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Background: Betel nut chewing involves the chewing of areca nuts or betel quid (areca nuts wrapped in betel leaves), which is associated with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Statins have anticancer properties. We investigated the association between statin use and ESCC risk in betel nut chewers. Methods: The study included 105 387 betel nut chewers matched statin users and nonusers. Statin use was defined as the use of =28 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) of statin. The primary outcome was incidence of ESCC. Results: The incidence rate of ESCC was significantly lower in statin users than in nonusers (2.03 vs. 3.02 per 100 000 person-years). Statin users had a lower incidence rate ratio of 0.66 for ESCC (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.43-0.85) relative to nonusers. After potential confounders were adjusted for, statin use was determined to be associated with a reduced risk of ESCC (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.91). A dose-response relationship was observed between statin use and ESCC risk; the aHRs for statin use at 28-182 cDDDs, 183-488 cDDDs, 489-1043 cDDDs, and > 1043 cDDDs were 0.92, 0.89, 0.66, and 0.64, respectively. Conclusion: Statin use was revealed to be associated with a reduced risk of ESCC in betel nut chewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) have attracted a great deal of attention for developing nuclear materials because of their excellent irradiation tolerance. Herein, formation and evolution of radiation-induced defects in NiCoFe MEA and pure Ni are investigated and compared using molecular dynamics simulation. It is observed that the defect recombination rate of ternary NiCoFe MEA is higher than that of pure Ni, which is mainly because, in the process of cascade collision, the energy dissipated through atom displacement decreases with increasing the chemical disorder. Consequently, the heat peak phase lasts longer, and the recombination time of the radiation defects (interstitial atoms and vacancies) is likewise longer, with fewer deleterious defects. Moreover, by studying the formation and evolution of dislocation loops in Niâ€"Coâ€"Fe alloys and Ni, it is found that the stacking fault energy in Niâ€"Coâ€"Fe decreases as the elemental composition increases, facilitating the formation of ideal stacking fault tetrahedron structures. Hence, these findings shed new light on studying the formation and evolution of radiation-induced defects in MEAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load-carrying exoskeletons need to cope with load variations, outside disturbances, and other uncertainties. This paper proposes an adaptive trajectory tracking control scheme for the load-carrying exoskeleton. The method is mainly composed of a computed torque controller and a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller. The fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller is used to approximate model inaccuracies and load variations, and the computed torque controller deals with tracking errors. Simulations of an exoskeleton in squatting movements with model parameter changes and load variations are carried out, respectively. The results show a precise tracking response and high uncertainties toleration of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-range repulsive interactions of any force field must be modified to be applicable for high energy atomic collisions because of extremely far from equilibrium state when used in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this work, the short-range repulsive interaction of a reactive force field (ReaxFF), describing Fe–Ni–Al alloy system, is well modified by adding a tabulated function form based on Ziegler–Biersack–Littmark (ZBL) potential. The modified interaction covers three ranges, including short range, smooth range, and primordial range. The short range is totally predominated by ZBL potential. The primordial range means the interactions in this range is the as-is ReaxFF with no changes. The smooth range links the short-range ZBL and primordial-range ReaxFF potentials with a taper function. Both energies and forces are guaranteed to be continuous, and qualified to the consistent requirement in LAMMPS. This modified force field is applicable for simulations of energetic particle bombardments and reproducing point defects' booming and recombination effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a large size trapezoidal open crack with arc‐bottom (TOCAB) configuration specimen was proposed. Experiments were carried out using 0°, 60°, 90° and 120° TOCAB specimens under drop weight impacts with loading rate from 150 to 350 GPa/s. The crack length and crack speed were calculated by using fractal method. It shows that the crack speed corrected by fractal method is more than 12% the original speed calculated using the straight length. The AUTODYN code was employed to simulate crack propagation path and crack speed. The dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) were calculated using ABAQUS code. The experimental and numerical results show that all the three TOCAB specimens have arresting function on running cracks; crack propagation velocity increases with loading rates; the critical DSIFs at initiation are higher than those at propagation. The study presents how to arrest a running crack and how to protect significant structures from being completely damaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load-carrying exoskeletons need to cope with load variations, outside disturbances, and other uncertainties. This paper proposes an adaptive trajectory tracking control scheme for the load-carrying exoskeleton. The method is mainly composed of a computed torque controller and a fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller. The fuzzy cerebellar model articulation controller is used to approximate model inaccuracies and load variations, and the computed torque controller deals with tracking errors. Simulations of an exoskeleton in squatting movements with model parameter changes and load variations are carried out, respectively. The results show a precise tracking response and high uncertainties toleration of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In deep geological repositories, compacted bentonites have been proposed for use as barrier materials for isolating nuclear waste. The prevailing hydro-mechanical-chemical boundary conditions in the repositories can affect the swelling capacity of compacted bentonites. The present study examines the linkage between the swelling pressure of saturated bentonites, the total suction of saturated bentonites and the suction of hydrating fluids. An equation describing the linkage between these parameters was derived based on the thermodynamics of soil moisture. To validate the derived relationship, laboratory tests involving constant volume swelling pressure tests and total suction measurements after the swelling pressure tests were carried out on a selected Ca-Mg-rich bentonite. Seven bentonite samples with compaction dry density ranging from 1.20 to 1.83 Mg/m3 were hydrated with deionized water, whereas four samples with a dry density of 1.59 Mg/m3 were hydrated with 0.0001 to 2.0 M CaCl 2 solutions. The total suctions of the saturated bentonite and the hydrating fluids were determined by using a chilled-mirror hygrometer. The total suction of the saturated bentonite was found to be affected by the compaction dry density and the suction of the hydrating fluids. The experimental