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This study investigates landfill leachate treatment using aluminum (Al-Al) and iron (Fe-Fe) electrodes in electrocoagulation (EC). Aluminum experiments revealed COD removal percentages of 22% (pH 7.4) and 20% (pH 6.0), while iron demonstrated higher efficiency at 32% (pH 7.4) and 30% (pH 6.0). Both processes excelled at neutral pH, with Fe-Fe EC displaying superior removal efficiency. To address electrode passivation, external aeration improved COD removal (31% to 61%) under specific conditions (3 V, pH 7.4, 60 min). The EC process established a neutralization mechanism, eliminating the need for further treatment before discharge. External aeration and polarity changes at intervals mitigated passivation, enhancing COD removal (61% to 69%). Voltage testing (1 V, 3 V, 5 V, 7 V) revealed a direct correlation, peaking at 91% efficiency with 5 V. Specific energy consumption was 2.34 kWh g−1, and sludge generation varied with voltage. The combined use of external aeration and polarity shifts resulted in 270 ml of sludge, demonstrating improved efficiency in the EC process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides the alternative routes towards the valorization of dark H2 fermentation effluents that are mainly rich in volatile fatty acids such as acetate and butyrate. Various enhancement and alternative routes such as photo fermentation, anaerobic digestion, utilization of microbial electrochemical systems, and algal system towards the generation of bioenergy and electricity and also for efficient organic matter utilization are highlighted. What is more, various integration schemes and two-stage fermentation for the possible scale up are reviewed. Moreover, recent progress for enhanced performance towards waste stabilization and overall utilization of useful and higher COD present in the organic source into value-added products are extensively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global community is in a quest for nutritional and environment-friendly resources as a part of their food habit. The ubiquitous trend of veganism tied with the increasing apprehensions towards animal welfare, negative impact on human health and the environment has escalated the demand for meat alternatives mainly plant-based meat analogues (PBMA). Protein-rich bioresources such as cereals, vegetables, and algae have been explored to mimic animal meat in a similar flavour, texture, sensory and aromatic properties. This review aims to summarize the recent advancements in functional food technology based on vegetal proteins, a comparative account of traditional and commercially available meat alternates. The literature search for the last 10 years shows the rise in research on plant ingredients to develop novel human foods. A brief account of various production methods and their processing effects to improve the structural and techno-functionality of PBMA is suggested for designing sustainable food. The different combinations of plant and animal proteins are discussed to enhance the nutritional aspect, organoleptic profile and shelf-life of available food products. The positive feedback resulted in booming food industries across the world, incorporating vegetal proteins. The global market trend introducing well-established and promising food brands is listed to discuss the prospects of PBMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern regarding alternate sources of energy is mounting day-by-day due to the effect of pollution that is damaging the environment. Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms have an efficiency and ability in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions and produce oil with a high productivity which has a lot of potential applications in producing biofuel, otherwise known as the third-generation biofuel. These third generation biofuels are the best alternative to the present situation since they have the perspective to eliminate most of the ecological problems created by the use of conventional fossil fuels. These organisms are responsible for closely 50% of the photosynthesis process taking place on the planet and are distributed predominantly in many of the aquatic systems. The huge interest in utilizing these organisms as a potential source of energy lies in converting the primary as well as secondary metabolites into useful products. Algae are considered to be the most prominent resource for the upcoming generations as the most suitable and sustainable feedstock. The key process limitations in microalgal biofuel production are inexpensive and effective harvesting of biomass and extraction of lipids. The major objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on various methods of both biomass harvesting and lipid extraction from microalgae available, so far, besides to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. This article also deals with various conditions that are favourable for lipid accumulation as well as the yield from different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Waste disposal and its hazardous impact on health and the environment. • Latest technologies for converting the organic waste to multiple biofuels production. • Organic acids, bioplastic, and bio-compost production from organic waste. • Described the techno-economic analysis for organic waste. Rapid population growth and other human activities have generated massive waste from various sectors in recent decades. Studies revealed that by 2050, global solid waste generation is expected to reach 70% to 3.4 billion metric tons. Thus, the authorities urgently need to provide a low-cost, efficient technology for treating waste disposal. However, it is evident that only 20% of waste is recycled, and the remaining is still being considered for landfilling. In developing countries, the generated waste is simply disposed of in an open area, which causes a severe threat to humans, animals, and the environment. To date, organic waste and fourth-generation biomass have been investigated for multiple targeted products. Thus, the present review article highlights the emerging problems in organic waste generation, management, and converting them into various value-added bioproducts. This review also deals with the conversion of multiple biofuels such as liquid, solid, gaseous, and bioelectricity from organic waste resources. Besides, the latest approaches in organic waste are also detailly addressed for the production of value-added bioproducts such as bioplastic, bio-compost, and organic acids. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of organic waste is also explored. The transformation of organic waste to value-added bioproducts enhances the circular bioeconomy approach by reducing waste, increasing energy production, and other healthcare products. Finally, it is concluded that the utilization of organic waste to value-added bioproducts and biofuels production will be helpful in achieving high energy security, environmental protection, as well as enhancing the bioeconomy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]