or autologous) does not reduce postoperative transfusion. • Intra-articular tranexamic acid reduces postoperative transfusion. To determine whether prophylactic intra-operative allogenic or autologous transfusion could prevent postoperative anemia and additional transfusion comparing to the control group without receiving any prophylactic intervention in unilateral total knee arthroplasty. This study included 711 patients who underwent unilateral TKA. They were divided into four groups: allogeneic transfusion group (group AL), autologous transfusion group (group AT), tranexamic acid group (group TA), and control group (group C). The primary outcome was rate of postoperative allogeneic blood transfusions. Secondary outcomes were postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, postoperative bleeding amount. Groups AT and AL did not exhibit a significant reduction in postoperative allogenic blood transfusion rate compared to group C (28/108 vs. 20/108, p = 0.21 and 37/159 vs. 34/159, p = 0.78 respectively). However, group TA demonstrated a significantly lower rate of postoperative allogenic blood transfusions than group C (22/125 vs. 3/125, p = 0.0001). Postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were statistically higher in group TA than in group C. However, those levels in group AT and AL did not differ significantly from those of group C. Intra-operative prophylactic transfusions did not decrease postoperative anemia or additional postoperative transfusion compared to the control group in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. However, the group receiving tranexamic acid showed lower transfusion rate and higher levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, we examined the utility of vowel intelligibility testing for assessing the impact of dysarthria on speech characteristics in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We tested the sensitivity and specificity of overall vowel identification, as well as that of vowel-specific identification, to dysarthria presence and severity. We additionally examined the relationship between vowel intelligibility and sentence intelligibility. Method: Twenty-three people with ALS and 22 age- and sex-matched control speakers produced sentences from the Speech Intelligibility Test (SIT), as well as 10 American English monophthongs in /h/–vowel–/d/ words for the vowel intelligibility test (VIT). Data for SIT and VIT scores came from 135 listeners. Diagnostic accuracy of VIT measures was evaluated using the area under the curve of receiver operator characteristics. We then examined differences between control speakers, speakers with mild dysarthria, and speakers with severe dysarthria in their relationship between SIT and VIT scores. Results: The results suggest that the overall vowel intelligibility score showed high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating between speakers with and without dysarthria, even those with milder symptoms. In addition, single-vowel identification scores showed at least acceptable group differentiation between the mild and severe dysarthria groups, though fewer single vowels were acceptable discriminators between the control group and the group with mild dysarthria. Identification accuracy of /ɪ/ in particular showed excellent discrimination across all groups. Examination of the relationship between SIT and VIT scores suggests a severity-specific relationship. Speakers with SIT scores above 70% generally had higher SIT than VIT scores, whereas speakers with SIT below 70% generally had higher VIT than SIT scores. Discussion: Vowel intelligibility testing can detect speech impairments in speakers with mild dysarthria and residual articulatory function in speakers with severe dysarthria. Vowel intelligibility testing may, therefore, be a useful addition to intelligibility testing for individuals with dysarthria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Segmentectomy for early‐stage lung cancer has benefits for survival and parenchymal preservation. However, segmentectomies are technically challenging, thereby resulting in considerable variability in the quality of resection. In this study, we aimed to review the quality of segmentectomies and analyze their clinical impact. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed patients diagnosed with stage I lung cancer after segmentectomies between 2013 and 2021. Segmentectomies were classified as anatomical or nonanatomical; anatomical resection included segmental bronchus and vessel (artery and/or vein) divisions; others were classified as nonanatomical. The primary outcome was recurrence‐free and overall survival, and the secondary outcome was postoperative spirometry and lung plication, which is seen as a fibrotic line along the stapling site. Results: Of the 132 segmental resections included in this study, 101 (76.5%) were anatomical segmentectomies. The median consolidation‐tumor ratio was 0.40, and 83.3% (110/132) had ground‐glass opacities (GGOs). Compared to nonanatomical resections, more N1 and total lymph node stations were retrieved after anatomical segmentectomies. Regarding clinical outcomes, recurrence‐free survival was better after anatomical segmentectomy (p = 0.049); however, overall survival was not significantly different (p = 0.064). Furthermore, at 3–6 months postoperatively, thicker lung plication at the stapling site was observed in nonanatomical resections (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis for complex segmentectomies revealed a larger decrease in forced‐expiration volume in 1 s after nonanatomical resection. Conclusion: Anatomical segmentectomy resulted in better survival and a lower incidence of thick lung plication, even in GGO‐dominant tumors. Therefore, further standardization and quality management of segmentectomy procedures will improve the clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in Korea, few studies have been conducted on the temporal priority with comorbid mental disorders. We investigated the temporal priority of lifetime AUDs and comorbid mood and anxiety disorders among the general population of Korea. Data of 18,807 respondents aged 18 years or older, collected from three national epidemiological surveys comprising face-to-face interviews using the Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV mental disorders. For each mood or anxiety disorder, the extent to which one mental disorder precedes another was investigated by calculating the proportion of primary AUDs by that of primary mood or anxiety disorder. Regarding alcohol dependence, dysthymic disorder is 5.6 times more likely to occur before alcohol dependence. Moreover, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and specific phobia are 3.6 times, 4.5 times, and 6.3 times more likely to occur before, respectively. Regarding alcohol abuse, specific phobia is 6.3 times more likely to occur before, whereas major depressive disorder is two times more likely to occur after. Moreover, the lag times between primary alcohol abuse and subsequent mood or anxiety disorders were longer than those between primary alcohol dependence and the latter. The age of onset might be subject to recall bias. The presence of non-respondents could have influenced the results. We need to recognize that one of the mental disorders could lead to another and consider it in the management of people with AUDs or mood and anxiety disorders. • We studied the temporal priority of AUDs and comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. • Phobias are more likely to occur before than after AUDs. • MDD is more likely to occur after than before alcohol abuse. • Notably, each disorder represents a risk of the subsequent disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregated and hyperphosphorylated Tau is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Tau is a polyampholytic and intrinsically disordered