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AbstractBackgroundObjectivesMaterial and methodsResultsConclusions and significanceThe Canalith Repositioning Maneuver (CRM) is often ineffective for persistent geotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus (DCPN). In these cases, determining the lesion side can be challenging, as the null plane side and the side with stronger nystagmus on the roll test are frequently opposite.This study investigates whether the low therapeutic efficacy of CRM in persistent DCPN could be attributed to incorrect determination of the lesion side.This prospective randomized trial involved two groups of patients with persistent geotropic DCPN, categorized based on the method used to determine the lesion side: the null plane side and the side with stronger nystagmus on the head roll test. We assessed the therapeutic efficacy of CRM on the null plane side (null plane group) and the side with stronger nystagmus on the head roll test (stronger nystagmus group).Both groups showed minimal or no immediate therapeutic effect of CRM, with a low short-term effect observed in both as well. No significant differences were found in the immediate and short-term therapeutic effects of CRM between the two groups.The limited therapeutic effect of CRM in persistent geotropic DCPN does not appear to result from incorrect determination of the lesion side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic layer processing technology has advanced significantly since semiconductor devices have evolved from 2D to 3D stacked structures. Creating a uniform temperature distribution across the entire wafer during repeated heating and cooling cycles is an important aspect of atomic layer processing. Conventional embedded heaters rely on thermal conduction, resulting in slow heating rates. This can delay the cycle time of atomic layer processes, where rapid temperature changes are crucial. To overcome these problems, this study adopted a method to directly heat the wafer using gigahertz band microwaves. While there has been research on the heating mechanisms and effects of microwave irradiation on Si Wafers, studies on uniformity are lacking. Microwave heating depends on the distribution of the field, thus this study presents methods for improving uniformity by optimizing the antennas and controlling the cavity modes. A 2.45 GHz microwave was propagated in the TE10 mode in a WR-340 waveguide and radiated into the chamber through a slot located on a toroidal antenna designed for uniform heating. The radiated microwaves formed cavity modes within the chamber, thereby heating the 300 mm wafer. The wafer temperature was measured using a fiber Bragg grating sensor array; the heating rate at the top and back of the wafer was 6.5 °C/kW/s, and the within-wafer non-uniformity was 11.68% and 10.94%, respectively, after applying 500 W power for 60 s. A comparison of the temperature characteristics of the top and back sides of the wafer indicated no significant differences in uniformity, heating rate, and temperature profile. Based on these findings, it is anticipated that in atomic layer processes, where temperature control is crucial, the proposed method could reduce the process time and increase yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication and the characterization of bottom-gate thin-film transistors (TFTs) utilizing aluminum-zinc-tin-oxygen (AZTO) as a channel material has been studied. The AZTO channel was deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at room temperature, with varying oxygen and argon ratios. Comprehensive measurements, including transfer curve, temperature stress (TS), negative bias temperature stress (NBTS), activation energy, and density of states (DOS), were conducted to assess the electrical properties of the TFTs. The results indicated that higher oxygen concentrations during deposition led to enhanced stability of the TFTs, primarily by reducing oxygen vacancies. The study highlights the potential of oxide semiconductors, specifically AZTO, in display applications, offering high performance and efficiency. Comparative analysis revealed that AZTO exhibits properties similar to indium-gallium-zinc oxide, making it a viable alternative. The investigation into the effects of varying argon-to-oxygen ratios provides valuable insights into the fundamental processes governing the electrical behavior of AZTO-based TFTs. The calculated activation energy and DOS further elucidate the underlying mechanisms, reinforcing the material's suitability for advanced electronics and display technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probabilistic analysis of drought events is a crucial scientific process that provides foundational data for developing water resource strategies to ensure water supply for municipal, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Drought analysis requires the consideration of two variables–duration and severity–making it more complex than flood frequency analysis, which typically involves a univariate analysis. In the bivariate analysis of drought events, the derivation of a joint probability distribution using the best-fit probability distributions for the selected variables was difficult or impossible mathematically. Therefore, recent studies have applied a copula function to resolve this limitation. Although recent research has focused on applying copula functions, comparative studies presenting results from univariate analyses, bivariate analyses using specific distributions, and bivariate analyses using copula functions remain relatively scarce. Therefore, this study attempts to focus on the comparison of the results from techniques used in drought frequency analysis and to suggest the advantage of a copula function. The sites selected for this study were Hongcheon and Jeongseon in South Korea, which experienced severe drought damage in 2009. In addition, six rainfall datasets (historical data and future data by SSP1-2.6, and SSP5-8.5 climate change scenarios) from two rainfall gauges were used to perform various types of drought frequency analyses. In particular, the fundamental theory that considers the relationship between the return period and exceedance probability in the bivariate analysis suggests that copula functions can effectively enhance drought frequency analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of localization on a carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite plate, considering the operating temperature of the composite structure. A multiplexed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor, utilizing a cross-correlation-based impact localization algorithm, was employed for this purpose. This algorithm primarily depends on the shape of the impact response wavelength and is minimally affected by temperature variations. The study validates the effectiveness of the cross-correlation-based impact location detection technique with temperature compensation within the operational temperature range of composite structures. Results demonstrated that the algorithm successfully estimated the impact location for each of the 10 impact points at temperatures of −20, 0, 20, and 40 °C. Out of 40 impact points, 33 were accurately estimated under the given temperatures, with a total average error of 3.30 mm, which is significantly lower than the predefined grid size of 80 mm, equating to an error rate of 4.13%. Therefore, the cross-correlation-based impact localization algorithm has proven to be a promising tool for impact monitoring systems in composite structures under various temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects hidden inside a perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) polymer tube were detected using a generative adversarial network (GAN) for terahertz (THz) imaging based on anomaly detection (AnoGAN). The THz signals were analyzed with respect to the size and angle of the defects in the PFA sheets and tubes. The anomaly score distribution was derived based on the degree of deviation. THz images with defects can be classified within a 1% error based on the anomaly score distribution of the THz imaging data. Additionally, the AnoGAN model successfully distinguished the outlier regions of the normal images from the defective images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique saddle articulation of the trapeziometacarpal joint