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This study aimed to identify the acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum (CAF) on bicycle motocross (BMX) time-trial (TT) performance. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over design, 14 male BMX riders (age = 20.0 ± 3.3 years; height = 1.78 ± 0.04 m; body mass = 72 ± 4 kg), consumed either (300 mg; 4.2 ± 0.2 mg/kg) caffeinated (300 mg caffeine, 6 g sugars) or a placebo (0 mg caffeine, 0 g sugars) gum, and undertook three BMX TTs. Repeated-measure analysis revealed that CAF has a large ergogenic effect on TT time, F(1, 14) = 33.570, p =.001, η p 2 =.71 ; −1.5% ± 0.4 compared with the placebo. Peak power and maximal power to weight ratio also increased significantly compared with the placebo condition, F(1, 14) = 54.666, p =.001, η p 2 =.79 ; +3.5% ± 0.6, and F(1, 14) = 57.399, p =.001, η p 2 =.80 ; +3% ± 0.3, respectively. Rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower F(1, 14) = 25.020, p =.001, η p 2 =.64 in CAF (6.6 ± 1.3) compared with the placebo (7.2 ± 1.7). Administering a moderate dose (300 mg) of CAF could improve TT time by enhancing power and reducing the perception of exertion. BMX coaches and riders may consider consuming CAF before a BMX race to improve performance and reduce rating of perceived exertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Major cardiovascular disorders are being recognized earlier in life. In this study we examined the effects of swimming and soccer training on male adolescent lipid-lipoprotein profiles relative to a maturity matched control group to determine the effects of these exercises on specific cardiovascular risk and anti-risk factors. Methods Forty five adolescent males (11.81 ± 1.38 yr) including swimmers (SW), soccer players (SO), and non-athlete, physically active individuals as controls (C), participated in this study. Training groups completed 12-wk exercise programs on three non-consecutive days per week. Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apolipoprotein B (apoB), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured in control, pre-training, duringtraining, and post-training, respectively. Results In response to the 12-wk training period, the SO group demonstrated a decrease in the mean LDL level compared to the SW and C (SW: 0.15%; SO: -9.51%; C: 19.59%; p < 0.001) groups. There was an increase in both the SW and SO groups vs. the control in mean HDL (SW: 5.66%; SO: 3.07%; C: -7.21%; p < 0.05) and apoA-I (SW: 3.86%; SO: 5.48%; C: -1.01%; p < 0.05). ApoB was considerably lower in the training groups vs. control (SW: -9.52%; SO: -13.87%; C: 21.09%; p < 0.05). ApoA-I/apoB ratio was significantly higher in training groups vs. control (SW: 16.74%; SO: 23.71%; C: -17.35%; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between groups for other factors. Conclusions The favorable alterations in LDL, HDL, apoA-I, and apoB observed in the training groups suggest that both regular swimming or soccer exercise can potentially mitigate cardiovascular risk in adolescent males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L8089 --> 961.4 --> Caffeine and creatine nitrate are two commonly used ergogenic aids purported to augment resistance and anaerobic performance; however, the safety profile of these supplements co‐ingested is unknown. The purpose was to examine the effects of caffeine and creatine nitrate alone and co‐ingested on several biochemical blood markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, white blood cells, lymphocytes, red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin), resting heart rate and blood pressure, and self‐reported side effects. METHODS: In a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross over study, 12 resistance‐trained participants (22±1 y; 180.0±9.5 cm; 85.9±15.1 kg) completed 4 conditions in random order: creatine nitrate (CN: 5 g/day + 0.675 g/day of maltodextrin), caffeine (CAF: 400 mg/day + 5 g/day of maltodextrin), CN+CAF (5 g/day of creatine nitrate + 400 mg/day of caffeine), and placebo (PL: 5.4 g/day of maltodextrin). Supplements were ingested for 7 days with a 7‐day washout period between conditions. Before and after supplementation, participants provided a blood sample collected from the antecubital vein and measured resting heart rate and blood pressure. A standardized side effect questionnaire was also completed following each condition. Data were analyzed using a two‐way (within‐within) analysis of variance (p≤0.05) with a Tukey's post hoc when appropriate. For side effects, a chi‐squared non‐parametric test was used. RESULTS: There was no interaction or main effects for all blood parameters (p>0.05). Resting heart rate and blood pressure were also not different between conditions or over time (p>0.05). Lastly, there were no significant differences between conditions for any side effects on the side effect questionnaire (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Short‐term CAF, CN, and CAF+CN co‐ingestion appears safe for healthy young resistance‐trained participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L8033 --> 961.5 --> BACKGROUND: Ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine individually improve anaerobic and muscular endurance performance; however, co‐ingestion of creatine nitrate and caffeine remains unclear. METHODS: In a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross over study, 12 resistance‐trained participants (22±1 y; 180.0±9.5 cm; 85.9±15.1 kg) completed 4 conditions in random order: creatine nitrate (CN: 5 g/day + 0.675 g/day of maltodextrin), caffeine (CAF: 400 mg/day + 5 g/day of maltodextrin), CN+CAF (5 g/day of creatine nitrate + 400 mg/day of caffeine), and placebo (PL: 5.4 g/day of maltodextrin). Supplements were ingested for 7 days with a 7‐day washout period between conditions. Before and after supplementation, muscular endurance (bench press and leg press; 3 sets at 70% 1RM) and a Wingate anaerobic test were performed. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue index (FI) were calculated. Data were analyzed using a two‐way (within‐within) analysis of variance (p≤0.05) with a Tukey's post hoc when appropriate. Absolute change (post minus pre‐testing) was calculated and analyzed with a repeated‐measures ANOVA. RESULTS: There was a significant main effect of time for both leg press (p=0.009) and bench press (p<0.001) with post‐testing greater than pre‐testing; however, there were no differences between conditions. For peak power, there was no significant interaction (p=0.436), the main effect of time (p=0.967), or differences between conditions for absolute change (p=0.436). For mean power, there was a significant interaction (p=0.037); however, post hoc analysis revealed no significant pairwise effects; however, absolute change for mean power between conditions was significant (p=0.037), with post hoc analysis revealing a trend (p<0.10) for both CN conditions (CN alone and CN+CAF) to be superior compared to CAF. There were no significant differences between conditions or overtime for fatigue index. CONCLUSION: Short‐term CN and CAF ingested either individually, or co‐ingested could not augment upper or lower body muscular endurance or anaerobic performance compared to PL in resistance‐trained participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L8047 --> 961.11 --> BACKGROUND: Caffeine and creatine nitrate are two purported supplements that may alter cognitive function. The primary purpose was to examine the impacts of each supplement ingested individually and co‐ingested on cognitive performance. A secondary purpose was to explore the effects of caffeine and creatine nitrate alone and co‐ingested on subjective feelings of readiness and sleep quality. METHODS: In a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross over study, 12 resistance‐trained participants (22±1 y; 180.0±9.5 cm; 85.9±15.1 kg) completed 4 conditions in random order: creatine nitrate (CN: 5 g/day + 0.675 g/day of maltodextrin), caffeine (CAF: 400 mg/day + 5 g/day of maltodextrin), CN+CAF (5 g/day of creatine nitrate + 400 mg/day of caffeine), and placebo (PL: 5.4 g/day of maltodextrin). Supplements were ingested for 7 days with a 7‐day washout period between conditions. Before and after supplementation, participants completed a Stroop color‐word test, in addition to a readiness to perform a visual analog scale and a sleep quality questionnaire (sleep latency and duration). The readiness to perform the questionnaire assessed sleep, vigor, optimism, energy, appetite, and soreness. Data were analyzed using a two‐way (within‐within) analysis of variance (p≤0.05) with a Tukey's post hoc when appropriate. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction for the Stroop color‐word interference (p=0.049), with the post hoc revealing that CN+CAF was superior to CN alone (CN+CAF: 65.9 ± 17.3; CN: 56.8 ± 10.8, p=0.007); however, no other conditions were significantly different. There was no interaction or main effects for the readiness to perform questionnaire or sleep quality (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: CAF+CN appears to be superior for cognitive performance compared to CN alone. Overall, neither supplement ingested individually or together altered subjective readiness to perform or sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R4759 --> Purpose: To determine the effects of different doses of acute normobaric hypoxia on sprint interval training (SIT) and cognitive performance (CP) in male and female athletes. Methods: In this double‐blind, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study, participants (13 men, 13 women) performed 6 x 15‐sec maximum effort SIT training with two minutes active recovery between sprints on a cycle ergometer in normoxia (NOR, 0 m), moderate hypoxia (MH, 2,500 m), and high hypoxia (HH, 3,500 m) while wearing face masks and without using the face mask as a control condition (CON). The peak and mean power, CP, blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured pre‐ and post‐SIT and at various time points during the experimental protocol. Results: We did not observe any change in the peak and mean power, CP, HR, and RPE between trials and genders (p>0.05). However, in the HH, the post‐test BL was significantly higher for both genders than the CON condition (p=0.034, p=0.025) and NOR (p=0.11, p=0.034). Conclusions: This study showed that different hypoxia doses did not affect SIT and cognitive performance and did not differ between genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R4761 --> Caffeine (Caf) is a well‐established