results from the present study and from the literature demonstrated that the total suction of saturated bentonites minus the suction of the hydrating fluids used to saturate bentonites is approximately equal to the swelling pressure of saturated bentonites. Highlights • Time for swelling pressure to reach equilibrium increases with bentonite density. • Bentonite density and concentration of solutions affect the suction of bentonites. • Swelling pressure equals the difference in suction between bentonite and solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Experimental campaigns were performed with the aim to study the hot gas filtration process during the pilot-scale biomass gasification at GIEC. This paper gives an overview of the continuous and steady filtration tests performed with stable pressure drop (ΔP) for over 200 h in 400–600 °C, using wood chip and charcoal as the feedstock. The ceramic candles show good long-term filtration performance with a permanent cake layer serving as an extra filtration medium. Tar content is found to be the controlling resistance for the biomass gasification-filtration process. A novel oxidative filtration is reported to lead to a simultaneous removal of carbonaceous flyash particles (CFPs) and tars as well as a dramatic ΔP decrease with no obvious degradation in the heating value of the producer gas, in which a tiny amount of additional air (≤5.5 vol%) is introduced into the producer gas. Under the optimum condition, the CFP removal efficiency is always >99.0% and the tar removal efficiency of 92.2% could be achieved, with ΔP kept within a range of 1000–2000 N m−2 at the gas superficial velocity of 1.5–2.0 cm s−1 and 0.5–1.5% oxygen content of the producer gas (O 2 %). It is found that filter candles could act as a reactor without any catalyst to partially oxidize tars and CFPs with a little heat generation when hot gas filtration is operated in the presence of low oxygen concentration in 400–600 °C. The efficient CFP removal and tar reduction during the high-temperature oxidative filtration is beneficial for downstream units and their operability. Highlights • Oxidative filtration leads to a simultaneous removal of flyash and tar for biomass air gasification. • Flyash and tar can be partially oxidized on the filter candle in the presence of low oxygen concentration at 400–600 °C. • Oxidative filtration with stable pressure drop was operated for the 200-h pilot biomass gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The SCESVB configuration specimen proposed in this paper has the function to arrest crack propagation. • The reflected compressive stress wave confine the outgoing crack propagation. • The angle of V-shaped bottom of SCESVB specimens has effect on crack arrest function. • Propagation toughness is not an independent concrete parameter, and it is related to crack speed. Abstract Concrete structures usually contain cracks or microcracks. Under dynamic loading, such as impacts, blasts and earthquakes, these cracks may initiate and propagate, weakening concrete strength and structure's stability. It is thus necessary to carry out the research on the crack dynamic fracture behavior and to develop crack arresting technique for cracked concrete structures under dynamic loads. In this study, impact tests were performed using a drop-weight impact device. A single crack emanating from a semicircle and a V-shaped bottom (SCESVB) specimen was proposed. The V-shaped bottom has the function of arrest on the propagation of the pre-crack. Crack propagation gauges (CPGs) were used to measure crack propagation parameters. Three angles 120°, 150° and 180° were designed for the V-shaped bottom of the SCESVB specimens. The crack propagation behavior was simulated by the finite difference code AUTODYN, and the dynamic stress intensity factor (DSIF) was calculated by the finite element code ABAQUS. The critical DSIF was determined by the crack initiation time and the propagation time measured by the CPG. The experimental and numerical simulation results show that the SCESVB specimen is suited to studying crack propagation behavior and crack arresting behavior for concrete under dynamic loads. During the crack propagation process, the crack may arrest in a short time, and the critical DSIF at initiation is higher than that at propagation for the concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The classical molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to investigate the effect of Mo atom addition upon the atomic structure and glass-forming ability of Ni 64 Zr 36-x Mo x (x = 0, 6, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27) metallic glasses (MGs), in terms of the system energy, pair distribution functions (PDFs), and the largest standard cluster analysis. It is found that Mo atoms do not simply replace Zr atoms, but remarkably change the atomic and chemical order; resulting in a more stable, more compact and more complex structures indicated by the split of the first major peak on PDF curves. The addition of Mo atoms does not favor the formation of icosahedrons but enhances the topologically close-packed (TCP) structures that are not only responsible for the split of the first major peak on the PDF curves, but also positively correlation with the GFA predicted by formation enthalpy. Thus, as a superset of icosahedrons, TCP structures are one of the essential characteristic of MGs and significantly enhances the GFA of Ni 64 Zr 36-x Mo x ternary glass metals. These findings shed a new light on the understanding of the structure and the structure-GFA relationship of MGs. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • The Mo-addition in Ni 64 Zr 36-x Mo x changes the s- and d-electronic structures. • Separated with x = 21 PDF curves, atomic volume, T g , and bond-length are different. • Bond length deduces or unchanges with x; Mo-Zr is abnormally the smallest one. • TCP rather than ICO is responsible for the split first peaks on PDF curves. • Amount evolution of TCP rather than ICO is consistent with GFA of alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the dehydration of montmorillonites imply that the standard oven-drying method (drying at 110 ± 5°C) may underestimate the water content of bentonites. This study quantifies, identifies, explains, and removes the residual water in a calcium-rich bentonite dried using the standard oven-drying method. A thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test was performed to determine the true water content. According to this test, the effect of the drying time and temperature on the amount of residual water in the bentonite was examined, including the oven-drying and vacuum-drying methods. To identify and explain the residual water, specific surface area (SSA) derived from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm and dehydration reaction characterised by TG-DSC curves of samples with a residual water content of 0–13.38% were obtained. The experimental results demonstrate that the standard oven-drying method underestimates the water content of calcium-rich bentonites by 2.1–3.1%. The 2.1–3.1% of residual water includes both interlayer water and adsorbed water on the external surface. The 2.1–3.1% of residual water is the water forming the inner shell around Ca 2+ cations in the interlayer and on the external surface of montmorillonite particles. It is impractical to distinguish between the adsorbed water and interlayer water only based on the dehydration reaction characterised by TG-DSC curves. Drying profiles of 12 h of drying at 200°C in an oven and 1 h of drying at 