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This paper reports a detailed study on some relevant portions of the main façades of Caserta Royal Palace (Reggia di Caserta), one of the most important Italian monuments, comparable for its impressive architecture to the Royal Palace of Versailles in France and considered the largest royal palace in the world by volume. The research was focused on the weathering pathologies affecting the stone surfaces that, in the last decades, suffered several detachments of fragments from the coatings and from other architectural elements such as string courses, eaves, and capitals. A preliminary characterization of the materials of the façades and an evaluation of the relative weathering pathologies provided the information required for appropriate restoration and securing of these portions of the building. In particular, an innovative evaluation procedure which draws on techniques typical of the earth sciences allowed the proposal of a 'risk attitude' applied to discrete portions of the geomaterials used in the built heritage which is based on the influence of different factors leading to weakening of the stone and to the final detachment of rock fragments. Such a large and complete set of information should be carefully considered by the project planners to adopt the required steps for a suitable risk mitigation and for securing the site during restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation exposes the main results raised from an active collaboration started in 2018 with the San Pio Hospital (Benevento, Southern Italy), aiming at a detailed mineralogical investigation of urinary stones of patients from the Campania region. Forty-nine uroliths (both bladder and kidney stones) have been surgically collected from patients admitted between 2018 and 2020 at the Department of Urology of the San Pio Hospital and characterized for clinical purposes and environmental biomonitoring from a mineralogical point of view. Possible causes and environmental implications were inferred according to the morpho-constitutional classification of the uroliths carried out by means of a conventional analytical approach. The mineralogical frequency distribution of uroliths from the Campanian region can be discussed as a function of dietary, socio-demographic, and environmental risk factors. Whewellite [CaC2O4·H2O] and weddellite [CaC2O4·(2+x)H2O], along with anhydrous calcium oxalate, represent the main mineralogical phases forming the biominerals examined here. Worth to note is that the percentage of oxalates in the Campanian region (ca. 51%) is quite comparable to those of other Mediterranean areas. Frequent uricite [C5H4N4O3] (ca. 33%), mainly observed in bladder stones of older male patients, could be related to an incorrect lifestyle and dietary habits. Occurrence of lower percentages of phosphate (i.e., brushite [CaHPO4·2(H2O)] and carbonated apatite [Ca10(PO4CO3)6(OH)8]) and mixed stones (such as, for example, a mixture of ammonium urate [NH4C5H3N4O3] and calcium oxalates) indicates specific etiopathogenetic mechanisms, suggesting proper therapeutical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation and delivery of drugs often involves the use of expensive microporous materials, and we have investigated the potential for natural zeolites from the widespread volcanic formations of southern Italy as alternatives to these carriers. Surface-modified natural zeolites (SMNZs) with diverse micellar structures (patchy and complete bilayers) were obtained by using different cationic surfactants [cetylpyridinium chloride (CP-Cl), benzalkonium chloride (BC-Cl), hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HDTMA-Cl), and bromide (HDTMA-Br) with phillipsite-rich tuff from the Campania region (southern Italy)]. Loading and release kinetics tests of sodium ibuprofen (IBU) were carried out with organo-phillipsite composites using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis coupled with evolved gas analysis (EGA). Results from these tests were mathematically modeled to evaluate IBU adsorption and release mechanisms. The maximum loaded amount of IBU was attained for organo-phillipsite modified with HDTMA-Br (PHB), which showed a complete bilayer micellar structure. Whenever a patchy bilayer micellar structure formed, the lowest adsorptions of IBU were observed. Equilibrium adsorption results were fit using Langmuir, Sips, and Toth models. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order fits to the loading kinetic data provided significant goodness of fit. Good fits to the release kinetic data were obtained using first-order and Weibull equations, shedding new light on the release mechanism of IBU from phillipsite. The active amount of IBU on the modified zeolite surface was almost totally available for pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research accounted for an accurate selection of representative samples from zeolitized deposits of different world geographical areas commonly mined and marketed by American and European mining companies. These geomaterials displayed high contents of clinoptilolite, phillipsite, and chabazite and were deeply characterized from mineralogical, chemical, and technological points of view. A preliminary quality control of the selected materials allowed us to determine the presence of undesired minerals and/or elements. A thermodynamic investigation of the surface exchange reactions between the selected zeolite-rich rocks and the surfactant agents (HDTMA-Br/Cl, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide/chloride, BC-Cl, benzalkonium-chloride, CP-Cl, cetylpiridinum-chloride) enabled us to verify the extent and the compactness of the formed micelle and to foresee their future behavior through interaction with molecules of anti-inflammatory drugs (drug delivery). The encouraging results pave the way towards good perspectives on the possible use of zeolite-rich rocks in the pharmaceutical sector through a preliminary basic protocol for the characterization and monitoring of the batches to be employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural resources, along with critical raw materials, are increasingly considered a focus for technological applications. Widely available and inexpensive natural resources, such as zeolite-rich geomaterials, possess minero-chemical characteristics that make them very useful in various technological applications, representing a strategic choice with a strong green connotation. In this research, the possibility of recycling waste powders from quarrying operations of zeolite-rich tuffs in technological applications for the construction sector and drug delivery was investigated. Waste powders collected from quarries operating on the Sorano Formation (Tuscany - Italy), were used for a preliminary characterization, performed to evaluate zeolite content and potential pollution deriving from industrial processing. Thereafter, the specific technological characterization was carried out to define the waste attitude to represent a promising candidate raw material for Lightweight Expanded Aggregates (LEA) production, partial substitution component with pozzolanic activity in cement formulations, carrier for active pharmaceutical molecules. Experimental results, obtained following European normative, proved that was possible to produce waste-based LEA with comparable features with those reported for currently marketed products, that waste powders exhibited pozzolanic activity evidencing the possible use as addition for blended cements and, finally, the use of a cationic surfactant determined a surface-modification of natural zeolites (contained in waste samples) which encouraged for an early loading trial of active pharmaceutical molecules. This research can be safely extended to other quarry waste, with similar mineralogical and chemical composition, leading to a strong contribution in the waste management of this sector. • The Sorano Formation is quarried and processed with a huge production of waste mainly composed of zeolites. • Zeolite-rich waste is suitable for production of lightweight aggregates meeting technical requirements for building sector. • Zeolite-rich waste can be considered as a partial substitutefor cement additions due to the pozzolanic activity index. • Functionalisation of the zeolites from the Sorano formation waste enables the loading of pharmaceutically active molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, four zeolite-bearing materials (three naturally occurring and one of synthetic origin) were considered for thermal energy capture and storage. Such materials can store thermal energy as heat of desorption of the water present therein, heat that is