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This study proposes a numerical model of the cake-baking process, including its heat and mass transfer processes and the phase change process of water, using the enthalpy-porosity method. The specific heat and thermal conductivity of the cake dough were measured as functions of temperature using a differential scanning calorimeter and the hot plate method with a probe, respectively, for a numerical evaluation of the variations in the thermo-physical properties of the cake dough. The internal and upper-surface temperatures of the cake were measured using thermocouples and an infrared camera, respectively. The mass loss of the cake was measured to determine its water content fraction. The commercial computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 19.2 was used to develop the numerical model of cake baking. The experimental and numerical model results were compared quantitatively and showed excellent agreement. In general, the temperature in the central region of the cake was lower than the internal temperature close to the cake pan. The upper-surface temperatures of the cake exceeded 100 °C and tended to increase toward the cake edge. The water content initially decreased linearly with time. Finally, the correlation between the upper-surface temperature and brightness of the cake dough was examined to determine the cake-baking performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify causal variants associated with important carcass traits such as weight and meat quality in Hanwoo cattle. We analyzed missense mutations extracted from imputed sequence data (ARS-UCD1.2) and performed an exon-specific association test on the carcass traits of 16,970 commercial Hanwoo. We found 33, 2, 1, and 3 significant SNPs associated with carcass weight (CW), backfat thickness (BFT), eye muscle area (EMA), and marbling score (MS), respectively. In CW and EMA, the most significant missense SNP was identified at 19,524,263 on BTA14 and involved the PRKDC. A missense SNP in the ZFAND2B, located at 107,160,304 on BTA2 was identified as being involved in BFT. For MS, missense SNP in the ACVR2B gene, located at 11,849,704 in BTA22 was identified as the most significant marker. The contribution of the most significant missense SNPs to genetic variance was confirmed to be 8.47%, 2.08%, 1.73%, and 1.19% in CW, BFT, EMA, and MS, respectively. We generated favorable and unfavorable haplotype combinations based on the significant SNPs for CW. Significant differences in GEBV (Genomic Estimated Breeding Values) were observed between groups with each favorable and unfavorable haplotype combination. In particular, the missense SNPs in PRKDC, MRPL9, and ANKFN1 appear to significantly affect the protein's function and structure, making them strong candidates as causal mutations. These missense SNPs have the potential to serve as valuable markers for improving carcass traits in Hanwoo commercial farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White mold (or Sclerotinia stem rot), caused by Sclerotinia species, is a major air, soil, or seed-transmitted disease affecting numerous crops and wild plants. Microscopic or culture-based methods currently available for their detection and identification are time-consuming, laborious, and often erroneous. Therefore, we developed a multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the discrimination, detection, and quantification of DNA collected from each of the three economically relevant Sclerotinia species, namely, S. sclerotiorum, S. minor, and S. nivalis. TaqMan primer/probe combinations specific for each Sclerotinia species were designed based on the gene sequences encoding aspartyl protease. High specificity and sensitivity of each probe were confirmed for sclerotium and soil samples, as well as pure cultures, using simplex and multiplex qPCRs. This multiplex assay could be helpful in detecting and quantifying specific species of Sclerotinia, and therefore, may be valuable for disease diagnosis, forecasting, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) systems installed at adjacent ports (G and H) on the KSTAR tokamak incorporate large-aperture mm-wave optics, broadband electronics, and high speed digitization (up to 1 MSa/s) for 2D and quasi-3D visualization of MHD-scale fluid dynamics. Recently, the ECEI systems have been proved to be capable of visualization of smaller scale fluctuations albeit with a limited spatiotemporal resolution and even capable of measurement of ion cyclotron harmonic waves by direct high-speed sampling of the ECE IF signals. A four-channel prototype subsystem with a higher sampling rate up to 16 GS/s has been integrated into the G-port ECEI system, enabling the measurement of plasma waves in the GHz range in the form of modulated ECE signals and characterization of high-frequency turbulence during the evolution of pedestal. To achieve higher toroidal resolution in the turbulence measurement, the H-port ECEI system is now being upgraded to have a toroidally dual detector array of 2(toroidal) × 12(vertical) × 8(radial) channel configuration and a high-speed subsystem of 2(toroidal) × 4 channel configuration. The new mm-wave optics has been designed via beam propagation simulation, and the measured performance of the fabricated lens indicates a toroidal resolution of 8–10 cm depending on the focus position and zoom factor, allowing for the measurement of parallel wavenumber up to k‖ ∼ 0.8 cm−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Pseudoperonospora, an obligate biotrophic group of Oomycota, causes the most destructive foliar downy mildew disease on many economically important crops and wild plants. A previously unreported disease by Pseudoperonospora was found on oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo var. conomon) in Korea, which is a minor crop cultivated in the temperate climate zone of East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. Based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses, the causal agent was identified as Pseudoperonospora cubensis, and its pathogenicity has been proven. Importantly, two phylogenetic clades of P. cubensis, harboring probably two distinct species, were detected within the same plots, suggesting simultaneous coexistence of the two clades. This is the first report of P. cubensis causing downy mildew on oriental pickling melon in Korea, and the confirmation of presence of two phylogenetic clades of this pathogen in Korea. Given the high incidence of P. cubensis and high susceptibility of oriental pickling melon to this disease, phytosanitary measures, including rapid diagnosis and effective control management, are urgently required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explains the state of the art in and desiderata for Korean language education. Paucity of cognitive explanations; Syllabus-organizing principles; Classroom Syllabus proposals; Reasons for CS proposal.