allows for a wide range of motion necessary for routine function of the thumb. Inherently unstable characteristics of the joint can lead painful instability. In this study, we modified a surgical dorsal ligament reconstruction technique for restoring trapeziometacarpal joint stability. We evaluated and compared the biomechanical efficacy of our reconstruction technique with that of dorsoradial capsulodesis by creating a cadaveric model of rotational instability. Twenty-four specimens were subjected to dorsoradial capsulodesis (n = 12) or dorsoradial ligament reconstruction using the abductor pollicis longus (APL) (n = 12). The modified dorsoradial ligament reconstruction entailed detaching one distally based slip of the APL. The harvested tendon's proximal end was passed through a bone tunnel created at the dorsoradial ridge of the trapezium. A suture anchor was inserted at the dorsal base of the metacarpal bone. The tendon stump was sutured to the metacarpal bone using fiber wire in figure-of-eight configuration. The load to failure of the trapeziometacarpal joint under compression was higher in the reconstruction group (p = 0.003). The improvement in the rotational arc (observed in all specimens) was significantly greater in the reconstruction group than the capsulodesis group (p = 0.003). Our technique reconstructs only the necessary ligament, requires a smaller incision and relatively simpler surgical procedure, and enables precise determination of the insertion and exit sites of the tendon, making it a promising treatment for trapeziometacarpal joint instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Duck circovirus (DuCV) is a common DNA virus in ducks that can infect nearly all breeds of ducks. It is primarily transmitted via the cloacal–fecal–oral route, and ducks of all ages are susceptible. While DuCV infection alone is often subclinical, it can induce immunosuppression, which in turn increases the susceptibility to other common pathogens and exacerbates clinical symptoms. Currently, DuCV has a global distribution with a high infection rate, posing a serious threat to the duck industry. Recent mutations and the emergence of new genotypes, coupled with evidence suggesting that migratory birds may play a significant role in DuCV transmission, have heightened concerns about this virus. Therefore, this study conducted an epidemiological investigation of DuCV in samples collected from Korean farms between 2013 and 2022 and analyzed the genetic variation characteristics of DuCV strains during this period. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the current epidemiological status of DuCV in South Korea and provide valuable data to support future control strategies. Duck circovirus (DuCV) infections cause immunosuppression in ducks, potentially leading to significant economic losses for the duck farming industry. This study investigates the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and evolutionary trends of DuCV in Korea between 2013 and 2022. Samples from 184 farms across seven provinces were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall DuCV infection rate was 29.4% (54/184), with Jeollanam-do showing the highest prevalence (37.5%, 15/40). Ducks aged 3–6 weeks were most susceptible to infection, while ducklings younger than one week were rarely infected. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 24 positive samples with phylogenetic analysis revealing that DuCV-1b is the predominant subtype in Korea (23/24 strains). Notably, a Korean DuCV-1a subtype strain was identified for the first time, showing close genetic relatedness to Chinese DuCV 1a strains. Novel subtype-specific amino acid variations in ORF1 and ORF2 were statistically analyzed and classified. Recombination analysis suggested some Korean DuCV-1b strains may have resulted from recombination events involving strains from different countries. This comprehensive study provides crucial insights into the current prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary dynamics of DuCV in Korea, offering valuable data for developing effective control strategies and understanding the global epidemiology of this economically important avian pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Six-year-old children who are not socially developed generally show low self-esteem, but this level increases continuously due to teacher interaction. However, using methods such as animal-assisted activities incorporating animals can rapidly increase the levels of self-esteem in children. This study investigated the effectiveness of rabbit-based intervention in two groups with similar backgrounds. It can be concluded that rabbit-based intervention is particularly effective in increasing children's self-esteem. In addition, self-esteem was effectively improved in boys compared to girls. This method helped improve children's early sociality and self-esteem. Animal-assisted activities (AAAs) effectively improve the self-esteem of infants and young children, thereby playing a significant role in their growth into adolescence. In particular, in modern society, self-esteem during childhood and adolescence can influence self-esteem during adulthood. Therefore, this study evaluates whether animal-assisted activities could improve infants' self-esteem. There were ten participants in this study, with six one-hour sessions conducted twice a week with six-year-old children. The study proceeded with one host, two assistant hosts, one animal manager, one observer, and two helper rabbits. A self-esteem test was used as the research tool. Before and after the program, the pre-and post-tests were conducted separately to confirm the effect. Animal-mediated therapy in the program resulted in reducing the average scores in certain sub-areas of self-esteem. Additionally, the average score demonstrated a statistically significant increase in other areas. This study's results showed that play programs involving animal-assisted activities can positively improve the self-esteem of infants and toddlers who develop early social skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimated global prevalence of diabetes is similar for women and men (8.4% vs. 8.9%). Even among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), there are known gender differences in the impact of the disease. The relative risk of cardiovascular (CV) complications between people with and without T2D is higher in women than in men. In contrast, lifestyle interventions and bariatric surgery appear to have similar effects regardless of gender. Importantly, not only is the excess risk of coronary artery disease associated disproportionately highly with diabetes, but the clinical presentation of coronary artery disease differs between women and men. Women more often present with atypical symptoms of angina, which can hinder accurate diagnosis and early treatment, potentially leading to disease progression and subsequent myocardial infarction. Whether these gender differences also exist in CV disease remains uncertain. Evidence that men and women experience diabetes-related conditions differently suggests that further research is needed to clarify the biological, behavioral, or social mechanisms involved. Meanwhile, the menopausal transition in women is a time of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk. Endocrine and metabolic changes are closely linked during the menopausal transition. This review highlights key differences in diabetes-related CV complications by gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) reduces the quality of life of patients and limits their activities of daily living. Even though resistance exercises seemed to be safe in BCRL patients, it was still controversial that resistance exercises improve lymphedema. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of forearm-targeted resistance exercises on BCRL using segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods: This study was a pilot-controlled randomized trial, with patients divided into the intervention and the control group. Both groups received 30 min of complete decongestive therapy (CDT) for 2 weeks. In addition, the intervention group received forearm strengthening training including warm-up and cool-down for an extra 20 min, and the control group received stretching exercises. 