given back when water vapor is allowed to be re-adsorbed by zeolites. This study was carried out by determining the loss of water after different activation thermal treatments, the water adsorption kinetics and isotherm after an activation step of the zeolites, the intergranular and intragranular porosity, and the thermal conductivity of the zeolite-bearing materials. Moreover, the thermal stability of the framework of the zeolites of the four materials tested was investigated over a large number of thermal cycles. The results indicate that zeolite 13X was the most suitable material for thermal energy storage and suggest its use in the capture and storage of thermal energy that derives from thermal energy waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, μ-Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful technique for studying ceramics, with the advantage of performing fast, reproducible and reliable analyses that provide effective information on ceramic technology. In the present paper, the potential of μ-Raman spectroscopy was evaluated by comparing the results of spectroscopic analyses with a wide range of conventional compositional and mineralogical analyses. Particular fragments of pottery from the archaeological site of Pollena Trocchia (Campania, Italy), characterized by a variegated color zonation, a symptom of uncontrolled firing conditions, were subjected to in-depth analytical investigation. Data from the μ-Raman measurements were in very good agreement with the analytical set of conventional analyses and permitted to better constrain the firing temperatures, evaluate changes in the oxidative steps, and assert the provenance of volcanic raw materials. The results illuminated that pottery was crafted by mixing a low-CaO base clay with volcanic temper from the environs of Vesuvius and fired in a not well-controlled firing atmosphere, which determined the development of Fe(III) oxides at rims of sherds and Fe(II)-bearing phases at cores. Moreover, even in the absence of newly-formed minerals, firing temperatures were estimated between 900 and 950 °C, as suggested by the mineralogical and spectroscopic evidence of the prograde 10 Å dehydroxylated phyllosilicates. • The technology of ancient ceramics was investigated by μ-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS). • A methodological approach comparing data from μ-RS and traditional analytical routine was used. • Ceramic samples are featured by a color zoning as a symptom of uncontrolled firing condition. • The comparative approach highlighted the affordability of μ-RS to reconstruct the ceramic process. • Firing conditions were constrained by analyzing the spectral features of ceramic matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Via Lepanto site is one of the best examples showing how the Vesuvian region was partially reconstructed and earlier re-occupied after Vesuvius''s eruption in the year 79 AD. The large amount of ceramic finds illustrates the typology in use in this area during the IV and V century AD. Analyses were focused on table and cooking ware productions. Archaeometric data were obtained using chemical and minero-petrographical methods (OM, XRD, XRF and SEM). Grain size measurements using Image Analyses on thin sections and a geochemical comparison with clayey deposits outcropping in the Campania region permitted the identification of the raw materials used for these pottery productions. XRD and SEM completed the data set, establishing the protocols used for pottery production in the Pompeii area during Late Roman period. The Via Lepanto site was part of an exchange network of markets with a periodic frequency, where locally produced and imported pottery was sold, indicating a flourishing network of exchanges spanning short, medium and long distances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A detailed mineralogical and petro-physical characterization was carried out on Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) formation, a volcaniclastic rock widespread over the Campania region. This stone represented and still is an important building material since historical times. Given the huge extension of this formation (about 30 000 km2) the attention was mainly focused on the historical exploitation areas that provided building materials for the medieval village of Casertavecchia. Building stones (different facies of CI) used facciavista in some relevant monuments of this village were also characterized to carry out a comparison with the in situ corresponding rock. At the same time a complete survey of all the lithotypes used for the façades of the village as well as their state of conservation and weathering phenomena was also performed. As expected, CI in its different facies resulted the most common building stone, also affected by severe weathering such as lacks, alveolization and biological patinae, decay forms likely related to the high textural heterogeneity of the rock. Mineralogical and petro-physical characterization allowed to distinguish, within the investigated outcrop area, three different facies: dark, light and earthy grey tuff (DGT, LGT and EGT, respectively). Differences in mineralogical data mainly consist in the presence of clay minerals in the EGT facies only. K-feldspar always occurs in very high amounts (80–90%). As far as geomechanical parameters are concerned, the most pronounced differences are recorded in water absorption capacity, ultrasonic velocities and UCS values. These tests evidenced a substantial homogeneity of DGT and LGT facies and an overall worse behavior of EGT. Tests performed on CI samples from both monuments and outcrops gave similar results. This evidence strengthened the former hypothesis of a location of CI historical quarrying sites close to Casertavecchia. The only exception is the tuff used for the Mastio of the castle, whose chemical features are definitely referable to a different volcaniclastic formation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The northern slope of Mt. Vesuvius contains some interesting archaeological sites, including the site discovered in the town of Pollena Trocchia, where the remains, dated to between the 79 and 472 CE eruptions, document the transition from the Roman to late Roman cultural and socioeconomic settings. Profound changes occurred in this time interval, which can be inferred from changes in the ceramic manufacturing processes. Common wares, as the most widespread ceramic class in the archaeological record, are a useful example that illustrates this technological transformation. Seventeen samples of tableware, distinguished into three ceramic classes according to the method of slip application (i.e., Slipped Ware, Painted Ware "a straccio," and Painted Ware), were analyzed. The results highlight the use of high‐CaO clayey raw materials compositionally similar to Apennine clayey deposits. The clay bodies were occasionally tempered with sandy‐silt materials composed of volcanic grains with lesser amounts of siliciclastic fragments. Firing temperatures ranged from 800 to 950°C, as suggested by quantitative X‐ray powder diffraction and microstructural analyses combined with colorimetric measurements of the ceramic bodies. Micro‐Raman analyses performed on slips revealed the use of ochre for decorating the vessels; it was applied in a different way, representing an actual technological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological excavations performed in a funerary complex in Cuma (Campania region, Italy) unearthed excellently preserved common wares dated to the third century A.D. Archaeometric analyses were focused on Campanian pitchers, Aegean‐like cooking pots, and pyriform pitchers, the latter recorded for the first time in an Italian context. The local pitchers were manufactured with a high‐CaO clay (CaO = ca. 12 wt.%) and local volcanic temper, fired at ca. 800–850°C, as suggested by the presence of calcite. The Aegean‐like pots and the pyriform pitchers were made with low‐CaO clay (CaO ≤ 4.0 wt.