150–200°C under vacuum are sufficient for removing the adsorbed and interlayer waters from the bentonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note presents an exact analytical solution of Fredlund–Hasan consolidation for unsaturated soils under an arbitrary loading using the mode superposition method. Air pressure and water pressure are expressed in a series of products of Eigen functions with respect to depth and normal coordinates with respect to time, respectively. A pressure function substitutes for the related homogeneous problem. Eigen functions can be first obtained based on two pairs of drainage condition. Then, the nonhomogeneous governing equations of unsaturated soils under constant loading, exponential loading, and sine loading are considered. After matrix algebraic manipulation, the normal coordinates can be obtained based on the initial conditions that compose the final solutions of the Fredlund–Hasan unsaturated consolidation. This solution can avoid inconvenient Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform. Through comparisons with a classic example, the validation of the proposed analytical solution is verified against other analytical solutions and the finite difference method solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonization mechanism of tripropylamine (TPA) in low-temperature hydrocracking was studied with the aim of increasing the quality and filling density of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) produced in the channels of AlPO 4 -5 crystals. The conversion process of TPA was investigated using a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and micro-Raman spectroscopy at various hydrocracking temperatures. During the hydrocracking process, hydrogen participated in the cracking reaction of TPA and decreased the required activation energy. The protonated TPA converted into neutral TPA at 210 °C. When the hydrocracking temperature exceeded 260 °C, dipropylamine, n -propylamine, propylene, propane, ethane and methane were produced. The hydrocracking rate of TPA increased with increasing hydrocracking temperature. A small amount of aromatic compounds was also detected in the AlPO 4 -5 crystals hydrocracked at 280–350 °C; this amount decreased with increasing hydrocracking temperature. The content of residual TPA and amorphous carbon compounds in the AlPO 4 -5 crystals also decreased with increasing hydrocracking temperature. TPA decomposed completely after hydrocracking for 10 h at 350 °C. SWCNTs with a diameter of 0.4 nm were synthesized at 280–350 °C, and the filling density of SWCNTs increased with increasing hydrocracking temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the structural evolution of Cu 64.5 Zr 35.5 metallic glasses under irradiation. The largest standard cluster analysis (LSCA) method was used to quantify the microstructure within the collision cascade regions. It is found that the majority of clusters within the collision cascade regions are full and defective icosahedrons. Not only the smaller structures (common neighbor subcluster) but also primary clusters greatly changed during the collision cascades; while most of these radiation damages self-recover quickly in the following quench states. These findings indicate the Cu-Zr metallic glasses have excellent irradiation-resistance properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with phosphonobutanetricarboxylic acid (MNP-CD-PBTCA) was synthesized via step-by-step method to applied in removal of Hg2+ for the first time. TEM, SEM, XRD, TGA, FTIR, and BET proved the successful synthesis of core-shell structure of MNP-CD-PBTCA whose particle size ranged from 20 to 200 nm. In the single-factor experiments for adsorption of Hg2+, the maximum uptake capacity of MNP-CD-PBTCA attained was 77.59 mg·g-1 after 150 min of adsorption while the pH was 4 and the temperature was kept at 55 °C. Langmuir isotherm study indicated the adsorption of MNP-CD-PBTCA for Hg2+ was in agreement with monolayer theory and was rate controlled by chemisorption; chelation interaction between phosphoric acid group and Hg2+ was suggested to be the main bonding effect in adsorption. Calculated thermodynamic results demonstrated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous and endothermic reaction with entropy-production; reusability study suggested that application of MNP-CD-PBTCA would be convenient, efficient, and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of systematic two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D, respectively) idealized numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the combined effects of dynamical and physical processes on orographic precipitation with varying incoming basic-flow speedUin a conditionally unstable uniform flow. In addition to the three moist flow regimes found in Chu and Lin at lower wind speeds, a new flow regime, regime IV, is found for higher wind speeds (U . 36ms21) and is characterized by gravity waves and heavy precipitation and lack of upper-level wave breaking and turbulence over the lee slope. The transition from regime III to regime IV at 36ms21 is explained by the transition from upward-propagating gravity waves to evanescent flow, which can be predicted with a modified mountain wave theory. Although the basic features are captured well in low grid resolution (Dx 5 1 km), high-resolution (Dx 5 100 m) 2D and 3D simulations are required to resolve precipitation distribution and intensity at higher basic winds (U.30ms21). Based on 3D simulations, gravity wave-induced severe downslope winds and turbulent mixing within hydraulic jump reduce orographic precipitation in regime III. A preliminary budget analysis indicated that, in regime IV, orographic precipitation further increases as a result of enhanced rain processes when the blocking effect of wave breaking vanishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new specimen of large-size arc-shape boundary single cleavage triangle (ABSCT) was proposed. • Experiments were conducted by using ABSCT specimen under drop-plate impacts. • The coupling effect of dynamic loading and arc-shaped boundary of the ABSCT specimen causes crack arrest of moving cracks. • The larger the arc-shape boundary radian, the smaller the average crack propagating speed, but the shorter the crack propagation length. • The arresting function on moving crack intensifies as the arc-shape boundary radian increase. The interaction of stress waves generated by blasting or excavation disturbance with cracks or joints significantly affects the mechanical behavior of rock masses with some pre-existing cracks. To better understand the dynamic damage evolution mechanism of fractured rock mass, the influence of stress waves on cracks in rock mass must be investigated. Thus, to study the effect of reflected stress wave on dynamic fracture behavior of fissured rock mass, a large-size arc-shape boundary single cleavage triangle (ABSCT) configuration sandstone specimen was proposed in the present study. A series of impact tests were performed on the specimen with 0°, 65°, 95°, and 125° ABSCT using the drop plate impact testing system to determine dynamic fracture properties. The test was numerically simulated using the modified finite difference software and the traditional finite element software. The effect of the reflected stress wave caused by the arc-shape boundary of the ABSCT specimen on the crack propagating speed, crack fracture toughness, and compressive stress along the crack trajectory under dynamic loads was analyzed and discussed. The results show that the ABSCT specimen