5 kHz impedance ratios were assessed by segmental BIA before and after treatments. Results: Among the eighteen patients enrolled, ten were assigned to the intervention group, and eight were in the control group. Only the 5 kHz impedance ratio in the forearm segment of the intervention group showed a statistically significant difference. The effect sizes of the groups were 0.71 for the intervention group and 0.93 in the between-group comparison. Conclusions: Forearm resistance exercises in patients with BCRL showed a significant decrease in extracellular fluid in the proximal forearm segment when using segmental BIA. Therefore, we suggest that resistance exercises targeting the forearm might be effective in treating lymphedema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insulation performance of a building is one of the most fundamental factors in reducing its energy use. The insulation of the building envelope is the main factor that directly affects the cooling and heating loads, which is responsible for the largest portion of the building's energy consumption. Recently, in South Korea, building insulation materials such as PIR and PF, which have not only fire resistance but also high insulation performance, are becoming mainstream in the industry as fire safety standards have been strengthened. However, there are concerns about the long-term change of high-performance insulation materials. In particular, in contrast with existing plastic insulation materials such as EPS and XPS, the evaluation of the reliability of the long-term change of insulation materials with a high closed-cell rate is becoming an issue. This is because, unlike the existing EPS and XPS, there are insufficient international standard test methods for evaluating the long-term thermal performance of composite insulation materials such as polyurethane and phenol. They are combined with layers of other types of thermal insulation and/or one or both of the surfaces are covered with coatings, facings, membranes or other surface skins, all serving some functional purpose depending on the product application. In this study, the long-term change of building insulation materials was tested and analyzed based on the standard of the accelerated aging test. Four types of building insulation materials were used in the experiment: EPS, XPS, PF and PIR. The accelerated aging tests were conducted based on ISO 11561 and BS EN 13166 standards (accelerated laboratory test methods). The results of the accelerated aging tests for the materials were analyzed and the thermal resistance of the insulation materials was also compared. From the test results according to the slicing test method specified in the ISO 11561, the thermal resistance of EPS, XPS, PF, and PIR with long-term changes decreased by 2.4%, 8.5%, 16.4%, and 18.0%, respectively, compared to the initial thermal resistance. From the test results according to the 70 °C heat acceleration test method specified in the EN 13166, the thermal resistance decreased by 2.0% for EPS, 6.7% for XPS, 8.7% for PF and 13.6% for PIR, compared to their respective initial thermal resistance values. The EPS showed highly similar thermal resistance changes for the two different test methods. It was found that there was no effect from the slicing of the insulation material, and the accelerated aging test showed minimal changes in thermal resistance. In contrast, the other insulation materials exhibited different thermal resistance changes depending on the test method, with each material showing a thermal resistance change of 8.8% to 15.9% when subjected to the accelerated aging test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognition of sadness from facial expressions is associated with empathic responses. In this study, we devised an emotional probabilistic reward task (PRT) to facilitate sadness recognition and tested its effects on attentional and empathic responses to others in distress. During the emotional PRT, healthy participants were asked to discriminate between facial expressions subtly expressing sadness or anger. Reward feedback for correct sadness and anger recognition was provided, with different probabilities between the training (70% vs. 30%) and control groups (50% vs. 50%). Subsequently, participants performed a visual dot-probe task involving facial expressions of sadness, anger, fear, and happiness. They also completed an empathy rating task while viewing short video clips depicting people experiencing distressing or neutral events. The results showed that the training group developed greater recognition bias for sadness than the control group. Within the training group, sad recognition bias was positively associated with subsequent attentional orienting to sad faces and empathic concern towards distressed others. These findings suggest that the emotional PRT holds promise for modifying cognitive and emotional processes that are associated with empathy for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-cost differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) spectrometer has been calibrated using a hybrid approach in which multiple absorption cross sections (ACSs) are measured and compared with previously obtained ACSs. The ACSs obtained from the measurement in this study are referred to as precise measurement (PM) ACSs, while those obtained from the simulation are referred to as hybrid simulation (HS) ACSs. The compact UV grating spectrometer was used to measure PM ACSs at different pressures and temperatures ranging from 295.75 K to 298.15 K. The spectral range was 230–320 nm with a spectral resolution of 0.28–0.39 nm. Uncertainties were evaluated and traceable to SI units. The relative standard measurement uncertainty of the PM ACS for o-xylene, p-xylene, SO2, benzene, styrene and toluene were 3.1 %, 3.1 %, 3.1 %, 3.0 %, 3.0 % and 2.9 %. respectively. This combined relative standard uncertainty includes contributions from optical path length (1.4 %), CRM concentration (≤0.74 %), absorbance repeatability (≤1.5 %), pressure (0.78 %) and temperature (2.1 %). ACSs for reactive trace gases without CRMs were derived using the HS method. This involved convolving literature spectra with measured instrumental functions (IFs) and subsequently applying spectral fitting to achieve ACSs that are well-aligned with those that would be obtained if measured with this spectrometer. The uncertainty of the HS ACSs results from the referenced ACSs, the determination of the IFs and the fitting procedures. The uncertainty of the referenced ACSs is taken directly from the literature and ranges from 0.05 % for benzaldehyde and formaldehyde to 5 % for oxygen. The uncertainty of the IFs is 0.67 %, 0.74 % and 0.65 % in regions I, II and III respectively. The total uncertainty for HS ACS is estimated to be 0.25 % for benzaldehyde, 1.01 % for NO2, 0.95 % for formaldehyde, 0.75 % for p-cresol, 0.74 % for m-xylene, 4.13 % for phenol, 4.19 % for ethylbenzene, 2.83 % for ozone in region I, 3.51 % for ozone in region II, 5.24 % for oxygen in region I and 5.31 % for oxygen in region II, taking into account the above uncertainty components. In a laboratory measurement of a gas mixture (benzene, toluene and ortho-xylene), the difference between the measurement values of the certified reference material (CRM) produced by the gravimetric method and the DOAS measurement is 8.5 % for benzene, 1.6 % for toluene and 4.9 % for ortho-xylene. Therefore, the uncertainty of the DOAS system was estimated to be 15.2 % for benzene, 8.2 % for toluene and 11.6 % for o-xylene, taking into account the uncertainties of the ACS (≤3.1 %), the fitting procedure (≤0.6 %), the difference with the CRM value (≤8.5 %) and the path length (1.4 %). In general, the system is ready for use in field measurements using the long-path DOAS technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Astilbe, consisting of about 18 species, is distributed throughout East Asia and Northeastern America, and most Astilbe species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants. A total of four species of Astilbe have been confirmed to be distributed throughout Korea, two of which are endemic to Korea. Methods: In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genomes of two endemic Korean plants using Illumina sequencing technology, identified simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and repetitive sequences, and compared them with three previously reported chloroplast