%) mixed with a calcite‐bearing temper, along with volcanic and siliciclastic grains, and fired at 800–950°C. The comparison with raw materials inferred that local vessels were made with low‐CaO basinal clays which outcrop in the northern Campania region, and sands from the shoreline north of Cuma where carbonate, siliciclastic and volcanic phases mix together. Our results suggest that the Phlegraean Late Roman workshops produced their traditional vases along with imitations of Aegean‐like pottery. Thus, microregional production responded to a market demand requiring shapes and styles similar to imports from the eastern Mediterranean, with which commercial trade was still quite active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magmatic conditions prior to explosive eruption are often investigated using geochemical signatures in glassy components of pyroclastic deposits and related to magmatic processes at depth. One important process is fractional crystallization, which causes systematic changes to the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the residual melt that can be determined by observation of the mineralogy of fully crystallized lavas, by experimental petrology, and by magmatic modeling. However, for many alkaline-mafic pyroclastic deposits, the record of residual melt compositions is obscured by alteration, commonly affecting more than 50% of pyroclastic rock components including reactive glass and some susceptible minerals. In this study, melt signatures of SiO2/Al2O3 represented heterogeneously by the scarce fresh glass and abundant, zeolitized proxy-glass in the alkaline deposits of a major, caldera-forming eruption were used in conjunction with a model system (Rhyolite-MELTS) to reconstruct residual melt compositions and characteristics that existed immediately prior to explosive eruption. Through the model, full major oxide compositions of residual melts and fractionally crystallizing minerals become accessible, with associated constraints on volatiles and physical characteristics (melt temperature, density, viscosity). The use of zeolitized proxy-glass signatures relies on established and deposit-specific evidence for "hydrologically closed" systems that suggests the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio is closely retained through initial alteration reactions and therefore closely representative of SiO2/Al2O3 in the precursor glass (erupted melt). The relationship is supported by a review of available, paired data (R2 = 0.94). Therefore, magmatic system data for the abundant and pervasive fine ash fraction of pyroclastic deposits can be investigated using this method and can progress more deeply beyond the widely used simple affiliation to igneous rock classification. Model-predicted magmatic mineral compositions (clinopyroxene, spinel, and nepheline as demonstrated here) serve to validate a case study reconstruction by comparison with compositions reported from natural and experimental samples. This predictive capability of the novel procedure is demonstrated in the case of a major caldera-forming eruption, the 355 ka Villa Senni event of the quiescent Colli Albani volcano, Rome, Italy, and its pervasively zeolitized Tufo Lionato deposit (>50 km3). The key finding is that a more-evolved residual melt fraction has been revealed, based on a reconstructed SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 2.05 relative to that of the parent magma at 2.68, with implications for a reappraisal of pre-eruptive conditions and eruption mechanisms, and potentially for similar patterns across the volcanic stratigraphy and for other alkaline volcanoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentiality of isotope analysis has largely been explored in archaeological sciences to date objects, attribute their provenance and depict ancient human dietary habits. However, the potential of this technique for provenance studies of ancient ceramics has barely been explored, due to the fact that the ceramic process often involves the selection of different raw materials and, consequently, different sources of radiogenic isotopes. In this paper, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 143 Nd/ 144 Nd isotope ratios were measured on raw materials (clays and volcanic temper) that were exploited in antiquity for producing pottery in the Campania region of Italy and, for the first time, on experimental ceramic materials that replicate archaeological pottery. To validate the method, Sr and Nd isotope ratios were also measured on selected archaeological pottery from Cuma. The results of this pioneering approach clearly show that the synthetic mixtures used for the ceramic replicas plot exactly on the theoretical mixing curve between the clay and volcanic temper end-members. On the other hand, technological processes employed during pottery manufacturing such as firing and levigation induce no significant variations in Sr and Nd isotope ratios. Isotope characterisation represents an effective fingerprint of pottery that strictly depends on the geochemical affinity of the raw materials, thus providing a better discrimination among different ceramic productions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1960s, mortars have been exploited as a potential material for radiocarbon dating and, despite the fact that this methodology appears very simple in its principles, some measured radiocarbon ages were definitely different from the expected historic ages. The paper concerns to the characterisation of mortars from three Andalusian castles (Spain) by means of different mineralogical techniques in order to control “contamination effect” that could affect age estimation. Several mixtures of binders and aggregates composed the archaeological mortars; lime-based or gypsum-based binders were distinguished whereas the aggregates varied from carbonates to intrusive igneous rocks. The radiocarbon dating provided good results for lime-based mortars with silicate aggregate; conversely, for other specimens the method for sample preparation (Cryo2SoniC) was improved increasing the ultrasonic time and decreasing the mesh size. The research points out the importance of a multi-analytical approach aimed at improving a widely accepted protocol for 14 C dating of archaeological mortars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen samples of tourmaline from the Real Museo Mineralogico of Federico II University (Naples) have been characterized through multi-methodological investigations (EMPA-WDS, SEM-EDS, LA-ICP-MS, and FT-IR spectroscopy). The samples show different size, morphology and color, and are often associated with other minerals. Data on major and minor elements allowed to identify and classify tourmalines as follows: elbaites, tsilaisite, schorl, dravites, uvites and rossmanite. Non-invasive, non-destructive FT-IR and in-situ analyses were carried out on the same samples to validate this chemically-based identification and classification. The results of this research show that a complete characterization of this mineral species, usually time-consuming and expensive, can be successfully achieved through non-destructive FT-IR technique, thus representing a reliable tool for a fast classification extremely useful to plan further analytical strategies, as well as to support gemological appraisals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bricks are the most common building materials of Madagascar due to the large availability of clayey raw material, the simple technology of production and the ease of use. The brick production is mainly organised in local workshops close to supplying site of clayey deposit where sediments are extracted, moulded in bricks, dried and then fired in open-air furnaces. Fuel varies from peat soils to wood depending on the local availability. Correspondingly, firing time varies from few days in wood furnaces to some weeks in peat fired furnaces. Samples of bricks and raw materials as well as peat fuel, from four workshops located in central and southwestern Madagascar were collected and analysed to infer the technological skills of the Malagasy traditional brick manufacture. Central Highlands Madagascar workshops use clayey lateritic soils formed from in situ weathering of basement rocks. The main plastic component of these deposits is kaolinite. Also the clayey sediments from southwestern Madagascar have kaolinite along with low-ordered clay minerals and carbonates such as calcite and minor Sr-rich dolomite. As far as fired bricks are concerned, experimental data evidenced quite low firing temperatures (below 600 °C) in the two different furnaces, regardless the type of fuel. As far as peat fuel is concerned, its low calorific value along with a large amount of furnace energy dispersion does not allow to achieve the temperatures required to produce good quality bricks, notwithstanding long firing time (some weeks). On the other hand, firewood powdered furnaces, although providing much higher energy and a consequent much shorter firing process (few days), also suffer of diffuse heat dispersions which concur to the bad quality of the final product. The specific energy input calculated for type 1 furnace (peat fuel) ranges between 0.09 MJ/kg and 0.18 MJ/kg of clayey material thus confirming a rather inadequate firing process for the production of good quality bricks, and a rough estimate indicates that volume ratios between peat and clayey material