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This paper aims to understand the changing dynamics of internal labour market segmentation intertwined with the history of working-class struggle in an industrial belt in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Nuances of workers' class struggle in the automobile sector in Delhi-NCR over the last 15 years have shown that unity between permanent and contract workers was key to several successful struggles against worsening work conditions and management control within the global value chains of automobile production. Our fieldwork findings, along with direct and indirect political engagement in the region, reveal that increasing salaries and allotment of supervisory roles to small sections of permanent workers, coupled with the simultaneous fragmentation a lower strata of workers into multiple categories with very low salaries, benefits and heavy workloads, have been significant attempts by capital to break class solidarity among different sections of workers. Relatively pro-labour legislation and trade unions tend to concentrate in high-wage zones, while low-wage and precarious employment remains unprotected by such institutional mechanisms. Labour segmentation is inherent to capitalist exploitation, guarded by institutional mechanisms. Advanced mechanisation reduces distinction of skill requirements between highly paid permanent and lowly paid contract workers. In this context, labour segmentation is a political response to trade unionism from the side of capitalist management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the notion of the migration state, this article introduces the concepts of 'migration rent' and 'immigration rentier states' to describe how states that rely heavily on immigration for their wealth derive unearned income from immigration. Both concepts contribute to better understand of the role of migration in the historical transformation of states and the relationship between state, market and society in rentier monarchies and non-rentier states. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, I show that the Gulf monarchies, and Saudi Arabia in particular, progressively governmentalized direct and indirect forms of migration rent through migration control and taxation of migrants, both of which were initially brokered by private actors, notably through the kafala or sponsorship system. In doing so, states institutionalise labour market segmentation and differential exclusion of migrants intersecting class, race, nationality, gender, and age. This produces a 'skill-based order of things'. Rather than outliers, Saudi Arabia offers a magnifying glass that reveals global dynamics of state-led migration control and class-based differential exclusion. Beyond empirical findings, this article thus demonstrates the potential for theoretical innovation in the social sciences based on non-Western polities calling to test the notions of 'migration rent' and 'immigration rentier states' across contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of multidimensional segregation in Stockholm. Drawing on official statistics and existing empirical research, spatial and socio-economic segregation are found to be increasingly tied to ethnicity, in a global city largely divided between affluent inner-city and marginalized peripheral boroughs. The analysis finds that migration flows' impact on Stockholm's asymmetric development must be understood in a historical perspective, as particular interactions between structural constraints and individual factors, generated by ongoing processes of residential segregation and labour market segmentation. Coinciding with Sweden's shift towards refugee and family dependent immigration, these processes are traced to public policies driving housing market liberalization and financialization, and labour market bifurcation. Reversal of the city's pronounced segregation, where cumulative interactions of segmentation processes cause a vicious circle of downward assimilation of less-qualified migrants and reactive ethnicity among marginalized immigrant youths, constitutes a formidable task Swedish Governments have so far failed to properly address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johan Sandberg's article offers a tale of socio-economic polarization in the processes of immigration, as found in the mutual conditioning of residential segregation and segmented labour markets. The analysis offers a way to link specific to more general mechanisms generating social inequalities; for example, the specific mechanisms of filtering, gentrification, and (informal) social network ties produce a hard-to-reverse ratchet effect. Future analysis could gain from looking at potential counter-tendencies in housing areas not yet considered. Johan Sandberg's article raises fascinating questions in a comparative European perspective, in particular with respect to uneven neoliberalization in a social democratic welfare state and its effects on segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to residential segregation, housing for low-income households is priced significantly lower than it should be. Market price is significantly lower than it should be, and the price of housing for upper- and middle-class households is much higher. To reach these to these conclusions, this article explores the links between different segments of the residential market and residential segregation. Monopoly rent segregation is the type of land rent that best explains these linkages, as it is a concept that connects the existence of social classes. The concept connects the existence of social classes and the confinement of social groups in contemporary metropolises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: El objetivo de este número monográfico es enriquecer el debate sobre la nueva regulación («rerregulación») del derecho individual del trabajo, aplicando el concepto de segmentación legal desde una perspectiva mundial y distinguiendo tres funciones de la legislación laboral: estandarización, constitución de privilegios e igualación. En este artículo introductorio se utiliza una nueva base de datos creada por los autores, que permite agrupar los países según una tipología de segmentación legal. Además de abordar las cuestiones metodológicas, se exponen las conclusiones preliminares, contrastándolas con los estudios regionales y temáticos de este monográfico, que proponen políticas destinadas a crear y aplicar normas protectoras inclusivas para todos los trabajadores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Tras estudiar el consenso bibliográfico sobre la interacción de la legislación laboral con el género, se distinguen las siguientes funciones del ordenamiento jurídico: constituir las instituciones del mercado laboral, sostenerlas, corregir sus resultados indeseados y transformarlas. La relación de trabajo típica y las instituciones del empleo formal, constituidas en virtud de ese proceso, tienen efectos segmentadores de género. La corrección normativa de esos efectos tiende a perpetuarlos. Los autores propugnan una alternativa transformadora de formulación de nuevas normas basadas en dos principios generales: universalización del ámbito de aplicación y adaptación del contenido a los intereses de mujeres y hombres en diferentes