has a crack arresting effect on a propagating crack. The average crack propagation speed of three specimens with arc-shape boundaries is almost 0.63 times that of the flat-bottom specimen, indicating that the arc boundary has an obvious effect on the crack propagating velocity. The average crack propagating speed decreases with the increase in arc boundary radian. The compressive stress on the crack path of three arc boundary specimens is found to be greater than that of the flat-bottom specimen. Furthermore, the crack arrest toughness is greater than the average crack propagating toughness at the arc-shape boundary specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many attempts have been made for template removal from inorganic porous materials at mild temperature (below 350 °C), because high-temperature calcination is attributed as the trigger of the framework damages. In this study, a new two-step method, coupling by low-temperature hydrocracking and oxidation, is proposed for efficient removal of the organic templates in high-silica MFI zeolite crystals of different size at a mild temperature (300 °C). With this approach, unlike in conventional calcination above 400 °C, the pristine zeolite framework is preserved and no coke-like residues are formed, consistently verified by NMR, TGA, and Raman spectra. The reason for this phenomenon is proved as a special propyl-radical- mechanism in H 2 atmosphere, indicated by GC measurement and analysis online. This provides an alternative option for the low-temperature detemplation of high-silica microporous materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The relationship between serum zinc, magnesium, and calcium levels and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is controversial. The aim of our study was to determine whether or not serum zinc, magnesium, and calcium levels are associated with PIH.Methods: In our study, we searched databases, including Wangfang, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and PubMed, to find literature regarding the relationship between PIH and serum trace elements. Meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager5.3 software.Results: A total of 14 articles were included in our study. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that patients with PIH had lower serum zinc (SMD = −1.14; 95% CI] = −1.69, −0.59;P< 0.05), calcium (MD = −0.26; 95% CI = −0.36, −0.15;P< 0.05), and magnesium concentration (MD = −0.0.06; 95% CI = −0.08, −0.05;P< 0.05) than healthy gravidas.Conclusion: Our research suggests that serum zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations may have an effect on PIH. Thus, the serum zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels could be measured for PIH patients. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We demonstrate that the lamella-forming polystyrene-block-poly(N-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodine) (PS-b-P4VPQ), with similar sizes of the PS and P4VPQ blocks, can be dispersed in the aqueous solutions by forming lipid/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (d62-DPPC) in D2O, a broad correlation peak is found in the scattering profile that signifies the formation of the loosely ordered d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae. The thicknesses of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers of the d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae are close to the PS layer and the condensed brush layer thicknesses as determined from previous neutron reflectometry studies on the PS-b-P4VPQ monolayer at the air-water interface. Such well-dispersed d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae are capable of forming multilamellae with DNA in aqueous solution. It is found that the encapsulation of DNA in the hydrophilic layer of the d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae slightly increases the thickness of the hydrophilic layer. Adding CaCl2 can enhance the DNA adsorption in the hydrophilic brush layer, and it is similar to that observed in the neutron reflectometry study of the DNA adsorption by the PS-b-P4VPQ monolayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that the lamella-forming polystyrene-block-poly(N-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium iodine) (PS-b-P4VPQ), with similar sizes of the PS and P4VPQ blocks, can be dispersed in the aqueous solutions by forming lipid/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (d62-DPPC) in D2O, a broad correlation peak is found in the scattering profile that signifies the formation of the loosely ordered d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae. The thicknesses of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers of the d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae are close to the PS layer and the condensed brush layer thicknesses as determined from previous neutron reflectometry studies on the PS-b-P4VPQ monolayer at the air-water interface. Such well-dispersed d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae are capable of forming multilamellae with DNA in aqueous solution. It is found that the encapsulation of DNA in the hydrophilic layer of the d62-DPPC/PS-b-P4VPQ multilamellae slightly increases the thickness of the hydrophilic layer. Adding CaCl2 can enhance the DNA adsorption in the hydrophilic brush layer, and it is similar to that observed in the neutron reflectometry study of the DNA adsorption by the PS-b-P4VPQ monolayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, zeolite materials have attracted attention as efficient catalysts for low-temperature steam reforming of bioethanol (SRE). However, cost-effective zeolite ZSM-5 materials, one of the most popular industrial reforming catalysts, were rarely reported for SRE. In this study, low-load rhodium (Rh) catalysts are prepared using commercial high-silica zeolite ZSM-5 as the supports. The commercial zeolite ZSM-5 has strong acidic sites that lead to fairly extensive dehydration of bioethanol. To generate basic sites and mesoporous structure, zeolite supports are modified by K ion exchange and alkali treatment. The effect of the physicochemical properties of the modified supports on low-temperature SRE reaction is investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD, XRF, TPD, NMR and N 2 adsorption. The results indicate that strong acidic sites in zeolite ZSM-5 can be effectively neutralized by K ion exchange, while basic sites in zeolite ZSM-5 are noticeably altered only by alkali treatment. The hydrogen selectivity can be significantly promoted by the alkalinity of the zeolite KZSM-5, however, only the moderate alkali-treated Rh/S2 catalyst retains its high activity during reaction. Our results appear to demonstrate the positive effect of the special zeolitic structure of the Rh/S2 catalyst with uniform mesopores, which can improve the Rh dispersion and avoid its sintering. Moreover, there seem to be a unique synergy between the Rh active component and the alkali-treated zeolite support, which might result in the lowest CO selectivity at 300–400 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin (IL)-28B in predicting therapeutic response of pegylated interferon (peg-IFN) plus ribavirin (PR) for genotype 1 infected chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis (AF) is limited. The aim of this study is to assess its role in predicting sustained virologic responses (SVR) to treatment. Methods: Forty-two patients with biopsy proven hepatitis C virus (HCV) related AF (group A; Ishak fibrosis score, ≥4) and 126 sex- and HCV