as low as 1:1 should be used in order to reach “modern” specific energy inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different techniques (X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, colorimetry, visible-near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) were carried out to investigate the cause of colour changes of traditional ceramic materials. Two clayey materials of different composition, collected in the Bay of Naples, were fired in oxidising atmosphere at different temperatures resulting in different shades of red colour. Hematite is responsible of the reddish hue of ceramics and its nucleation is strictly related to firing temperature and chemical composition of the raw materials. A low CaO concentration allowed hematite to form in higher amounts providing a more intense reddish hue at high firing temperatures (over 950 °C). At the highest temperature (1100 °C) all samples showed darker colour due to increased size of iron oxide particles. Black core developed in Ca-rich ceramics fired at low temperatures as the short time of firing is insufficient to complete iron oxidation within the matrix, except in those containing high temper amounts. Indeed, microstructural modification occurs due to the presence of discontinuities among temper grains and matrix, which improves the circulation of oxygen in the core of ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main purpose of the research was to define an operative protocol, applicable at industrial scale, optimizing the functionalization of natural zeolites with surfactants, especially in pharmaceutical and environmental sphere. Three zeolite-rich samples from Italy (PHI_SAV), Slovakia (CLI_SK) and California (CLI_CA) were used for preparation of SMNZ. Two different protocols allowed to carry out surfactant adsorption equilibrium runs and surfactant sorption kinetics by varying different parameters: mixing speed (4000, 6000, and 8000 rpm); contact time (15 ÷ 90 min) and initial surfactant concentration (from 25% to 200% of the external cation exchange capacity - ECEC) at a constant solid/liquid ratio (1 g/50 mL). Zeolite-rich materials were treated with solutions of cetylpiridinium chloride (CP-Cl). The functionalization of SMNZ was obtained by using a high-speed disperser. The amount of absorbed surfactant onto two carriers (CLI_SK and PHI_SAV) was evaluated through kinetic experiments under the following conditions: the initial CP-Cl concentration of 150% of the ECEC and a disperser speed of 8000 rpm. Results showed that after 15 min, equilibrium was attained with the adsorbed amount of about 0.14 meq/g of CP-Cl (equivalent to the ECEC of the investigated zeolitic support), confirming formation of monolayer (emi-micelle). The functionalization (micelle formation) of two samples occurred after 70 min of solid/liquid interaction with a total yield equal to 150% of the ECEC, thus indicating formation of a patchy bilayer. By contrast, CLI_CA behaves completely differently since the formation of emi-micelle was achieved only at much higher speed (18000 rpm) and not earlier than 90 min of mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent transportation infrastructure works in Naples, Italy, provided important discoveries related to the production of pottery in the Hellenistic workshop area of Piazza Nicola Amore. A minero-petrographic investigation was conducted on 35 samples belonging to the widespread Campana A ware and production indicators (clayey raw materials, unfired Graeco-Italic amphorae, kiln wastes, workshop tools). Additional analysis was conducted on black-glaze and common ware samples for comparison. The analyses reveal compositional and technological homogeneity of Campana A ware. Samples are characterized by low CaO content with evidence of both volcanic and sedimentary components, suggesting that different clay sources were properly mixed to prepare a standard recipe. Production indicators, black-glaze and common wares, have a composition well consistent with the calcareous clays from the island of Ischia. Leucite- and garnet-bearing temper from the Somma Volcano were used for the preparation of coarse-grained pastes, unfired Graeco-Italic amphorae, and clayey raw materials, thus suggesting that they represented the clay sources for amphorae production. Our results reveal new technological and socioeconomic aspects of Hellenistic pottery production in the Bay of Naples, in particular for the Campana A ware, now representing a new reference group: Neapolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archeological campaigns along the track of the Domitian road in Cuma resulted in the recovery of a large amount of potshards and crucible fragments (both open and closed forms), covered with residues of blue and green frits, respectively. Typological analysis of the crucibles combined with mineralogical and petrological analyses on the ceramic body and frit residues revealed that the forms are intimately related to the technological data. Newly formed calcium silicates indicate high firing treatments of crucibles during pigment making (not lower than 950°C). In particular, different working temperatures for the two types of crucibles have been estimated by the presence/absence of sodalite-nosean feldspathoid. This mineral formed after the reaction of Si-Al-rich material (the sintered ceramic body) and alkalis transferred to ceramics via chemical diffusion during the pigment synthesis. Thus, the estimated working temperatures are higher for closed forms (>1100°C) and lower for the open ones (950-1050°C). This different thermal treatment perfectly fits with the temperatures of green and blue pigment synthesis; higher temperatures for green pigments allowed the formation of abundant Cu-bearing glassy phase, whereas, blue pigment is prone to the formation and thermal stability of cuprorivaite crystals (950-1050°C). Moreover, the two frits showed similar recipes (quartz-feldspar-calcite-rich sand) with the exception of more abundant Cu-bearing colorant agent in blue hue and higher proportion of alkaline flux in green frit. The obtained data suggested that crucibles were a fundamental tool for pigment manufacturing, likely one of the best example of ancient technical ceramics, as they permitted controlling the temperatures along with the fuel and the treatment time. Combining analytical and archeological data, the production and the technology of the two colored compounds identified as Egyptian Blue and Green frits in ancient Cuma has been inferred. Finally, considering the Vitruvius excerpt that identified an Egyptian Blue production in Puteoli, the area of production can be widen up to the northern Phlegraean Fields, also including Cumae and Liternum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of diclofenac sodium into phillipsite modified with cetylpyridinium chloride (CP-Cl) or hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) was followed by batch equilibrium adsorption studies in buffer solution at pH = 7.4. Characteristics of the drug/surfactant/zeolite complexes were investigated by UV/VIS, FTIR spectroscopy, thermal (DTA/TG) analysis and ζ-potential measurements. The obtained data confirmed that organic cations at phillipsite surface were responsible for incorporation of diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac sodium incorporated amounts increased with increasing the amount of each surfactant as well as with increasing the initial drug concentration. Langmuir model was the best model for fitting the experimental data of diclofenac adsorption on surfactant/phillipsite composites, suggesting complex adsorption mechanism. The physico-chemical properties of surfactant/phillipsite composites and enhanced incorporation of diclofenac sodium suggests that it might be possible to use these materials as drug carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current research is focused on the mineralogical and petrographic characterisation of mortar-based materials from Villa San Marco in the ancient Stabiae (modern Castellammare di Stabia, Napoli), an outstanding example of Roman otium villae , and aims at recognising the technology used by the ancient skilled workers. Several analytical techniques were used such as digital videomicroscopy, optical microscopy, digital image analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS analysis and Quantitative Powder X-ray Diffraction. A multi-layer technology characterised the plasters; the scratch coat was made with lime mortars mixed with a pozzolanic lightweight aggregate and cocciopesto , required ingredients providing a quick-setting and a better adhesion with the support. As far as the arriccio layer is concerned, the mix-design is a