genomes. Results: The chloroplast genomes of the two species were 156,968 and 57,142 bp in length and had a four-part circular structure. They consisted of a large single-copy region of 87,223 and 87,272 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,167 and 18,138 bp, separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb, 25,789 and 25,866 bp). The genomes contained 130 genes, 49 SSRs, and 49 long repetitive sequences. Comparative analysis with the chloroplast genomes of five Astilbe species indicated that A. uljinensis was closely related to A. chinensis and A. taquetii to A. koreana. Conclusions: This study provides valuable references for the identification of two endemic Korean Astilbe species and contributes to a deeper understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of the genus Astilbe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early fusion is crucial in interbody procedures to minimize mechanical complications resulting from delayed union, especially for patients with osteoporosis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are used in spinal fusion procedures; however, limited evaluation exists regarding time-to-fusion for BMP use, particularly in patients with osteoporosis. To evaluate the difference in time-to-fusion after single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery between recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) usage and nonusage groups according to bone density. Retrospective single-center cohort study. This study enrolled 132 patients (mean age, 65.25±8.66; male patients, 40.9%) who underwent single-level TLIF for degenerative disorders between February 2012 and December 2021, with pre- and postoperative computed tomography (CT). The interbody fusion mass and bone graft status on postoperative CT scans was obtained annually, and time-to-fusion was recorded for each patient. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on rhBMP-2 use during the interbody fusion procedure. Patients were further divided into osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups based on preoperative L1 vertebral body attenuation values, using cutoffs of 90 and 120 Hounsfield units. It was strictly defined that fusion is considered complete when a trabecular bone bridge was formed, and therefore, the time-to-fusion was measured in years. Time-to-fusion was statistically compared between BMP group and non-BMP groups, followed by further comparison according to bone density. The time-to-fusion differed significantly between BMP and non-BMP groups, with half of the patients achieving fusion within 2.5 years in the BMP group compared with 4 years in the non-BMP group (p<.001). The fusion rate varied based on bone density, with the maximum difference observed in the osteoporosis group, when half of the patients achieved fusion within 3 years in the BMP group compared to 5 years in the non-BMP group (p<.001). Subgroup analysis was conducted, revealing no significant associations between time-to-fusion and factors known to influence the fusion process, including age, gender, medical history, smoking and alcohol use, and medication history, except for rh-BMP2 use and bone density. RhBMP-2 usage significantly reduced time-to-fusion in single-level TLIF, especially in patients with osteoporosis. Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pork cutlets are susceptible to cross‐contamination with foodborne pathogens during processing. Food irradiation effectively improves food hygiene by eliminating microbes. We investigated the application of X‐ray irradiation (0.5–10 kGy) on pathogen inactivation (D10 value), quality changes [total aerobic bacteria (TAB), yeast and mould (Y&M), total coliform (TC), colour, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and pH], and the hydrocarbon profile of pork cutlets. D10 values of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.37, 0.62, 0.52, and 0.36 kGy, respectively. At least 3.10 kGy (5‐D10 values) is required to ensure the microbiological safety of pork cutlets. X‐ray irradiation dose‐dependently reduced all microbial counts, and up to 7 kGy had no adverse effects on colour, TBARS, and pH. Furthermore, 1,7‐hexadecadiene and 8‐heptadecene were potential markers for irradiated pork cutlets. X‐ray irradiation of up to 7 kGy is effective in improving hygiene levels while maintaining pork cutlet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In small and medium-sized chemical plants, explosions constantly occur owing to runaway reactions because of equipment defects or human errors and so on. Accordingly, in this study, based on a case study of an explosion accident in a polystyrene reactor in South Korea, the dis-charge capacity of hazardous substances during a runaway reaction is reviewed and a method for safely disposing of hazardous substances is proposed. Using an acceleration rate calorimeter, the maximum temperature rise rate during the polystyrene reaction was determined, and it was determined that 355,643 kg/h can flow during a runaway reaction. A 30-inch header size was then selected to consider maximum flow rate, and two 81.4 m 2 heat exchangers were selected to completely condense the hazardous substances. As a result, the facilities at the workplace were configured to condense all hazardous substances and discharge them into the atmosphere. If this method is used, it is believed that the lives of workers can be protected by preventing fires and explosions in small and medium-sized chemical plants in which runaway reactions may occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A family history of lung cancer has been reported to increase the risk of lung cancer development. Since a family history of lung cancer is generally regarded as an unmodifiable factor, understanding the relationship between a family history of lung cancer and the development of lung cancer is essential for establishing lung cancer screening strategies. However, previous studies on this issue did not consider various characteristics of study participants, such as age, sex, and smoking status, and there is an ongoing debate regarding which subgroups exhibit a higher genetic predisposition to lung cancer. Furthermore, no data are available on the impact of a family history of lung cancer on lung cancer risk in the general Korean population. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between a family history of lung cancer in first-degree relatives and lung cancer development through a comprehensive analysis of a large population-based cohort in Korea. Comprehensive analyses of the association between a family history of lung cancer and lung cancer risk are limited, especially in the Korean population. We used baseline data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, conducted between 2001 and 2013. This study enrolled 198,980 individuals. Lung cancer diagnoses and family histories were determined using questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of family history on the risk of lung cancer. Of 198,980 individuals, 6296 (3.2%) and 140 (0.1%) had a family history of lung cancer and lung cancer, respectively. Individuals with a family history of lung cancer in first-degree relatives (FDRs) had a higher risk of lung cancer development than those without (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11–4.66). This was more pronounced in young individuals (<60 years) who had affected relatives diagnosed with lung cancer before the age of 60 years (aOR = 3.77, 95% CI = 1.19–11.88). In subgroup analyses, this association was more evident in women, never smokers, and young individuals. A family history of lung cancer, especially in FDRs, is a significant risk factor for lung cancer development in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The stable isotope compositions of atmospheric CO2 can provide useful insight into various geochemical processes and carbon cycles on Earth, which is critical for understanding of Earth's changing climate. Here, we present a simple and cost‐effective analytical method for the collection and measurement of carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of atmospheric CO2. Methods: Air samples of ~150 mL were collected individually or collectively using our simple active air collection system and then extracted on a vacuum purification line to remove noncondensable gases and atmospheric water vapor. The