situaciones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Al configurar la relación de trabajo a nivel internacional, la OIT reprodujo inicialmente la narrativa normativa occidental de la relación de trabajo típica. Cuando el Sur global y las mujeres ganaron voz, una narrativa igualitaria alternativa se opuso a la hegemonía de la relación de trabajo típica y generó una estratificación de narrativas. Desde el institucionalismo histórico y la teoría de la estructuración, los autores observan la trayectoria de estas narrativas y tratan de explicarlas por la evolución de la composición de la OIT y de la representación femenina en la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo. De ello extraen una serie de conclusiones jurídico‐políticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Los mercados laborales de África Subsahariana se caracterizan por una división de género entre los sectores formal e informal, que proviene de una racionalidad introducida por la segmentación legal colonial racista con sesgo de género en varios regímenes jurídicos dentro y fuera de la legislación laboral. La segmentación en los entornos poscoloniales no puede entenderse ni superarse sin analizar los orígenes institucionales coloniales específicos de mercantilización del trabajo. El «empleo típico colonial en condiciones de explotación» en África Subsahariana favorecía la contratación formal de hombres negros africanos al servicio de empleadores europeos, excluyendo o marginando a las mujeres y las relaciones laborales domésticas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Se estudia el impacto de la legislación laboral en la segmentación de facto del mercado de trabajo en 22 países europeos de 1991 a 2014. Se distinguen tres funciones de la legislación laboral basadas en el concepto de segmentación legal —estandarización (protectora), constitución de privilegios e igualación— y se estudian sus efectos sobre el empleo global, típico y atípico, masculino y femenino mediante estadísticas descriptivas y multivariantes. Fuertes privilegios, combinados con un alto grado de estandarización, favorecen el empleo típico masculino y atípico femenino, mientras que la igualación en favor de las mujeres y demás grupos marginados aumenta el empleo atípico masculino. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: En el presente artículo se examina cómo han evolucionado las funciones reguladoras de la legislación laboral en la región de la Comunidad de África Meridional para el Desarrollo (SADC) y se señalan casos de segmentación legal del mercado de trabajo. Los autores explican las características demográficas de la economía informal en los Estados miembros de la SADC y concluyen que, a pesar de la constitucionalización del derecho del trabajo, los mecanismos de legislación laboral de la región contribuyen sustancialmente a la segmentación legal de la economía. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Siguiendo el marco de Dingeldey et al. (2021), pero con un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la segmentación legal del trabajo en China, la India, Malasia y Viet Nam, prestando atención a los niveles de exclusión y a las jerarquías de protección otorgada. El autor observa varios factores que diferencian a estos países de los del Norte y que determinan sus mercados de trabajo: el tamaño relativo de la población activa que opera fuera de la cobertura efectiva de la reglamentación laboral; la terminología jurídica, de difícil traducción a los idiomas occidentales; y la historia jurídica, especialmente en lo que respecta al desajuste entre los marcos jurídicos y el mercado laboral resultante del colonialismo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: Usando la tipología de regímenes laborales de Dingeldey et al. (2021), basada en tres funciones —estandarización, constitución de privilegios e igualación— se estudia la segmentación legal del trabajo en cinco países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México y Uruguay), distinguiendo tres modalidades —ausencia de cobertura, trato diferenciado y elusión de las normas— que se traducen en desigualdad y precariedad laboral. Las legislaciones estudiadas cubren el trabajo asalariado pero no el independiente. La informalidad resulta de la falta de fiscalización y de un entorno productivo desfavorable. Se observan diferentes formas y grados de protección del empleo estándar y no estándar, así como reglas compensatorias junto a otras destinadas a eliminar el trato desigual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital (SC) plays a fundamental role in immigration by easing entry into a new environment. We advance a novel approach to assessing the role of SC for immigrants' labor market incorporation. First, we isolate the impact of SC activation from the mere presence of potential help. Second, we disentangle the diverse components of migration-related SC by distinguishing between individual migration- (IM) and community migration-level (CM) connections in the country of destination. Third, we trace the roles of IM SC and CM SC across multiple labor market outcomes, ranging from the search to secure the first job to the quality of the first job to longer-term occupational mobility. Absent activation, IM SC has virtually no impact on any of the outcomes. Rather, migrants' IM SC yield their fundamental impact when activated, contributing to a successful job search while steering them into first jobs that are of lower-quality relative to their pre-migration occupation. By contrast, CM SC facilitates the initial job search and filters immigrants into higher-quality first jobs. Moreover, immigrants who arrive when CM SC is at its most mature stage reap the clearest benefits in improving their occupational status. These findings underscore the importance of both early settlement IM SC and CM SC in the processes of immigrants' labor market stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant interest in the changing nature of employment as a critical social and economic challenge facing society—especially the decline in the so-called Standard Employment Relationship (SER) and rise in more insecure, precarious forms of employment—scholars have struggled to operationalize the multifaceted and heterogeneous nature of contemporary worker-employer relationships within empirical analyses. Here we investigate the character and distribution of employment relationships in the U.S., drawing on a representative sample of wage-earners and self-employed from the General Social Survey (2002–2018). We use the multidimensional construct of employment quality, which includes both contractual (e.g., wages, contract type) and relational (e.g., employee representation and participation) aspects of employment. We further employ a typological measurement approach, using latent class analysis, to explicitly examine how the multiple aspects of employment cluster together in modern labor markets. We present eight distinct employment types in the U.S., including one resembling the historical conception of the SER model (24% of the total workforce), and others representing various constellations of favorable and adverse employment features. These employment types are unevenly distributed across society, in terms of who works these jobs and where they are found in the labor