lime mortar with volcanic sand as the aggregate and a minor content of pozzolan and/or cocciopesto to enhance the workability of the mortar in order to correct any error due to the roughness of the scratch coat. The plaster s.s. was the removable support in case of mistakes, and gave a lighter colour to the preparation layer of the frescoes. The last thin layer, prepared with lime mortars and a carbonate aggregate, is characterised by low porosity in order to avoid pigment adsorption. The painting technique was a fresco with encaustication . In contrast, the mortars of the building structures were made with lime added to a pozzolanic aggregate (volcanics and cocciopesto ), giving a quick setting during the implementation of the yellow tuff opus reticulatum . The rudera and nuclei of the mosaics were built with abundant volcanic sand and cocciopesto mixed with the lime, producing a more resistant surface, and finally the tesserae were fixed exclusively with lime. The white and black colours of the mosaics were produced by local limestone and tephritic lava. The results permitted an evaluation of the high level of specialization of both the workers and the artists that built and decorated these maritime villas. Moreover, the collected data highlighted the wide potentiality of the materials cropping out in the environs of the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex. This research aims at furnishing a useful reference for future restoration action in Villa San Marco and the other Roman villas in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two zeolite-rich rock samples extracted from Campanian Ignimbrite tuff quarries, southern Italy, usually used as binding and anticaking agents in animal feeding, were characterized and tested in terms of their resistance in stomach, small and large intestine of pig, using a three step in vitro digestibility trial. The mineralogical composition and major and trace-elements analysis were performed after each digestion step using XRPD and ICP-OES techniques. The main zeolite phases identified are phillipsite and chabazite. Results showed that in vitro physical-chemical conditions (pH 2–3 and T 39 °C) the release of Pb and other elements from the zeolite structure is extremely low and due to the limited breakdown of the zeolite framework and glass/amorphous matter hydrolysis, by the gastric liquids. This aspect also suggests that zeolites, after the total permanence in the animal body digestive tract, can further perform their important function of cation exchanger, with also relevant relapses on the growth and health of the animal species, as well as on the environment. Moreover, the contact of zeolite material with liquids of small and large intestine leads to negligible release of undesirable elements, which are far less than those envisaged by the European Regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to investigate the possible use of phillipsite (PHI) and chabazite (CHA), superficially modified with the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CP), for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium (DS) and compare them with the commercial clinoptilolite (CLI). Zeolites were characterized by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM), powder X-ray diffraction and laser light scattering (LS). Furthermore, drug loading, powder flowability and in vitro drug release kinetics in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), were investigated to assess the relationship between rock mineralogy and their pharmaceutical properties. Results showed that surfactant-modified natural zeolites (SMNZ)-CLI powder presents the best flow properties, followed by SMNZ-PHI and SMNZ-CHA. DS loading was very rapid (<5 min); SMNZ_CLI and SMNZ_PHI could load comparable amounts of DS, while SMNZ_CHA showed the lowest drug loading capacity. DS release was controlled by particle drug diffusion in the case of SMNZ_CLI and SMNZ_PHI while, as for SMNZ_CHA, a combined (film + particle diffusion control) mechanism was envisaged. This different behavior can be reasonably ascribed to a different distribution of the patchy bilayer on the zeolite surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cation exchange capacity of a natural phillipsite-rich sample from the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, Southern Italy (treated in order to obtain a 95 wt% zeolite-rich sample composed mainly of phillipsite and minor chabazite) for Cu was evaluated using the batch exchange method. The sample had previously been exchanged into its monocationic form (Na), and then used for the equilibrium studies of the exchange reaction 2Na ⇆ Cu. Reversibility ion exchange tests were performed. The isotherm displays an evident hysteresis loop. Interestingly, the final Cu-exchanged polycrystalline material was green-bluish. Natural, Na- and Cu-exchanged forms were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, and the Cu-phillipsite was also investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Structure refinement of Cu-phillipsite was performed by the Rietveld method using synchrotron data, and it indicates a small, but significant, fraction of Cu sharing with Na two-three independent extra-framework sites. The TEM experiment shows sub-spherical nano-clusters of crystalline species (with average size of 5 nm) lying on the surfaces of zeolite crystals or dispersed in the amorphous fraction, with electron diffraction patterns corresponding to those of CuO (tenorite-like structure) and Cu(OH) (spertiniite-like structure). X-ray and TEM investigations show that Cu is mainly concentrated in different species (crystalline or amorphous) within the sample, not only in phillipsite. The experimental findings based on X-ray and TEM investigations, along with the hysteresis loop of the ion exchange tests, are discussed and some general considerations about the mechanisms of exchange reactions involving divalent cations with high hydration energy are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of zeolite potentiality as a carrier for sustained drug release, a clinoptilolite-rich rock from California (CLI_CA) was superficially modified with cetylpyridinium chloride and loaded with diclofenac sodium (DS). The obtained surface modified natural zeolites (SMNZ) were characterized by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD) and laser light scattering (LS). Their flowability properties, drug adsorption and in vitro release kinetics in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) were also investigated. CLI_CA is a Na- and K-rich clinoptilolite with a cationic exchange ability that fits well with its zeolite content (clinoptilolite = 80 wt%); the external cationic exchange capacity is independent of the cationic surfactant used. LS and CLSM analyses have shown a wide distribution of volume diameters of SMNZ particles that, along with their irregular shape, make them cohesive with scarce flow properties. CLSM observation has revealed the localization of different molecules in/on SMNZ by virtue of their chemical nature. In particular, cationic and polar probes prevalently localize in SMNZ bulk, whereas anionic probes preferentially arrange themselves on SMNZ surface and the loading of a nonpolar molecule in/on SMNZ is discouraged. The adsorption rate of DS onto SMNZ was shown by different kinetic models highlighting the fact that DS adsorption is a pseudo-second order reaction and that the diffusion through the boundary layer is the rate-controlling step of the process. DS release in an ionic medium, such as SIF, can be sustained for about 5 h through a mechanism prevalently governed by anionic exchange with a rapid final phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The features of two clayey raw materials from the Bay of Naples and their fired products were investigated via minero-petrographic and physical techniques. Clay preparation and firing dynamics were performed following a process similar to that performed by ancient and traditional potters. A high-CaO marine clay from Ischia was mixed with different amounts of volcanic temper in order to replicate most common ware. These mixtures show a fair mechanical resistance starting from relatively low firing temperatures (>850°C). The addition of temper resulted in different technological characteristics. A low-CaO weathered pyroclastics from the Sorrento Peninsula was prepared to simulate heat resistant and refractory ceramics. Fired products are characterised by a less resistant ceramic body up to 1000°C compared to Ischia ceramics. Despite worse strength these ceramics show a porous structure, yielding better refractory performances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An