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Mines remaining from the Homeland War are a huge problem in Croatia. The joint work of experts in humanitarian demining and military doctrines in certain geographical areas, and scientists of various profiles, has resulted in a concept for producing mine danger maps, which show areas and levels of potential hazards from mines, i.e. suspected hazardous areas. This paper presents the concept for producing mine danger maps for a suspected hazardous area (Svilaja, Croatia). The input data comprise information stored in mine information systems and additional data collected on the suspected hazardous area (e.g. bunkers and shelters for tanks, artillery and people). The resulting maps () seek to improve the identification of areas where there is no threat so that parts of suspected hazardous areas can be proposed for mine reduction, or suspected hazardous areas can be better defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hrvatski centar za razminiranje (HCR) je još 2004. godine pregledao, definirao i označio cjelokupnu minski sumnjivu površinu (MSP) u Republici Hrvatskoj (RH). Međutim, zbog smanjenja rizika i nedostatka informacija iz dubine MSP-a, njezine granice definirane su u većim površinama nego što ih zauzima u stvarnosti. Razminiranje je dugotrajan i skup proces, a RH se obvezala da će do 2019. godine riješiti problem mina na svome teritoriju. Takav razvoj situacije dovodi do traŽenja i pronalaŽenja rješenja za ubrzavanje rješavanja minskog problema u RH (a i u svijetu) redukcijom definiranog MSP-a. Za redukciju već definiranih MSP-a potrebni su dodatni podaci i informacije iz dubine MSP-a na osnovi kojih će se revizijom postojećeg MSP-a izvršiti redukcija. Svi naknadno prikupljeni podaci i informacije, zajedno s poznatim podacima iz minskog informacijskog sustava (MIS) HCR-a, obrađuju se u sustavu za potporu odlučivanja u uvjetima neodređenosti. Tako dobiveni rezultati prikazuju se na različitim tematskim kartama koje prikazuju poloŽaje objekta i njihove utjecaje na okolinu u prostoru. Dakle, tematske karte na jednom prikazu daju uvid u teme na osnovi kojih eksperti u humanitarnom razminiranju mogu donositi odluke u tom procesu. Takve tematske karte rezultat su metodologije stvarane unutar projekta Space and Airbome Mined Area Reduction Tools (SMART), a dalje su razvijane: u tehnologijskom projektu Sustav za multisenzorsko zrakoplovno izviđanje i nadzor u izvanrednim situacijama i zaštiti okoliša, TP-06/0007-01, Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i sporta RH; u projektu Deplovment of the Advanced Intelligence Advanced Intelligence Decision Support Svstem for Mine Suspected Area Reduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina i autorovoj doktorskoj disertaciji. Ovim radom se uspostavljaju novi nazivi unaprijeđenih i novih tematskih karata koji nedvosmisleno definiraju ono što prikazuju i olakšavaju čitljivost i komunikaciju između proizvođača i korisnika. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Croatian Mine Action Centre (CROMAC) reviewed, defined and marked the entire mine suspected area (MSA) in Croatia by the year 2004. However, due to the need to reduce risk and the lack of information from the deepest reaches of the MSA, its surface area was defined as larger than in reality. Mine clearance is a long-term, expensive process, and Croatia has committed itself to resolving the problem of landmines on its territory by 2019. Such developments have led to searching for and finding solutions to speed up resolution of the mine problem in Croatia (and in the world) through reducing the defined MSA. The reduction of an already defined MSA requires additional data and information from the deepest reaches of the MSA, on the basis of which a revision of existing SMEs to make reductions will be carried out. Based on these data and revision of the existing MSA, reduction can be performed. All subsequently collected data and information, together with previously known data from the CROMAC Mine Information System (MIS), are processed in the decision support system in conditions of uncertainty. The results obtained are displayed on different thematic maps, showing the positions of objects and their spatial impact on the environment. Thus, thematic maps allow insights into topics which experts in humanitarian detaining can use to make decisions in the process. These thematic maps are the result of the methodology created within the project Space and Airborne Mined Area Reduction Tools (SMART), and further developed in the technological project System for Multisensor Airborne Reconnaissance and Surveillance in Emergency Situations and Environmental Protection, TP-06/0007-01, Ministry of Science, Education and Sports; Deployment of Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System for Mine Suspected Area Reduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the author's doctoral dissertation. This paper establishes the new terminology for new, improved thematic maps that unambiguously define their content and facilitate communication between producers and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nastojanjem dobivanja boljeg uvida u minsko sumnjivo područje (MSP) u Republici Hrvatskoj, u okviru projekta Europske komisije Airborne Minefield Area Reduction (ARC, EC IST-2000-25300, http:// www.arc.vub.ac.be) formiran je digitalni zrakoplovni višesenzorski i višerazlučivi sustav za prikupljanje informacija (snimki) o minsko sumnjivoj površini. Sustav se sastoji od matrične kamere (vidljivi i blisko infracrveni dio elektromagnetskog spektra 0.4-1.1 µm), termalnog (termalni dio elektromagnetskog spektra. 