efficiency of removing atmospheric water vapor was tested by using a magnesium perchlorate desiccant trap and a dry ice/ethanol trap. Lastly, a "J‐Cut tube sealing/cracking method" was developed to store and transfer purified atmospheric CO2 to the GasBench II and CF‐IRMS system for δ13C and δ18O measurements. Results: The collective active air collection method combined with the full sample air extraction method for a 3‐min transfer time or "Full 3m TE" yields the best analytical precision of 0.07‰ (δ13C) and 0.04‰ (δ18O). Removing atmospheric water vapor from air samples is not necessary for δ13C, but essential for δ18O measurements. The J‐Cut tube sealing/cracking method shows a near 100% effectiveness for the storage and transfer of atmospheric or any CO2. Conclusions: A simple and cost‐effect method was developed for the collection, purification, storage, and isotopic analysis of indoor/outdoor atmospheric CO2 samples for general users. This method utilizes a popular headspace gas sample preparation system for CF‐IRMS and an easy‐to‐build vacuum purification line without involving complex and high‐cost devices for the preparation of atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of allogeneic, ex-vivo expanded, NK cells, MG4101, in patients with refractory or relapsed AML. The relationship between immunological characteristics and clinical responses was analyzed. Between April 2018 and February 2020, 11 patients (male:female = 5:6) were treated with MG4101. Of eight evaluable patients, two (25.0%) showed partial response and two (25.0%) showed stable disease. The median overall survival was 3.4 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.5–4.3 months), and the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) censored duration of response was 2.9 months (95% CI, 1.5–4.4 months). Two patients underwent HSCT after MG4101 treatment. Except for one grade 3 infusion-related reaction, no serious adverse events were observed. The sum of activating KIRs in responders tended to be higher than that in non-responders. Analyses of NKRL and KIR highlighted the importance of immunological mechanisms in treating myeloid neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractWe evaluated the safety and efficacy of allogeneic, ex-vivo expanded, NK cells, MG4101, in patients with refractory or relapsed AML. The relationship between immunological characteristics and clinical responses was analyzed. Between April 2018 and February 2020, 11 patients (male:female = 5:6) were treated with MG4101. Of eight evaluable patients, two (25.0%) showed partial response and two (25.0%) showed stable disease. The median overall survival was 3.4 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.5–4.3 months), and the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) censored duration of response was 2.9 months (95% CI, 1.5–4.4 months). Two patients underwent HSCT after MG4101 treatment. Except for one grade 3 infusion-related reaction, no serious adverse events were observed. The sum of activating KIRs in responders tended to be higher than that in non-responders. Analyses of NKRL and KIR highlighted the importance of immunological mechanisms in treating myeloid neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to re-evaluate the utility of subendometrial enhancement (SEE) in assessing the interface between the endometrium and myometrium. In total, 110 women who underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-endometrial gynecologic diseases were enrolled in this prospective study. Two radiologists independently assessed the presence or absence of subendometrial enhancement (SEE) on dynamic contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI. A subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of menstrual status on the detection of SEE. Identified areas of SEE were rated using a 4-point Likert scale to determine their reliability in assessing the interface between the endometrium and myometrium. SEE was identified in 44.5% (49/110) of cases by radiologist 1 and in 39.1% (43/110) by radiologist 2. A subgroup analysis indicated no significant differences in the detection of SEE based on menstrual status. The identified areas of SEE were deemed reliable for assessing the interface between the endometrium and myometrium in 24.5% (12/49) of the cases evaluated by radiologist 1 and in 32.6% (14/43) of those evaluated by radiologist 2. Among the 110 women studied, reliable areas of SEE for assessing the interface between the endometrium and myometrium were observed in 10.9% (n = 12) by radiologist 1 and 12.7% (n = 14) by radiologist 2. The evaluation of SEE using dynamic CE MRI may be limited in its ability to assess the interface between the endometrium and myometrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early risk stratification is crucial due to septic patients' heterogeneity. Serum albumin level may reflect the severity of sepsis and host status. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic ability of the initial sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score alone and combined with serum albumin levels for predicting 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock. Methods: We conducted an observational study using a prospective, multicenter registry of septic shock patients between October 2015 and May 2022 from 12 emergency departments in the Korean Shock Society and the results were validated by examining those from the septic shock cohort in Asan Medical Center. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the predictive values of SOFA score alone and SOFA score combined with serum albumin level. Results: Among 5805 septic shock patients, 1529 (26.3%) died within 28 days. Mortality increased stepwise with decreasing serum albumin levels (13.6% in albumin ≥3.5, 20.7% in 3.5–3.0, 29.7% in 3.0–2.5, 44.0% in 2.5–2.0, 56.4% in <2.0). The albumin SOFA score was calculated by adding the initial SOFA score to the 4 points assigned for albumin levels. ROC analysis for predicting 28-day mortality showed that the area under the curve for the albumin SOFA score was 0.71 (95% CI 0.70–0.73), which was significantly higher than that of the initial SOFA score alone (0.68, 95% CI: 0.67–0.69). Conclusions: The combination of the initial SOFA score with albumin can improve prognostic accuracy for patients with septic shock, suggesting the albumin SOFA score may be used as an early mortality stratification tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for enhancing the mechanical characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites through the embedding of STF-impregnated woven carbon fabric within their structure, referred to as STFFC. The dynamic and static characteristics of the proposed STFFC were evaluated through a series of experimental tests including tensile, modal, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), low-velocity impact (LVI), and compression after impact (CAI) tests. The shear thickening fluid (STF), which was prepared by dispersing nano-silica particles in a solvent of polyethylene glycol (PEG), exhibited an abrupt increase in storage and loss modulus upon exceeding a critical shear strain. The result of the modal test revealed that the addition of STF-impregnated fabric into the CFRP composite led to greater damping ratios of 17.71–417.86%, despite the degradation of tensile strength by 10.81% and Young's modulus by 12.49%. DMA results show that the STFFC has a larger tan δ except for between intersections of 118 °C, and 161 °C. For impact responses, the STFFC resulted in a lower contact force, with a reduction of 2.41–3.30%, and an increase in absorbed energy of 2.87–5.00%. Meanwhile, the CAI strength of the STFFC was degraded by 3.62 to 6.20%. Despite the reduction of tensile, impact, and CAI characteristics of the STFFC, it is noteworthy that the CFRP composites exhibited relatively minor degradation even with the application of STF. The results of the study suggest that embedding STF-impregnated woven carbon fabric can enhance the potential of CFRP composites, making them even more promising solutions for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the study of uncertainty quantification of thermo-elastic free flexural vibration of cracked functionally graded (FG) plates for uncertain material parameters. A novel approach called stochastic extended finite element method (SXFEM) based