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In this paper, we study some new examples of ideals on ω with maximal Tukey type (that is, maximal among partial orders of size continuum). This discussion segues into an examination of a refinement of the Tukey order—known as the weak Rudin–Keisler order—and its structure when restricted to these ideals of maximal Tukey type. Mirroring a result of Fremlin (Note Mat 11:177–214, 1991) on the Tukey order, we also show that there is an analytic P-ideal above all other analytic P-ideals in the weak Rudin–Keisler order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromodulation treatment effect size for bothersome tinnitus may be larger and more predictable by adopting a target selection approach guided by personalized striatal networks or functional connectivity maps. Several corticostriatal mechanisms are likely to play a role in tinnitus, including the dorsal/ventral striatum and the putamen. We examined whether significant tinnitus treatment response by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the caudate nucleus may be related to striatal network increased functional connectivity with tinnitus networks that involve the auditory cortex or ventral cerebellum. The first study was a cross‐sectional 2‐by‐2 factorial design (tinnitus, no tinnitus; hearing loss, normal hearing, n = 68) to define cohort level abnormal functional connectivity maps using high‐field 7.0 T resting‐state fMRI. The second study was a pilot case–control series (n = 2) to examine whether tinnitus modulation response to caudate tail subdivision stimulation would be contingent on individual level striatal connectivity map relationships with tinnitus networks. Resting‐state fMRI identified five caudate subdivisions with abnormal cohort level functional connectivity maps. Of those, two connectivity maps exhibited increased connectivity with tinnitus networks—dorsal caudate head with Heschl's gyrus and caudate tail with the ventral cerebellum. DBS of the caudate tail in the case‐series responder resulted in dramatic reductions in tinnitus severity and loudness, in contrast to the nonresponder who showed no tinnitus modulation. The individual level connectivity map of the responder was in alignment with the cohort expectation connectivity map, where the caudate tail exhibited increased connectivity with tinnitus networks, whereas the nonresponder individual level connectivity map did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of cell transplantation and gene therapy trials have been performed over the last three decades in an effort to restore function in Parkinson's disease. Much has been learned about optimizing delivery methods for these therapeutics. This is particularly true in gene therapy, which has predominated the clinical trial landscape in recent years; however, cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease is currently undergoing a renaissance. Innovations such as cannula design, iMRI-guided surgery and an evolution in delivery strategy has radically changed the way investigators approach clinical trial design. Future therapeutic strategies may employ newer delivery methods such as chronically implanted infusion devices and focal opening of the blood brain barrier with focused ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) depends on electrode placement accuracy, which can be jeopardized by brain shift due to burr hole and dura opening during surgery. Brain shift violates assumed rigid alignment between preoperative image and intraoperative anatomy, negatively impacting therapy. Objective: This study presents a deformation-atlas biomechanical model-based approach to address shift. Methods: Six patients, who underwent interventional magnetic resonance (iMR) image-guided DBS burr hole surgery, were studied. A patient-specific model was employed under varying surgical conditions, generating a collection of possible intraoperative shift estimations or a ‘deformation atlas.’ An inverse problem was driven by sparse measurements derived from iMR to determine an optimal fit of solutions of the atlas. This fit was then used to obtain a volumetric deformation field, which was utilized to update preoperative MR and estimate shift at surgical target region localized on iMR. Model performance was examined by quantitatively comparing intraoperative subsurface measurements to their model-predicted counterparts, and qualitatively comparing iMR, preoperative MR, and model updated MR. A nonrigid image registration was introduced as a comparator. Results: Model-based approach reduced general parenchyma shift from 8.2 ± 2.2 to 2.7 ± 1.1 mm (∼66.8% correction), and produced updated MR with better agreement to iMR than that of preoperative MR. The average model estimated shift at target region was 1.2 mm. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of a model-based shift correction strategy in DBS surgery with only sparse data. Significance: The developed strategy has the potential to complement and/or enhance current clinical approaches in addressing shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagues have come and gone throughout the course of human history. They can be extremely disruptive of societies through which they ravage and usually permanently change things even after the infections decrease. What can we learn from our past pandemics? What are the likely scenarios that could play out and to which professional mental health workers will have to respond? These topics will be examined herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove a strong dichotomy result for countably-infinite oriented graphs; that is, we prove that for all countably-infinite oriented graphs G, either (i) there is a countably-infinite tournament K such that G\not \subseteq K, or (ii) every countably-infinite tournament contains a spanning copy of G. Furthermore, we are able to give a concise characterization of such oriented graphs. Our characterization becomes even simpler in the case of transitive acyclic oriented graphs (i.e. strict partial orders). For uncountable oriented graphs, we are able to extend the dichotomy result mentioned above to all regular cardinals \kappa; however, we are only able to provide a concise characterization in the case when \kappa =\aleph _1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show, assuming a weak form of the Axiom of Choice, that the existence of a discontinuous homomorphism between separable Banach spaces induces a selector for the Vitali equivalence relation R/Q. In conjunction with a result of Di Prisco and Todorcevic, this shows that a nonprincipal ultrafilter on the integers is not sufficient to construct a discontinuous automorphism of the complex field, confirming a conjecture of Simon Thomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological assessment is a complex process aimed at contributing to helping the client. The information gained about the person in his or her situational context should facilitate guiding intervention. The basic data are derived from the clinical interview, testing, and collateral information from third parties. Contemporary Paganism makes use of the ancient practice of divination for a similar process of assessment in the context of personal guidance. This article examines the parallels between the process of divination and psychological assessment. Both activities serve a similar purpose to facilitate better client decision-making of life choices. Script theory informs the process parallels between those 2 forms of assessment. The generic helping script finds grounding in principles of humanistic psychology. Divination can be seen as a psycho-spiritual technique for personal growth through gnosis. Assessment can take similar forms in both a secular and spiritual context. Thus, practitioners in both domains share the common ground of the assumptions of human science. Finally, in both domains, elements of the assessment are encoded in signs (implying semiotic theory) that need to be interpreted (implying a hermeneutic process) and then findings are communicated back to the client (implying a rhetoric of healing and growth). Those disciplines help guide the communication process between participants across any differences in world view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many experts assume bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) is necessary to improve axial tremor in essential tremor (ET). In the largest clinical trial of DBS for ET to date evaluating a non-directional, constant current device, we studied the effects of unilateral and staged bilateral DBS on axial tremor.Methods: We included all participants from the original trial with unilateral ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) DBS and 90-day follow up at minimum. Primary outcomes were changes in pooled axial subscores in the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) at 90 and 180 days after activation of unilateral VIM DBS compared to pre-operative baseline (n=119). Additionally, we performed within-subject analyses for unilateral versus bilateral DBS at 180 days in the cohort who underwent staged surgery to bilateral DBS (n=39).Results: Unilateral VIM DBS improved midline tremor by 58% at 90 days (median[IQR]) (3[3] to 1[2], p<0.001) and 65% at 180 days (3[3] to 1[2], p<0.001) versus pre-op baseline. In the staged to bilateral DBS cohort, midline tremor scores further improved after bilateral DBS at 180 days by 63% versus unilateral DBS (3[3] to 1[3], p=0.007). There were, however, 35 additional DBS and surgery-related adverse events, 14 related to incoordination, gait impairment, or speech impairment, versus 6 after unilateral DBS.Conclusion: Unilateral VIM DBS for ET significantly improved associated axial tremor. Staged bilateral DBS was associated with additional axial tremor improvement but also additional adverse events. Unilateral VIM DBS may be sufficient to achieve a goal of contralateral limb and axial tremor attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We produce a model of ZFA+PAC such that no outer model of ZFAC has the same pure sets, answering a question asked privately by Eric Hall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A function f from ω1 to the ordinals is called a canonical function for an ordinal α if f represents α in any generic ultrapower induced by forcing with [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brooding has been reported in at least 57 species of sea anemone. More than three quarters (44/57) of the species that are known