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This paper proposes the use of Transfer Learning from the Moon to Ceres for real-time autonomous crater detection operations on asteroids. This approach, based on the use of a U-Net for crater segmentation, starts with the network training on a Moon Digital Elevation Model; the trained model is then refined using two different strategies, one based on data augmentation and one based on fine tuning with small sets of Ceres images. Data from the DAWN mission was used, while the reference crater catalogue for Ceres is the one created by Zeilnhofer from LAMO data, containing 44,594 craters with diameter greater than 1 km in a latitude range of 84.66°S–89.62°N, full longitude. The loss function chosen during network training is the Focal Tversky Loss, which takes into consideration the imbalanced distribution of class pixels in the ground truth (pixels corresponding to crater rims represent approximately only 3% over the whole dataset). For both the Moon and Ceres, the U-Net output is post-processed with a template matching algorithm. The detected craters are counted and compared to the crater catalogue locations in order to compute metrics performances (precision, recall, F1 score) in the crater domain. Post-processing on the Moon reached performance of 84.12% F 1 score on the baseline model. The baseline and augmented models gave a lower performance on Ceres data, although comparable with the outcomes found in other works, with a best F 1 score of 70.17%. However, when the model is completely retrained starting from the baseline, it ends up with a best F 1 score of 79.96%. Finally, a strategy for the actual on-board implementation is proposed considering the NVIDIA Jetson TX2 accelerator. We demonstrated that the inference time of the model on the accelerator is on the order of few milliseconds without loss of performances, thus proving the possibility to consider this approach for future real-time on-board navigation systems. • U-Net training on Moon DEM data and TL on Ceres for autonomous crater detection. • Loss-based imbalanced class training for segmentation performance optimization. • Application of U-Net for asteroid crater detection for the first time. • On-board algorithm implementation in real-time on the Nvidia GPU TX2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The overall objective of this work was to characterize and model the temperature–pressure–viscosity relationship for used motor oil, and its blends with heavy petroleum residue, in a wide range of pressure and temperature. With this aim, used motor oil, and a vacuum residue commonly used as bituminous base were used as components of the blends. Blends of used motor oil and vacuum residue were prepared by mixing both components in a batch tank with a four-blade impeller. Subsequently, the mixtures were stored at room temperature. The rheological study was performed using a controlled stress rheometer, using both a conventional coaxial cylinder geometry, and a coaxial cylinder-pressure cell. From the experimental results obtained it is apparent that whilst the used motor oil behaves as a Newtonian liquid, the blends behave as non-Newtonian fluids, showing a shear-thinning behaviour in most of the shear rate range studied, at atmospheric pressure, in a temperature range comprised between 0 and 60°C. The viscous flow curves results obtained at different differential pressures prove that the influence of time-dependent phenomena on viscosity is not significant in most of the shear rate range studied (between 1 and 100s−1). Pressure–temperature–viscosity relationship modelling, at constant shear rate, can be performed from pressure sweep data at constant temperature, temperature sweep data at constant pressure, or pressure–temperature sweep data. In this sense, the FMT predicts the above-mentioned relationship fairly well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of noninvasive bladder lithiasis treatment without associated prostate surgery to know whether bladder lithiasis is an absolute indication for prostate surgery. Methods: Fifty patients with bladder lithiasis were entered in a prospective trial and were treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy if lithiasis was smaller than 4 cm2. Independent of the presence or absence of bladder outlet obstruction, in no case was prostate surgery associated. The variables studied were the effectiveness of the treatment, changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and the subsequent need for desobstructive prostate surgery. The statistical study was performed using Student’s t test and the proportional hazards model. Results: Bladder lithiasis was successfully eliminated in 93% of the cases (in 77% of them with a single extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy session). The mean IPSS decreased from 17.7 to 9.7 points (P = 0.0001) after lithiasis elimination. After a mean follow-up of 22 months, a mere 8% of the patients needed subsequent prostate surgery because their IPSS had increased to 20 points or more. The sole prognostic factor for the need for ensuing prostate surgery was the pretreatment IPSS score (P = 0.042). Conclusions: Noninvasive management of bladder lithiasis with no associated prostate surgery is highly efficient and results in marked symptomatic improvement. Furthermore, the number of patients needing subsequent prostate surgery was very low at mid-term follow-up. Because of all of the above, the existence of bladder lithiasis is not an absolute indication for prostate surgery. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Endonasal surgery is already very common and its importance is increasing. Successful anaesthesia in endonasal sinus surgery is of critical importance for the success of the procedure and many surgeons prefer to use cocaine for this purpose. However, there is a great body of evidence that suggests that use of cocaine, even in experienced hands, can cause rapid, unexpected and severe toxic reactions. Therefore, its use in endonasal surgery can no longer be recommended, especially since better tolerated alternatives are available for topical and infiltration anaesthesia. These alternatives include lidocaine (lignocaine) and tetracaine (pantocaine) in combination with epinephrine (adrenaline), naphazoline or oxymetazoline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prelaryngeal position of the laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) in children, and to determine the influence of mask positioning on gastric insufflation and oropharyngeal air leakage. : A total of 100 children, 3–11 years old, scheduled for surgical procedures in the supine position under general anaesthesia were studied. After clinically satisfactory LMA placement, tidal volumes were increased stepwise until air entered the stomach, airway pressure exceeded 30 cmH2O, or air leakage from the mask seal prevented further increases in tidal volume. LMA position in relation to the laryngeal entrance was verified using a flexible bronchoscope. : The insertion of the LMA with a clinically satisfactory position was achieved in all patients at the first attempt. Gastric air insufflation occurred in five of 49 patients with malpositioned