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In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs), as a novel class of hydrogen storage materials, have been deemed highly promising due to their extensive compositional tunability and the unique high entropy effects. This study aims to enhance the comprehensive hydrogen storage performance of the TiVNbCr-based HEA by introducing Ni. The effects of Ni addition on the microstructural evolution of the alloy and its impact on activation properties, hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics, thermodynamics, and cycling performance under the complex physicochemical environment of multiple principal elements was systematically investigated. The findings indicate that Ni addition shortens the activation incubation period of the alloy but more Ni reduces the intrinsic hydrogen absorption kinetics. In the Ti 25 V 30 Nb 10 Cr 33 Ni 2 alloy, a high reversible hydrogen storage capacity of up to 2.2 wt% at room temperature was achieved, surpassing most of the currently reported body-centered cubic (BCC)-structured high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys. Furthermore, the influence of Ni on the alloy's hydrogen desorption kinetics and cycling hydrogenation performance was studied. Results from 110 cycles of testing reveal that the introduction of Ni-induced Laves phases can act to relax stress, thereby reducing strain accumulation during the hydrogen absorption and desorption cycling process. This could provide guidance for the design of high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys with extended cycling lifetimes. • Minor Ni in TiVNbCr alloy boosts reversible H storage to ∼2.21 wt% at 303 K. • More Ni cuts alloy's activation time but lowers H absorption kinetics. • Using precipitates to relax stress suggested for long-life H storage alloy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly prevalent global health concern that has garnered substantial attention. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear and the current treatments have significant limitations. Intestinal organoids provide an in vitro model to explore the pathogenesis, test the therapeutic effects, and develop regenerative treatments as well as offer the potential to transform drug discovery of IBD. Methods: To advance our understanding of the whole story of IBD spanning from the pathogenesis to the current therapeutic strategies and latest advancements, a comprehensive search of major databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to retrieve original articles and reviews related to IBD, organoids, pathogenesis and therapy. Results: This review deciphers the etiopathogenesis and the current therapeutic approaches in the treatment of IBD. Notably, critical aspects of intestinal organoids in IBD, such as their potential applications, viability, cell renewal ability, and barrier functionality are highlighted. We also discuss the advances, limitations, and prospects of intestinal organoids for precision medicine. Conclusion: The latest strides made in research about intestinal organoids help elucidate intricate aspects of IBD pathogenesis, and pave the prospective avenues for novel therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the development of Ti 25 V 30 Nb 10 Cr 35− x Mo x (x = 2, 4, and 6) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) for enhanced hydrogen storage performance. Alloys with tailored atomic radii and uniform valence electron concentration (VEC) were designed to obtain homogeneous single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) solid solutions in combination with the CALPHAD method. Pressure-Composition-Temperature (PCT) curves for the Ti 25 V 30 Nb 10 Cr 31 Mo 4 alloy at 323 K revealed a remarkable reversible hydrogen storage capacity of 2.24 wt%, marking an unprecedented milestone within BCC high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys. The investigation reveals an unexpected reduction in maximum hydrogen storage with increased Mo content, challenging conventional expectations. The findings in this study offer insights into the intricate balance between chemical interactions and atomic structure, proposing the bulk modulus as a novel parameter for evaluating hydrogen release performance in HEAs. This work lays a foundation for future research in optimizing HEAs for efficient and reversible solid-state hydrogen storage. • Single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) structure was obtained in a TiVNbCrMo high-entropy alloy (HEA) via CALPHAD method. • H sorption behaviors revealed a decrease in max storage capacity with increased Mo content, contrary to expectations. • A remarkable reversible H storage capacity at 323 K up to 2.24 wt% was reached, surpassing most conventional BCC alloys. • The bulk modulus was suggested as a new parameter in HEAs for evaluating hydrogen release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the law of State responsibility, particularly the principle of full reparation, provides general guidance for achieving full reparation, it is not quite obvious what kinds of reparation qualify as "full" and how to actualize full reparation. This article centres on the principles, approaches and methods surrounding full reparation for armed conflict-related environmental damage in the law of State responsibility. It examines how the environment is legally defined as an object of protection under international law, and discusses practical challenges in international compensation for wartime environmental damage. In doing so, it ascertains the underlying objective of full reparation, develops an approach to assessing wartime environmental damage, and draws on experiences of international jurisprudence to quantify compensation for wartime environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endosomal cargo recycling lies at the heart of subcellular trafficking processes under the management of several Ras‐related GTP‐binding proteins (Rabs) which are coordinated by their upstream regulators and require their downstream effectors to display their functions. In this regard, several Rabs have been well‐reviewed except Rab22a. Rab22a is a crucial regulator of vesicle trafficking, early endosome and recycling endosome formation. Notably, recent studies demonstrated the immunological roles of Rab22a, which are closely associated with cancers, infection and autoimmune disorders. This review provides an overview of the regulators and effectors of Rab22a. Also, we highlight the current knowledge of the role of Rab22a in endosomal cargo recycling, including the biogenesis of recycling tubules with the help of a complex with Rab22a at its core, and how different internalized cargo chooses different recycling routes thanks to the cooperation of Rab22a, its effectors and its regulators. Of note, contradictions and speculation related to endosomal cargo recycling that Rab22a brings impacts on are also discussed. Finally, this review endeavors to briefly introduce the various events impacted by Rab22a, particularly focusing on the commandeered Rab22a‐associated endosomal maturation and endosomal cargo recycling, in addition to the extensively investigated oncogenic role of Rab22a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal principle of 'unity' has been frequently invoked by States to claim sovereignty of islands and other insular features. It has been