ergogenic aid among various training models, including strength and/or power. However, there is limited information on the ergogenic effects of Caf ingestion during many strength and power training models. Purpose: This study investigated the acute effects of Caf ingestion in bench press power and velocity when training sessions were planned using cluster (CL) and traditional (TR) strength training programs. Methods: Twelve trained men (22 ± 1.6 y, 80.4 ± 10.7 kg, 175.6 ± 4.6 cm) ingested 6 mg/kg of Caf one hour before exercise. Then they performed 4 sets of 6 reps on the bench press with 80% of 1 RM at six experimental trials (Cluster: 4 sets of 2 reps with 140‐sec rest between sets, TR: 4 sets of 6 reps with 180‐sec rest between sets) in a randomized, double‐blind placebo (PL)‐controlled, crossover design [CL+Caf, CL+PL, CL+control (CON), TR+Caf, TR+PL, and TR+CON]. The peak and mean power, velocity, and time under tension were evaluated at concentric and eccentric phases during the bench press exercise. Results: We observed that Caf ingestion improves peak and mean power and velocity at concentric and eccentric phases of both training models compared to those in the PL and CON conditions (p < 0.05). There was no significant performance difference between the training models (p > 0.05). The Caf ingestion reduced time under tension at both training models (p < 0.05) compared to that in the PL and CON conditions, while no difference was seen between training models (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Acute Caf ingestion positively affects strength and power training performance regardless of the training models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While commercial dietary weight-loss programs typically advise exercise, few provide actual programing. The goal of this study was to compare the Curves Complete 90-day Challenge (CC, n = 29), which incorporates exercising and diet, to programs advocating exercise (Weight Watchers Points Plus (WW, n = 29), Jenny Craig At Home (JC, n = 27), and Nutrisystem Advance Select (NS, n = 28)) or control ( n = 20) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and weight loss. We randomized 133 sedentary, overweight women (age, 47 ± 11 years; body mass, 86 ± 14 kg; body mass index, 35 ± 6 kg/m2) into respective treatment groups for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using chi square and general linear models adjusted for age and respective baseline measures. Data are means ± SD or mean change ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We observed a significant trend for a reduction in energy intake for all treatment groups and significant weight loss for all groups except control: CC (−4.32 kg; 95% CI, −5.75, −2.88), WW (−4.31 kg; 95% CI, −5.82, −2.96), JC (−5.34 kg; 95% CI, −6.86, −3.90), NS (−5.03 kg; 95% CI, −6.49, −3.56), and control (0.16 kg, 95% CI, −1.56, 1.89). Reduced MetS prevalence was observed at follow-up for CC (35% vs. 14%, adjusted standardized residuals ( adjres.) = 3.1), but not WW (31% vs. 28% adjres. = 0.5), JC (37% vs. 42%, adjres. = −0.7), NS (39% vs. 50% adjres. = −1.5), or control (45% vs. 55% adjres. = −1.7). While all groups improved relative fitness (mL·kg−1·min−1) because of weight loss, only the CC group improved absolute fitness (L/min). In conclusion, commercial programs offering concurrent diet and exercise programming appear to offer greater improvements in MetS prevalence and cardiovascular function after 12 weeks of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking (CS) can impact the immune system and induce pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is currently the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accordingly, the most significant risk factor associated with COPD is exposure to cigarette smoke. The purpose of the present study is to provide an updated overview of the literature regarding the effect of CS on the immune system and lungs, the mechanism of CS-induced COPD and oxidative stress, as well as the available and potential treatment options for CS-induced COPD. An extensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed/Medline databases to review current COPD treatment research, available in the English language, dating from 1976 to 2014. Studies have investigated the mechanism by which CS elicits detrimental effects on the immune system and pulmonary function through the use of human and animal subjects. A strong relationship among continued tobacco use, oxidative stress, and exacerbation of COPD symptoms is frequently observed in COPD subjects. In addition, therapeutic approaches emphasizing smoking cessation have been developed, incorporating counseling and nicotine replacement therapy. However, the inability to reverse COPD progression establishes the need for improved preventative and therapeutic strategies, such as a combination of intensive smoking cessation treatment and pharmaceutical therapy, focusing on immune homeostasis and redox balance. CS initiates a complex interplay between oxidative stress and the immune response in COPD. Therefore, multiple approaches such as smoking cessation, counseling, and pharmaceutical therapies targeting inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended for COPD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]