8-12 µm) i hiperspektralnog linijskog skenera. Zbog specifične namjene sustava i objekata koje je trebalo otkriti na sceni, snimanja su provođena sa relativnih visina leta platforme (helikopter) od 130 do 900 m. Kako su relativne visine leta bile male. a MSP velika, broj snimki bio je također velik i pojavila se potreba za spajanjem snimki u veće cjeline kako bi se dobio uvid u cjelinu područja i interakciju utjecaja detektiranih objekata na scem Sustav nije raspolagao s modulom za automatsko mozaiciranje i geokodiranje pa se u tu svrhu prišlo ručnoj izradi mozaika, a nakon toga ručnom geokodiranju. Ti su postupci zatim omogućili klasifikaciju scene, kako bi se scena što bolje raščlanila i fuziju višesenzorskih i višerazlučivih slika kako bi se što više informacija moglo iz nje dobiti. U ovom radu pokazano je da je moguće provesti spomenute procese i uz pomoć ručnog mozaiciranja i geokodiranja [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital airborne multisensor and multiresolution system for collection of information (images) about mine suspected area was created, within European commission project Airborne Minefield Area Reduction (ARC, EC IST-2000-25300, http:// www.arc.vub.ac.be) to gain a better perspective in mine suspected areas (MSP) in the Republic of Croatia. The system consists of a matrix camera (visible and near infrared range of electromagnetic spectrum, 0.4-1.1 µm), thermal (thermal range of electromagnetic spectrum, 8-14 µm) and a hyperspectral linear scanner. Because of a specific purpose and seeking object on the scene, the flights for collecting the images took place at heights from 130 m to 900 m above the ground. The result of a small relative flight height and large MSPs was a large number of images which cover MSPs. Therefore, the need for merging images in largest parts, for a better perspective in whole MSPs and the interaction of detected object influences on the scene appeared. The mentioned system did not dispose of the module for automatic mosaicking and geocoding, so mosaicking and after that geocoding were done manually. This process made the classification of the scene (better distinguishing of objects on the scene) and fusion of multispectral and multiresolution images after that possible. Classification and image fusion can be even done by manually mosaicking and geocoding. This article demonstrated this claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Toolbox implementation for removal of antipersonnel mines, submunitions and unexploded ordnance (TIRAMISU) Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System is an operational system proposed to Mine Action Centres worldwide for conducting non-technical surveys in humanitarian demining. The system consists of three modules, one of which is the module for data acquisition introduced and described in this study. The module has been designed, produced, improved, used and operationally tested and validated on several platforms (helicopters, remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) and a blimp), with various sensors and acquisition units (Global Positioning System (GPS) and inertial measurement unit) in a variety of combinations for additional data acquisition from deep inside a suspected hazardous area. For the purposes of aerial data acquisition over a suspected hazardous area, the use of multiple sensors such as visible digital cameras and multi-spectral visible, near infrared (VNIR), hyperspectral VNIR and thermal infrared sensors are of benefit, because they display the scene in different ways. Off-the-shelf equipment and software were mostly used, but some specific equipment, such as sensor pods, was developed and also some software solutions for data acquisition and pre-processing (transforming hyperspectral line scanner data into hyperspectral images, and producing hyperspectral cubes). The technical stability and robustness of the module were confirmed by operationally testing and evaluating the systems on the aforementioned platforms and missions in several actual suspected hazardous areas in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 2001 and 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the adaptation of an existing aerial hyperspectral imaging system in a low-cost setup for collecting hyperspectral data in laboratory and field environment and spatial distortion assessments. The imaging spectrometer system consists of an ImSpector V9 hyperspectral pushbroom scanner, PixelFly high performance digital CCD camera, and a subsystem for navigation, position determination and orientation of the system in space, a sensor bracket and control system. The main objective of the paper is to present the system, with all its limitations, and a spatial calibration method. The results of spatial calibration and calculation of modulation transfer function (MTF) are reported along with examples of images collected and potential uses in agronomy. The distortion value rises drastically at the edges of the image in the near-infrared segment, while the results of MTF calculation showed that the image sharpness was equal for the bands from the visible part of the spectrum, and approached Nyquist's theory of digitalization. In the near-infrared part of the spectrum, the MTF values showed a less sharp decrease in comparison with the visible part. Preliminary image acquisition indicates that this hyperspectral system has potential in agronomic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon known as urban heat islands (UHIs) is becoming more common and widespread, especially in large cities and metropolises around the world. The main cause of these temperature variations between the city center and the suburbs is the replacement of large tracts of natural land with artificial (built-up) surfaces that absorb solar heat and radiate it back at night. UHIs have been the subject of numerous studies, most of which were about defining the main characteristics, factors, indexes, etc., of UHIs using remote sensing technologies or about determining mitigating activities. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the literature, as well as a bibliometric analysis, to discover research trends related to the application of decision support systems and multi-criteria decision-making for UHI management, with a special emphasis on fuzzy theory. Data collection is conducted using the Scopus bibliographic database. Throughout the literature review, it was found that there were not many studies on multi-criteria analysis and decision support system applications regarding UHIs. The fuzzy theory application was also reviewed, resulting in only a few references. However, this topic is current, with an increase in published papers, and authors see this as an opportunity for improvement and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]