used by the adjudicators in diverse ways and with differing results. With a view to clarifying the legal paradigm of the principle of 'unity', this article undertakes an analysis of the relevant jurisprudence in this field. This leads to the identification of three typologies of 'unity' claims—'dependency', 'natural unity' and 'collective approach'. Each of these is examined in further detail, with some key findings and observations. Importantly, the principle of unity can never be the root of title to contested territories where existing titles can be established. Instead, the unity principle operates in specific ways, with a series of conditions: absence of established title, presumed existence of identical title and broad agreement between the parties. The article concludes by observing the need for continued research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HiLo microscopy is a wide-field, optical-sectioning imaging technique, which is based on computational reconstruction from a uniform-illumination image and a structured-illumination (SI) image. Considering different imaging situations, the parameters of SI patterns should be optimized. However, no such discussion has been presented in grid-pattern (such as sinusoidal pattern and checkerboard pattern) based HiLo microscopy. Here, we analyze the dependence of optical-sectioning performance on parameters of SI pattern via both numerical simulations and imaging experiments. We find that both lower frequency and lower duty cycle of the grid-based pattern would introduce higher modulation depth, which would induce less artifacts in final reconstruction. Besides, at given illumination wavelength and objective numerical aperture, the higher the frequency of the grid-based pattern is, the better the axial resolution is, and thus the better the contrast of the optical-sectioning image is. Specially, the axial resolution is optimal when the frequency of pattern is set to half of cut-off frequency. We expect it as a guide of optimizing parameters of SI patterns for optical-sectioning in HiLo microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid metabolism disorder is one of the significant risk factors for a multitude of human diseases and has become a serious threat to human health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of phenolics from poplar-type propolis on regulating lipid metabolism by using cell models of steatosis induced by palmitic acid (PA). Our study shows that phenolic esters have higher lipid-lowering activities than phenolic acids, especially for three caffeic acid esters, including caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), caffeic acid cinnamyl ester (CACE), and caffeic acid benzyl ester (CABE). Most notably, CACE presents prominent properties to prevent intracellular lipid accumulation and to amend extracellular adipokine secretion abnormalities. In addition, our results firstly reveal that CACE can alleviate lipid metabolism disorder through mediating protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling pathway-associated protein expression, suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) by distinct upregulation of PPARα and downregulation of PPARγ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Court of Justice is to determine, in the Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala case, the international status of the waters in question by customary rules of international law. In its identification of the existence and contents of the applicable rules on the definition of international watercourse, the Court may refer to the United Nations Watercourses Convention, other international instruments, State practice and international jurisprudence. The decisive fact for finding an international watercourse is that the components of the watercourse are situated in two or more States. Difficulties may lie in the determination of the components of the watercourse and their physical relationships. The Court may have to decide whether the status of waters can be altered by artificial means by certain general principles of the law of international watercourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous recording of large-scale neural network activity in vivo is essential for unraveling fundamental processing mechanisms in the brain. For such applications, optical imaging becomes indispensable because it is minimally-invasive, allows flexible recording characteristics, and provides high signal-to-noise ratio. However, physical limitations hinder the pursuit of increasing the imaging scale, speed, and penetration depth for increasing this method's applicability for the growing field of neuroscience. In this review, we first summarize the practical requirements and limitations in current functional imaging systems, followed by a review of the latest hardware developments to supercede current limitations, specifically for the widely adopted multiphoton microscopy. We then introduce advances in point-spread-function (PSF) engineering, i.e. the manipulation of the microscope's PSF, and discuss the possibility of integrating computational approaches together with PSF engineering to further enhance performance. We expect that future integration of computational imaging and advanced optical methods will be adopted to meet the emerging requirements of modern neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In concrete construction, vibration is an essential process used to ensure the structural soundness and long-term durability of concrete structures. Automating concrete vibration monitoring enables far more precise control compared to subjective human judgments. In this paper, a control mode for concrete vibration time used on the vibrating robot is proposed. The control mode utilizes YOLOv8 model to recognize the best-vibrating position and eliminate the rebar part of concrete surface image and employs attention-enhanced squeeze-and-excitation neural network to regress the vibrating completion degree. After deployment to the embedded system of vibrating robot, experimental results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed method over state-of-the-art algorithms with the highest recognition rate and maximum R2 value. The control mode enhances vibration quality while liberating workers from manual tasks. A commercial mall construction project validates the practicality of the presented control model. • A precise control mode for concrete vibration time used on vibrating robot. • Real-time monitoring of vibration quality based on machine vision. • Attention-enhanced neural network outperforms other algorithm. • A large-scale mall construction application validates the practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oncogenic Ras-related GTP-binding proteins, referred to as Rabs, are characterized by their intricate interactions with upstream, downstream molecules, and notably, extracellular vesicles (EVs). While the expansive family of Rabs and their associated signaling pathways have been exhaustively dissected, Rab22a emerges as an entity of outstanding interest, owing to its potent influence in many biological processes and its conspicuous correlation with cancer metastasis and migration. A burgeoning interest in the interactions between Rab22a and EVs in the field of oncology underscores the necessity for more in-depth reviews and scholarly discourses. Methods: We performed a