to brood have been described since the last comprehensive treatment of brooding in this lineage. Different authors focusing on different taxonomic groups within sea anemones over the last 115 years have collectively produced an imprecise and inconsistent set of terminology with respect to brooding in general and to the variety of conditions of brooding in particular. In this review, I characterize brooding as a behavior in which offspring are retained by the adult to at least the juvenile stage, in contrast with the more common release of eggs, embryos, or larvae. Brooding occurs in two primary modes, internal and external, in which offspring may be produced via sexual or asexual means. I categorize structures associated with external brooding in three types: pits, chambers, and grooves. Early inferences that external brooding has a primarily bipolar distribution continue to be supported with current data, but it is doubtful that small size and simultaneous hermaphroditism are correlated with brooding in sea anemones. Finally, I identify open questions about brooding in sea anemones and suggest future lines of research that will broaden our understanding of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that Countable-to-one Uniformization is preserved by forcing with P ( ω ) / Fin over a model of ZF in which every set of reals is completely Ramsey. We also give an exposition of Todorcevic's theorem that Ramsey ultrafilters are generic for P ( ω ) / Fin over suitable inner models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use iterations of elementary embeddings derived from countably complete ideals on ω 1 to provide a uniform proof of some classical results connecting the number of models of cardinality ℵ 1 in various infinitary logics to the number of syntactic types over the empty set. We introduce the notion of an analytically presented abstract elementary class (AEC), which allows the formulation and proof of generalizations of these results to refer to Galois types rather than syntactic types. We prove ( Theorem 0.4 ) the equivalence of ℵ 0 -presented classes and analytically presented classes and, using this, generalize ( Theorem 0.5 ) Keisler's theorem on few models in ℵ 1 to bound the number of Galois types rather than the number of syntactic types. Theorem 0.6 gives a new proof (cf. [5] ) for analytically presented AEC's of the absoluteness of ℵ 1 -categoricity from amalgamation in ℵ 0 and almost Galois ω -stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ideal I on a Polish space X is said to be polar if I is the intersection of the null ideals for some family of Borel probability measures on X. We study polar ideals where the corresponding family of measures is analytic and the induced forcing of Borel sets modulo I is proper. We show that for a broad class of examples this property is closed under iterations, and that the universally measurable sets of the ground model reinterpret as universally measurable sets in the corresponding extensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive behaviors in the sea anemone genus Epiactis provide an opportunity for investigating the evolution of reproductive phenomena such as brooding and sex allocation (hermaphroditic vs. gonochoric) in a group of closely related and easily accessible species. However, given its broad geographic distribution, the striking diversity in reproductive behaviors, and the lack of synapomorphy for the genus, the monophyly of Epiactis is questionable. Here we perform phylogenetic analyses to test the monophyly of Epiactis and the validity of Cnidopus , which consists entirely of species once assigned to Epiactis . We use the large number of brooding species in Epiactis to investigate evolutionary patterns in brooding modes and characteristics associated with them. We find a monophyletic group of North Pacific Epiactis species: this group includes the type species of the genus and species that brood internally or externally, and that are hermaphroditic or gonochoric. Based on the results, we reject the genus Cnidopus because its circumscription renders Epiactis sensu stricto paraphyletic. Ancestral character state reconstruction indicates that in the North Pacific, externally brooding species evolved from internally brooding ancestors and that sex allocation is highly labile. Species relationships in Epiactis and Aulactinia appear to conform to geographic patterns more strongly than to taxonomic hypotheses. Contrary to expectations based on other invertebrates, we fail to find a strong correlation between brooding and hermaphroditism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to proactively control motor responses, particularly to overcome overlearned or automatic actions, is an essential prerequisite for adaptive, goal-oriented behavior. The substantia nigra (SN), an element of the BG, has figured prominently in current models of response selection. However, because of its small size and proximity to functionally distinct subcortical structures, it has been challenging to test the SN's involvement in response selection using conventional in vivo functional neuroimaging approaches. We developed a new fMRI localization method for directly distinguishing, on echo-planar images, the SN BOLD signal from that of neighboring