market. Importantly, women, those with lower education, and younger workers are more likely to be in precarious forms of employment. More generally, our typology reveals limitations associated with binary conceptions of standard vs. non-standard employment, or insider–outsider dichotomies envisioned within dual labor market theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Since the XXI century, different governments in Latin America implemented social policies to promote the «Social, Solidarity and / or Popular Economy» (SSE). In Argentina, these emerging programs in the heat of the 2001 crisis and since then undergo different modifications associated with: the different phases of the economic cycle and the political sign of the different government administrations. Main objective Therefore, this research aims to study the main trends and transformations suffered by policies aimed at SSE in Argentina during the period 2001-2019. Method and technique From the perspective of critical theory and from the content analysis of different secondary sources, the different programs implemented from the portfolio of the Ministry of Social Development that are oriented towards the SSE implemented between 2001 and 2019 are studied. Results Both the appearance of SSE programs and their transformations are linked, on the one hand, to the impact of neoliberalism on the segmentation of the labor market and the consequent massification of social policies; and, on the other, to the gravitation of the levels of conflict of the unemployed movement in our country. Conclusion The analysis makes it possible to postulate that the trend towards the massification of social policy is a characteristic that runs through the entire period, regardless of the political sign of the government. At the same time, transformations are registered -especially during the Macri government-towards the weakening of cooperativism and the associative components and a tendency towards individual responsibility and the individualized transfer of recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics of migration often claim that migrant workers displace local workers from jobs and apply downward pressure on wages. This article begins from the premise that it is impossible to understand the impact of migrant workers on labour markets without considering the functioning of law. Drawing on a reconstructed version of legal institutionalism, one that attends to the structuring influences of capitalist political economy and racism, this article considers the mediating role played by labour market institutions, such as collective bargaining and the contract of employment. An analysis of the historiography of migration to the UK since 1945 shows that labour market institutions have played a key role in influencing the inflow of migrant workers as well as the method of their incorporation into the labour market. In turn, migrant workers have intensified dynamics in the labour market that legal institutions have helped create, such as labour market segmentation. Migrant workers have also impacted the legal institutions themselves, either by being crucial actors in the creation of new legal institutions or by shaping the operation of existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on the division of labour and labour market segmentation has generally stressed that young people and migrants are, for different reasons, the most disadvantaged categories of workers. Faced with these inequalities, numerous studies have investigated how young people represent and understand their social disadvantage. Similar research on migrant workers is very limited, however, especially as regards young migrants. This article aims to contribute to filling this gap. Our goal is to examine how young adult migrants represent their experiences of ethnic, gender and generational disadvantage and discrimination in the occupational domain. The paper is based on an analysis of in-depth interviews conducted with young adult migrants of Moroccan and Romanian origin living in the Veneto region of Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do the economic effects of immigration affect radical right support? The evidence in support of the labour market competition theory — which posits that the economic threat posed by immigration to jobs and wages leads to radical right voting — has been mixed. On the one hand, individual‐level surveys underreport economic drivers because of social desirability bias. On the other hand, contextual studies show contradictory findings due to an over‐reliance on units of analysis that are too aggregated to meaningfully capture the competitive threat posed by immigrants. This paper identifies the influence of labour market competition on radical right voting at a local level in contexts where native workers are directly affected by the arrival of immigrants who have similar or higher skillsets. Using an original longitudinal dataset of fine‐grained municipal electoral, demographic and economic data from France over the 2002–2017 period, the paper provides empirical evidence of local contextual influences of economic competition between natives and immigrants of any skillset. Under local conditions of material deprivation, measured by the local unemployment rate, the effect of labour market competition on municipalities' radical right vote share is amplified. Moreover, higher radical right support is observed in municipalities with a higher share of any one of the following groups: low‐skilled natives, medium‐skilled immigrants or high‐skilled immigrants. This supports the hypothesis that immigrants with higher qualifications are compelled to accept lower‐skilled jobs, and are thus perceived as a competitive threat to low‐skilled natives. By reconciling radical right contextual studies and research on the political economy of immigration policies, this paper highlights the importance of a local analysis in detecting the effect of labour market competition on radical right support. This paper also explains why some local areas are more prone to radical right support than others over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the impacts of new mining projects in Africa is generally set in a normative debate about their possible contribution to development, which leads to a representation of African societies as divided between beneficiaries and victims of foreign investments. Based on research in the Congolese copperbelt, this article aims to examine in more detail the inequalities generated by the recent mining boom by taking the processes of labour market segmentation as a starting point. It shows that the labour market in the mining sector has progressively been organized along three intersecting lines that divide it: the first is between employment in industrial and artisanal mining companies, the second is between jobs for mining or subcontracting companies and the third is between jobs for expatriates, Congolese skilled workers and local unskilled workers. Far from simply reflecting existing social inequalities, the labour market has been actively involved in their creation, and its control has caused growing tensions in the Congolese copperbelt region. Although largely neglected in the literature on extractive industries, processes of labour market segmentation