review based on published original and review articles related to Rab22a, tumor, microRNA, exosome, microvesicles, EVs, CD147, lysosome, degradation, endosomal recycling, etc. from PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Results and conclusions: We summarize the regulatory processes governing the expression of Rab22a and the mutants of Rab22a. Notably, the present understanding of complex interactions between Rab22a and EVs are highlighted, encompassing both the impact of Rab22a on the genesis of EVs and the role of EVs that are affected by Rab22a mutants in propelling tumor advancement. The dynamic interaction between Rab22a and EVs plays a significant role in the progression of tumors, and it can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of cancers and the development of new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution is key to the understanding of complex biological systems. We integrated an optical phase-locked ultrasound lens into a two-photon fluorescence microscope and achieved microsecond-scale axial scanning, thus enabling volumetric imaging at tens of hertz. We applied this system to multicolor volumetric imaging of processes sensitive to motion artifacts, including calcium dynamics in behaving mouse brain and transient morphology changes and trafficking of immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The MWCNTs and poly(amidoamine) dendrimer hybrids. [•] Piezoelectric immunosensing platform using the MWCNT-PAMAM hybrid to enhance Ab immobilization and stability. [•] A sensitive and stable piezoelectric immunoassay method was developed for metolcarb detection in juice samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize yield is mostly determined by its grain size. Although numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for kernel-related traits, the application of these QTL in breeding programs has been strongly hindered because the populations used for QTL mapping are often different from breeding populations. However, the effect of genetic background on the efficiency of QTL and the accuracy of trait genomic prediction has not been fully studied. Here, we used a set of reciprocal introgression lines (ILs) derived from 417F × 517F to evaluate how genetic background affects the detection of QTLassociated with kernel shape traits. A total of 51 QTL for kernel size were identified by chromosome segment lines (CSL) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) methods. These were subsequently clustered into 13 common QTL based on their physical position, including 7 genetic-background-independent and 6 genetic-background-dependent QTL, respectively. Additionally, different digenic epistatic marker pairs were identified in the 417F and 517F ILs. Therefore, our results demonstrated that genetic background strongly affected not only the kernel size QTL mapping via CSL and GWAS but also the genomic prediction accuracy and epistatic detection, thereby enhancing our understanding of how genetic background affects the genetic dissection of grain size-related traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation of the marine environment pushes the law of the sea to develop both substantial and procedural measures to safeguard marine environmental sustainability. Ill-planned and non-planned activities, land, sea or sea-bed based, become one of the main forces behind marine pollution. Environmental impact assessment (EIA), as an effective precautionary tool in evaluating and monitoring potential harm of planned activities, has been rapidly and widely integrated into both national and international legal regimes. However, the rudimentary and unelaborated EIA provisions in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea do not create an effective marine EIA procedure, which can be improved through a comparative study of relevant sources of international law on EIA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Very similar to trade barriers, data protection has been an obstacle to free global data flow. The European legal system on cross-border data flow set up by Directive 95/46/EC prohibits transfer of personal data to third countries which do not have an adequate data protection level. With enormous international implications, such a regionally oriented system is heavily dependent on effective monitoring of cross-border data transfer. Due to a lack of proper supervision on data transfer, it encounters many challenges, which forces the European Commission to adopt the contractual model and the corporate law model. Meanwhile, compared with issues like free trade and environmental protection, not much international consensus has been reached on cross-border data protection. As a result, bilateral, regional, and multilateral collaborations between national sovereignties are to be strengthened, to facilitate transborder data flow and to safeguard individuals’ right to data protection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is a survey on the information practices of Chinese websites. Three groups of Chinese commercial websites were selected and their information practices were analysed and compared with the generally accepted principles of online information practices. Survey results indicated that Chinese websites collected a vast amount of personal data through various forms. The percentage of websites posting privacy disclosures was comparatively small. For those sites with privacy policy or discrete privacy statement, their information practices did not accord with generally accepted principles of information practices. The paper presents recommendations for China to deal with such a legal issue that makes national borders meaningless. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to conduct an in silico analysis of a novel compound heterozygous variant in breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) to clarify its structure–function relationship and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: A tumor biopsy sample was obtained from a 42-year-old Chinese woman during surgery, and a maxBRCA™ test was conducted using the patient's whole blood. We obtained an experimentally determined 3D structure (1mje.pdb) of the BRCA2 protein from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) as a relatively reliable reference. Subsequently, the wild-type and mutant structures were predicted using SWISS-MODEL and AlphaFold, and the accuracy of these predictions was assessed through the SAVES online server. Furthermore, we utilized a high ambiguity-driven protein–protein docking (HADDOCK) algorithm and protein–ligand interaction profiler (PLIP) to predict the pathogenicity of the mutations and elucidate pathogenic mechanisms that potentially underlies TNBC. Results: Histological examination revealed that the tumor biopsy sample exhibited classical pathological characteristics of TNBC. Furthermore, the maxBRCA™ test revealed two compound heterozygous BRCA2 gene mutations (c.7670 C > T.pA2557V and c.8356G > A.pA2786T). Through performing in silico structural analyses and constructing of 3D models of the mutants, we established that the mutant amino acids valine and threonine were located in the helical domain and oligonucleotide binding 1 (OB1), regions that interact with DSS1. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed that substituting valine and threonine in the helical domain region alters the structure and function of BRCA2 proteins. This mutation potentially affects the binding of proteins and DNA fragments and disrupts interactions between the helical domain region and OB1 with DSS1, potentially leading to the development of TNBC. Our findings suggest that the identified compound heterozygous mutation contributes to the clinical presentation of TNBC, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of TNBC and the influence of compound heterozygous mutations in BRCA2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using construction and demolition waste (CDW) to produce recycled aggregate (RA) can limit the need for CDW landfills and reduce natural aggregate (NA) consumption; however, the RA production process generates carbon emissions and incurs economic costs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the environmental and economic feasibility of using CDW to produce RA. In this study, the environmental and economic benefits of RA production from CDW were evaluated based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC). To conduct a thorough evaluation, sensitivity and scenario analyses were conducted on the key parameters affecting carbon and economic benefits. Accordingly, potential improvements in the current system were analyzed to optimize the RA production process. The results indicated that using CDW to produce RA was environmentally and economically feasible. Sensitivity and scenario analyses indicated that using selective demolition and mobile production mode, pre-screening of CDW, opting for electric transportation vehicles, and increasing the CDW landfill disposal fee could effectively increase the carbon and economic benefits of RA production from CDW. Moreover, the CDW transportation distance had a significant impact on these benefits; thus, appropriately planning the transportation route was crucial. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for assessing the feasibility of recycling CDW to produce RA and can also guide the optimization and improvement of the RA production process. • Carbon and economic benefits of RA production from CDW were evaluated. • It was environmentally feasible to produce RA using CDW. • It was economically feasible to produce RA using CDW. • The RA production process was optimized and improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain temperature is a critical factor affecting neural activity and function, whose fluctuations may result in acute life‐threatening health complications and chronic neuropathology. To monitor brain temperature, luminescent nanothermometry (LN) based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with low autofluorescence has received extensive attention for its advantages in high temperature sensitivity and high response speed. However, most of current the LNs are based on optical imaging, which fails in temperature monitoring in deep brain regions at high spatial resolution. Here, the fiber microchannel sensor (FMS) loaded with UCNPs (UCNP‐FMS) is presented for temperature monitoring at high spatial resolution in the deep brains of freely moving animals. The UCNP‐FMS is fabricated by incorporating UCNPs in microchannels of optical fibers, whose diameter is ∼50 µm processed by femtosecond laser micromachining for spatially resolved sensing. The UCNPs provide thermal‐sensitive upconversion emissions at dual wavelengths for ratiometric temperature sensing, ensuring a detection accuracy of ± 0.3 °C at 37 °C. Superior performances of UCNP‐FMS are demonstrated by real‐time temperature monitoring in different brain regions of freely moving animals under various conditions such as taking food, undergoing anesthesia/wakefulness, and suffering external temperature changes. Moreover, this study shows the capability of UCNP‐FMS in distributed temperature sensing in mammalian brains in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important complication of diabetes mellitus and a prevalent blind-causing ophthalmic disease. Despite years of efforts, rapid and accurate diagnosis of DR remains a challenging task. Metabolomics has been used as a diagnostic tool for disease progression and therapy monitoring. In this study, retinal tissues were collected from diabetic mice and age-matched non-diabetic mice. An unbiased metabolic profiling was performed to identify the altered metabolites and metabolic pathways in DR. 311 differential metabolites were identified between diabetic retinas and non-diabetic retinas under the criteria of variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1 and P < 0.05. These differential metabolites were highly enriched in purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and pantaothenate and CoA biosynthesis. We then evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of purine metabolites as the candidate biomarkers for DR through the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROCs). Compared with other purine metabolites, adenosine, guanine, and inosine had higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for DR prediction. In conclusion, this study sheds new light on the metabolic mechanism of DR, which can facilitate clinical diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of DR in the future. • 311 metabolites are differentially expressed between diabetic retinas and non-diabetic retinas. • Altered metabolites in diabetic retinas are greatly enriched in purine metabolism signaling. • Adenosine, guanine, and inosine have high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for DR prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear optical microscopy (NOM) has been widely adopted in neural imaging in vivo for its advantages in deep penetration, three‐dimensional resolution, and low phototoxicity, etc. However, it relies on femtosecond laser sources for signal excitation, which are complex and bulky for conventional solid‐state ultrafast lasers. Alternatively, the development of mode‐locking fiber lasers has successfully promoted their applications in biomedical imaging. This paper focuses on the advances of mode‐locking fiber lasers in neural imaging, based on both multiphoton fluorescence microscopy and parametric NOM. Fiber laser oscillators are summarized for exciting two‐photon microscopy directly and fiber lasers based on nonlinear frequency shifting for exciting three‐photon microscopy. Besides, the applications of mode‐locking fiber lasers in parametric NOM are briefly introduced, including harmonic generation microscopy and coherent Raman microscopy. Moreover, the potentials of mode‐locking fiber lasers are highlighted in two‐photon optogenetics for neural modulation. With the emerging of novel high‐energy fiber lasers, their widespread applications are expected in the study of neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of Automatic Program Repair (APR) is to automatically repair defective programs, with the intention of reducing the amount of effort required by developers. However, APR techniques may produce overfitting patches that do not truly repair the program, allowing the program to pass all test cases. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the overfitting problem and adds to the existing research on overfitting in conditional statements. Our proposed method, ETPAT (Expression Tree-based Patch Assessment Technique), implements expression trees and targeted coverage criteria to identify differences between the original and the patched program. We utilize ETPAT to verify test case adequacy. In parallel, ETPAT also guides the generation of corresponding test cases via equivalence class information, which may be added to the original test suite, making it more robust while also preventing the repair technique from generating comparable overfitting patches. With reference to the patch set in the BuggyJavaJML benchmark, ETPAT recognized 77/82 (93.9%) overfitting patches out of 120 patches related to conditional constraints, displaying superior accuracy rates and fewer test cases required than the original repair tool. • A comprehensive classification of conditional constraint patches is defined. • The concepts of expression trees and hypergraph vertex coverings are introduced for the first time. • A redefinition of coverage criteria based on the classification of patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a hallmark of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and a major contributor to vision loss in nAMD cases. However, the identification of specific cell types associated with nAMD remains challenging. Herein, we performed single-cell sequencing to comprehensively explore the cellular diversity and understand the foundational components of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid complex. We unveiled 10 distinct cell types within the RPE/choroid complex. Notably, we observed significant heterogeneity within endothelial cells (ECs), fibroblasts, and macrophages, underscoring the intricate nature of the cellular composition in the RPE/choroid complex. Within the EC category, four distinct clusters were identified and EC cluster 0 was tightly associated with choroidal neovascularization. We identified five clusters of fibroblasts actively involved in the pathogenesis of nAMD, influencing fibrotic responses, angiogenic effects, and photoreceptor function. Additionally, three clusters of macrophages were identified, suggesting their potential roles in regulating the progression of nAMD through immunomodulation and inflammation regulation. Through CellChat analysis, we constructed a complex cell-cell communication network, revealing the role of EC clusters in interacting with fibroblasts and macrophages in the context of nAMD. These interactions were found to govern angiogenic effects, fibrotic responses, and inflammatory processes. In summary, this study reveals noteworthy cellular heterogeneity in the RPE/choroid complex and provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of CNV. These findings will open up potential avenues for deep understanding and targeted therapeutic interventions in nAMD. • Four endothelial clusters were identified during choroidal neovascularization. • Five fibroblast clusters were identified during choroidal neovascularization. • Three macrophage clusters were identified during choroidal neovascularization. • Endothelial cells interacts with macrophages and fibroblasts during choroidal neovascularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the growing emphasis on green packing, e-commerce businesses actively pursue sustainable solutions that balance cost reduction with environmental conservation. Traditional research on three-dimensional bin packing has concentrated on maximizing spatial utilization under fixed box dimensions. However, in the practical context of e-commerce, packing boxes exhibit a wide range of sizes within a single warehouse. Customizing packing to prevent material and space wastage has become crucial for sustainable development. This paper innovates traditional three-dimensional packing research by introducing open dimensions instead of fixed ones. It addresses challenges in e-commerce packing, such as multiple orders and diverse bin shapes, to formulate a mixed-integer programming model. Focused on the carbon emission lifecycle's usage phase for packing boxes, the model aims to minimize associated costs while ensuring that items' weight, the center of gravity, sufficient support, and non-overlapping placement are maintained during the packing process. It also incorporates one-dimensional and two-dimensional fixed bin sizes. To solve this model, the paper proposes an improved hybrid genetic algorithm for stack sequence optimization. This algorithm systematically optimizes the dimensions for each box type. Building upon this, the study introduces an algorithm capable of estimating packing material consumption and the percentage reduction in carbon emissions during the packing process, given the known variability in packing box utilization. These two algorithms are integrated into an open-dimension packing box warehouse management ecological closed loop system designed for the B2B e-commerce context. In experiments with the proposed model and algorithms, the results demonstrate an average packing rate improvement of 10%–12% compared to alternative methods. Additionally, packing material consumption and carbon emissions are reduced by approximately 16.56%–19.85%, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach. • Open dimension model boosts green e-commerce packing efficiency. • Stacking algorithm lifts space use up to 12%. • Material and emissions cut 16%–20% on space gains. • Eco warehouse system enables box reuse and material recycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bee pollen is considered as a treasure trove of human and animal nutrients as a result of its extensive nutritional and therapeutic properties. However, the sophisticated pollen wall can largely limit the digestibility and bioavailability of these nutrients. RESULTS: An ultrasonication and high shear technique was used to break the walls of five species of bee pollen, including rape bee pollen, lotus bee pollen, camellia bee pollen, wuweizi bee pollen and apricot bee pollen. We compared the digestibilities of bee pollen with or without wall‐disruption. After in vitro and in vivo digestion, unbroken bee pollen grains were still intact and the fragments of wall‐disrupted bee pollen still remained as fragments. Mouse in vivo digestion results suggested that the wall‐disrupted bee pollen was more easily emptied from the gastrointestinal tract than unbroken bee pollen. After dynamic in vitro digestion, the digestibilities of protein and crude fat in wall‐disrupted bee pollen significantly increased to more than 80%; similarly, the release rates of amino acids and reducing sugars in all wall‐disrupted samples were almost 1.5 and 2 times as much as those of unbroken samples. CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained in the present study, we strongly recommend that bee pollen should be wall‐disrupted. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slope reliability assessment is an efficient methodology for landslide risk mitigation. However, it is also a challenging task owing to various uncertainties and randomness of soil properties in geotechnical engineering. As the slope is a complicated system with high nonlinearity, the stability analysis with high precision and reliability fails to be obtained from the traditional response surface method. To counteract this limitation, this paper proposes a technique based on machine learning for slope reliability evaluation, namely a multi-objective grey wolf optimization-multi-kernel-based extreme learning machine model based on strength reduction method. The probability of slope failure is estimated by using the developed model when connected with Monte Carlo Simulation. Model application to probabilistic evaluation of slope was conducted by two typical case studies. The results show that as compared with Monte Carlo Simulation and other traditional techniques, the developed machine learning method, which combines the advantages of strength reduction method, the multi-objection grey wolf optimization and multi-kernel-based extreme learning machine, demonstrates better computational performance and applicability, and achieves more accurate and reliable failure probability. Further, the proposed approach can also be applied to predict probability of slope failure with consideration of different coefficient of variation and correlation of soil properties. Hence, improved failure probability can be obtained from the developed method, which could offer crucial information for decisions with regard to early landslide warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • L. mesenteroides subsp. can enhance redness by inhibiting myoglobin oxidation. • Nitrosylmyoglobin and Zn-protoporphyrin can be formed simultaneously. • Nitric oxide synthase, ferrochelatase and metmyoglobin reductase are key enzymes. • Crude enzyme extracts can partially replace nitrite as colorants. The Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. IMAU:80679 (LM) was chosen for its superior capability in enhancing redness, and was incubated in a broth system containing metmyoglobin (MetMb) to investigate its mechanisms for color improvement. The a* value of LM group reached its highest level of 52.75 ± 1.04 at 24 h, significantly higher than control of 19.75 ± 0.6 (p < 0.05). The addition of LM could inhibit myoglobin oxidation to some extent. Meanwhile, higher content of nitrosylmyoglobin (NOMb) and Zn-protoporphyrin (Znpp) were observed in LM samples during the whole incubation period. Furthermore, enzymatic activity and encoded genes related to MetMb reduction and pigment formation were determined to explain its possible mechanism on color enhancement. Finally, by extracting crude enzymes and adding them to meat batters, the redness of crude enzyme group was comparable to that achieved with 20 ppm nitrite, providing a potential method on compensating for nitrite/nitrate substitution in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that is frequently accompanied by neuropathic pain, resulting in significant physical and psychological harm to a vast number of individuals globally. Despite the high prevalence of neuropathic pain following SCI, the precise underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Microglia are a type of innate immune cell that are present in the central nervous system (CNS). They have been observed to have a significant impact on neuropathic pain following SCI. This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in understanding the role of microglia in the development of neuropathic pain following SCI. Specifically, the article delves into the detrimental and protective effects of microglia on neuropathic pain following SCI, as well as the mechanisms underlying their interconversion. Furthermore, the article provides a thorough overview of potential avenues for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Three strains were isolated from bulged hams for forming bright red derivatives. • The Leuconostoc species can form Zinc protoporphyrin IX. • The redness of inoculated sausages was enhanced due to bacterial metabolism. • Ferrochelatase has applied potential in nitrite/nitrate substitution. The colour of meat typically fades as it decays. However, it has been observed that certain vacuum-packaged spoiled hams can maintain a pink colour even when the packaging is bulged. A large amount of Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) was found in these hams, compared to fresh red hams or spoiled and grey hams. Combined with high-throughput sequencing and cultural isolation, the potential cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides S-13 (LM), Leuconostoc citreum OCLC11 (LC), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. IMAU:80679 (LS) were selected based on their ability to produce ZnPP. Subsequently, these cultures were introduced into a fermented sausage model to assess their effect on colour conversion. The analysis of absorption and fluorescent spectra showed that Nitrite sausages contained nitrosyl heme pigment, while bacteria-inoculated sausages were predominantly composed of ZnPP. In addition, the a * value of the LS sausage was close to the Nitrite group at the end of fermentation, significantly higher than control, indicating the effect of bacterial metabolism on the redness. Meanwhile, the Ferrochelatase (FECH) activity of LM, LC and LS groups were 140 ± 13, 113 ± 16 and 201 ± 20 U/g sausage, respectively, providing a potential method on compensating for nitrite/nitrate substitution based on the presence of ZnPP in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance has a critical role in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pinobanksin, galangin, chrysin, and pinocembrin from propolis on insulin resistance. Our study shows that galangin and pinocembrin can ameliorate insulin resistance; on the contrary, pinobanksin and chrysin are ineffective. Galangin and pinocembrin treatments substantially increase glucose consumption and glycogen content by enhancing the activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Galangin treatment with 80 μM increased hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities by 21.94% and 29.12%, respectively. Moreover, we hypothesize that galangin and pinocembrin may have a synergistic effect on the improvement of insulin resistance via Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, through distinctly upregulating the phosphorylation of IR, Akt, and GSK3β and remarkably downregulating the phosphorylation of IRS. Most notably, this is the first study to our knowledge to investigate pinocembrin about the alleviation of insulin resistance. Our results provide compelling evidence for the depth development of propolis products to ameliorate insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Creatinine was found to not only act as a precursor of 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo [4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) formation but also inhibit PhIP formation in a creatinine/phenylalanine model system. The dual mechanistic effects of creatinine on PhIP formation were then investigated in a model system. Adducts of creatinine–PhIP were detected by quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and were found to be a likely explanation for the substantial decrease in the yield of PhIP when excess creatinine was supplied. Structures of probable adducts were predicted in molecular docking studies, which showed that hydrogen bonds were formed between creatinine and PhIP in 1:1 and 2:1 ratios. Furthermore, the active sites during creatinine–PhIP adduct formation (the primary amino groups [N2‐] and sp2 nitrogen atoms [N3] of creatinine and PhIP) match the active sites of PhIP metabolism and adducts of PhIP/lipid‐derived reactive carbonyls. This verifies that creatinine inhibits PhIP production via the formation of adducts with hydrogen bonds at the N2 and N3 sites. Practical Application: This study enhances the understanding of how creatinine affects PhIP formation, reveals