structures, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Using this method, we tested the hypothesis that the SN supports the proactive control of response selection. We acquired high-resolution EPI volumes at 3 T from 16 healthy participants while they completed the Preparing to Overcome Prepotency task of proactive control. There was significantly elevated delay period signal selectively during high- compared with lowcontrol trials in the SN. The STN did not show delay period activity in either condition. SN delay period signal was significantly inversely associated with task performance RTs across participants. These results suggest that our method offers a novel means for measuring SN BOLD responses, provides unique evidence of SN involvement in cognitive control in humans, and suggests a novel mechanism for proactive response selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that ADR implies the existence of a definable class function which, given a countable set X, a tall ideal I on ω containing Fin and a function from I \ Fin to X which is invariant under finite changes, selects a nonempty finite subset of X. Among other applications, this gives an alternate proof of the fact (previously established by Di Prisco-Todorcevic) that there is no selector for the E0 degrees in the P(ω)/Fin-extension of a model of ADR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-pressure properties of fluorine and chlorine are not yet well understood because both are highly reactive and volatile elements, which have made conducting diamond anvil cell and x-ray diffraction experiments a challenge. Here, we use ab initio methods to search for stable crystal structures of both elements at megabar pressures. We demonstrate how symmetry and geometric constraints can be combined to efficiently generate crystal structures that are composed of diatomic molecules. Our algorithm extends the symmetry driven structure search method [R. Domingos et al., Phys. Rev. B 98, 174107 (2018)] by adding constraints for the bond length and the number of atoms in a molecule while still maintaining generality. As a method of validation, we have tested our approach for dense hydrogen and reproduced the known molecular structures of Cmca-12 and Cmca-4. We apply our algorithm to study chlorine and fluorine in the pressure range of 10 GPa–4000 GPa while considering crystal structures with up to 40 atoms per unit cell. We predict chlorine to follow the same series of phase transformations as elemental iodine from Cmca to Immm to Fm 3 ¯ m, but at substantially higher pressures. We predict fluorine to transition from a C2/c to Cmca structure at 70 GPa, to a novel orthorhombic and metallic structure with P42/mmc symmetry at 2500 GPa, and finally to its cubic analog form with Pm 3 ¯ n symmetry at 3000 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As electric vehicles (EVs) become more readily available, sales will depend on consumers’ interest and understanding. A survey of consumer attitudes on electric cars was conducted in Manitoba from late 2011 to early 2012. It utilizes two price assessment methods. The van Westendorp price sensitivity method (PSM) shows the acceptable price range for EVs to be $22,000–27,500. This range closely matches average price range for sales of conventional cars during the same period. The willingness-to-pay method reveals consumers are unwilling to pay large premiums for EVs, even when given information on future fuel savings. A consumer group with experience or exposure to EVs is somewhat different. Nearly 25% of these people are willing to pay a premium of up to $10,000. Different interpretations can be drawn from these responses, calling for further research. An apparent policy opportunity involves consumer education to enhance knowledge and facilitate EV purchase decisions. Survey results also support the hypothesis that EV rollout has focused too much on technology, and not enough on consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Band gaps and band-edge energy levels are computed using the many-body perturbation theory within the GW approximation, with four common plasmon pole models (PPMs) and numerical integration employed to evaluate the dynamic screening matrix. Although the Hybertsen-Louie PPM is often adopted in GW calculations because it predicts band gaps best matching experimental data, we show that it is the Godby-Needs construction that agrees consistently with numerical integration on dynamic screening for materials with distinct characteristics. The variation in predicted band gaps due to different PPMs used can be as large as 1 eV in strongly localized electronic systems, and the band-edge energy levels are more sensitive to the choice of PPM than band gap even in simple semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woodin has demonstrated that, in the presence of large cardinals, there is a single model of ZFC which is maximal for Π-sentences over the structure ( H( ω), ∈, NS), in the sense that its ( H( ω), ∈, NS) satisfies every Π-sentence σ for which ( H( ω), ∈, NS) ⊨ σ can be forced by set-forcing. In this paper we answer a question of Woodin by showing that there are two Π-sentences over the structure ( H( ω), ∈, ω) which can each be forced to hold along with the continuum hypothesis, but whose conjunction implies $$ {2^{{{\aleph_0}}}}={2^{{{\aleph_1}}}} $$. In the process we establish that there are two preservation theorems for not introducing new real numbers by a countable support iterated forcing which cannot be subsumed into a single preservation theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Double‐blind, sham‐controlled neurosurgical trials for neurodegenerative disorders are debated as an ethical dilemma, particularly regarding subjects randomized to the sham surgery group with general anesthesia. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the safety of sham surgeries in Parkinson's disease (PD) clinical trials through complications related to the procedure. Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Rates and odds ratios (OR) were compared using random effects analysis. Results: Seven studies, all randomized, double‐blind, sham surgery–controlled trials, with 309 patients with PD, were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed: 141 patients in sham groups and 168 patients in the experimental arms of gene or cell therapy trials. Sham subjects had lower rates of gastrointestinal, positioning, incision‐site, respiratory (hypoxic or hypercapnic respiratory failure), cardiovascular, thromboembolism, postoperative cognitive decline, skull fracture, and intracranial or spinal complications when compared with active treatment subjects. Sham subjects, however, had a higher rate of perioperative respiratory infections, such as pneumonia or sinusitis. Further, sham subjects were less likely to experience postoperative cognitive decline (OR, 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11–0.47), intracranial or spinal complications (OR, 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01–0.75), total major morbidity (OR, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.19–0.47), or overall complications (OR, 0.59; 95% CI: 0.47–0.75) when compared with patients receiving experimental therapy. Conclusions: Patients with PD in the sham surgery control arm of cell transplantation or gene therapy clinical trials have a low risk of procedure‐related adverse events overall and fewer complications than patients in the experimental groups. There were no reported deaths attributed to sham surgery–controlled PD clinical trials. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trucking company president recently exclaimed: "Life is not trucking, but trucking is life." Indeed, the goods that support North American lifestyles today are mostly delivered by trucks. Trucking also employs large numbers of people, burns billions of gallons of fuel, and produces tremendous tonnage of harmful emissions. This article combines the literature with lessons from green transportation leaders to identify four themes regarding movement toward sustainable trucking: (1) there are many ways to reduce emissions and fuel consumption; (2) many of these methods require substantial capital investment; (3) collaboration among the relevant stakeholders is needed to move forward; and (4) ultimately people--such as consumers, truck drivers, owner-operators, and taxpayers--will determine the future of trucking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Suppose that we are given a family of choice functions on pairs from a given finite set. The set is considered as a set of alternatives (say candidates for an office) and the functions as potential “voters.” The question is, what choice functions agree, on every pair, with the majority of some finite subfamily of the voters? For the problem as stated, a complete characterization was given in Shelah (2009) , but here we allow voters to abstain. Aside from the trivial case, the possible families of (partial) choice functions break into three cases in terms of the functions that can be generated by majority decision. In one of these, cycles along the lines of Condorcet’s paradox are avoided. In another, all partial choice functions can be represented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Practitioners have debated the benefits of non-exclusive, or open, relationships in gay male couples. Much of the existing research on non-exclusive relationships has focused on either quantitative validation of non-exclusive relationship dynamics or transmission of the HIV virus due to non-exclusive sexual behavior. Along with previous qualitative studies, this study investigated the dynamics and conceptualizations of non-exclusive relationships using grounded theory methodology from a constructivist perspective. Eight gay men in non-exclusive relationships were interviewed for this study. An analysis of data resulted in four categories of conceptualizations and three categories of management strategies in non-exclusive gay relationships. Participants conceptualized these arrangements based on: their unconventional nature; the variety in sexual behavior; the distinction between sex for intimacy versus recreation; and/or the emotional bond with the primary partner. Participants used management strategies based on: trust; disclosure to the primary partner; and prioritization of the relationship with the primary partner. Despite limitations to this study, these conceptualizations and management strategies may be useful for practitioners