on higher-order shear deformation theory for the thermal environment is developed. The first-order perturbation technique is incorporated in extended finite element formulation for stochastic free vibration analysis. To track the location of the crack in the domain, a level set function is implemented. The partition of unity technique is employed to make enrichment possible that is the augmentation of the primary variable with additional functions. The material modelling of functionally graded plate is done using the power law and the gradation of material properties is considered only in the thickness direction. First, the efficacy and accuracy of the presently developed formulation are checked by performing the convergence and validation study. Numerical analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the thermal environment and material uncertainty on the stochastic natural frequency of the FG plate. Numerical results are obtained for various parameters such as uncertain material properties, various temperatures, crack sizes, various boundary conditions, and gradient indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Hyperadrenocorticism in dogs is a condition characterized by excess cortisol and can disrupt overall health. This study examined its impact on gut bacteria, which is crucial for health. Compared to healthy dogs, the dogs with hyperadrenocorticism had less diverse gut bacteria and an increase in Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota), Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, and Proteus, alongside a decrease in Firmicutes (Bacillota). These imbalances continued even after treatment, suggesting ongoing health risks. Understanding these gut changes can improve treatments for affected dogs. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is a common endocrine disorder in dogs, which is associated with diverse metabolic abnormalities. We hypothesized that elevated cortisol levels in dogs with HAC disrupt the gut microbiome (GM), and this disruption persists even after trilostane treatment. This study explored GM composition in dogs with HAC. We included 24 dogs, 15 with HAC and 9 healthy controls, and followed up with 5 dogs with HAC who received trilostane treatment. The GM analysis revealed significant compositional changes in dogs with HAC, including reduced microbiome diversity compared to healthy controls, particularly in rare taxa, as indicated by the Shannon index (p = 0.0148). Beta diversity analysis further showed a distinct clustering of microbiomes in dogs with HAC, separating them from healthy dogs (p < 0.003). Specifically, an overrepresentation of Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadota), Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, and Proteus populations occurred alongside a decreased Firmicutes (Bacillota) population. Despite trilostane treatment, gut dysbiosis persisted in dogs with HAC at a median of 41 d post treatment, suggesting its potential role in ongoing metabolic issues. We identified GM dysbiosis in dogs with HAC by examining key bacterial genera, offering insights into potential interventions like probiotics or fecal microbiota transplants for better HAC management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of API X70 linepipe steel. The microstructure was primarily composed of a dislocation-rich bainitic microstructure and polygonal ferrite. Slow strain-rate tests (SSRTs) were performed under both ex situ and in situ electrochemical hydrogen charging conditions to examine the difference between hydrogen diffusion and trapping behaviors. The ex situ SSRTs showed almost the same tensile properties as air and a limited brittle fracture confined to near the surface. In contrast, the in situ SSRTs showed an abrupt failure after the maximum tensile load, leading to a brittle fracture across the entire fracture surface with stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC). The crack trace analysis results indicated that SOHIC propagation paths were influenced by localized hydrogen accumulation due to high-stress fields. As a result, the dominant hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, such as hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE), changed. These findings provide critical insights into the microstructural factors affecting hydrogen embrittlement, which are essential for the design of hydrogen-resistant steels in hydrogen infrastructure applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a 4D trajectory weather (4DT-Wx) prototype system was developed and evaluated for effective weather information integration in trajectory-based operation (TBO) environments. The system has two key distinguishing features: multi-model-based trajectory services and buffer zone information provision. We constructed a distributed processing system using Apache Spark, enabling the efficient processing of large-scale weather data. The performance evaluation demonstrated excellent scalability and efficiency in processing large-scale data. An analysis of the buffer configurations highlighted that buffer zone information is valuable in decision-making processes and has the potential to enhance the system performance. The system's practical applicability is presented through visualizations of the extracted weather information. This system is expected to enhance aviation safety and operational efficiency, providing a foundation for addressing increasingly complex weather conditions and flight scenarios in the future. The approach presented in this study marks a significant step toward effective TBO implementation and the advancement of future air traffic management. The evaluation of the 4DT-Wx system analyzed the accuracy of weather data processing and the performance of distributed processing, finding that the temperature (T) estimation had the highest accuracy, and that the parallel processing using Apache Spark was most effectively modeled by Ahmed et al.'s model. The findings suggest the potential for further optimization in integrating various weather models and developing algorithms to enhance their utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the HYDRASHIFT assay's effectiveness in mitigating daratumumab interference on serum protein tests during multiple myeloma (MM) treatment, aiming to ensure an accurate assessment of treatment response. We analyzed 113 serum samples from 68 MM patients undergoing daratumumab treatment, employing both standard IF and the HYDRASHIFT assay. The assay's precision was determined through intra-day and inter-day variability assessments, while its specificity was verified using serum samples devoid of daratumumab. Comparative analysis of IF results, before and after the application of the HYDRASHIFT assay, facilitated the categorization of treatment responses in alignment with the International Myeloma Working Group's response criteria. The precision underscored the assay's consistent repeatability and reproducibility, successfully eliminating interference of daratumumab-induced Gκ bands. Specificity assessments demonstrated the assay's capability to distinguish daratumumab from both isatuximab and naturally occurring M-proteins. Of the analyzed cases, 91 exhibited successful migration of daratumumab-induced Gκ bands, thereby enhancing the accuracy of treatment response classification. The remaining 22 cases did not show a visible migration complex, likely due to the low concentration of daratumumab in the serum. These findings underscore the assay's critical role in distinguishing daratumumab from endogenous M-protein, particularly in samples with a single Gκ band on standard IF, where daratumumab and endogenous M-protein had co-migrated. The HYDRASHIFT assay demonstrates high precision, specificity, and utility in the accurate monitoring of treatment responses in MM patients receiving daratumumab. This assay represents a significant advancement in overcoming the diagnostic challenges posed by daratumumab interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the cornerstone intervention for cardiac arrest, with extracorporeal CPR (ECPR) demonstrating enhanced survival and neurologic outcomes in in‐hospital cardiac arrest. This study explores the time interval between CPR initiation and the onset of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in ECPR recipients, investigating its impact on survival outcomes. Methods: This retrospective analysis included 1950 adults who received CPR at a single medical center between March 2019 and April 2023. Data from 198 adult patients who had ECMO inserted during CPR were analyzed. The interval from CPR initiation to ECMO initiation was quantified and categorized as ≤20, 20–40, and >40 min. Cox regression analysis assessed associations between CPR‐to‐ECMO time and short‐ and long‐term mortalities. Results: Among the 198 patients who underwent ECPR, 116 (58.6%) experienced 30‐day mortality. Initiation of ECMO within 20 min occurred in 46 (23.2%), whereas 74 (37.4%) had ECMO initiated after 40 min. Cox regression revealed a significant association between time from CPR to ECMO initiation and 30‐day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.20 in >40 min, HR: 2.63 in 20–40 min, p = 0.006) and 6‐month mortality (HR: 1.81, in >40 min, HR: 1.99 in 20–40 min, p = 0.021). Conclusions: This study revealed that, in ECPR recipients, a shorter duration between CPR initiation and ECMO flow commencement is associated with improved short‐ and long‐term patient prognoses. These findings emphasize the critical role of timely ECMO application in optimizing outcomes for patients undergoing ECPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that can identify porcine dendritic cells (DCs) that have differentiated from bone marrow progenitor cells. Hybridoma technology was used to obtain mAbs, and bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were employed as immunogens for producing antibodies. The generated PD9-9 mAbs exhibited considerable reactivity towards porcine BMDCs with applications in flow cytometry and immunostaining. The antibody was composed of heavy immunoglobulin gamma-1 chains and light kappa chains. The PD9-9 mAb recognized fully differentiated porcine BMDCs and cells undergoing DC differentiation. In contrast, bone marrow cells and macrophages were not recognized by PD9-9. In addition, the PD9-9 mAb promoted porcine DC proliferation. Consequently, the PD9-9 mAb may be a biomarker for porcine DCs and will be advantageous for investigating porcine DC biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: 3D hydraulic fractures were extracted from X-ray computed tomography images by manual selection and surface interpolation. Joint roughness was measured for hydraulic fractures induced along different cleavage planes in granite. The cleavage plane and pressurization rate have an effect on the roughness of hydraulically induced fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphorical language describing the COVID-19 pandemic as a war has been pervasive in public discourse (e.g. "the pandemic is a war," "the virus is an enemy," and "the vaccine is a weapon"). This study employs an online survey experiment (N = 551 U.S. adults) to examine the impact of war metaphors compared to non-metaphorical literal frames and fire metaphors (e.g. "the pandemic is a wildfire"). War metaphors exhibited little advantage over literal frames across a variety of desirable outcomes (i.e. the adoption of pro-health behaviors against COVID-19, perceived solidarity and collective responsibility to curb the pandemic, and intentions to discuss and share the health news with others). However, this study revealed some benefits of war metaphors over fire metaphors. Compared with fire metaphors, health news featuring war metaphors increased both positive emotions and perceived threats of COVID-19, which in turn promoted pro-health behaviors against COVID-19 and perceived solidarity to cope with the public health crisis. Moreover, positive emotions in response to war metaphors also indirectly encouraged the retransmission of science-based COVID-19 health news. This study thus showcased the benefits and limitations of war metaphors and revealed the mediating roles of perceived threats and positive emotions in explaining war metaphorical framing effects. Implications of using war and fire metaphors for communicating about public health crises are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of quality control, the critical challenge of analyzing microdefects in steel filament holds significant importance. This is particularly vital, as steel filaments serve as reinforced fibers in the use and applications within various component manufacturing industries. This paper addresses the crucial requirement of identifying and investigating microdefects in steel filaments. Eddy current signals are used for the identification of microdefects, and an in-depth investigation is conducted. The core objective is to establish the relationship between the depth of defects and the signals detected through the eddy current sensing principle. The threshold of the eddy current instrument was set at 10%, corresponding to a created depth of 20 µm, to identify defective specimens. A total of 30 defective samples were analyzed, and the phase angles between the experimental and theoretical results were compared. The depths of defects ranged from 20 to 60 µm, with one sample having a depth exceeding 75 µm. The calculated threshold of 10.18% closely aligns with the set threshold of 10%, with a difference of only 1.77%. The resulting root mean square error (RMSE) was found to be 10.53 degrees, equivalent to 3.49 µm for the difference in depth and phase between measured results and estimated results. This underscores the methodology's accuracy and its applicability across diverse manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a finite element method (FEM) based curing analysis for predicting the process-induced deformation (PID) of CFRP woven composites using shell-type elements. This method can efficiently consider various fabric parameters and stacking sequences, even for complex structures. For woven composite plates and L-shaped flanges, FEM-based PID prediction using shell elements reduced computation times by 50–59% compared to solid elements, while maintaining acceptable accuracy with relative errors of 0.17–7.35%. Furthermore, the impacts of various fabric parameters and stacking sequences on the PID of woven composites are analyzed in detail. The main finding is that the variation in material properties due to fabric parameters and stacking sequences significantly impacts the PID of woven composite structures. This prediction method can be applied in the design of composite structures and molds, thereby enhancing the dimensional precision and performance of composite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinically, prostate cancer is infamous for its histological and molecular heterogeneity, which causes great challenges to pinpoint therapy and pharmaceutical development. To overcome these difficulties, researchers are focusing on modulating tumor microenvironment and immune responses in addition to genetic alteration and epigenetic regulation. Here, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers or modulators of prostate cancer by investigating genes specifically altered in prostate cancer cells treated with established anti-cancer agents. Glycerol kinase 1 (GK1) is phosphotransferase encoded on the X chromosome, is associated with the synthesis of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, and has been mainly studied for X-linked metabolic disorder GK deficiency (GKD). Interestingly, our DNA microarray analysis showed that several anti-cancer agents highly induced the expression of GK1, especially GK1a and GK1b isoforms, in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. To elucidate the relationship between GK1 and cancer cell death, a human GK1b-specific expression vector was constructed and transfected into the PC-3 cells. Surprisingly, GK1b overexpression dramatically reduced cell viability and significantly accelerated apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that GK1b may serve as a promising modulator and biomarker of cell death in prostate cancer, offering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by deficiency of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) due to variants in the GALC gene. Here, we provide the first and the largest comprehensive analysis of clinical and genetic characteristics, and genotype–phenotype correlations of KD in Korean in comparison with other ethnic groups. From June 2010 to June 2023, 10 patients were diagnosed with KD through sequencing of GALC. Clinical features, and results