genotype-matched patients without AF (group B; Ishak fibrosis score, ≤3) were recruited into study. All patients received PR therapy for 24 weeks. Baseline and on-treatment clinical, virological and host factors were evaluated for treatment efficacy. Results: The SVR rate was significantly lower in group A than group B patients with genotype 1 infection (24% vs. 53.3%; p = 0.011). However, it was similar in those with genotype non-1 infection (76.5% vs. 76.5%; p = 1.0). IL-28B rs8099917 genotype TT is the strongest predictor for SVR in genotype 1 infection. Patients who had TT genotype and achieved RVR in group A had similar SVR rates with those in group B (44.4% vs. 53.3%; p = 0.614). One third of patients in group A developed hematological adverse effects and had required modified doses during antiviral therapy. Conclusions: In HCV genotype 1 infected AF receiving 24 weeks of PR treatment, patients with IL28B rs8099917 genotype TT, achieving RVR had similar SVR rate with those without AF. In contrast, patients with IL-28B rs8099917 non-TT genotype without achieving RVR are suggested to stop therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tar and substantial CH4 and CO2 are contained in gasified fuels, which pose an obstacle to direct chemical synthesis, and this is a predominant challenge for biomass gasification technology. Herein, a packed−bed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was built for simultaneous CH4 dry reforming and tar removal with a La−Ni/γ−Al2O3 catalyst. The interaction between CH4 dry reforming and tar removal in plasma catalysis was investigated. The results indicated that plasma catalysis can achieve high−efficiency simultaneous tar removal and CH4 dry reforming, as indicated by the reactants' conversion (14% increase for CCH4 and CCO2 at 450 °C in the presence of tar and a 37% increase for the tar removal rate at 360 °C when CH4 and CO2 were introduced), and the mechanism for mutual promotion of CH4 dry reforming and tar removal was elucidated through catalyst characterization results. In addition, a possible reaction mechanism for tar removal via plasma catalysis was proposed. These findings provide valuable insights for simultaneous upgrading and purification of gases generated by biomass gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of a case study on cliff recession mechanism and progressive development of talus deposits around Xiangshan of the Sishou Hills in the southeast of the Taipei Basin. Based on photogrammetric analysis and physical modeling, the geomorphologic changes of talus deposits are carefully examined and the cliff recession rates from 1904 to 2005 are thus measured and tabulated. Our study identified the fundamental control factors on mechanisms of cliff recession and proposed a possible scenario of cliff recession and progressive development of talus deposits around the Xiangshan region from 1904 to 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The silica-MFI (Si-MFI) zeolite films are fabricated on α-Al2O3 supported silica–zirconia layers. The roughness and chemistry of the substrate surface are changed by surface modification with hydrogen peroxide and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) solution to investigate their effects on the formation and orientation control of Si-MFI zeolite films. The AFM images reveal that the roughness of the silica–zirconia surface can be increased under the treatment of hydrogen peroxide. The Si-MFI zeolite films grown on the rough substrate surface are also b-oriented. Diffuse-reflectance FT-IR studies demonstrate that the abundance of functional groups such as –OH and –COOH can be successfully seeded onto the α-Al2O3 supported silica–zirconia layer through modification with CMCS solution. Continuous b-oriented Si-MFI zeolite films can be fabricated on the CMCS-modified α-Al2O3 supported silica–zirconia layer. It is evident that the orientation and microstructure of Si-MFI zeolite films on α-Al2O3 supported silica–zirconia layers are dominantly controlled by the chemical nature of the substrate surface, where the functional groups serve as the structure-directing matrix to induce the orientation and growth of the zeolite crystals with their b-axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Using post-embedding immunogold electron microscopy, TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) was localized to neuronal cytoplasmic (NCI) and intranuclear (NII) inclusions, as well as unmyelinated neurites, in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD-U), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s (AD), Pick’s disease (PiD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). The TDP-43 immunoreactive structures were morphologically heterogeneous. The most common was characterized by bundles of 10–20 nm diameter straight filaments with electron dense granular material within NCI, NII and neurites. This type of pathology was found in FTLD-U, ALS and some cases of AD. Less often, inclusions in neuritic processes of FTLD-U and some cases of AD contained 10-17 nm diameter straight filaments without granular material. A final type of TDP-43 immunoreactivity was labeling of filaments and granular material associated with tau filaments in neurofibrillary tangles of AD and Pick bodies of PiD or α-synuclein filaments in Lewy bodies of LBD. The results suggest that TDP-43 is the primary component of the granulofilamentous inclusions in FTLD-U and ALS. Similar inclusions sometimes accompany filamentous aggregates composed of other abnormal proteins in AD, PiD and LBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) can be pathologically subdivided into tau-positive and tau-negative types. The most common tau-negative variant is FTLD with ubiquitin-immunoreactive lesions (FTLD-U). Recently, the TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) was identified in neuronal inclusions in FTLD-U. After applying TDP-43 immunohistochemistry to a series of 44 cases of FTLD-U with no secondary pathology, three cases (7%) were identified with ubiquitin- and p62-positive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) that were negative for TDP-43. All the three cases had marked brain atrophy with striking atrophy of the striatum. Cases 1 and 2 presented at ages 43 and 38, respectively, as behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (1 with positive family history) and had ubiquitin- and p62-positive NCI in frontotemporal neocortex and dentate granule cells of the hippocampus. Case 3 presented with the corticobasal syndrome. Unlike the other two cases, ubiquitin- and p62-positive NCI were also visible on hematoxylin and eosin stain. There were no neuronal intranuclear inclusions. Electron microscopic examination of the NCI in cases 2 and 3 revealed granulofilamentous inclusions. These cases confirm the existence of TDP-43-negative FTLD-U and extend the clinical and pathological spectrum of this disorder. The findings raise the possibly of an as yet identified protein that may play a pathogenic role in tau-negative FTLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A simple and well-designed synthesis procedure is proposed to fabricate silicalite-1 films on porous α-Al2O3 substrates on purpose of preventing the aluminum leaching. The continuous and 2μm thick seed layer of silicalite-1 crystals is fabricated by using a spin coater. The first-time seeded growth is performed to synthesize a thin layer of intergrown ZSM-5 crystals on the silicalite-1 seed layer, where the use of low alkalinity and short synthesis time is to reduce the aluminum