who work with gay couples who may consider these arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Filter Dichotomy says that every uniform nonmeager filter on the integers is mapped by a finite-to-one function to an ultrafilter. The consistency of this principle was proved by Blass and Laflamme. A medial limit is a universally measurable function from $\mathcal{P}(\omega)$ to the unit interval [0, 1] which is finitely additive for disjoint sets, and maps singletons to 0 and ω to 1. Christensen and Mokobodzki independently showed that the Continuum Hypothesis implies the existence of medial limits. We show that the Filter Dichotomy implies that there are no medial limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature suggests public procurement professionals have different perspectives on supply chain management (SCM) vis-á-vis their private sector counterparts. Based on a recent survey of Canadian purchasers, this paper presents an empirical comparison of public vs. private views on SCM. The questionnaire is structured around a set of 54 topics, tools and techniques; along with four perspectives on the relationship between purchasing and SCM. Important findings from this survey of SCM professionals include: (1) public procurement professionals have narrow perspectives on SCM compared to their private sector counterparts; and (2) public sector professionals have different perceptions regarding the importance of topics, tools and techniques to support their performance on the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working in the context of restricted forms of the Axiom of Choice, we consider the problem of splitting the ordinals below λ of cofinality θ into λ many stationary sets, where θ < λ are regular cardinals. This is a continuation of [4] (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In [P. Larson, Martin’s Maximum and the axiom (∗), Ann. Pure App. Logic 106 (1–3) (2000) 135–149], we modified a coding device from [W.H. Woodin, The Axiom of Determinacy, Forcing Axioms, and the Nonstationary Ideal, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 1999] and the consistency proof of Martin’s Maximum from [M. Foreman, M. Magidor, S. Shelah, Martin’s Maximum. saturated ideals, and non-regular ultrafilters. Part I, Annal. Math. 127 (1988) 1–47] to show that from a supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals one could force Martin’s Maximum to hold while the axiom (∗) fails. Here we modify that argument to prove a stronger fact, that Martin’s Maximum is consistent with the existence of a wellordering of the reals definable in without parameters, from the same large cardinal hypothesis. In doing so we give a much simpler proof of the original result. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The stationary set splitting game is a game of perfect information of length ω1 between two players, unsplit and split, in which unsplit chooses stationarily many countable ordinals and split tries to continuously divide them into two stationary pieces. We show that it is possible in ZFC to force a winning strategy for either player, or for neither. This gives a new counterexample to Σ22 maximality with a predicate for the nonstationary ideal on ω1, and an example of a consistently undetermined game of length ω1 with payoff de.nable in the second-order monadic logic of order. We also show that the determinacy of the game is consistent with Martin's Axiom but not Martin's Maximum. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Given a space in an elementary submodel of , define to be with the topology generated by . It is established, using anti-large-cardinals assumptions, that if is compact and its regular open algebra is isomorphic to that of a continuous image of some power of the two-point discrete space, then . Assuming (the Singular Cardinals Hypothesis) in addition, the result holds for any compact satisfying the countable chain condition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Some have proposed that the evolution of ultrasound as a male courtship cue in milkweed tussocks has arisen stepwise through transitional stages of redundant courtship cues (both pheromone and ultrasound). Furthermore, it has been proposed that ultrasound courtship was evolutionarily linked to a switch to cardenolide-producing larval host plants. To test the hypothesis of a transitional stage and proposed correlation of the behavior with larval hosts, the phylogenetic relationships of the phaegopterines Euchaetes, Cycnia, Ectypia, Pygarctia, and Pareuchaetes were assessed with 88 characters (205 states) derived from adult morphology. The resulting strict consensus placed the Pareuchaetes among the outgroup genera and recovered the remaining four genera as a clade, Euchaetes was not monophyletic: however, removal of Pareuchaetes results in monophyly. Based on this phylogeny, the ancestor of the ingroup clade fed on cardenolide-containing host plants, possessed well developed tymbals and lacked coremata (pheromone distributing structures). Thus, the use of male ultrasound in courtship was correlated with larval feeding on cardenolide hosts. The hypothesis that ultrasound first arose as a redundant courtship cue, with a subsequent loss of the male pheromone, was not supported by our