a new PhIP inhibition mechanism, and will be useful for developing technology to control PhIP formation during food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf width is an important component of plant architecture that affects light capture during photosynthesis and wind circulation under dense planting conditions. To improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in leaf width at different positions, a comprehensive evaluation using the RIL (Recombinant Inbred Line) and IF2 (Immortalized F2) populations and a subsequent meta-analysis were performed. Forty-seven QTL associated with leaf width at different positions below the tassel were detected. The individual effects of QTL explained 3.5% to 17.0% of the observed phenotypic variation, and ten QTL explained over 10%. The initial QTL were integrated into eight mQTL (meta-QTL) through a meta-analysis. Our results suggested that leaf widths at different positions may be affected by several of the same mQTL and may also be regulated by many different mQTL. These results provide useful information for breeding high density tolerant inbred lines and hybrid cultivars, as well as for using marker-assisted selection for important mQTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pH dynamics plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain and is related to a variety of brain diseases. Yet, there are many challenges in designing long-term implanted probes to accurately detect weak pH changes in vivo in real time. Here, we report the first biocompatible hydrogel-coated fiber optic probe (HCFOP) for monitoring pH dynamics at high precision in brains of freely moving mice, to the best of our knowledge. The novel HCFOP is prepared by covalently linking hydrogel-coated silica multimode fiber to hydrogel fiber, which embeds pH-sensitive fluorescence microspheres. Based on fluorescence ratio detection, the pH sensor has a dynamic range from 3.0 to 9.0, and a resolution of 0.0014 pH units in the super sensitive range of pH 7.0–8.0, with good reproducibility, reversibility, and stability. During cerebral ischemia, we detect a decrease of pH by ∼0.5 after ∼15 mins in mouse brains. During epileptic seizure, we detect a decrease of pH by ∼0.3 after ∼1 h in the hippocampus. This biocompatible HCFOP provides a unique solution for assessing minor changes in pH of the brain microenvironments, thus holds great promises in neuroscience study. [Display omitted] ● Biocompatible fiber optic probe for real-time pH sensing. ● It has a resolution of 0.0014 pH units in the range of pH 7.0–8.0. ● It can monitor pH dynamics in brains of freely moving mice. ● Hydrogel coating technology enhances the biocompatibility of implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and utilization of new germplasm resource is an important basis for promoting mitten crab industrial development. A total of 90 wild-caught mitten crabs were collected from Suifenhe (SFH), Liaohe (LH) and Nanliujiang (NLJ) river basins. This study investigated the edible yield, color, proximate composition, fatty acid, and free amino acid composition of wild-caught mitten crab edible tissues from three river basins. Results illustrated that SFH crab had significantly higher meat yield (MY) compared with LH and NLJ crabs (P < 0.05). Higher proportion of fatty acids and free amino acids were also observed in SFH crab, e.g. 22:6n3 (DHA), 20:5n3 (EPA), n-3 unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3/n-6 PUFA, ∑DHA+EPA, and total free amino acids (∑TFAA) in gonad. LH crab had higher concentration of total essential fatty acids (∑EFA), FAAs and h/H in hepatopancreas, while NLJ crab accumulated high content carotenoids in the carapace and hepatopancreas, AI and TI in edible tissues. In summary, significant differences of biochemical composition and quality were found among these three wild-caught mitten crabs, which provides basic materials for the development and utilization of mitten crabs. • The study explored color, nutritional and flavor quality of wild-caught mitten crab. • Suifenhe crab were a rich source of DHA, EPA, and n-3 PUFA. • Liaohe crab were rich in total essential fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) is difficult to measure since only trace levels are present in commercial meat products. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for QCA determination was successfully constructed by combination of a novel modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The GCE was fabricated via stepwise modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)-chitosan (CS) functional composite and a sol–gel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film on the surface. MWNTs-CS composite was used to enhance the electron transfer rate and expand electrode surface area, and consequently amplify QCA reduction electrochemical response. The imprinted mechanism and experimental parameters affecting the performance of MIP film were discussed in detail. The resulting MIP/sol–gel/MWNTs-CS/GCE was characterized using various electrochemical methods involving cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and DPV. The sensor using MIP/sol–gel/MWNTs-CS/GCE as working electrode showed a linear current response to the target QCA concentration in the wide range from 2.0×10−6 to 1.0×10−3 molL−1 with a low detection limit of 4.4×10−7 molL−1 (S/N=3). The established sensor with excellent reproductivity and stability was applied to evaluate commercial pork products. At five concentration levels, the recoveries and standard deviations were calculated as 93.5–98.6% and 1.7–3.3%, respectively, suggesting the proposed sensor is promising for the accurate quantification of QCA at trace levels in meat samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study describes the development of a sensor with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensitized with MWCNTs and Salen-Co(III) as recognition element for methimazole (MMI) determination. This is the first report of MWCNTs and Salen-Co(III) in MIP being used to enhance its conductivity and catalytic activity in the electrochemical oxidation process. The electrocatalytic mechanism of MMI was explained in detail by evaluating the obtained voltammograms at various potential sweep rates and pH of buffer solutions. A stable, sensitive analytical method of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was developed using the prepared MWCNTs–Salen-Co(III)–MIP electrode for the determination of amounts of MMI, resulting in a linear range of 0.5–6.0mgL−1 with detection limit of 0.048mgL−1. It was also successfully applied for MMI determination in tablets and spiked urine sample. At three concentration levels, the recoveries for two samples were achieved to 94.0–100.1% and 87.8–101.8%, respectively. Analytical reproducibility and stability of the developed method were also evaluated by RSD, which were calculated as 4.6–6.6% and 2.0–6.1% (n =3), respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • 9-oxo-ODA was firstly identified in propolis and poplar buds. • 9-oxo-ODE and 9-oxo-ODA have similarly seasonal trends in poplar buds. • A novel approach to discriminate poplar-type propolis from poplar bud extracts. This study aimed to distinguish poplar-type propolis from poplar bud extracts. Through HPLC-PDA-MS/MS, 9-oxo-10(E),12(E)-octadecadienoic acid (9-oxo-ODA) was firstly identified in propolis and poplar buds. We