protein (IDP). In this paper, we present for the first time experimental results on the ionic strength dependence of the radius of gyration (Rg) of human Tau 4RS and 4RL isoforms. Synchrotron X-ray scattering revealed that 4RS Rg is regulated from 65.4 to 58.5 Å and 4RL Rg is regulated from 70.9 to 57.9 Å by varying ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.592 M. The Rg of 4RL Tau is larger than 4RS at lower ionic strength. This result provides an insight into the ion-responsive nature of intrinsically disordered and polyampholytic Tau, and can be implicated to the further study of Tau-Tau and Tau-tubulin intermolecular structure in ionic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This double‐blind study evaluated the cardiac safety of amiselimod. Healthy adults (n = 190) were randomized (2:1:1) to receive (1) oral placebo (day −1), followed by oral amiselimod (days 1–26), which was upwardly titrated from 0.4 to 1.6 mg once daily to achieve steady‐state concentrations comparable with 0.4 (therapeutic) and 0.8 mg (supratherapeutic) once daily, and placebo (day 27); (2) placebo (day −1), oral moxifloxacin 400 mg (day 1; positive control), followed by placebo (days 1–27); or (3) placebo (days −1 to 26), followed by moxifloxacin 400 mg (day 27). No participant had a corrected QT interval by Fredericia (QTcF) >500 milliseconds or a change from baseline (dQTcF) >60 milliseconds. The upper limits of the 90%CIs for the differences in least‐squares mean difference in dQTcF between amiselimod and placebo on days 13 and 26 were <10 milliseconds. Area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to 23.5 hours after dosing and maximum plasma concentration of amiselimod and amiselimod‐P (active metabolite) at steady‐state concentrations for the 0.8‐mg dose on day 26 were approximately double that observed with the 0.4‐mg dose on day 13. All adverse events were mild to moderate in severity, and no deaths occurred. Amiselimod did not have any clinically relevant effect on the QTcF interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many efforts reported on finding effective catalysts for oxygen evolution reactions (OERs), which are important reactions in the energy field. Coordination polymers, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), are attracting attention as electrocatalysts for OERs due to their versatility and modulating properties. A new cobalt complex containing trans-cinnamate and 2-aminopyridmidine ligands was synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The cobalt complex showed a 1D chain structure. The electrocatalytic activity and stability of the cobalt complex with or without an electrochemical supporter, such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO), OERs were investigated and compared with a metal oxide reference material. Due to the π-conjugated trans-cinnamate, which has electron flexibility near the Co centers, the catalyst/rGO composite showed significant catalytic activities, with an overpotential of 386 mV and a Tafel slope of 64 mV/dec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The directed energy deposition (DED) process is attracting significant attention in high value-added industries, such as automobiles and aviation, because the process can freely manufacture components with complex shapes and directly stack them on metal substrates. However, it has a problem of degradation in reliability and poor reproducibility due to the influence of various parameters present in the process, and various defects are likely to occur inside and outside the product. To solve this problem, a proper data-driven prognostics and health management (PHM) approach is required. Therefore, this study proposes a multi-defect diagnosis algorithm for the DED process based on in situ melt-pool monitoring. First, the DED process monitoring testbed using a CCD camera and a pyrometer was established. The image pre-processing algorithms are developed for the effective extraction of region-of-interest (ROI) areas of the melt-pool and for effective quantification of internal defects, such as pores. Then, critical features of the melt-pool that are closely related to various defects—melting balls, low pores, and high pores—are extracted. Finally, the multi-defect diagnosis algorithm combining several binary classification models is developed, and it is demonstrated that support vector machine (SVM) showed the best performance, with an average accuracy of 92.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been few reports comparing image quality and radiation dose of aorta computed tomography angiography (CTA) between the high-pitch and the hybrid technique. Purpose: To compare the image quality and radiation dose among non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated high-pitch CTA and hybrid ECG-gated CTA of the aorta using 512-slice CT. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 110 patients who underwent non-ECG-gated high-pitch CTA (group 1) or hybrid ECG-gated CTA (group 2) of the entire aorta. Interpretability, image noise, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and the mean effective radiation dose were compared. Results: The mean image noise of the whole aorta was significantly lower (15.7 ± 1.8 HU vs. 16.5 ± 1.2 HU, P = 0.008) in group 1 than in group 2. The CNR (22.3 ± 4.7 vs. 20.0 ± 3.9, P < 0.001) and SNR (26.5 ± 4.9 vs. 23.2 ± 4.0, P < 0.001) were higher in group 2 compared with group 1. Neither group showed a significant difference in interpretability of the ascending aorta, cardiac chamber, aortic valve, right ostium, and left ostium (all P = 1). The mean effective radiation dose was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (3.5 ± 0.9 mSv vs. 4.3 ± 0.8 mSv, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The non-ECG-gated high-pitch technique shows significantly improved CNR and SNR due to reduced noise with lower radiation exposure. The interpretability of the cardiac structure, ascending aorta, aortic valve, and both ostia did not differ significantly between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Acetaminophen is a commonly administered analgesic and antipyretic medication that is generally well-tolerated. Recent studies in critically ill adults and subsets of pediatric patients with underlying cardiac disease identify an association between adverse hemodynamic effects with intravenous (IV) acetaminophen. However, the data may not be generalizable to a broader population of critically ill children. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of hemodynamic changes associated with IV acetaminophen administration in critically ill pediatric medical-surgical patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of all patients 18 years of age and younger who received at least 1 dose of IV acetaminophen in a pediatric intensive care unit at a quaternary care medical center, between July and December 2018. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypotension, defined as a decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) by at least 15% from baseline. Potential risk factors for IV acetaminophen-associated hypotension were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 212 patients received 492 doses of IV acetaminophen. The primary endpoint of hypotension occurred following 24% of doses. An intervention for hypotension, primarily fluid resuscitation, was required for 11.9% of the dose-associated hypotension events. Patients receiving vasoactive infusions had more frequent dose-associated hypotension events than those not receiving infusions; however, no other potential risk factors were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hypotension observed in critically ill pediatric patients after IV acetaminophen administration is clinically relevant. Large placebo-controlled trial and further study of the risk factors and mechanism of this hemodynamic change are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Eligibility for secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) in ovarian cancer is dependent on multiple confounding factors. In this study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of 262 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer to assess the impact of SCS on patient survival and establish simplified criteria for the selection of patients who would most likely be benefitted from SCS. We observed that the median survival was significantly longer in the patients who received SCS compared with those who received chemotherapy alone. As for the indication of the surgery, limited regional recurrence (single region or up to three regions with limited carcinomatosis) emerged as the simplified factor that could predict no residual disease after SCS. (1) Background: Multiple confounding factors influence the indications for secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). We aimed to identify the factors associated with patients most likely to benefit from SCS. (2) Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer from 2003 to 2021. The potential factors influencing treatment outcomes and survival between patients who received chemotherapy alone and those who received SCS after recurrence were evaluated. (3) Results: Recurrent OC was identified in 262 patients, with a median age of 53 (20–80) years. Of these patients, 87.4% had an initial stage III/IV disease. Eighty-nine (34%) patients received SCS. The median survival was 41.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.4–44.5) months and 88.0 (95% CI, 64.2–111.7) months in the chemotherapy and surgery groups, respectively. A multivariate analysis showed limited regional carcinomatosis (single region or up to three regions with limited carcinomatosis) (p = 0.045) as the only significant factor for predicting no residual disease after SCS. In platinum-sensitive recurrent patients with limited regional recurrence, the complete resection rate was 87.6%. (4) Conclusions: SCS had a significant impact on survival in the selected patient population. Limited regional recurrence (single region or up to three regions with limited carcinomatosis) may be a simple criterion for SCS in platinum-sensitive recurrent OC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, emulsification-templated nanoencapsulation techniques (e.g., nanoprecipitation) have been most frequently used to prepare poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles. This study aimed to explore a new top-down process to produce PLGA nanoparticles. The fundamental strategy was to prepare spongelike PLGA microspheres with a highly porous texture and then crush them into submicron-sized particles via wet milling. Therefore, an ethyl formate-based ammonolysis method was developed to encapsulate progesterone into porous PLGA microspheres. Compared to a conventional solvent evaporation process, the ammonolysis technique helped reduce the tendency of drug crystallization and improved drug encapsulation efficiency accordingly (solvent evaporation, 27.6 ± 4.6%; ammonolysis, 65.1 ± 1.7%). Wet milling was performed on the highly porous microspheres with a D50 of 64.8 μm under various milling conditions. The size of the grinding medium was the most crucial factor for our wet milling. Milling using smaller zirconium oxide beads (0.3~1 mm) was simply ineffective. However, when larger beads with diameters of 3 and 5 mm were used, our porous microspheres were ground into submicron-sized particles. The quality of the resultant PLGA nanoparticles was demonstrated by size distribution measurement and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The present top-down process that contrasts with conventional bottom-up approaches might find application in manufacturing drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study examined the relative timing in individuals with dysarthria secondary to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim was to examine whether the relative timing was influenced by severity of dysarthria and phonetic complexity of the speech being produced. Methods: Twenty-one adults with dysarthria secondary to ALS, who presented with a range of dysarthria severity, participated in the study. A group of nonimpaired, age-matched adults served as controls. All participants produced a single phrase, across which four measures of relative timing were calculated, and the phonetic composition (complexity) of each measure was considered. Both participant groups completed the Sentence Intelligibility Test, which provided measures of speech intelligibility and speaking rate. Results: Relative timing did not significantly differ between speaker groups across the four measures, regardless of phonetic complexity. Neither Sentence Intelligibility Test score nor speaking rate were significantly correlated with relative timing. Discussion: Relative timing of phrase-level speech appears to remain intact regardless of the phonetic complexity of speech among individuals with dysarthria secondary to ALS. The potential of an internal phonological system organizing speech gestures is discussed to explain why the consistency in relative timing occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have conducted a quantitative analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul from September 2022 to June 2023, employing passive air samplers (PAS) at 25 sites and continuous monitoring at five photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS). Comparing VOCs concentrations and compositions from PAS and PAMS during the same time periods, we found that most VOCs showed no significant difference (p-value >0.05) between the methods, except for olefins, which were overestimated by 24 % in passive sampling, confirming PAS as an effective tool for assessing the spatial distribution of VOCs species over large areas. Throughout Seoul, median values of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) concentrations collected with passive samplers remained stable with a standard deviation of 1.22 ppbv, typically ranging from 11 to 13 ppbv, except for an increase during winter in the southwestern regions of the city, where intense industrial and vehicular emissions are reported in the current Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) emissions inventory. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis using the passive data revealed general consistency in the spatial distribution of area and road emissions when compared with CAPSS emission inventory, although localized discrepancies were observed. In quantitative assessments of TVOCs comparing PAS observations with emission-based models, modeled values were within 1.5 times the interquartile range of observed PAS concentrations over Seoul. However, the lack of detection of emission hotspots in southeastern Seoul in the PAS data, coupled with the omission of photochemical loss in our dispersion-only models, indicates that the current CAPSS emission inventory may significantly underestimate actual ambient VOCs levels, especially in summer. • Passive air sampling effectively mapped the spatial distribution of VOCs across Seoul. • PMF factors reasonably matched the spatial distributions of area and road emissions. • Notable winter increases in VOCs were observed in the industrial and commercial areas. • Current emission inventory overestimates aromatic composition including benzene. • The study identified an underestimation of VOCs emissions, particularly during summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Recent Progress in the Development of Flexible Wearable Electrodes for Electrocardiogram Monitoring During Exercise," discusses the properties and requirements of flexible wearable electrocardiogram devices for early diagnosis of heart dysfunction during exercise. The authors, Tae Woog Kang, Jimin Lee, Youngjin Kwon, Yoon Jae Lee, and Woon‐Hong Yeo, are researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Their research focuses on nanobiosensors, biocompatible materials, nanomaterial electronics, wearable flexible sensors, electrochemical sensors, biosensors, and nanomaterial interfaces. Dr. Yeo, the lead author, is a Woodruff Faculty fellow and the director of the IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare at Georgia Tech. [Extracted from the article]