data. Rather, male pheromone courtship was reacquired after ultrasound courtship in two lineages, based on the presence of coremata and behavioral data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canonical function game is a game of length ω1 introduced by W. Hugh Woodin which falls inside a class of games known as Neeman games. Using large cardinals, we show that it is possible to force that the game is not determined. We also discuss the relationship between this result and Σ22 absoluteness, cardinality spectra and Π2 maximality for H( ω2) relative to the Continuum Hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show, using a variation of Woodin’s partial order ℙ max, that it is possible to destroy the saturation of the nonstationary ideal on ω1 by forcing with a Suslin tree. On the other hand, Suslin trees typcially preserve saturation in extensions by ℙ max variations where one does not try to arrange it otherwise. In the last section, we show that it is possible to have a nonmeager set of reals of size ℵ1, saturation of the nonstationary ideal, and no weakly Lusin sequences, answering a question of Shelah and Zapletal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation and logistics researchers frequently use mail surveys to collect data. Since 1992, authors of articles published in the Transportation Journal have mailed 106,300 questionnaires to transportation and logistics professionals to support their research. Further, there is evidence that response rates have been declining since 1992. Toward improving response rates to mail surveys, this research note presents a content analysis of all Transportation Journal articles that reported mail surveys, from 1992 to 2003, along with the results of a "survey on surveys." The implications include guidelines for researchers considering data collection via mail survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that the members of a certain class of semi-proper iterations do not add countable sets of ordinals. As a result, starting from suitable large cardinals one can obtain a model in which the Continuum Hypothesis holds and every function from ω[sub 1] to ω[sub 1] is bounded on a club by a canonical function for an ordinal less than ω[sub 2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND. Ocular sebaceous carcinoma (SC) is a rare tumor of the eyelids. Clinically it frequently involves the upper lid in older women. Microscopically it tends to extend far beyond its assessed clinical margins. SC is characterized by a variety of tissue invasion mechanisms. It may spread by direct extension, be multifocal in advanced cases, and develop "skip areas" after trauma. Despite its ability to develop discontinuity, over the past two decades there have been several favorable case reports of SC treated by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). OBJECTIVE. To illustrate by case report the clinical presentation and management of patients with SC and to document our series of SC patients treated by MMS over the last 14 years. METHODS. A retrospective study was conducted of all cases of sebaceous carcinoma involving the ocular adnexa treated at the University of Wisconsin Mohs Surgery Clinic from 1987 to 2001. We also reviewed the accumulated medical literature of SC treated by MMS. RESULTS. In our series, there were nine cases of periocular SC. Five cases originated on the upper lid and four on the lower lid. Five of nine patients (55%) showed epithelial invasion. One patient developed a local recurrence 1.5 years later and was treated by orbital exenteration. This patient has had no evidence of disease for 5 years. Eight of nine patients (88%) had no evidence of local recurrence with a follow-up of 1-14 years. In our literature review we found 40 additional cases of orbital SC treated by MMS. Intraepithelial spread of SC was found in 50% of patients (24 of 48). Six patients developed local recurrence. The overall local cure rate following MMS is 87.8% (43 of 49), with a mean follow-up of 3.1 years. The regional metastatic rate was 8% (4 of 49). There were no deaths reported. CONCLUSION. We present nine new cases of SC. The age, sex, and site distribution are compatible with other SC cases reported in the literature. We reviewed the medical literature and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author delineates determinants of interactivity and means to increase it in an electronically delivered strategic marketing course. Lotus Notes was the platform for course delivery. Results show that within-group student interactivity rates in a "Marketing Forum" database were relatively even. Further, no significant gender differences were found in frequency of interactivity. Though greater involvement by the professor had a positive impact on interactivity, group size had no significant impact. Finally, the author found a significant negative relationship between quantity or frequency of interactivity and an index of the quality of interactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on logistics triads, which comprise buyers, suppliers, and logistics service providers. Evidence is drawn from the transportation and logistics literature, a recent survey of logistics firms, and two real-world logistics triad cases. A logistics triad is made up of a buyer of goods, a supplier of those goods, and a logistics service provider (LSP). Close cooperation between the buyer and supplier could lead to plans to bring a carrier in on the collaboration, for further performance improvement. The purpose of this article is to report recent research results on logistics triads. Evidence is drawn from a survey of Danish LSPs and two cases of logistics practice. The second section defines the logistics triad and discusses triad benefits, facilitators, and barriers. In the third section, design, administration, and results of a survey of LSPs are presented. Then, the fourth section describes two logistics triad examples from industry. The fifth and final section discusses implications for transportation and logistics management.