interdisciplinary study, involving geologists, chemists and pedologists, started aiming at identifying a “Geo-Pedo-Fingerprint” (GPF) univocally linking the wine to its origin, namely, the Piedirosso vineyards growing in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. The focal point of this research was the characterization of the whole parent material–soil–vineyard–wine system, achieved by correlating the elemental pattern – with special reference to micro-nutrients and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) – and Sr isotopic ratios, to identify a reliable and convenient ‘GPF‘, as a guaranteed indicator of wine provenance. A representative soil/Piedirosso vineyard system was identified and characterized. Samples from each soil horizon as well as from vine branches, leaves, grapes and wine were collected and analyzed. All samples were analyzed by multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) to determine their 87Sr/86Sr isotopic composition, by ICP-Quadrupole MS to measure multi-elemental composition including REE, and by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) for the quantitative evaluation of the mineral phases occurring in soil samples. Statistical analysis (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Factor Analysis) revealed the existence of separate correlations of element distribution between: i) soil, as nutrient pool source, and vegetative compartments, i.e. branches and leaves, as biochemical yards for nutrient elaboration and marshaling, ii) vegetative compartments and the productive compartment, i.e. grapes as the metabolic outcome of the vine, and, iii) the productive compartment and its artifact produced by man, i.e. wine. However, no sequential correlation of elements from soil to wine did appear, likely because clusters of elements were discriminated due to the varying takeup and fractionation processes in plants, as well as during vinification processes. Therefore, none of the investigated elements was a liable ‘GPF’ as a candidate tracer from soil to wine. In contrast, the use of a petrogenetic tracer such as 87Sr/86Sr isotopic composition provided satisfactory responses. In fact, the values of such a ratio within the entire studied chain vary in a very small range from 0.7076 to 0.7084, thus falling within the typical range for volcanites of Campi Flegrei (0.7065–0.7086). These results currently represent the only study focusing on a geotracer, such as the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio, linked with a pedological survey to identify the volcanic Campanian wine-producing chains from soil parent material-to-wine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We performed petrophysical analyses on 34 clayey samples of different geological origin within the Campania region of Italy in order to determine possible sources of raw materials used to produce ancient pottery. Possible raw material sources can be grouped into high-CaO clays (HCC) and low-CaO clays (LCC). HCC are mainly represented by more recent (Miocene-Pleistocene) basinal sediments whereas LCC tend to be associated with basinal, alluvial, and pyroclastic deposits. A chemical comparison between clayey raw materials, modern ceramic replicas, and Campanian archaeological ceramics of several typologies (common ware, cooking ware, fine tableware, amphorae, and bricks) from 8th century B.C. to the Middle Ages (a total of 350 ceramic samples) indicates that HCC were extensively used for common wares and that these were either mixed with temper or levigated. In contrast, most of the LCC were used for the production of cookware. We also analyzed the technological potential of the sampled raw materials, taking into consideration their actual and possible uses. We observed that most HCC deposits were well suited for tableware and amphorae, whereas LCC were better for cookware and some fine tableware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three Italian zeolitized volcanoclastic deposits with predominant phillipsite, chabazite or clinoptilolite were selected to investigate their attitude to form ceramized products of the Cs- and Sr-enriched forms and to evaluate the effectiveness of immobilization by means of leaching tests. The mineralogical evolution was carefully followed after thermal treatments at increasing temperatures (800°C up to 1100°C) which led to the crystallization of prevailing pollucite for Cs-exchanged phillipsite and chabazite and of a Sr-feldspar (about 35wt.%) along with cristobalite and amorphous matter for all Sr-exchanged zeolites. Cs-enriched clinoptilolite at the same temperature was almost totally amorphous. Leaching tests confirm the substantial immobilization of the polluting cations in the ceramized materials with slight higher values only for the Cs-enriched clinoptilolite, mostly amorphous. Finally, calorimetric tests account for a hydrolysis process widely decreasing after thermal treatments at 1100°C for phillipsite and chabazite, both Cs- and Sr-enriched, substantially similar for Sr-enriched clinoptilolite and definitely increased in the prevailing amorphous Cs-enriched clinoptilolite. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This research provides possible opportunities in the reuse of waste and particularly muds, coming from both ornamental stone (granite sludges from sawing and polishing operations) and ceramic production (porcelain stoneware tile polishing sludge), for the manufacture of lightweight aggregates. Lab simulation of the manufacturing cycle was performed by pelletizing and firing the waste mixes in a rotative furnace up to 1300 °C, and determining composition and physicomechanical properties of lightweight aggregates. The best formulation was used to produce and test lightweight structural concretes according to standard procedures. Both granite and porcelain stoneware polishing sludges exhibits suitable tiring behavior due to the occurrence of SiC (an abrasive component) which, by decomposing at high temperature with gas release, acts as a bloating promoter, resulting in aggregates with particle density <1 Mg/m³. However, slight variations of mixture composition produce aggregates with rather different properties, going from values close to those of typical commercial expanded clays (particle density 0.68 Mg/m³, strength of particle 1.2 MPa) to products with high mechanical features (particle density 1.25 Mg/m³ strength of particle 6.9 MPa). The best formulation (50 wt.% porcelain stoneware polishing sludge +50 wt.% granite sawing sludge) was used to successfully manufacture lightweight structural concretes with suitable properties (compressive strength 28 days >20 MPa, bulk density 1.4-2.0 Mg/m³). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Malagasy bricks production in urban and rural sites remained unchanged over time. • Available clayey resources and fuels are used for firing bricks in open-air furnaces. • Significant is the impact on the environment of the production of Malagasy bricks. • A relevant fraction of the thermal energy involved in bricks firing is dissipated. • Ceramic process contributes to the consumption of important natural resources. The history of brick manufacturing in Madagascar dates back to the early 1800 s when European colonisers imparted to the local population the basic knowledge for firing clayey sediment to obtain a more durable construction material. The evaluation of the entire production cycle accounting for the involved natural resources such as raw materials, fuels and derived bricks, represents the aim of this research started in 2015 and focused on both rural and urban contexts. Clayey raw materials from lateritic soils widely occur in central Madagascar whereas, in southern coastal sites, carbonate-bearing clays definitely prevail since their composition are influenced by the reef. Bricks are prepared on site with no additional manipulation of the base clay and, depending on the climatic conditions, the bricks are dried and fired from one week up to ten days. Furnaces are powered by rice husk in south-western part of the island whereas in central Madagascar the use of peat and wood was also recorded. The calorific performances of these common fuels allow achieving temperatures of 800–900 °C; however, the huge loss of heat due to the poor quality of the furnaces determine low equivalent firing temperatures (EFT) that negatively affect the quality of the bricks. The above described ceramic process has remained unchanged for more than 200 years and even if new social and economic opportunities arose, this unvirtuous system slowly (but inexorably) contributed to the impoverishment of important energy sources and, above all, of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Low-cost, naturally-occurring mixtures of feldspar and zeolite occurring in epiclastic rocks are promising substitutes for conventional quartz-feldspathic fluxes in ceramic bodies, since their fusibility and low hardness are expected to improve both grinding and sintering. Three epiclastic outcrops, with a different zeolite-to-feldspar ratio, were characterized (XRPD, fusibility) and tested in porcelain stoneware bodies; their behaviour during processing was appraised and compared with that of a reference. The addition of an epiclastic rock (20wt.