Pursuing accurate, swift, and durable pH sensors is important across numerous fields, encompassing healthcare, environmental surveillance, and agriculture. In particular, the emphasis on real-time pH monitoring during cell cultivation has become increasingly pronounced in the current scientific environment—a crucial element being diligently researched to ensure optimal cell production. Both polyaniline (PANi) and iridium oxide (IrO x) show their worth in pH sensing, yet they come with challenges. Single-PANi-layered pH sensors often grapple with diminished sensitivity and lagging responses, while electrodeposited IrO x structures exhibit poor adhesion, leading to their separation from metallic substrates—a trait undesirable for a consistently stable, long-term pH sensor. This paper introduces a bi-layered PANi-IrO x pH sensor, strategically leveraging the advantages of both materials. The results presented here underscore the sensitivity enhancement of binary-phased framework, faster response time, and more robust structure than prior work. Through this synergistic strategy, we demonstrate the potential of integrating different phases to overcome the inherent constraints of individual materials, setting the stage for advanced pH-sensing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on automating building design with deep learning primarily focused on planning room layouts, limiting the design of architectural elements such as doors and windows. This led to the misalignment of rooms, which in turn resulted in a design proposal with no space for architectural openings. In particular, the placement of a door that can set the circulation throughout the building and the privacy gradient as a connection between rooms is still determined by a rule or a designer. To overcome these limitations, this study conducted automated door placement in architectural plans through combined deep-learning networks of ResNet-50 and Pix2Pix-GAN. A case study on residential buildings shows the classification accuracy for the existence of doors using ResNet-50 is on average 96.6%, but the interconnectivity of each room has limitations. Pix2Pix-GAN enhances the interconnectivity of each space compared to the door generation results using ResNet-50. Post-processing that combines ResNet-50 and Pix2Pix-GAN has shown an enhanced accuracy of door generation by 16.54% compared to Pix2Pix-GAN alone. In addition to determining door existence, the interconnectivity between all rooms has also been improved by integrating the two models. These results can assist architects in their decision-making process by automatically generating door layout alternatives that take into consideration the spatial interconnectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines risk factors for university students' suicidal ideation based on a meta-analysis of research published in South Korea from 2004 to 2019. Risk factors included depression, life stress, parents' critical communication, and job stress. Publication bias and study-specific moderator variables were also examined. Depression had the largest effect size, followed by life stress, parents' critical communication, and job stress. Meta-regression analysis showed differences in the effect sizes for depression, parents' critical communication, and job stress according to publication year. The probability of publication bias was low. These findings can help to develop effective suicidal ideation prevention programs for university students. In particular, counselling centres should help intensively prevent and manage depression among university students. Furthermore, mental health services, such as education and counselling programs that address suicidal ideation, must be easily accessible by integrating the students' homes, schools, and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulbar dysfunction is a common presentation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and significantly impacts quality of life of people with ALS (PALS). The current paper reviews measurements of dysarthria and dysphagia specific to ALS to identify efficient and valid assessment measures. Using such assessment measures will lead to improved management of bulbar dysfunction in ALS. Measures reviewed for dysarthria in PALS are organized into three categories: acoustic, kinematic, and strength. A set of criteria are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures' identification of speech impairments, measurement of functional verbal communication, and clinical applicability. Assessments reviewed for dysphagia in PALS are organized into six categories: patient reported outcomes, dietary intake, pulmonary function and airway defense capacity, bulbar function, dysphagia/aspiration screens, and instrumental evaluations. Measurements that have good potential for clinical use are highlighted in both topic areas. Additionally, areas of improvement for clinical practice and research are identified and discussed. In general, no single speech measure fulfilled all the criteria, although a few measures were identified as potential diagnostic tools. Similarly, few objective measures that were validated and replicated with large sample sizes were found for diagnosis of dysphagia in PALS. Importantly, clinical applicability was found to be limited; thus, a collaborative team focused on implementation science would be helpful to improve the clinical uptake of assessments. Overall, the review highlights the need for further development of clinically viable and efficient measurements that use a multidisciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving highly reversible Zn metal anodes is a crucial step in advancing the performance of aqueous zinc ion batteries. However, despite the relative stability of Zn metal in aqueous environments, Zn metal is plagued by deterrents such as dendritic growth, H2 evolution, and corrosion. This mainly stems from the absence of a stable solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI), an inevitable consequence of moderate concentration aqueous electrolytes. In response to such issues, herein, an artificial SEI formed from cross‐linked gelatin is introduced by coating the surface of Zn metal. The presence of the gelatin layer significantly changes the deposition morphology of Zn, where its plated surface is much more uniform and dense compared to bare Zn metal. Interestingly, grain‐directed electrodeposition can be observed in which the crystallographic orientation of the underlying Zn metal substrate determines the directionality of electrochemically plated Zn. This mode of growth results in a highly uniform and dense surface, translating to enhanced electrochemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts are underway to develop highly active catalysts to reduce the high overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Metal–organic frameworks or coordination polymers are promising candidates because of their tunable structures and high surface areas. In this study, Nickel and Cobalt trans‐cinnamate (t‐ca) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. Their structures were analyzed and found to be isostructural. Both complexes exhibited superior electrocatalytic properties in the OER compared to those of IrO2, with overpotentials of 373 and 390 mV and Tafel slopes of 58 and 66 mV/dec. These excellent characteristics were attributed to the electron delocalization of the metal centers via interactions with π‐π delocalized organic ligands. Ni t‐ca, with stronger ligand interactions, displayed an enhanced OER catalytic performance, emphasizing the importance of metal–ligand interactions and suggesting that further exploration of diverse π–π delocalized organic ligands and metal centers may lead to further advancements in electrocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/rationale Objective Methods Findings Conclusions Weekly cholecalciferol can replace daily supplementation to reduce pill burden in patients with complex medication regimens and hypovitaminosis D, but evidence supporting this switch is unclear.We aimed to determine whether weekly cholecalciferol was superior to daily cholecalciferol to replete patients with hypovitaminosis D.We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials involving participants with baseline hypovitaminosis D (<30 ng/ml) comparing weekly versus daily cholecalciferol dosing and where serum cholecalciferol was measured within 120 days of starting treatment. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE from inception to 7 May 2024. A random‐effects meta‐analysis evaluated the odds ratio for repletion of serum vitamin D levels.Eight trials involving 542 patients were included in the analysis. Weekly and daily cholecalciferol were not significantly different in correcting hypovitaminosis D (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 0.3–6.9, p = 0.6, favouring weekly dosing, I2 = 85.3%). A sensitivity analysis excluding otherwise healthy patients had similar findings (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.3–2.1, p = 0.6). Most studies were at risk of bias; the different doses being compared increased the heterogeneity.Limited direct evidence supports a switch from daily to weekly cholecalciferol dosing; however, weekly supplementation was not demonstrably worse at repleting levels and decreased a patient's daily pill burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent limitations of lithium (Li)-ion batteries have sparked interest in exploring alternative technologies, especially those relying on metallic anodes: monovalent Li and divalent zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) metals. In particular, Mg and Ca metal batteries offer significant advantages based on the natural abundance of their raw materials and high energy-storage capabilities resulting from the bivalency of the carrier ions. Yet, these battery systems are far from commercialization, and the lack of reliable electrolytes constitutes a primary concern. The formation of ion-insulating passivation layers on these metallic anodes and their inferior desolvation kinetics have long been recognized as formidable hurdles in the way of optimizing the electrolyte composition. These impediments call for innovative strategies in electrolyte engineering and an extensive analysis of the resulting solid–electrolyte–interphase (SEI) layer. In this review, we introduce recent pioneering studies of divalent Mg and Ca metal batteries that have been concerned with these issues. This review particularly focuses on drawing an analogy with Li and Zn metal batteries in terms of the relative advancement and by benchmarking against the strategies developed for these analogous systems. The areas of interest include a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and evolution of the morphology of metallic anodes, a correlation between the electrolyte and SEI compositions, state-of-the-art electrolyte strategies to realize reversible (de)plating of Mg and Ca, and new perspectives on the SEI properties and their relevance to corrosion and the calendar life. We finally encourage researchers in the community to delve into these emerging areas by linking with successful stories in the analogous systems, but identifying distinct aspects of Mg and Ca batteries that still require attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative differential resistance (NDR) in NbOx films attracts attention for potential application in neuromorphic computing. A continuous S‐type and abrupt snapback NDR characteristics are reported for NbOx devices. The NDR characteristics are expected to depend on the nature of the switching path in NbOx. Previous NDR studies have been performed mainly on amorphous NbOx films with an electroforming process to create a switching path. Herein, the NDR characteristics of a forming‐free NbOx device with crystalline NbO2 phases are investigated and these are compared with those of an amorphous NbOx device with forming. The forming‐free NbOx device exhibits a secondary abrupt snapback NDR in addition to the initial S‐type NDR, possibly due to a metal–insulator transition in the NbO2 phases. Meanwhile, the amorphous NbOx devices only show a continuous S‐type behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently an earthquake sequence occurred in Haenam, southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. Earthquake swarms are not unusual in the western region of Korea, which already experienced comparable series of earthquakes before the Haenam earthquake: in the Boryeong offshore (2013) and Baekryeong Island (2013 and 2019) regions. The ML 3.1 earthquake occurred 21km WNW of Haenam on May 3, 2020 and the earthquake sequence occurred from April 26 to May 9 intensively. For two weeks, a dozen small foreshocks preceded the mainshock and more aftershocks occurred. In this paper, relocation of events with focal mechanisms based on the seismicity of the 2020 Haenam earthquake sequence is proposed. The distribution of earthquake sequence in Haenam area is WNW-ESE direction, which is approximately parallel to the fault plane solutions of events with ML ≥ 2.0 indicating strike-slip faults. The sequential events concentrate within the elliptical area of about 0.18 km2 on the surface and the focal depth distributions show some variations between 19.6 km and 21.6 km for different velocity models but their ranges are within about 500–600 m. The depth variations for different models can be due to the different boundary depths between upper and lower crusts. Based on a comparison of the earthquake swarms in the western region of the Korean Peninsula, this study provides seismological information for understanding the seismotectonic structures in the Korean Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the first application of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to in vivo X-ray fluorescence (XRF) images of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) obtained by a benchtop X-ray system to eliminate Compton-scattered photons. The XRF imaging system comprises a 2-D cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) gamma camera, a pinhole collimator, and fan-beam polychromatic X-rays. An architecture of the 2-D CNN model for Compton background elimination was optimally designed and trained with data sets obtained by the measurements of water only and GNP-embedded imaging phantoms. The XRF images generated by the trained 2-D CNN were compared with those generated by the direct subtraction method. The developed 2-D CNN was also applied to generate in vivo XRF images of gold in living mice exposed to GNPs. The in vivo XRF images generated by the two methods were then compared in terms of the difference in GNP concentrations. The results demonstrate that the 2-D CNN model was successfully applied to in vivo XRF images for detecting the concentration and location of GNPs in living mice. This also implies that in vivo XRF images can be acquired using the 2-D CNN without preinjection scanning; thus, the image acquisition time and imaging dose can be reduced by half. Furthermore, in vivo XRF images of GNPs can be acquired at any time after the injection, as the 2-D CNN eliminates the need to restrict a living object during the interscans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We