leaching. The intergrown layer of ZSM-5 crystals serves as a barrier to block the aluminum leaching from porous α-Al2O3 substrates in the second-time seeded growth, leading to the formation of ca. 11μm thick intergrown and oriented silicalite-1 films with an extremely high Si/Al ratio. According to SEM images and XRD measurements, the as-synthesized silicalite-1 film is dense, continuous, and (101)-oriented. The electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the resulting film demonstrates that there is no aluminum leaching in the second-time seeded growth. The leaking tests confirm that non-zeolitic pores in the silicalite-1 film are negligible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigates the impact of wind speed and critical level height on dry convection above a prescribed heat source. This is done using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model in its two-dimensional form with an imposed 400-K soil potential temperature perturbation. The result of these experiments is the identification of three modes of convective plumes. The first, termed multicell convective plumes, is analogous to multicell convection generated from squall-line cold pools in the moist atmosphere. The second mode, a deep wave mode, consists of disturbances with wavelengths of 7–10 km and results from the multicell plumes perturbing the dynamically unstable shear flow centered at the critical level. The third mode, termed the intense fire plume, has stronger updrafts than the multicell mode and is marked by quasi-stationary movement and substantial low-level inflow and upper-level outflow. The presence of a critical level is shown to be crucial to the development of both the deep wave and intense plume modes. The intense fire plume mode is most consistent with the so-called fire storm, or conflagration phenomenon, in which strong updrafts and low-level indrafts can produce mesocyclones and tornadic fire whirls capable of significant damage. This study marks an important step in understanding the dynamics behind the fire storm phenomenon, as well as other types of convection (multicell and deep wave) that may be generated by a fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations and previous research of squall lines impinging on mountain ranges have revealed that the squall lines sometimes stall upstream of the mountains for several hours leading to copious accumulations of precipitation. It has been hypothesized that squall-line stagnation may be more prone to occur in flows where the Froude number (F = U/Nh, where U is the basic-state wind, N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, and h is the mountain height) is low. This hypothesis is tested herein through a series of idealized, two-dimensional experiments where a convective system was triggered upstream of a mesoscale mountain in conditionally unstable flow. For simulations with relatively low Froude numbers, stagnation of the preexisting convective system was not observed. In the simulations with high values of F, squall lines were noted to stagnate between 100 and 200 km upstream of the mountain. This result indicates that squall-line stagnation may be more favored for moderate to large values of F for conditionally unstable flow. The mechanisms leading to the formation of the stationary convective system upstream of the mountain in the unblocked flows were explored and it was found that evaporative cooling played a pivotal role in the stagnation of the squall line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the frequency of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitinated inclusions (FTLD‐U) in the setting of hippocampal sclerosis (HpScl) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) using immunohistochemistry for TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP‐43), a putative marker for FTLD‐U.Initially, 21 cases of HpScl associated with a variety of other pathological processes and 74 cases of AD were screened for FTLD‐U with TDP‐43 immunohistochemistry. A confirmation study was performed on 93 additional AD cases. Specificity of TDP‐43 antibodies was assessed using double‐immunolabeling confocal microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and biochemistry.TDP‐43 immunoreactivity was detected in 71% of HpScl and 23% of AD cases. Double immunostaining of AD cases for TDP‐43 and phospho‐tau showed that the TDP‐43–immunoreactive inclusions were usually distinct from neurofibrillary tangles. At the ultrastructural level, TDP‐43 immunoreactivity in AD was associated with granular and filamentous cytosolic material and only occasionally associated with tau filaments. Western blots of AD cases showed a band that migrated at a higher molecular weight than normal TDP‐43 that was not present in AD cases without TDP‐43 immunoreactivity.These results suggest that as many as 20% of AD cases and more than 70% of HpScl cases have pathology similar to that found in FTLD‐U. Whether this represents concomitant FTLD‐U or is analogous to colocalization of α‐synuclein and tau in AD, reflecting a propensity for codeposition of abnormal protein conformers, remains to be determined. Ann Neurol 2007;61:435–445 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During intensive observation period (IOP)-8 of the Mesoscale Alpine Program, there was a stable layer of air in the lowest levels of the Po Valley and just upstream of the Apennines. In this study, the effects of the stable layer on the formation of convection in the southern Alpine region were investigated through a series of two-dimensional, idealized experiments. The goals of this study were twofold: 1) to determine if stable layer strength affected the placement of convection and 2) to test the notion that the stable layer during IOP-8 behaved as an effective mountain. To accomplish the first objective, three simulations were compared in which the strength of the inversion and low-level cooling in the Po Valley and upstream of the Apennines was varied. The results of these simulations show that the stronger the inversion and low-level cooling, the farther south the convection was positioned. Additionally, it was found that convection developed as a result of the formation of a broad region of moist instability over the stable layer. Cellular convection developed in this region of moist instability. The second objective was tested through a simulation where the cold pool was replaced by terrain (MMTN). As in the reference (or STB10) simulation, the upslope of the terrain in the MMTN simulation was characterized by a wide zone of moist instability. However, wave structures to the lee of the Apennines were markedly different in the STB10 and MMTN simulations. This led to different convective and precipitation patterns, with the MMTN simulation exhibiting heavier convection over the Po Valley while the heaviest convection in STB10 was upstream of the Apennines. These results suggest that, at best, the stable layer in the STB10 simulation can only be roughly approximated by terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examines a transmission system which adapts a finite set of code rates and a continuously varying transmit power. We propose a technique for finding the average reliable throughput (ART)-maximizing policy satisfying an average power constraint for a slow fading additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. ART is a measure motivated by the information outage and can, for example, be argued to characterize the long-term average throughput of a data packet transmission system with a transmit queue and a feedback protocol which requests retransmission of erroneously received packets. Given the size of the code rate set L, the ART-maximizing policy has the following properties. 