Background. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon skin tumor that most frequently arises on sun-exposed facial sites. It rarely occurs on mucous membranes of the head region. The primary MCC is usually treated by wide excision followed by radiation to the primary site and regional lymph nodes. Using traditional surgery the local recurrence rate ranges from 20 to 50%. In our clinic, Mohs surgery is used to excise the primary MCC completely, followed by radiation. Here we present our treatment experiences and outcomes. Objective. To document our experience of MCC treated by Mohs surgery. We present our series of 12 cases of MCC, 2 cases of which arose from mucosal sites of the nasal cavity. Methods. We reviewed 12 cases of MCC from the Mohs clinic database. We also reviewed the literature for cutaneous and mucosal MCC. Results. There were 12 cases of MCC: 10 cutaneous and 2 mucous. The site distribution of cutaneous MCC was eight on the head, one on the neck, and one on the groin. Of these, nine were treated by Mohs excision. Two patients developed local recurrence following Mohs treatment. The local recurrence rate was 22% (2 of 9). The sites of mucosal MCC were the nasal septum and nasopharynx. One case had a history of previous radiation and developed an MCC 40 years later. This case also demonstrated epidermotropic spread of Merkel cells to the overlying mucous epithelium. This patient required extensive intranasal and cranial surgery to remove the tumor. Both patients with mucosal MCCs died of their disease. The overall mucocutaneous survival of MCC at 1 year was 80% and at 2 years was 50%. Conclusion. In our series, local control of the primary MCC was achieved in 70% of patients (7 of 10) using combined Mohs excision and radiation. Two recurrences had primary tumors larger than 3.5 cm in diameter, while the other case was nonresectable by Mohs surgery. Tumor size appeared to determine the degree of local control. When the postoperative Mohs defect was... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the size of subset T in given ordinals in the tilde function. Information on canonical functions in the context of elementary embeddings; Semi-proper forcing and the tilde function; Use of Martin's Maximum to determine the size of T and given T in any embedding derived from the nonstationary ideal.

Air cargo deregulation has been a success story, since both carriers and shippers are generally satisfied with its results. Conversely, deregulation of the railroad industry, the topic of this paper, is considerably more controversial. While railroads have exploited the relaxed rules since 1980, their customers (shippers) are complaining about lack of competition, high rates and poor service. In response, Congress is considering re-regulation of the railroad industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) is a circuit‐based treatment for severe, refractory obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). The therapeutic effects of DBS are hypothesized to be mediated by direct modulation of a distributed cortico‐striato‐thalmo‐cortical network underlying OCD symptoms. However, the exact underlying mechanism by which DBS exerts its therapeutic effects still remains unclear. In five participants receiving DBS for severe, refractory OCD (3 responders, 2 non‐responders), we conducted a DBS On/Off cycling paradigm during the acquisition of functional MRI (23 fMRI runs) to determine the network effects of stimulation across a variety of bipolar configurations. We also performed tractography using diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) to relate the functional impact of DBS to the underlying structural connectivity between active stimulation contacts and functional brain networks. We found that therapeutic DBS had a distributed effect, suppressing BOLD activity within regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and subthalamic nuclei compared to non‐therapeutic configurations. Many of the regions suppressed by therapeutic DBS were components of the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, the estimated stimulation field from the therapeutic configurations exhibited significant structural connectivity to core nodes of the DMN. Based upon these findings, we hypothesize that the suppression of the DMN by ALIC DBS is mediated by interruption of communication through structural white matter connections surrounding the DBS active contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]