%), replacing rhyolite and aplite fluxes, brought about some significant advantages, mainly represented by better grindability, lower firing temperature with improved mechanical strength and lower porosity. Disadvantages concern increased slip viscosity, worse powder compressibility, resulting in larger firing shrinkage, and a darker colour of the tiles due to relatively high amounts of iron oxide. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As many other Italian towns, the historical center of Sassari was built using materials of prevailing local provenance. This is the reason why, following the program research of the Progetto Finalizzato “Beni Culturali”, the survey of materials constituting the buildings of the ancient city center of this town and of the decay typologies was carried out. All data were filed in a database and two thematic maps were also produced (materials/lithotypes, and weathering). On this basis and by means of a specific software, quantitative evaluations of lithotypes were obtained. The research evidenced that the use of different natural stones was conditioned by their availability and their different petro-physical features. Pedraforte (carbonatic conglomerate), showing better features but of limited availability, has been used for those portions of the buildings that needed better performances. Marly limestone and calcarenite are the most abundant materials. In particular, marly limestones, occurring in the immediate subsoil of the town, were widely used for plastered walls. Generally, all the surveyed materials display a poor state of conservation, except for those buildings recently restored. Almost all the weathering typologies have been recorded even though some of them are strictly correlated to a specific material. Pedraforte and ignimbrite are affected by alveolization whereas artificial patinae, erosion and granular disintegration have been mainly recorded for marly limestones and calcarenites. Oxalate patinae evidenced on Pedraforte in some buildings are possibly related to the use of organic matter for protective or even decorative purposes. A detailed study of the main façades of some relevant monuments contributed to a further understanding of the behavior of these materials whenever used as building stone and provided a useful tool for a correct restoration and conservation. The study also allowed to identify the exploitation areas of the main building materials used in the historical architecture of Sassari. Some of them are currently obliterated by recent building activity, and only few traces are still visible. This aspect evidences the importance of preserving the quarrying sites for their historical and cultural interest and, above all, for possible provisioning for restorations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Low-cost zeolitic rocks are promising substitutes for feldspathic fluxes in ceramic bodies, since their fusibility, modest hardness and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) should improve grinding and sintering. Five large-scale Italian deposits of natural zeolites with different mineralogy were characterised and tested in porcelain stoneware bodies. Their behaviour during processing was appraised and compared with that of zeolite-free bodies. Zeolites increased the slip viscosity during wet grinding, causing a coarser grain size distribution and consequently some drawbacks in both unfired and fired tiles. After overcoming this hindrance by dry grinding of zeolite rocks, the technological behaviour of zeolite-bearing tiles appear to be similar to that of current porcelain stoneware, though with larger firing shrinkage and residual closed porosity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, soil organic matter (SOM), as well as the structure and function of soil microbial communities in three forest systems (holm oak, black pine and beech) widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, were analyzed to assess the effects of different canopies on microbial community. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, combined with Thermal analyses, was used to characterize SOM, in order to obtain information on its quality and stability. Soil microbial communities were analyzed through the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile, ergosterol, hydrolase, laccase and peroxidase activities, fungal and bacterial growth. Soil under pine and beech contained more recalcitrant SOM, in respect to the soil under holm oak, characterized by more labile SOM. The PLFA analysis showed a different structure of the edaphic microbial community of the three forests. Soils under pine was characterized by the greatest abundance of fungal biomass and high peroxidase activity likely in relation to the presence in this soil of more recalcitrant compounds, mainly decomposed by fungi. Overall, pine and beech forests represent important carbon sinks with larger amounts of recalcitrant organic matter in their soils. • Pine and beech forests store stable carbon stock in their soil organic matter. • Soil under pine mainly hosts a fungal community. • Stability of soil organic matter affects its utilization by fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites of two natural zeolites – clinoptilolite and phillipsite, and cationic surfactants (cetylpyridinium chloride and Arquad® 2HT-75) were tested for the removal of two emerging contaminants – ibuprofen and naproxen. For each zeolite-rich rock, two different modifications of the zeolitic surfaces were prepared (monolayer and bilayer surfactant coverage). The influence of the initial drug concentrations and contact time on adsorption of these drugs was followed in buffer solution. The Langmuir model showed the highest adsorption capacity for the composite characterized by a bilayered surfactant at the clinoptilolite surface: 19.7 mg/g and 16.1 mg/g for ibuprofen and naproxen, respectively. Also, to simulate real systems, drug adsorption isotherms were conducted in natural water (Grindstone creek water – Columbia, Missouri, USA) by using the best performing adsorbent; in this case, a slight decrease of drug adsorption was recorded. Kinetic runs were performed in distilled water as well as in the presence of ions such as sulfates and bicarbonates; also, in this case, the interfering agents defined an adsorption decrease for bilayer composites. [Display omitted] • Surface modified natural zeolites can remove emerging contaminants from water. • Adsorption isotherms of ibuprofen and naproxen were prepared. • Removal efficiency is dependent on drug properties and surfactant type and amount. • The presence of inorganic anions can decrease the efficiency of bilayer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More sustainable and environmentally friendly concretes are essential to reduce the climatic and environmental impact of the growing demand for concrete to fuel urban sprawl. This manuscript reports on an experimental study designed to test the fire resistance of one such concrete, prepared to contain natural zeolite-bearing tuff. The fire resistance of concretes containing natural zeolites has received little attention and is therefore poorly understood. Relative reductions in residual uniaxial compressive strength as a function of increasing temperature (up to 1000 °C) were very similar for the reference concrete (containing no tuff) and the tuff-bearing concrete. These data can be explained by the similar influence of high-temperature on the chemical (dehydroxylation reactions) and physical (microcracking and porosity) properties of both concretes. The satisfactory performance of the concrete containing natural zeolites following fire is welcome owing to the economic, climatic, and environmental benefits of using natural pozzolan and aggregate substitutes. • Relative decrease in strength with temperature is similar for tuff-bearing and reference concrete. • Relative increase in porosity with temperature is similar for tuff-bearing and reference concrete. • Relative mass loss with temperature is similar for tuff-bearing and reference concrete. • Onset temperature for thermal microcracking is similar