1. For a given set of code rates, the optimum allocation policy suggests quantizing the fading state space into a set of L + 1 corresponding intervals. For each quantization interval the optimal policy specifies a minimum transmitted power assignment which guarantees zero information outage. The optimum average power assignments across quantization intervals have a waterfilling relationship with respect to the interval channel quality measure. 2. The joint optimization of quantization intervals and the corresponding rate assignments are shown to have multiple local maxima. Nevertheless, this optimization problem can be reduced to a simple one-dimensional search over a parameter which determines the outage interval. Numerical results show that, in a Rayleigh-fading channel, there is only a 1-dB gap between the ergodic capacity and the throughput of a two-rate adaptive transmission system when the throughput is less than 6 bits/s/Hz. A special case of our optimal policy assignment is the optimal power and rate policy for an adaptive M-QAM system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it is proposed that mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) and a mesovortex (MV) were embedded within a wavelike disturbance over North Africa that led to the genesis of Hurricane Alberto (2000). The wavelike disturbance observed may be classified as an African easterly wave (AEW). Based on the cloud-top area and brightness values observed from infrared satellite data, four genesis and three lysis stages are identified within a cycle of moist convection associated with the pre-Alberto disturbance. The availability of water vapor is the most essential factor controlling the convective cycle of the pre-Alberto disturbance over the African continent. The presence of significant topography also contributes to the generation or decay of the associated MCCs through regulation of the water vapor supply. Further analysis of Meteosat satellite imagery reveals that the incipient disturbances for 23 of 34 eastern Atlantic tropical cyclones originated from the Ethiopian highlands (EH) region during the period of 1990–2001. The pre-Alberto disturbance was found to have exhibited characteristics of an AEW. At the EH, there existed two modes of disturbance development: a stationary mode and a propagating mode. The stationary mode corresponded with the generation of moist convection over the EH triggered by diurnally variant sensible heating, while the propagating mode corresponded with the generation and propagation of MVs and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) from the lee side of the EH over a period of about 2 to 3 days. These components of the disturbance propagated westward together within an AEW train at an average speed of 11.6 m s-1. The average wavelength was roughly estimated to be about 2200 km. To prove that disturbances generated at the EH are indeed AEWs, the NCAR Regional Climate Model Version 3.0 is adopted to simulate the event. The simulated fields showed that both the propagating wave and stationary mountain wave modes were present, the convection was generated over the EH, and the pre-Alberto disturbance was generated near the lee of the EH. In addition, the convective cycle detected from NCEP reanalysis data was also reflected in the simulated fields. The simulated AEW possesses similar wave characteristics as the observed pre-Alberto disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the rotational motion of objects trapped in a focused laser beam (optical tweezers). Micrometer-sized flat slabs are fabricated using two-photon photopolymerization. These objects, trapped by linearly-polarized light, tend to align parallel to the polarization plane. This alignment effect is attributed to the polarization anisotropy resulting from the object shape and we present a simple electromagnetic approach to estimate the resulting optical torque. Micro-rotors of different sizes are studied experimentally. We characterize the behavior of micro-objects when the light polarization is rotated at constant speed. Our theoretical approach gives a good prediction of how the size of micro-objects affects their rotation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamical impacts of an unusually strong stable layer that developed over the Po Valley and northern Ligurian Sea during Mesoscale Alpine Program (MAP) intensive observation period 8 (IOP-8) on the formation of convection over the Ligurian Sea are explored. Based on numerically simulated equivalent potential temperature, wind vectors, and by a trajectory analysis of parcels both beneath and above the stable layer, it is shown that the stable layer behaved as a material surface or “effective mountain” to the airstreams impinging on it from the south. Additional analyses show that the leading edge of the stable layer was collocated with maxima in upward motion and a strong positive moisture flux. Hence, it was further argued and demonstrated through inspection of soundings upstream of the cold dome and trajectory analyses that lifting by the stable layer enhanced convective activities over the Ligurian Sea. Finally, processes contributing to the maintenance of the stable layer during IOP-8 were explored. It was found that the differential advection of a warm, less stable air mass on top of a cooler, more stable air mass helped maintain the stable layer. The Ligurian Apennines made a secondary contribution to the stagnation of the cool air in the Po Valley by partially blocking this air mass from exiting the valley to the south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, idealized simulations are performed for a conditionally unstable flow over a two-dimensional mountain ridge in order to investigate the propagation and types of cloud precipitation systems controlled by the unsaturated moist Froude number (Fw) and the convective available potential energy (CAPE). A two-dimensional moist flow regime diagram, based on Fw and CAPE, is proposed for a conditionally unstable flow passing over a two-dimensional mesoscale mountain ridge. The characteristics of these flow regimes are 1) regime I: flow with an upstream-propagating convective system and an early, slowly moving convective system over the mountain; 2) regime II: flow with a long-lasting orographic convective system over the mountain peak, upslope, or lee slope; 3) regime III: flow with an orographic convective or mixed convective and stratiform precipitation system over the mountain and a downstream-propagating convective system; and 4) regime IV: flow with an orographic stratiform precipitation system over the mountain and possibly a downstream-propagating cloud system. Note that the fourth regime was not included in the flow regimes proposed by Chu and Lin and Chen and Lin. The propagation of the convective systems is explained by the orographic blocking and density current forcing associated with the cold-air outflow produced by evaporative cooling acting against the basic flow, which then determines the propagation and cloud types of the simulated precipitation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the distributions of 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in automobile accident deaths suspected of involving marijuana intake. Distribution of THC-COOH in urine, blood, vitreous humor, and bile; Matrix effects; Detection of the highest concentrations of THC-COOH in bile.