We aimed to evaluate the association between inflammation-based prognostic markers and mortality after hip replacement. From March 2010 to June 2020, we identified 5,369 consecutive adult patients undergoing hip replacement with C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, and complete blood count measured within six months before surgery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate predictabilities and estimate thresholds of CRP-to-albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Patients were divided according to threshold, and mortality risk was compared. The primary outcome was one-year mortality, and overall mortality was also analyzed. One-year mortality was 2.9%. Receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed areas under the curve of 0.838, 0.832, 0.701, and 0.732 for CAR, NLR, PLR, and modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, respectively. The estimated thresholds were 2.10, 3.16, and 11.77 for CAR, NLR, and PLR, respectively. According to the estimated threshold, high CAR and NLR were associated with higher one-year mortality after adjustment (1.0% vs. 11.7%; HR = 2.16; 95% CI 1.32–3.52; p = 0.002 for CAR and 0.8% vs. 9.6%; HR = 2.05; 95% CI 1.24–3.39; p = 0.01 for NLR), but PLR did not show a significant mortality increase (1.4% vs. 7.4%; HR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.77–1.63; p = 0.57). Our study demonstrated associations of preoperative levels of CAR and NLR with postoperative mortality in patients undergoing hip replacement. Our findings may be helpful in predicting mortality in patients undergoing hip replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High conductive PEDOT:PSS thin films with high work function were achieved from the mixture of PEDOT:PSS PH 1000 and AI 4083. • Conductivity (443 S/cm or 260 O/sq) of PEDOT:PSS was enhanced from the solvent (ethylene glycol) treatment. • Developed PEDOT:PSS single layer can work as both hole transport layer and anode electrode. • All-solution-processed semitransparent inverted OPV was fabricated from the developed PEDOT:PSS. • Photo-conversion efficiency of all-solution-processed OPV was 2.0% which is comparable to vacuum processed opaque OPV. Conductivity and work function of the conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), has been investigated for a top electrode of the solution-processed organic solar cells (OPV). It has been found that both conductivity and work function could be changed by adjusting the mixing ratio of different commercial grade PEDOT:PSS such as PH 1000 and AI 4083. A 2:1 vol ratio of PH 1000 and AI 4083 mixture provided the conductivity of 443 S/cm (corresponding sheet resistance (R sh) of 260 Ω/sq) and the work function of 5.09 eV. Therefore, this PEDOT:PSS mixture may work as both a hole transport layer (HTL) and anode electrode of the OPV. For verifying, all-solution-processed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) inverted OPVs were fabricated using developed PEDOT:PSS conductive polymers as both HTL and anode top electrode. Under the AM1.5G spectrum calibrated 100 mW/cm2 illumination, fabricated all-solution-processed OPV provides a best photo-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.04% accounted from an open circuit voltage (V oc) of 576 mV, a short circuit current (J sc) of 6.91 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 51.2%. In addition, the final OPV exhibits semitransparency due to no metal electrode on top and transparency of the conductive polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gradual or abrupt transitions from a coherent mode to quasi-coherent mode (QCM, a type of trapped electron mode turbulence) are observed in the core region of low-density plasmas in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research. The coherent mode is initiated in the vicinity of the q = 1 surface by off-axis electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECH), and gradually or abruptly evolves into the QCM as the collisionality is slowly or rapidly increased through electron density control. When the collisionality further increases above a critical level, the QCM is changed into broadband turbulence, which has been preferentially observed in tokamak plasmas. The observed evolution of the QCMs suggests that (1) QCMs can originate from a coherent mode in ECH applied low-collisionality plasmas and (2) quasi-coherent spectra of QCMs are closely related with the collisionality in a finite range ('collisional broadening of the wavenumber and frequency'). The coherent mode appears to be a metastable electrostatic mode at the rational surface excited by off-axis ECH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Lipid-based nanocarriers have been extensively utilized for the solubilization and cutaneous delivery of water-insoluble active ingredients in skincare formulations. However, their practical application is often limited by structural instability, leading to premature release and degradation of actives. Here we present highly robust multilamellar nanovesicles, prepared by the polyionic self-assembly of unilamellar vesicles with hydrolyzed collagen peptides, to stabilize all- trans -retinol and enhance its cutaneous delivery. Our results reveal that the reinforced multilayer structure substantially enhances dispersion stability under extremely harsh conditions, like