for tuff-bearing and reference concrete. • Fire resistance of tuff-bearing concrete is considered satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent excavations of the Via dei Sepolcri ceramic workshop in Pompeii provide an exceptional window into ancient Roman material culture. The remarkable ceramic objects found here, and importantly, the raw geological materials used in their production, afford a unique opportunity to gather information about each aspect of the organisation of the workshop and the ceramics production cycle, including those which are normally erased by the firing process. The exceptional nature of this site provides interesting insights into the system of raw material procurement, a facet poorly explored thus far due to the lack of ancient historical sources. The study is based on the investigation of 40 samples including pottery fragments, unfired, fired and overfired sherds and their source materials by means of optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy; in addition, Sr–Nd isotopic and paleontological analyses completed the raw material characterisation. The workshop experienced two different periods of activity starting from the beginning of 1st century CE; in a first phase they produced a variegated repertoire of Thin Walled pottery using local alluvial sediments and clays imported from Ischia island. In a second phase (probably from 62 to 63 CE to 79 CE), the workshop became larger and more specialised, the Thin Walled types drastically decreased and the artisans exclusively utilized clayey sediments from outcrops near Mt. Picentini in the Salerno province. As complementary materials, the ceramic production also utilized local volcanic sands for tempering and decorative purposes along with a presumed imported red earth pigment for decorative finishing. Firing conditions, as inferred from mineral assemblages in the pottery, were not strictly controlled in either production phase as estimated firing temperatures vary widely from approximately 800 to 1000 °C. Likewise, atmospheric conditions in the kiln, as inferred from the variable occurrence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ oxides, were not carefully controlled in either production phase. When compared with data from the larger framework of coeval regional and extra-regional pottery productions, the data obtained suggest that the existing paradigm of the Exploitable Threshold Model, which implies a maximum distance of 7–8 km between the source of raw materials and their usage in production centres, may need to be revised by at least an order of magnitude where sea routes and ports were readily available, as was the case in Pompeii and the surrounding Bay of Naples. • Via dei Sepolcri workshop produced Thin Walled pottery in Pompeii until the 79 CE. • Different clayey raw materials were used for the pottery in the two production phase. • Ischia Clays and alluvial clays supported Phase 1 production. • High-CaO clays from Salerno province were exploited during the Phase 2. • A complicate pattern of raw materials trade existed in Campania region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Domus Apicii is affected by a damage ranging from moderate to very severe. • Biodeterioration is mainly related to the rural environmental conditions. • Towers and the NW façade show poor structural conditions. • Superfetations severely altered the aesthetical features of the monument. • An ethically acceptable making-decision process should be proposed. A stratigraphic analysis applied to the architectural remains of the medieval domus Apicii (Calvi, Benevento) allowed to define four main building periods characterized by different materials and masonry techniques. Intense biological colonization and other damage pathologies affect the building geomaterials. A quantitative evaluation of the conservation state of the monument accounts for a moderate to a very severe damage, with a progressive damage index (DI prog) up to 3.3 value. The results of this multidisciplinary investigation represent an important starting point for an ethically acceptable making-decision process within a modern restoration and conservation of the monument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composites of the natural zeolites and cationic surfactants cetylpyridinium chloride and Arquad® 2HT-75 were used for removal of two emerging contaminants – diclofenac sodium and ketoprofen. Modifying a clinoptilolite- and a phillipsite-rich tuff, with surfactants with one or two hydrophobic tails, resulted in composites in monolayer and bilayer forms. The intention was to better evaluate interactions of composites with selected molecules. Starting materials and composites were characterized by ATR–FTIR and STA coupled with EGA. The adsorption capacities of the prepared sorbents were estimated by determination of adsorption isotherms and kinetic runs. Maximum adsorption capacity, obtained from the Langmuir model, showed that the best results were for the bilayer form of the composites up to 35 mg/g. Between the two surfactants, composites with cetylpyridinium chloride gave better results. Zeta potential measurements showed that the surfactants turned out to be unstable on the zeolite surface, the only exception being bilayers prepared using the two-tailed surfactant Arquad® 2HT-75. These results suggested possible applications of these composites for water treatment purposes. Image 1 • Drug adsorption was fast and governed by ion exchange and hydrophobic partitioning. • To predict adsorption the knowledge of the p K a and l o g K o w of the drugs is useful. • Composites (bilayer form) prepared using Arquad® 2HT-75, shown great stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 192 FTIR spectra were collected and made available as "data-point-table" format. • A wide set of different Cultural Heritage materials were analyzed. • This dataset represents an advantageous tool for qualitative mineralogical analysis. The use of vibrational spectroscopy is gaining more and more relevance in the field of the identification and characterization of Cultural Heritage materials. In this frame we propose and discuss a copious collection of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra acquired in external reflectance (ER) mode (4000–400 cm−1), which is a non-destructive and inexpensive analytical technique. Up to 192 spectra were collected, processed and made free-available to the scientists and professionals working in the Cultural Heritage sector. Color and inclusions, optical anisotropy, polymorphism and isomorphism, water content, crystallinity index, polyphasicity are some properties that have driven to rationale of the paper for discriminating groups of geomaterials usually found in studies aimed at the valorization and conservation of Cultural Heritage. Finally, this study offers a robust opportunity to beginners who intend to use ERFTIR as a tool in the field of qualitative and non-destructive mineralogical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A clinoptilolite-rich rock was modified via cationic surfactants. • SMNZs have been tested for sorption and in vitro release of ibuprofen. • SMNZs can sorb up to ˜26 mg/g as a function of the surfactant. • Ibuprofen was sorbed both by anion exchange and partition. • Drug was released quite totally in SIF within the first hour. The present research deals with the evaluation of a clinoptilolite-rich rock, occurring in the Nižný Hrabovec deposit (Slovakia), for high-value technological applications based on sorption and in vitro release of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., ibuprofen sodium salt). This georesource was surface modified (SMNZ) using four cationic surfactants. Results demonstrate that ibuprofen sorption is very fast and SMZNs can sorb up to ˜26 mg/g of drug as a function of the type of counterion and morphology of surfactant, as well as the hydrophobicity and molecular structure of the drug. Maximum sorption capacities observed for all SMNZs are fully comparable to other adsorbent carriers usually used for removal of contaminants in wastewaters. Sorption of ibuprofen is controlled by a dual mechanism: external anionic exchange and partition into the hydrophobic portion of the patchy bilayer. A prompt drug release in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) was also observed, making this natural material also suitable to provide rapid soothing effects in potential pharmacological applications. Comparing the results of this study with other recent investigations, a good technological performance of clinoptilolite-rich rock can be inferred despite the relatively low zeolite content (˜56 wt.%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]