This paper investigates the local circulation associated with a heavy orographic rainfall event during 19–21 September 1999 [Mesoscale Alpine Programme Intensive Observing Period 2B (MAP IOP-2B)]. This event was simulated with a 5-km horizontal grid spacing using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The MM5 simulation reproduced the basic features such as the timing and location of the deep trough and the associated precipitation evolution, though the total amount of precipitation is slightly higher than that measured by rain gauges (∼30% in 24 h). The near-surface flow was dominated by an easterly jet originally from the Adriatic Sea and a southerly jet from the Gulf of Genoa. A significant westward turning occurred when the southerly flow approached the south side of the Alps. This deflection was caused by boundary layer friction and rotation, as well as mountain blocking effects. Flow was generally from the south above the surface. Precipitation was mainly concentrated on the windward slopes, especially near the Lago Maggiore region. Sensitivity experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of upstream orography, the western flank of the Alps, boundary layer friction, and horizontal resolution. The results indicate that precipitation distribution and amount over the southern upslope region of the Alps were not directly related to either the coastal Apennine Mountains or the west flank of the Alps. The boundary layer friction reduces the total amount and alters the distribution of rainfall by weakening the wind near the surface. The 1.67-km horizontal grid spacing simulation indicates that heavy rainfall tended to be concentrated in the vicinity of individual mountain peaks. The total amount of rainfall was overpredicted along the windward slopes because of the strong upward motion that occurred on the upslope of the barrier. The results indicate the importance of dynamical forcing associated with upslope-induced and near-surface horizontal velocity convergence-induced vertical motion, which increases rapidly as horizontal resolution increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughput maximization of an adaptive transmission system with a finite number of transmission power levels and code rates for communication over slow fading channels is analyzed, based on the concept of information outage. Properties of throughput maximizing policies lead to an iterative algorithm that yields good system designs. Numerical results show that carefully designed discrete adaptive transmission systems with a small number of power levels and code rates can achieve throughput values close to ergodic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A time-weighted integral transform is presented to identify a continuous SISO or MIMO parametric model based on a single dynamic test under open-loop or closed-loop operation. Moving-horizon algorithms are proposed to obtain unbiased estimates of the model parameters. The off-line algorithm in a least-squares form and the on-line algorithm in a recursive form are provided. An effective technique based on pattern recognition is also developed to determine the system order and time delay from observed data in a simple manner. Furthermore, the proposed method can be easily applied as a model reduction technique that results in an ideal model with delay for any specified order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correspondence combines the concepts of ergodic capacity and capacity versus outage for fading channels, and explores variable-rate transmissions under a service outage constraint in a block flatfading channel model. A service outage occurs when the transmission rate is below a given basic rate. We solve the problem of maximizing the expected rate subject to the average power constraint and the service outage probability constraint. When the problem is feasible, the optimum power policy is shown to be a combination of water filling and channel inversion allocation, where the outage occurs at a set of channel states below a certain threshold. The service outage approach resolves the conflicting objectives of high average rate and low outage probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares foreign born Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims to native born white Christians on four economic outcomes in two nations: Britain and Canada. For Canada, our data come from the 1991 Census, for Britain from the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities (1994). Theory and research lead us to predict that, ceterisparibus, non-Christians will fare better in Canada on three of the four outcomes. In the main, however, this expectation does not hold up. Compared to their British counterparts, Canada's Muslims fare less well on labor force participation and Canada's Hindus and Sikhs less well on unemployment. Compared to their Canadian counterparts, British Muslims fare less well on unemployment. On occupation and earnings, we detect no cross-national differences. To explain the paucity of cross-national disparities, we draw on Reitz's argument that Canada's reputation as an attractive immigrant destination has been exaggerated. To explain the few differences we do find, we emphasize cross-national differences in religious discrimination and our inability to control adequately for differences in sending countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the mechanisms of cell regeneration, propagation, and development within two-dimensional multicell storms using sensitivity test. Details on the distinctive modes of cell development and propagation; Influence of advection mechanism on cell regeneration; Role of gravity wave mechanism on cell propagation within the storm.

Presents information on a study which investigated the possible forcing mechanisms for convection and its propagation over mesoscale mountains using a nonlinear cloud model. Model description and experiment design; Generation and propagation of convective systems over a mountain and moist flow regimes; Sensitivity to evaporative cooling and upstream blocking.

Describes a numerical weather prediction model used in a prototype forecast system for potential operational use at the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport in Texas. Focus on the system on meso-beta-scale aviation weather problems involving planetary boundary layer turbulence; Components of the system.

Mutation of the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) gene is a genetic determinant of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A Japanese family of 14 individuals, including 6 with HCM, was subjected to genetic and clinical assessment. Five exons of the cTnT gene were sequenced in all family members. A heterozygous or homozygous T[sup 340] →A (Phe[sup 110] →Ile) mutation in exon 9 of the cTnT gene was detected in 11 subjects. Morphological and functional evaluation of the left and right ventricles by echocardiography revealed that 4 of 9 individuals heterozygous for the mutant allele exhibited HCM with moderate cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy and other clinical features in the 2 subjects homozygous for the mutation were more severe than were those in heterozygous individuals with HCM. Thus, the clinical features of HCM due to the Phe[sup 110] →Ile mutation in the cTnT gene appear to be modified by a gene dosage effect.Copyright © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The characteristics of eucalyptus sawdust thermochemical reduction in supercritical CO 2 were explored. • The variation regulations of gas (e.g. H 2 , CH 4 , CO) with the different conditions were discovered. • The optimum reaction conditions of this work were summerized. • The reaction pathways of eucalyptus sawdust in supercritical CO 2 were predicted. To mitigate the effects of the greenhouse effect, the capture, utilization and sequestration of carbon have become a focus of attention to reduce CO 2 in the atmosphere. Supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 : T≥31.26 °C, P≥7.38 MPa) was employed to enhance the gasification process because of the advantages of near-liquid density and high solubility. In this work, a novel method of carbon utilization was proposed, in which waste biomass was gasified under the scCO 2 atmosphere. This work aimed to investigate the effects of concentrations (5–––20 wt%), temperatures (400–––700 °C), residence times (10–––40 min) and initial pressures on the gas–liquid-solid products. When reacting at 700 °C for 40 min (Initial pressure: 6.4 MPa), CO was produced to a maximum of 32.92 ± 0.13 mol/kg, at which CE and HE were 96.10 % and 41.44 % respectively. As the temperature increased, the variety and quantity of liquid-phase products declined substantially. Based on the experimental results, two reaction paths were predicted. The method is of great significance for the thermochemical reduction of CO 2 to high-calorific gases and liquids and is expected to provide technical support for the accelerated realization of the low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]