reveal that the contents of 9-oxo-ODE (9-oxo-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid) and 9-oxo-ODA in the buds, resin-less buds, and bud resin keep much lower during the summer. Furthermore, we propose ratio D value, the ratio of the sum content of 9-oxo-ODE and 9-oxo-ODA to the content of pinobanksin. All ratio D values of 57 propolis samples were less than 0.7. Except summer, the ratio D value of poplar bud extracts was greater than 0.7. Thus, if the ratio D value exceeds 0.7, propolis products may be adulterated with poplar bud extracts. Finally, among 15 commercial propolis products, the ratio D values of the five products exceeded 0.7; these products may be counterfeit propolis. Therefore, we seem to provide a novel approach to discriminate poplar-type propolis from poplar bud extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed, optical-sectioning imaging is highly desired in biomedical studies, as most bio-structures and bio-dynamics are in three-dimensions. Compared to point-scanning techniques, line scanning temporal focusing microscopy (LSTFM) is a promising method that can achieve high temporal resolution while maintaining a deep penetration depth. However, the contrast and axial confinement would still be deteriorated in scattering tissue imaging. Here, we propose a HiLo-based LSTFM, utilizing structured illumination to inhibit the fluorescence background and, thus, enhance the image contrast and axial confinement in deep imaging. We demonstrate the superiority of our method by performing volumetric imaging of neurons and dynamical imaging of microglia in mouse brains in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Improve the dispersion of powder in the detonation process of emulsion explosive. • In detonation of RDX, core-shell spherical shape particles with average size of around 30–50 nm were prepared. • Proper thermal treatment converted most of raw detonation dust into SiO 2 coating Fe particles. • Improve the magnetic properties of raw powders obtained by RDX detonation by heat treatment. Controlled detonation of emulsion Explosive and Hexogen (a kind of high explosive, for short, RDX) was performed to prepare Fe-based oxides/SiO 2 nanoparticles. XRD (X-ray diffraction), TEM (Transmission electron microscope) and VSM (Vibrating sample magnetometer) experiments were performed to characterize and investigate the ingredients and phase structure of the granules, morphology, and distribution of the particles and the magnetism of the powders respectively. Results indicated that Fe/Urea complex detonation via emulsion explosives was advantageous to prepare Fe-based oxides/SiO 2 core-shell powders, the inner FeO/Fe core was properly coated by a silica outer shell with the core size of around 50 nm and shell thickness of around 5–10 nm. And most of the raw detonation dust were converted into SiO 2 coating Fe particles with the remained core-shell structure after proper thermal treatment. Raw powders obtained by RDX detonation presented weaker magnetism than that via emulsion explosives detonation, but which was substantially improved after thermal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decades have witnessed the rapid development in soft, stretchable, and biocompatible devices for applications in biomedical monitoring, personal healthcare, and human–machine interfaces. In particular, the design of soft devices in optics has attracted tremendous interests attributed to their distinct advantages such as inherent electrical safety, high stability in long-term operation, potential to be miniaturized, and free of electromagnetic interferences. As the alternatives to conventional rigid optical waveguides, considerable efforts have been made to develop light-guiding devices by using various transparent and elastic polymers, which offer desired physiomechanical properties and enable wearable/implantable applications in optical sensing, diagnostics, and therapy. Here, we review recent progress in soft and stretchable optical waveguides and sensors, including advanced structural design, fabrication strategies, and functionalities. Furthermore, the potential applications of those optical devices for various wearable and biomedical applications are discussed. It is expected that the newly emerged soft and stretchable optical technologies will provide a safe and reliable alternative to next-generation, smart wearables and healthcare devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable physical sensors that can detect and quantify human physiological signals such as temperature, are essential to the realization of healthcare devices for biomedical monitoring and human–machine interfaces. Despite recent achievements in stretchable electronic sensors using various conductive materials and structures, the design of stretchable sensors in optics remains a considerable challenge. Here, an optical strategy for the design of stretchable temperature sensors, which can maintain stable performance even under a strain deformation up to 80%, is reported. The optical temperature sensor is fabricated by the incorporation of thermal‐sensitive upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in stretchable polymer‐based optical fibers (SPOFs). The SPOFs are made from stretchable elastomers and constructed in a step‐index core/cladding structure for effective light confinements. The UCNPs, incorporated in the SPOFs, provide thermal‐sensitive upconversion emissions at dual wavelengths for ratiometric temperature sensing by near‐infrared excitation, while the SPOFs endow the sensor with skin‐like mechanical compliance and excellent light‐guiding characteristics for laser delivery and emission collection. The broad applications of the proposed sensor in real‐time monitoring of the temperature and thermal activities of the human body, providing optical alternatives for wearable health monitoring, are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable and skin‐mountable strain sensors are highly demanding for monitoring skin deformations induced by human activities. Realization of such sensor devices based on fiber‐optic approaches offers attractive advantages such as electromagnetic immunity and inherent electric safety in comparison to their electronic counterparts. However, fiber‐optic sensors, conventionally made of stiff silica fibers, are not mechanically compliant with the soft human skins and have limited strain range (<1%) for measuring large deformations. Here, a stretchable fiber Bragg grating (FBG)‐based optical (SFO) strain sensor with skin‐like compliance for human activity monitoring is presented. The SFO sensor is fabricated by a sinuous‐shaped FBG incorporated with a stretchable substrate that responds to strain deformations by shifting of the Bragg wavelength. This structural design enables measurement of various dynamic strains associated with tension, bending and torsion in a large sensing range up to 50%. To facilitate wearable integrations, a novel free‐running fiber laser with coherent dual‐comb output is developed to interrogate the SFO sensors by dual‐comb spectroscopy, which enables fast spectral acquisition with a single photodiode. It is shown that the SFO strain sensors can be used for wearable and skin‐mountable detection of diverse human activities including breathing, phonation, facial expression, and joint movements in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]