LMA. No incident of gastric air insufflation was observed in 51 patients with correctly positioned LMA. The minimum inspiratory pressure leading to mask leakage was 17 cmH2O for incorrectly positioned LMA, and 25 cmH2O for correctly positioned LMA. Clinically unrecognized LMA malposition was associated with a significantly increased incidence of either oropharyngeal leakage ( r = 0.59; P = 0.0001) or gastric insufflation ( r = 0.25; P = 0.01). : Clinically undetected LMA malpositioning is a significant risk factor for gastric air insufflation in children between 3 and 11 years, undergoing positive pressure ventilation, especially at inspiratory airway pressures above 17 cmH2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper includes the description of the design, construction and completion of a data acquisition system. The system is destined to the sampling of the work parameters of the generator of microwaves of the microtron MT-25 that will settle in the High Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology, Havana, Cuba. In order to guarantee the suitable operation of the system a monitor program in assembler language has been developed. This program allows the communication of the system with one personal computer through the interface RS-232, as well as executes the commands received through it. Also the development of a program of attention to the. system from one personal computer using the methods of the virtual instrumentation is included in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Up to 20% of HIV‐related focal brain lesion (FBL) diagnoses cannot be determined without invasive procedures. In such cases, brain biopsy is an important step in the evaluation algorithm. The aims of this study were to describe the clinical outcomes of patients with FBL, the proportion of diagnoses confirmed by brain biopsies and their aetiologies, and to analyse the proportion of patients in whom the biopsy motivated a change in therapeutic management. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed. The data from clinical records of patients with HIV‐related FBL admitted between January 2005 and December 2015 were reviewed. Results: A total of 137 patients were included in the study. The median age was 39 years [interquartile range (IQR) 33–44.5 years]. The median CD4 count was 54 cells/μL (IQR 21–124 cells/μL). Cerebral brain biopsy was performed in 21.16% of patients (29 of 137); 68.9% of these individuals (20 of 29) were diagnosed by histology, with results of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma in 20.6% (six of 29), progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in 6.8% (two of 29), toxoplasmosis in 6.8% (two of 29), tuberculoma in 6.8% (two of 29), and other diagnoses in 27.6% (eight of 29). In nine patients, the histology was nonspecific. In 75.8% of patients (22 of 29), the result of the biopsy led to a change in the therapeutic management. We did not observe higher rates of mortality related to the procedure. Overall mortality at 30 and 90 days was similar in patients who were and were not biopsied. Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study, cerebral biopsy was associated with significant adjustments in therapeutic management for a high percentage of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and Objective Psoriatic arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin and joints. Anti- TNF drugs reduce the severity of the disease in the long term. This study compares the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and golimumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Methods Direct comparison was based on a literature search of drug comparison studies, whereas indirect treatment comparison was based on phase III clinical trials with biological agents, involving similar populations and durations, and with the same outcome. ACR50 was taken as primary outcome for comparison, whereas ACR20 and ACR70 were used as secondary outcomes. Indirect comparisons were made using infliximab as the reference drug and the Bucher method. In calculating δ (the maximum acceptable difference as a clinical criterion of equivalence), use was made of half of the absolute risk reduction obtained in the meta-analysis of the clinical trials included in the indirect comparison ( ARR 32%; δ: 16%). The four anti- TNF drugs were also compared in relation to the secondary outcomes and adverse effects. Results and Discussion Reported direct and indirect comparisons of the four drugs did not include golimumab, and did not yield conclusive results. Four clinical trials - one for each drug studied - were identified. The estimated differences for the primary outcome, ACR50, between infliximab and the other drugs were adalimumab ( ARR 4%, 95% CI −9·5 to 17·5), etanercept ( ARR 4%, 95% CI −10·5 to 18·5) and golimumab ( ARR 9%, 95% CI −5·4 to 23·4). Likewise, there were no relevant differences between the drugs in relation to the secondary efficacy outcomes, except for etanercept, which was less effective in ACR70 response. For adverse reactions, there were also no significant differences except for injection site, reactions which were more frequent with etanercept, with a mean difference of 26% relative to infliximab. What is new and Conclusion No significant differences were found in ACR50 responses to the four drugs after 24 weeks. Injection-site reactions were more common with etanercept, but this was insufficient to invalidate the inference that clinically the four drugs can be regarded as clinically equivalent for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the research paper "Correlation Between Prenatal Ultrasound Measurements and Newborn Outcome in the Free Loop of the Small Bowel in Gastroschisis," by J.C. Otero-Pinto and colleagues is presented.

To determine the most frequent urodynamic observations associated with bladder calculi, and to assess whether the presence of calculi alters these observations. Fifty patients with bladder stones were included in a prospective study in which two urodynamic tests were used, one at inclusion and another once the patient was stone- free after treatment by noninvasive methods (mainly extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy). The results from the urodynamic evaluation with the stone in the bladder were: bladder outlet obstruction in 51%, detrusor overactivity in 68%, detrusor under-activity in 10%, and a normal study in 18%. There were no significant differences between the urodynamic study before or after treatment in maximum flow rate and postvoid residual volume, detrusor overactivity and detrusor pressure at maximum flow. Conversely to what has been accepted for years, bladder calculi are not always associated with bladder outlet obstruction and the urodynamic results are not influenced by the presence of bladder stones during the urodynamic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the population structure and reproduction of Polycheles typhlops on the upper slope of the Ionian Sea. Abundance of females more than males; Longest carapace length recorded; Peak of ovigerous females.

A letter to the editor is presented about an article in "Pediatric Allergy and Immunology" periodical regarding beta-lactam-positive allergy.