are key to making sense of the impacts of mining investments on the shape of societies in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postwar migration to "western" countries has gone hand in hand with the development of ethnically segmented labor markets, particularly in low-skill roles where entry requirements are minimal. While numerous theories have been forwarded as to why such situations occur, it has remained difficult to empirically test the relative impact of the many interacting processes that produce segmentation in the labor market. In this article, we investigate the processes of ethnic segmentation in low-skilled labor markets, where referral hiring is the norm, with particular reference to the role of ethnically homogeneous social networks and forms of discrimination. We employ an agent-based modeling approach, adapting key elements from Waldinger and Lichter's widely cited networked explanation of ethnic labor market segmentation. This approach allows us to provide a different lens on theories of ethnic labor market segmentation, investigating the relative impacts of different causal processes that are difficult to investigate in this way using other social science approaches. The overall results from our model indicate that ethnically homogeneous social networks have the effect of increasing the level of ethnic segmentation within a referral-based labor market, but that these networks also help immigrant populations grow and protect them from the negative impacts of employer discrimination. Furthermore, these networks have a greater impact on labor market segmentation than discrimination alone. In conclusion, this sociologically informed agent-based model provides important insights into the manner and extent in which changes in social conditions may affect population-level phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the critical theory, this article studies the Argentine social policy from 2001 to 2015. This analysis is carried out in light of the aspects assumed by the labor market during this period, which are characterized by be of economic growth with a total employment increase, but also due to the persistence of some employment problems that are consolidated and presented as structural and difficult to reverse. In this framework and, In this framework and, using content analysis as a methodological tool, in this article it is maintained that the State, through social policies, paradoxically reproduce the segmentation of the labor market since, on the one hand, identifying this problem is difficult to reverse --implementing specific policies for the specifically vulnerable population-- on the other, promoting the blurring of the borders between the employed population and the unemployed population and between the different segments of workers that make up the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2004/2007 EU enlargements rendered CEE citizens legally equal to EU labour market participants. However, CEE migrants still face 'racialisation' and segmentation in North-Western European labour markets. Similar processes might extend to EU-South migrants, giving rise to a division of labour, whereby CEE and EU-South migrants end up in poor-quality, low-pay jobs. We compare the labour market integration of recent intra-EU migrants (EU8, EU2, EU-South, EU-West/EEA) in the UK, Germany and Denmark. Using labour force, microcensus and register data, we model quantitative and qualitative integration through labour force participation and wages. We find no significant differences in labour force participation between nationals and migrants in the UK. Whilst in both Denmark and Germany, the labour force participation of EU-migrants is significantly lower. Notwithstanding differences in migration trends, labour markets and welfare regimes, we find evidence of a division of labour along occupational and industry lines − that translates into wage differences. EU-West/EEA migrants occupy better jobs (even outperforming nationals), followed by EU-South and CEE migrants. In Denmark and Germany, EU8 and EU2 migrants' wages are lower than those of nationals even after controlling for differences in occupations. These findings suggest that inequalities across the EU are reproduced rather than converging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with traditional public schools (TPS), charter schools on average have much higher teacher turnover rates. Our study draws on segmented labor market theory to examine the dynamics of the teacher labor market in charters and TPS, focusing on newly hired teachers. Based on longitudinal data for Utah's public school teachers, we employ multiple methods to determine how the timing of newly hired teachers' decisions to transfer or exit can be attributed to the sector differences. Results indicate that newly hired teachers in charters are more likely to exit the teaching profession and less likely to transfer to another school than TPS teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the works of literature that illustrate poor Southern farmers' perception of time to draw some conclusions about temporal heterogeneity in modem America. Topics discussed include ways in which literary works dramatize the tension between diverging perceptions of temporality; and representation of clocks and time in James Agee's "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men; and "Richard Wright's short story "Long Black Song" that demonstrates the processes of uneven modernization.

The present study intends to emphasize crucial aspects regarding the occupational structure of Romania's population, for all of its 41 counties and the Municipality of Bucharest, based on statistical data from the last census. As a more general aspect, out of the 20,121,641 inhabitants, 45.6% (9,180,337 people) were active, while the remaining 54.4% (10,941,304 people) were inactive. In terms of major economic sectors, we observed a high percentage of employees in the service sector, 43.2%, followed by agriculture, 29.2%, industry and constructions with 23.5%, while the quaternary sector employed 4.1%. The potentially active population, the unemployed, made up 7.3% of the active population. Regarding the inactive population, most were pensioners, 39%, followed by pupils and students with 27,3%, then by other categories of dependent people, with 22.8%, and stay-at-home workers with 10.9%. According to their professional status, the vast majority were employees (69.8%), followed by self-employed (17.1%), family workers -- unpaid (11.8%), business owners (1.2%) etc. When it comes to their educational status, 66.7% graduated the secondary cycle (high school, professional or apprentice), while only 22.8% completed their tertiary education, followed by those with primary education (6.1%) and by those with post-secondary and foremen vocational education (3.4%); people with no education comprised 0.9% of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers both the division of the labor market and the occupational stereotyping as explanatory mechanisms of discrimination in hiring decisions. It hypothesized that recruiters would favor candidates applying for a position that is stereotypically identified with their ethnic category. We solicited 146 recruiters in order to evaluate the hireability of