present a tripartite view of intelligibility in which the contributions of both the speaker and listener, as well as their joint effort during interaction, are considered. While considerable research has examined communicative interactions in situ, there is a critical gap in current knowledge on how speech intelligibility unfolds during such interactions. Here, we argue that research examining speech intelligibility in communicative interactions may provide important groundwork for advancement in clinical interventions for individuals with dysarthria. Method: First, we describe the view and argue for its consideration as a powerful way of thinking about speech intelligibility. We then briefly situate the view in the relevant literature on speech intelligibility and existing theoretical frameworks. We then identify suitable methodological paradigms for studying joint contributions to intelligibility and, lastly, discuss the clinical application and potential impact of this tripartite view. Conclusions: Speech communication occurs through interaction; however, in the laboratory and clinic, emphasis is usually placed on individual speakers and listeners. We have proposed that it is critical to consider how the joint contributions of speakers and listeners affect speech intelligibility in communicative interaction. This conceptualization is well aligned with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and the findings from such an approach will allow us to better understand how to maximize available resources to enhance speech intelligibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Sulforaphane, a major ingredient isolated from Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli), is known to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects. In this study, we employed an in vitro model of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and a23187 (PMACI)-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1 cells) to investigate the anti-allergic inflammatory effects and mechanisms of sulforaphane and Brassica oleracea var. italica extracts. Methods: Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA and quantitative real-time-PCR methods. Caspase-1 activity was determined by caspase-1 assay. Binding mode of sulforaphane within caspase-1 was determined by molecular docking simulation. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting. Results: Water extract of Brassica oleracea var. italica (WE) significantly reduced thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) secretion and caspase-1 activity on activated HMC-1 cells. In the molecular docking simulation and in vitro caspase-1 assays, sulforaphane regulated caspase-1 activity by docking with the identical binding site of caspase-1. Sulforaphane significantly inhibited the levels of inflammatory mediators including TSLP, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting experiments revealed that sulforaphane and WE reduced translocation of NF-κBp65 into the nucleus and phosphorylation of IκBα in the cytosol. Furthermore, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was down-regulated by treatment with sulforaphane or WE. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sulforaphane and WE have anti-allergic inflammatory effects by intercepting caspase-1/NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • α ″ -Fe 16 N 2 nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and annealing process. • As the calcination temperature increased, the nanofiber structure collapsed. • The average diameter of α -Fe nanofibers increased with increasing temperature, which hindered the formation of the α ″ -Fe 16 N 2 phase in the subsequent nitriding process. • α ″ -Fe 16 N 2 nanofibers exhibited magnetic properties of M 2.5 T = 181.9 emu/g, M r = 76.11 emu/g, and H c = 1293 Oe. Although the iron-nitride α ″ -Fe 16 N 2 phase exhibits excellent magnetic properties, its poor thermal and phase stability pose challenges in the fabrication of bulk-type samples. In particular, the low nitriding temperature, below 200 °C, increases possibility of forming the stable nitride phase with higher nitrogen content on the surface due to the slow diffusion rate of nitrogen atoms. To overcome this problem, it is crucial that the α -Fe precursors are small in size, well-dispersed, and that the post-heat treatment is conducted below 200 °C. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the fabrication of α ″ -Fe 16 N 2 nanofibers through electrospinning process and a two-step heat treatment procedure involving hydrogen reduction at 290 °C for 2 h, followed by nitration at 160 °C for 12 h in an ammonia gas flow rate of 1.5 L/min. Furthermore, these α ″ -Fe 16 N 2 nanofibers exhibited a saturation magnetization (M 2.5T) of 182 emu/g, a residual magnetization (M r) of 76.1 emu/g, and a coercivity (H c) of 1.29 kOe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a common pathogen in paediatric infections. However, it is a rare etiologic agent of bacterial meningitis. We describe a case of Streptococcus pyogenes meningitis complicated by sensorineural hearing loss in an immunocompetent 7-year-old boy. Clinicians should be aware of GAS as a potential cause of paediatric meningitis, especially with prominent symptoms suggestive of frontal sinusitis. Meningitis caused by GAS has been shown to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity, including neurological complications. Early screening for sensorineural hearing loss in patients with GAS meningitis can facilitate timely cochlear implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new copepod species of the Ceratonotus group in the subfamily Ancorabolinae (Ancorabolidae) are described from the Korean peninsula. Dendropsyllus kimi sp. nov. differs from its congeners by the one-segmented ♀ P3 endopod, the inner spine on ♀ P5 exopod and the absence of sensillate tubercles on abdominal somites 1 and 2. Dimorphipodia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Dimorphipodia changi sp. nov. and can be differentiated from its sister taxon, Arthuricornua , by the sexual dimorphism in P2–P4 exp-3, the absence of paired laterodorsal processes near the posterior margin of the cephalothorax and the presence of pleural setular tufts on somites bearing P2–P4. Ancorabolina , previously placed in the Ancorabolinae, is transferred to the Laophontodinae, whereas Patagoniaella is provisionally reassigned to the family Cletodidae. Within Laophontodes , the inadequately described Laophontodes brevis , Laophontodes ornatus and Laophontodes propinquus are relegated to species inquirendae. Laophontodes georgei sp. nov. is proposed for the unavailable name Laophontodes norvegicus , Laophontodes multispinatus is reassigned to Lobopleura , and Laophontodes gracilipes is fixed as the type of Rostrophontodes gen. nov. , the potential sister group of Ancorabolina. The authenticity of Laophontodes bicornis and other dubious ancorabolid records from the Korean peninsula is discussed. Updated keys to genera of both Ancorabolinae and Laophontodinae and to species of Laophontodes are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Single-phased Sm 2 Co 17 submicron particles preparation without the coalescence. • Lower heat-treatment temperature and shorter reaction timecompared to the conventional methods. • High intrinsic magnetic properties: 99.33 emu/g of M s , 5.3 kOe of H c. • Particle size control and size-dependent magnetic properties. Abstract Sm 2 Co 17 particles, with several hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers in diameter, were synthesized by a combination of salt-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and a reduction-diffusion (R-D) process. It was found that NaCl plays a decisive role toward the suppression of particle coalescence during R-D process. By optimizing a reductant contents, the single-phased and non-agglomerated Sm 2 Co 17 