freeze–thaw cycles, and stabilizes the encapsulated retinol. Interestingly, these multilamellar vesicles exhibit significantly lower cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblasts than their unilamellar counterparts, likely due to their smaller particle number per weight, minimizing potential disruptions to cellular membranes. In artificial skin models, retinol-loaded multilamellar vesicles effectively upregulate collagen-related gene expression while suppressing the synthesis of metalloproteinases. These findings suggest that the robust multilamellar vesicles can serve as effective nanocarriers for the efficient delivery and stabilization of bioactive compounds in cutaneous applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. While colonoscopy is an effective screening technique, navigating an endoscope through the colon to detect polyps is challenging. A 3D map of the observed surfaces could enhance the identification of unscreened colon tissue and serve as a training platform. However, reconstructing the colon from video footage remains difficult. Learning-based approaches hold promise as robust alternatives, but necessitate extensive datasets. Establishing a benchmark dataset, the 2022 EndoVis sub-challenge SimCol3D aimed to facilitate data-driven depth and pose prediction during colonoscopy. The challenge was hosted as part of MICCAI 2022 in Singapore. Six teams from around the world and representatives from academia and industry participated in the three sub-challenges: synthetic depth prediction, synthetic pose prediction, and real pose prediction. This paper describes the challenge, the submitted methods, and their results. We show that depth prediction from synthetic colonoscopy images is robustly solvable, while pose estimation remains an open research question. • SimCol3D facilitates research in colon reconstruction to improve cancer screening. • SimCol3D is the first challenge providing synthetic and real colonoscopy data. • A detailed description and comparison of participants' methods. • An analysis of best-performing models. • A discussion of the current state of the field and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the structural phase transition and phase stability of newly discovered monoclinic crystal structure of KNbO 3 nanomaterials. Through x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, and neutron diffraction measurements, we have found that the KNbO 3 grown at low temperature undergoes a successive structural transition from monoclinic, tetragonal, to cubic, while the KNbO 3 grown at high temperature does from monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, to cubic with the increase of temperature. After heat treatment, the monoclinic structure of KNbO 3 is transformed to an orthorhombic structure at room temperature. Accompanying the structural transformation, the Raman peaks corresponding to surface and lattice hydroxyl groups are strongly suppressed. These results imply that the hydroxyl defects should play a crucial role for the monoclinic structure of KNbO 3 at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Plastic-free photochemical suppression strategy is presented for sunscreen agents. • Polyphenols can stabilize ROS, dramatically reducing hydroxyl radical generation. • SiO 2 -TiO 2 -tannin hybrids extend the absorption spectrum over the blue light. • SiO 2 -TiO 2 -tannin hybrids decrease UV and blue light-induced cytotoxic effects. The photocatalytic activity of ultraviolet (UV) filters, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), must be minimized in skincare products to avoid adverse biological and chemical effects. Unfortunately, the screening effect of UV filters is intrinsically correlated with their photocatalytic activity in the presence of oxygen and water. Polymeric encapsulation has been widely employed to inhibit photochemical ROS generation; however, it can cause serious microplastic issues because UV filters act as photocatalysts under sunlight irradiation. Here we present plastic-free silica-titania-tannin (SiO 2 -TiO 2 -TA) heterojunction hybrids to increase UV-to-blue light blocking effects while suppressing UV-induced ROS generation by altering their photochemical routes. Mesoporous SiO 2 -TiO 2 particles were prepared through the in situ synthesis of TiO 2 nanocrystals within SiO 2 particles, followed by the spontaneous deposition of TA via Ti-pyrogallol and Ti-catechol coordination. Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) from TA to the conduction band of TiO 2 , demonstrated by theoretical calculations, extends the absorption spectrum of TiO 2 over the blue wavelength regime, increasing a specific sun protection factor ∼ 1.8 times. The TA layer efficiently suppressed the UV-induced ROS generation: the SiO 2 -TiO 2 -TA produced only < 1 % hydroxyl radical ions compared to pristine TiO 2 under simulated solar irradiation. Accordingly, the UV and blue light-induced cytotoxicity of fibroblasts was significantly alleviated by the ROS stabilization effect of TA complexed with TiO 2 , while pristine TiO 2 exacerbated the cytotoxic effect via ROS generation in the cytoplasm. This work demonstrates that polyphenol coatings are a promising method to suppress the ROS generation by inorganic UV filters while increasing their screening effects through LMCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]