either a native-born or an immigrant candidate, either competent or not competent, for either a prestigious or a low-skill occupation, and to justify their decision in writing. As predicted, both the hireability ratings and the narrative comments produced by recruiters showed that native-born applicants were preferred for prestigious jobs while immigrants tended to be selected more often for low-skill positions.The discussion addresses various issues related to decision-making in recruitment settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find out how heterogeneous temporary employment is reflected in later labour market attachment. Using data from Finnish Quality of Work Life Surveys in 1990, 1997 and 2003 merged with an 8-year register follow-up, we compared permanent workers with three categories of temporary employees: substitutes, common fixed-term (e.g. project workers), and periphery (seasonal, on-call, temporary agency and employment subsidy) workers. First, we applied sequence analysis to identify the main activities at the end of each follow-up year for all employees with permanent and temporary contracts. On this basis, we formed six typical employment sequence clusters. Second, we performed multinomial logistic regression to find out whether there are statistically significant differences between temporary and permanent employees in terms of how they are divided between the sequence clusters. Four in five permanent employees were in stable employment over the following 8 years, compared to only two in five temporary periphery workers. The corresponding proportion for substitute workers was 70% and for common fixed-term workers 64%. Compared to permanent workers, those in common fixed-term or periphery temporary employment were more likely to become unemployed, whereas substitute workers were not. Our major finding is that periphery employment clearly increases the risk of being edged out of the labour market through retirement, especially on disability pension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional publishing, female authors’ titles command nearly half (45%) the price of male authors’ and are underrepresented in more prestigious genres, and books are published by publishing houses, which determined whose books get published, subject classification, and retail price. In the last decade, the growth of digital technologies and sales platforms have enabled unprecedented numbers of authors to bypass publishers to publish and sell books. The rise of indie publishing (aka self-publishing) reflects the growth of the “gig” economy, where the influence of firms has diminished and workers are exposed more directly to external markets. Encompassing the traditional and the gig economy, the book industry illuminates how the gig economy may disrupt, replicate, or transform the gender discrimination mechanisms and inequality found in the traditional economy. In a natural experiment spanning from 2002 to 2012 and including over two million book titles, we compare discrimination mechanisms and inequality in indie and traditional publishing. We find that indie publishing, though more egalitarian, largely replicates traditional publishing’s gender discrimination patterns, showing an unequal distribution of male and female authors by genre (allocative discrimination), devaluation of genres written predominantly by female authors (valuative discrimination), and lower prices within genres for books by female authors (within-job discrimination). However, these discrimination mechanisms are associated with far less price inequality in indie, only 7%, in large part due to the smaller and lower range of prices in indie publishing compared to traditional publishing. We conclude that, with greater freedom, workers in the gig economy may be inclined to greater equality but will largely replicate existing labor market segmentation and the lower valuation of female-typical work and of female workers. Nonetheless, price setting for work may be more similar for workers in the gig economy due to market competition that will compress prices ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an analysis of the transitions from the education system to the labour market in five Arab Mediterranean countries: Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia. To approach this question, the issue is contextualised, the situation of the young people in relation to employment is analysed using existing theory, and four hypotheses are proposed on the segmentation of these countries' labour markets. Then, these hypotheses are examined in the light of the data on employment structures and access to the labour market of the different social groups in the Arab Mediterranean countries obtained through the SAHWA Youth Survey 2016 (2017) and the SAHWA Ethnographic Fieldwork (2016). The results confirm that this transition poses a serious problem in most of the region's countries due to the drastic rise in youth unemployment rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, Ciccone's ( ) approach is applied to the Spanish case in 2011 but by estimating it using local labor markets (LLMs) instead of NUTS‐2 or NUTS‐3 regions. It is especially relevant in the case of Spain because the NUTS‐3 (provinces) are large regions in comparison with other cases in Europe. From a sample of income taxpayers published by the Spanish Fiscal Studies Institute, we derive figures on average wages by worker on the scale of LLMs. We argue that working at this level of spatial disaggregation is more in line with the idea of externalities from agglomerations, which are generated on a local scale. We can also observe intra‐regional heterogeneity and how the urban wage premium changes along the entire distribution of cities, including small‐medium size urban areas or rural areas. The empirical analysis is based on several estimation strategies, namely, ordinary least squares, two‐stages least squares, quantile regressions (QR), and instrumental variable quantile regressions (IVQR) estimators; they all find a significantly positive effect of agglomeration in the conditional mean of wages. This result can be estimated along the conditional distribution of wages. According to the QR and IVQR estimates, important variations are found along the distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the changes that Arab families in Israel have undergone over three generations. It focuses on change and preservation in the division of labor between spouses, in the attitudes toward it, and оn how decisions are made in the family. It also examines the factors contributing to the preservation of traditional characteristics and those contributing to change. The study included 378 Moslem and Christian Arab women from three generations (grandmothers, mothers, and daughters). The findings indicate significant changes: the younger the generation is, the less traditional are the attitudes it holds and the more egalitarian the life of the couple is. The factors found to promote change were the woman’s education, work outside the home, intensive contacts with the Jewish population, and living near Jewish communities. The factor that was found to contribute most to the preservation of traditional patterns is consensual solidarity with the mother. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article analyzes informal labor in Colombia in recent years. Starting from discussing the concept of informal labor in structuralism theory and institutionalism theory, the empirical strategies applied to the Colombian case are analyzed. Because informal labor has been related to the coexistence of labor segments, we analyze the existence of labor market segmentation in Colombia, finding that the Colombian labor market is indeed segmented. Finally, we discuss some recommendations of active public policy to counter informal labor in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the distinctive patterns of gender inequality in the primary and secondary labor markets in Korea. Previous studies that analyzed multiple disadvantages in the labor market tended to focus on comparing the gender wage gap between groups. By failing to distinguish the gender gap from discrimination, these studies often underestimate the severe within-job discrimination that women in minority positions experience. Using the wage gap decomposition method, this study analyzes the gender wage gap according to separate labor market positions. The results indicate that the size of the gender wage gap is greater in the primary labor market than in the secondary market, but that a sizable amount of the gap in the primary market can be explained by demographic differences between male and female workers. In the secondary labor market, the gender wage gap is relatively small, but mostly caused by within-job wage discrimination against women. The divergent pattern of gender inequality—large gap-small discrimination among organizational insiders and small gap-large discrimination between organizational outsiders—shows how the segmented labor market provides a structural condition to create the complexity of gender inequality, in which women experience different forms of disadvantage depending on their positions in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployment in Tanzania and many other sub-Saharan African countries has remained one of the daunting challenges in these nascent economies. Drawing on secondary sources, this article reviews and analyses the employment barriers tanzanian graduates face, with a view to discussing possible counter-strategies. the article reveals barriers to employment which include the choice of field of study, job–skills mismatch, ineffective career guidance, lack of confidence and poor communication skills, ineffective labour market information system (LMIS) and gaps in the employment policy. It argues that addressing these barriers requires deliberate efforts to inform prospective graduates about various occupation options through career guidance. there is a need to review university training curricula in order to incorporate key generic skills like communication and entrepreneurship. this will steer graduates towards self-employment amidst an almost saturated formal labour market. Indeed, a thorough assessment by higher learning institutions of the labour market needs vis-à-vis training programmes is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the determinants of self employment in a sample of six Latin American countries (El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Ecuador, Paraguay and Jamaica) by the estimation of OLS equations that express the change in the rate of self employment in terms of the rate of: unemployment, salaried employment, participation, economic growth, and remittances. The paper finds that female and male self employment have different responses to participation, unemployment, remittances and economic growth, suggesting the need for particular attention to gender. Particular importance resides in the result that male self employment increases as male unemployment increases, but it does not respond to female unemployment. As well, male self employment decreases when economic growth increases, a response that does not take place in the case of female self employment. Human development and per capita social expenditures represent "lifeguards" that prevent falling into self employment, particularly important to women, and remittances have a stronger "push" effect on women to work in self employment than men. The results indicate that self employment is a means of subsistence in response to unemployment, economic stagnation, and inequality of opportunity and, as such, it is associated with poverty. Given the evidence that poor people die at an earlier age than the non-poor, in both developed and developing countries, the paper finds associations between self employment, poverty and premature death in Latin America. The paper concludes that self employment is a manifestation of a historical framework of inequality of opportunities and low taxation, which gives rise to persistent poverty trap. Low taxation results from income inequality and of the "capture" of government by the high income strata. This is a situation where tax increases are blocked and, in consequence, the public sector does not have sufficient revenues to strengthen equality of opportunity. The results contradict the argument that low taxation is conducive to the creation of jobs; instead, the results demostrate that the lack of sufficient tax revenues have incidence upon the expansion of the informal economy, poverty, and premature death. Low taxation relative to social needs violates the rights to live and work as contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines new media production in professional climbing through the prism of the work relationships between climbers and companies. The development of new media has driven significant transformations in the production, diffusion, and consumption of professional sports, notably in the relationships between athletes, companies, fans, and organizations. However, little is known on the influence of new media on the work of professional athletes and their relationships with companies. By drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Europe and the United States, I show that the production and diffusion of new media content have become key for professional rock climbers wishing to build their careers, and are complexly embedded in the organization of the labor market. This supports an understanding of the production of new media acknowledging the relationships between companies, athletes, and media producers. Indeed, producing and diffusing new media content have become a central part of the job of an athlete and brand ambassador for climbing companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microdata from the Labour Force Survey, this research analyzes occupational segregation in the Spanish labour market between 1999 and 2011from a double perspective. First, it performs a one-dimensional study of segregation, so it considers segregation by gender and segregation by nationality separately. Second, a two-dimensional study considers both manifestations of segregation. The study reveals that nationality is a relevant variable in explaining the evolution of gender segregation. It also reveals that immigrant workers show an increasing trend in contributing to segregation, being immigrant women the group with greatest degree of vulnerability in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern development trends in the labour market have been