particles were obtained. In addition, particle size was controlled by varying calcination temperature from 800 °C to 1100 °C and size-dependent magnetic properties were observed. The optimum magnetic properties were achieved at a calcination temperature of 900 °C: coercivity of 5.3 kOe, a saturation magnetization of 99.33 emu/g, and a remanence of 56.53 emu/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Synthesis of Fe-substituted SmCo nanofibers via electrospinning and reduction. • Investigation of microstructural and magnetic properties according to Fe content. • Phase formation mechanism and Fe substitution effect in reduction–diffusion process. • High (BH) max (13.17 MG·Oe) with 10 at% Fe, over 153% that of pure nanofiber. • Overall potential greatly exceeding the limitations of the SmCo binary magnet. Abstract We propose the substitution of some Co atoms in SmCo nanofibers with earth-abundant Fe as a means to prepare low-cost magnets with enhanced intrinsic magnetic properties compared to those of pure SmCo. To investigate the effect of Fe substitution upon microstructural and magnetic properties, we synthesized SmCoFe nanofibers (150–200 nm diameter) having various degrees of Fe substitution (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 at%) via electrospinning and subsequent reduction using CaH 2. All Fe-substituted samples showed an enhancement in (BH) max as compared to their non-substituted counterpart. Interestingly, substituting appropriate amount of Fe for Co enabled simultaneous increase of M s , H ci and thus (BH) max of the SmCo nanofibers, resulting from an effective exchange-coupling effect: Superior H ci (about 7375 Oe) and a (BH) max (about 13.17 MG·Oe) over 153% that of non-substituted SmCo nanofibers were obtained in the 10 at% Fe-substituted sample. This work describes the synthesis of SmCoFe ternary magnetic nanofibers and elucidates the phase formation mechanism and the effect of Fe substitution in optimizing magnetic performance. This understanding can be extended to the synthesis of other SmCo phases having different chemical compositions and may enable access to a path far beyond the limitations of traditional magnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoestrogens possess beneficial effects in the management of menopausal symptoms with few side effects. Soybeans are major natural sources of isoflavones, with high estrogen receptor (ER)-β selectivity. The objective of this study therefore was to develop a solvent-mediated extraction method for soybean germinated embryos (SGEs) and to investigate the biological activities of the extract. Ethanolic extraction yielded the SGE extract (SGEE), which had a unique composition of biologically active aglycones and soyasaponins. SGEE showed a proliferative effect in MCF7 cells and ERβ-selective transcriptional activities in human embryonic kidney cells. In addition, oral administration of SGEE to ovariectomized rats resulted in the induction of ERβ and estrogen-responsive genes in the uterus and a decrease in tail skin temperature and uterus weight. Our data suggest that germination and ethanolic extraction are effective measures for producing isoflavone-rich food supplements, which may be useful as alternative menopausal hormone therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxonomic studies of benthic harpacticoids from sublittoral habitats in the Southern Sea of Korea were performed. Three new species belonging to the genus Zosime Boeck, 1873 were discovered: Zosime comata sp. nov., Z. changi sp. nov., and Z. gymnokosmosa sp. nov. They all belong to the typica group, which is characterized by diagnostic female features of a mandibular exopod with three setae, leg 5 fused with baseoendopod bearing an exopodal seta arising from the anterior surface, and elongate caudal rami with a length more than 1.6 times its width. These three new species unusually have only two outer spines on the distal exopodal segments of legs 1–4, a character is unique in the genus except for Z. bathyalis Por, 1967, in contrast to the three outer spines on the corresponding segments in other congeners. However, the three new species can be distinguished from Z. bathyalis and each other by body ornamentation, segmentation of the female antennule, setation of the distal endopodal segment on legs 2–4, and an endopodal lobe on leg 5 in both sexes. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of these three new Zosime species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A discharge step is a crucial process to avoid any danger of explosion from residual electricity inside spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Saline discharge using a NaCl solution has been widely used due to its low energy cost and high discharge efficiency. Therefore, residual NaCl impurities from the saline discharge can be flowed into successive LIB recycling processes and their impacts need to be examined on the structural characterization and electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials. The state-of-the-art Ni-rich Li[Ni 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 ]O 2 (NCM955) is resynthesized by a coprecipitation reaction in simulated LIB leachate after the saline discharge. The impurity levels of Na and Cl in resynthesized precursors significantly decrease after washing 1 time and almost unchanged up to 6 time washing. Whereas the electrochemical performance of unwashed resynthesized NCM955 is inferior to pristine NCM955, residual NaCl after the sufficient washing enhances discharge capacity, cyclability, and rate capability. In particular, the cycling performance is improved significantly due to strong transition metal-Cl bonds, suppressed Ni dissolution, and a less degree of phase transition to rock-salt and spinel phases. While sufficient washing is necessary in the resynthesis of cathode active materials from spent LIBs undergoing the saline discharge, residual NaCl would be beneficial to the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials. [Display omitted] • Saline discharge has been widely used in Li-ion battery recycling. • NaCl impurities can be incorporated into resynthesized cathode active materials. • NaCl-incorporated Ni-rich Li[Ni 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 ]O 2 was resynthesized. • Sufficient washing is necessary in the resynthesis of cathode active materials. • Residual NaCl is beneficial to electrochemical performance including cyclability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground and aimMethodsResultsConclusionsTo examine whether the noise components in distress cries of term infants differed from very preterm infants whose cries were collected at a comparable “corrected” gestational age.Distress cries were collected from 20 term and 20 preterm infants. The cries were acoustically examined for the occurrence of aperiodic phonatory behavior within and across moments of crying.The findings indicated no significant differences between term and preterm infants at term age in the occurrence of noise.Distress cries of both term and term-equivalent preterm infants appear to contain high instances of phonatory noise. The high arousal associated with distress crying and associated increase in subglottal pressure appeared to influence both term and term-equivalent preterm infants similarly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) frequently use the combination of a statin and renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) blocker, an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), to control lipid levels and blood pressure, respectively, and the use of ARBs is increasing in Korean patients. Few studies are available, however, that have compared combination therapy with statin‐ACEIs versus statin‐ARBs. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether ARBs are associated with a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) compared with ACEIs when used in combination with statins in patients with established CHD. Design: Population‐based retrospective cohort study. Data Source: Korean National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort database. Patients: A total of 6577 adults who started statin‐RAAS blocker combination therapy (1870 in the statin‐ACEI cohort and 4707 in the statin‐ARB cohort) after being diagnosed with CHD between January 2003 and December 2013 were included. Of these, 3676 propensity score–matched patients (1838 in the statin‐ACEI cohort and 1838 in the statin‐ARB cohort) were included in the final analyses. Measurements and Main Results: The primary outcome was MACCE (major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events), a composite of cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke, and revascularization. Incidences and incidence rates of MACCE were calculated to estimate the differences between the two cohorts. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using a Cox proportional hazard model. The incidence of MACCE was 19.9% and 14.7%, and incidence rates were 11.7 and 8.1 per 100 person‐years in the statin‐ACEI and statin‐ARB cohorts, respectively. The risk of MACCE was significantly lower in the statin‐ARB cohort (adjusted HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59–0.81). Conclusion: A MACCE was less likely to occur in patients who received a statin‐ARB than in those who received a statin‐ACEI. Similar trends were seen in cardiovascular mortality and the occurrence of recurrent MI but not stroke. The availability of statin‐ARB fixed‐dose combinations may have contributed to the improved outcomes in the statin‐ARB cohort by reducing pill burden and improving medication adherence. Further research is warranted to validate our findings and to address whether a particular statin‐ARB combination is more effective than other combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the modern seismograph network by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) had been operated from 1978, the largest earthquake (ML 5.8) occurred in Gyeongju, South Korea on 12 September 2016. ML 5.1 and 5.8 earthquakes occurred successively and damaged mostly old building structures around Gyeongju. Aftershocks continued to occur, clustering around the epicenters of the two events. Number of observed aftershocks with ML ≥ 0.1 was 3,376 from 12 September 2016 to 31 March 2017 and these aftershocks were located by manual procedure. Since the origin time of the ML 5.8 earthquake, 339 and 672 aftershocks (ML ≥ 0.1) occurred on 12 and 13 September 2016, respectively. The occurrence rate of aftershocks decreased exponentially with time after 16 September. It is observed that the seismicity of the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake and aftershock sequences is dominant in the Yangsan Fault System. The distribution of aftershocks is NNE-SSW direction along the Yangsan Fault System, which agrees with the fault plane solutions of main shock and foreshock showing the strike-slip faulting. These aftershocks concentrate within the epicentral distance of 5 km from main shock and the depth distribution of aftershocks is mainly around 11-15 km with vertical trends. With regard to the seismicity of the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake’s aftershocks the full catalog with ML ≥ 1.2 based on Mc is suggested in this study. Finally the distribution of aftershock sequence correlated to the focal mechanisms can provide specific seismicity in the Gyeongsang Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A prospective Drug Utilization Review (DUR) program has been implemented in Korea to improve the quality and safety of medication use. Objective: To evaluate the influence of the DUR program in reducing incidence of preventable adverse drug reactions (pADRs). Methods: This study was performed using administrative data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA). The claims data for all adult patients with adverse drug events (ADE)-related diagnoses from 2009 to 2014 were obtained. Incidence rates of first-time and repeat pADRs prior to and after DUR program implementation were evaluated. Quarterly trends in incidence rates of overall ADE, allergic reactions, and ADRs were analyzed. Results: Data extraction covering the period from 2009 to 2014 led to the identification of 3,927,662 records. First-time pADR rates decreased gradually after implementation of the DUR program (change in slope: -0.016, p = 0.02). The program had a similar influence on repeat pADR rates (change in slope: -0.006, p≤0.01). The program did not decrease rates of first-time or repeat allergic reactions (change in slope: 0.018, p = 0.07 and 0.003, p = 0.04, respectively). In the cohort aged ≤65 years, first-time pADR rate reduction was significant (28.2% [27.1–29.3] in ≤18 years, and 19.8% [18.1–21.5] in 19–64 years). In contrast, first-time pADR rate was increased by 0.6% [-0.7–1.9] in patients ≥65 years. Conclusion: Implementation of the prospective DUR program effectively reduced the number of pADRs. In the future, to reduce non-preventable ADRs such as allergic reactions, provision of clinical information including allergy history should be added to the DUR program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current study investigated whether articulatory kinematic patterns can be extrapolated across the spectrum of dysarthria severity in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Method: Temporal and spatial articulatory kinematic data were collected using electromagnetic articulography from 14 individuals with dysarthria secondary to ALS and 6 typically aging speakers. Speech intelligibility and speaking rate were used as indices of severity. Results: Temporal measures (duration, speed of articulators) were significantly correlated with both indices of severity. In speakers with dysarthria, spatial measures were not correlated with severity except in 3 measures: tongue movement displacement was more reduced in the anterior– posterior dimension; jaw movement distance was greater in the inferior–superior dimension; jaw convex hull area was larger in speakers with slower speaking rates. Visual inspection of movement trajectories revealed that overall spatial kinematic characteristics in speakers with severe dysarthria differed qualitatively from those in speakers with mild or moderate dysarthria. Unlike speakers with dysarthria, typically aging speakers displayed variable tongue movement and minimal jaw movement. Conclusions: The current study revealed that spatial articulatory characteristics, unlike temporal characteristics, showed a complicated pattern across the severity spectrum. The findings suggest that articulatory characteristics in speakers with severe dysarthria cannot simply be extrapolated from those in speakers with mild-to-moderate dysarthria secondary to ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to improve the intrinsic magnetic properties of strontium ferrite by substituting lanthanum and cobalt for strontium and iron. The salt-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (SA-USP) following calcination process were used to from La-Co substituted strontium ferrite particles (La x Sr 1- x Fe 12 -y Co y O 19 ), and their compositional dependent magnetic properties systemically investigated. All the samples were calcined at 1050 °C for 1 h in an air atmosphere to yield single-phased hexagonal particles several hundred nanometers to microns in size. A saturation magnetization of 70.76 emu/g and a coercivity 7265 Oe were obtained at a composition of La 0.25 Sr 0.75 Fe 11.75 Co 0.25 O 19 . The amount of Co was reduced to obtain an optimized saturation magnetization of 71.40 emu/g and a coercivity of 7572 Oe at a composition of La 0.25 Sr 0.75 Fe 11.8 Co 0.2 O 19 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]