an increasingly important political and economic issue not only domestically but also on the European level. It proves the fact that in The Europe 2020 strategy, one of the main five points is the aim to increase the employment rate of the population (age: 20-64) from the current 69% to at least 75%. Various risk groups of job candidates emerge among the unemployed. The economic crisis in 2007 made the situation in the labour markets worse. The demand for labour decreased while the number of candidates increased. In recent years, fresh graduates under the age of 25 have been regarded as a high risk group sometimes nicknamed "the lost generation" or Generation Y. This generation is well accustomed to modern technologies which they use for their own benefit and they are willing and able to work from anywhere. On the contrary, those over the age of 35, who are sometimes referred to as Generation X, have different attitudes and requirements for the labour market. Despite the increasing level of education among young people, their unemployment has been worsening since the economic crisis began. The aim of this article was to ascertain how future university graduates (491 final-year students from 5 faculties at Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic) perceive individual risk factors influencing the success of today's graduate of Generation Y in the competitive labour market. The target group, future university graduates, evaluated 13 risk areas on a five-point scale. These 13 risk areas were identified based on primary research among 1.059 employers in the Czech Republic, which is a part of a complete two-year research project IGA/FaME/2013/030. This article focuses on only two areas which closely analysed the perception of graduates as drifters, and their demands for high starting salaries. These two risk areas were mentioned by employers as the areas with the highest risk and therefore, these areas are examined in detail by the future graduates. A partial conclusion of this study indicated that future graduates, in comparison with the initial risk factor of high turnover, see much higher risk in their inability to solve problems, high initial costs of training or a lack of independence. It is the opinion of graduates, how these factors see the employers. On the other hand, graduates consider a lack of IT knowledge or few ideas/suggestions for improvement and innovation as less risky as high turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-employed workers account for between 8 and 30 % of participants in the labor markets of OECD countries (Blanchower, Self-employment: more may not be better, 2004). This paper develops and estimates a general equilibrium model of the labor market that accounts for this sizable proportion. The model incorporates self-employed workers, some of whom hire paid employees in the market. Employment rates and earnings distributions are determined endogenously and are estimated to match their empirical counterparts. The model is estimated using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). The model is able to estimate nonpecuniary amenities associated with employment in different labor market states, accounting for both different employment dynamics within state and the misreporting of earnings by self-employed workers. Structural parameter estimates are then used to assess the impact of an increase in the generosity of unemployment benefits on the aggregate employment rate. Findings suggest that modeling the self-employed, some of whom hire paid employees implies that small increases in unemployment benefits leads to an expansion in aggregate employment. JEL Classification J21, J24, J28, J64 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity is a phenomenon which is increasingly manifesting itself in the globalized society; therefore, it is observable in various areas of human activity, and thus also in the labour market and work teams. Age, sex, ethnicity and nationality, creed or disabilities are among the parameters of diversity. The aim of the article is to identify and evaluate the implementation of Diversity Management in workplaces, whilst bearing in mind researched factors of diversity. The results were gained by conducting a primary survey by questionnaire in organizations (n = 315). The results showed that a total of 41.9% of selected organizations operating in the Czech Republic implement Diversity Management. The largest part of organizations operate in the tertiary sector (69.7%). The survey results show the situation concerning Diversity Management in the selected organizations and support the oppinion that Diversity Management is a current global matter and its concerns all organizations. The research parameters influenced the application of Diversity Management in organizations (Cramer's V is from 0.176 to 0.430). One of the recommendations for organizations is that they devote more attention to this phenomenon, as qualified human resources is on the decline and adequate attention will once again need to be devoted to groups of potential workers who have hitherto been overlooked. Diversity Management represents a new opportunity for organizations to build the employer's good brand and attract knowledge workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active labor market policies (ALMPs) are an important instrument for governments in dealing with the new challenges of globalization, flexibilization, and individualization of labor markets. Politics and research has focused on the supply-side of the labor market, that is, regulating the rights and obligations of the target groups of ALMPs (mainly unemployed and inactive persons). The role and behavior of employers is under-researched and under-theorized in the vast literature on ALMPs and industrial relations. In this article, we analyze ALMPs from the employers' perspective by examining the determinants of firms' participation in providing wage subsidy jobs for the unemployed. First, we examine the historical background to the introduction and development of wage subsidy schemes as an important ALMP instrument in Denmark. Second, we derive theoretical arguments and hypotheses about employers' participation in ALMPs from selected theories. Third, we use data from a survey of Danish firms conducted in 2013 to characterize the firms that are engaged in implementing wage subsidy jobs and hypotheses are tested using a binary logistical regression to establish why firms voluntarily engage in reintegrating unemployed back into the labor market. We find that the firms which are most likely to participate in the wage subsidy scheme are characterized by many unskilled workers, a higher coverage of collective agreements, a deteriorating economic situation, a Danish ownership structure, and are especially found in the public sector. This shows that the preference formation of firms is more complex than scholars often assume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Los indicadores habituales de la segregación ocupacional por sexo pueden ser sumamente engañosos aplicados a los países en desarrollo debido a las diferencias estructurales, culturales e históricas que los separan de los desarrollados, tomados como modelo en los estudios sobre segregación. En Jamaica, debido al antiguo régimen de esclavitud, la mujer lleva siglos presente a gran escala en la población activa, y no decenios, como en los países desarrollados. Según los autores, la reserva importante e indiferenciada de trabajadores no calificados de Jamaica se traduce paradójicamente en niveles inferiores de segregación laboral, con predominio de mujeres en las ocupaciones más calificadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este documento se evalúa la presencia de segmentación en el mercado laboral argentino. El análisis se centra en la comparación de los ingresos de los trabajadores formales e informales, mediante dos enfoques distintos sobre la definición de informalidad. Se comprueba la existencia de una prima formal por medio de la utilización de datos dinámicos y técnicas semiparamétricas. Se analizó el período comprendido entre 1996 y 2006 de todas las zonas urbanas encuestadas. Los resultados obtenidos respaldan la hipótesis de la segmentación del mercado laboral urbano de la Argentina, esto es, que trabajadores que cuentan con probabilidades similares para transitar de un sector a otro perciben ingresos diferentes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a unique dataset (N=2,014), we examine the pre- and post-migration determinants of socio-cultural integration among first-generation immigrant groups in southern Europe: Moroccan and Senegalese migrants in Spain, and Egyptian and Ghanaian migrants in Italy. The results of the pooled and immigrant-group specific regression analyses partly highlight the dominance of pre-migration factors. Immigrants who were well-educated and well-informed prior to migrating and who migrate at a young age, achieve higher levels of socio-cultural integration. Going against some hypotheses found in the literature, female gender and North African origin have a positive effect on socio-cultural integration as opposed to male gender and sub-Saharan origin. With regard to post-migration factors, occupational status is the main economic determinant of socio-cultural integration. Interestingly, being employed as such has no significant effect on socio-cultural integration. This suggests that labour market segmentation and discrimination negatively impact upon socio-cultural integration. The results also suggest that policies allowing immigrants to benefit from the human capital they carry across borders and achieve upward socio-economic mobility are likely to enhance their socio-cultural integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analysed the mutual relationship between occupational status and feelings of relative deprivation, at the start of young adults' labour market careers. For our analysis we used panel data from young adults for the birth cohort of 1976 who were surveyed three times between the ages of 23 and 29, between 1999 and 2005. These panel data not only provided information about the associations between the occupational status and feelings of relative deprivation, but also allowed us to gain better insight into the causal ordering of the relationship between both. We find effects in both directions, from occupational status to feelings of relative deprivation, and the reverse, although these differ both in strength and timing. The effect of feelings of relative deprivation for the occupational status is significant but rather weak, and only tangible between the age of 23 and 26. The effect of the occupational status on relative deprivation on the other hand is substantially stronger, but manifests itself only between the age of 26 and 29. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes whether greater heterogeneity within the labor force leads to labor inequality from the perspective of position in the labor market. The research was conducted for Spain, given its great demographic diversity today, as a result of the many transformations that have taken place in recent decades. First, various indices are calculated to verify the existence of labor niches based on gender and nationality. A correspondence analysis is also applied to study a possible link between gender and nationality as determining factors of the position of different groups of workers in the labor market. The study confirms said connection and reveals that immigrant workers are employed mainly in the activities-occupations that are most highly characterized by gender. Consequently, any possible competition between immigrant and native workers will be among workers of the same sex. This fact will have to be taken into consideration in studies that analyze the economic impact of immigration on the labor conditions of the native workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worker ‘posting’ or temporary migration of manual workers sent by their employers to work on projects abroad has become increasingly prominent in the European construction industry. It is now normal to find groups of workers from all around Europe on construction sites, living in nearby temporary accommodations, moving on to other projects or back home when the project is complete. This article highlights the interaction between the social and spatial segregation and transnational mobility of these workers in the European Union construction labour market. We argue that the work-focused and employer-dominated nature of the posted workers' social world abroad contributes to their segregation from host societies and reinforces a nationally based labour market segmentation of the European construction labour market. This is because posted workers do not have the same opportunity or interest to build political, social and economic resources in host societies and workplaces as more permanent migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper we present and confront the expected outcome of an increase in risk on the regional or sectoral allocation of labor force and employment. The basic frameworks are the benchmark dualistic scenarios. A single-input analysis of a homogeneous product economy is provided. Uncertainty is modeled as localized Bernoulli random experiments, additively affecting either labor demand or labor productivity, unilaterally, or in a perfectly (positive and negative) correlated fashion in both regions providing a stage from which conclusions on the expected consequences of random shocks (or of changes in workers' heterogeneity) to the economy can be drawn. A (deterministic) differentiated natural appeal of -an intrinsic imbalance between, a compensating income differential required by affiliates of one sector- the two regions is allowed to interact with equilibrium formation. We report the main effects on equilibrium local expected wages, supply, employment and aggregate welfare surplus of a unilateral as well as a simultaneous increase of labor demand dispersion in the (a) basic two-sector model in four different scenarios: free market; partial (one-sector) coverage with perfect inter-sector mobility; partial (one-sector) coverage with imperfect mobility (Harris-Todaro); multiple (two-sector) coverage with imperfect mobility (Bhagwati-Hamada). Importance of convexity of local labor demands was invariably recognized. A localized increase in risk does not always repel the labor force in the long-run. This statement would hold even if individuals were not risk-neutral, as assumed in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]