of GALC sequencing, biochemical test, neuroimaging, and neurophysiologic test were obtained from medical records. An additional nine previously reported Korean KD patients were included for review. In Korean KD patients, the median age of onset was 2 years (3 months–34 years) and the most common phenotype was adult‐onset (33%, 6/18) KD, followed by infantile KD (28%, 5/18). The most frequent variants were c.683_694delinsCTC (23%) and c.1901T>C (23%), while the 30‐kb deletion was absent. Having two heterozygous pathogenic missense variants was associated with later‐onset phenotype. Clinical features were similar to those of other ethnic groups. In Korean KD patients, the most common phenotype was the adult‐onset type and the GALC variant spectrum was different from that of the Caucasian population. This study would further our understanding of KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, an investigation into the natural frequencies of functionally graded porous curved beams is presented, covering both deterministic and stochastic domains. The stochastic finite element analysis is based on a three-node, C0 continuous element, and higher-order shear deformation theory, utilizing the first-order perturbation technique (FOPT). The study includes a comparative analysis of three porosity distribution models, including a recently proposed sinusoidal model. Additionally, the study examines the influence of various factors, such as porosity distributions, boundary conditions, volume fraction indices, and geometric configurations, on the natural frequencies. The analysis encompasses uncertain natural frequencies in functionally graded curved beams, accounting for material stochasticity through FOPT. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to validate the accuracy of the FOPT model, increasing the approach's reliability. Potential future research in this area could investigate the effects of stochastic variations in geometric parameters, including dimensions and boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To elucidate the clinical features and surgical outcomes of full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) with epiretinal proliferation (EP) diagnosed by both en-face and B-mode optical coherence tomography (OCT). Method: This retrospective cohort study classified idiopathic FTMHs into two groups, based on B-scan and en-face OCT imaging: FTMH with EP (EP group) and without EP (non-EP group). The preoperative features, as well as postoperative outcomes up to 12 months, were compared between the two groups. Result: Among 318 eyes of idiopathic FTMH that met the inclusion criteria, 59 eyes (18.6%) were in the EP group, and others were in the non-EP group. In 9 eyes (15.3%) out of the EP group, EP was not detected in the preoperative B-mode OCT but was identified through the en-face OCT. Baseline features showed a higher male proportion (47.5% vs. 27.8%, P = 0.005) and a lower incidence of vitreofoveal traction (P < 0.001) in the EP group than in the non-EP group. The EP group showed worse visual recovery than the non-EP group (− 0.23 vs. − 0.41 logarithm of the minimum angle of the resolution at 12 months, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The en-face OCT enhances diagnostic accuracy of EP in FTMH eyes, especially in the case with smaller extent of EP. Eyes with FTMH with EP showed a worse visual recovery than FTMH without EP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the role of O-GlcNAc cycling in Alzheimer's disease-related changes in brain pathophysiology induced by chronic REM sleep deprivation (CSD) in mice. CSD increased amyloid beta (Aβ) and p-Tau accumulation and impaired learning and memory (L/M) function. CSD decreased dendritic length and spine density. CSD also increased the intensity of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) staining. All of these Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenic changes were effectively reversed through glucosamine (GlcN) treatment by enhancing O-GlcNAcylation. Interestingly, the lelvel of O-GlcNAcylated-Tau (O-Tau) exhibited an opposite trend compared to p-Tau, as it was elevated by CSD and suppressed by GlcN treatment. CSD increased neuroinflammation, as indicated by elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and IBA-1-positive glial cells in the brain, which were suppressed by GlcN treatment. CSD promoted the phosphorylation of GSK3β and led to an upregulation in the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulatory proteins and genes. These alterations were effectively suppressed by GlcN treatment. Minocycline not only suppressed neuroinflammation induced by CSD, but it also rescued the decrease in O-GlcNAc levels caused by CSD. Minocycline also reduced AD neuropathy without affecting CSD-induced ER stress. Notably, overexpressing O-GlcNAc transferase in the dentate gyrus region of the mouse brain rescued CSD-induced cognitive dysfunction, neuropathy, neuroinflammation, and ER stress responses. Collectively, our findings reveal that dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling underlies CSD-induced AD pathology and demonstrate that restoration of OGlcNAcylation protects against CSD-induced neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, organophosphates are among the most toxic of chemicals. Pralidoxime (a.k.a 2-PAM) is the only acetylcholinesterase reactivator approved in the U.S., but 2-PAM only poorly traverses the blood–brain barrier. Previously, we have demonstrated that scL-2PAM, a nanoformulation designed to enter the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis, is superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM for reactivating brain acetylcholinesterase, ameliorating cholinergic crisis, and improving survival rates for paraoxon-exposed mice. Here, we employ histology and transcriptome analyses to assess the ability of scL-2PAM to prevent neurological sequelae including microglial activation, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and ultimately loss of neurons in mice surviving paraoxon exposures. Levels of the mRNA encoding chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) were significantly upregulated after paraoxon exposures, with CCL2 mRNA levels in the brain correlating well with the intensity and duration of cholinergic symptoms. Our nanoformulation of 2-PAM was found to be superior to unencapsulated 2-PAM in reducing the levels of the CCL2 transcript. Moreover, brain histology revealed that scL-2PAM was more effective than unencapsulated 2-PAM in preventing microglial activation and the subsequent loss of neurons. Thus, scL-2PAM appears to be a new and improved countermeasure for reducing neuroinflammation and mitigating brain damage in survivors of organophosphate exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although several small cohort studies have shown the utility of argon plasma coagulation (APC) in the treatment of gastric dysplasia, its clinical significance has not been established. This study aims to assess the efficacy of APC as a first line treatment for gastric dysplasia, and identify risk factors for residual dysplasia. Methods: A total of 179 cases of gastric dysplasia were treated with APC and have been followed-up with upper endoscopy within 1 year. The overall incidence and the characteristics of lesions with residual dysplasia in follow-up endoscopy were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: Among 179 lesions treated with APC, 171 (95.5%) lesions have achieved complete ablation in the follow-up endoscopy. Additional APC was applied for residual dysplasia, achieving complete ablation in 97.77% (175/179). The upper third location of the gastric dysplasia was significantly associated with residual dysplasia, while tumor size, horizontal location, macroscopic morphology and grade of dysplasia showed no significant associations with residual dysplasia following the initial APC. Conclusions: APC with meticulous follow-up can be recommended as a first line treatment in patients with gastric dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of social media as a source of science and health information has brought challenges to informed citizenship and social trust due to the spread of misinformation, particularly anti-vaccination messages that incite hatred and discourage necessary health precautions. These messages often employ emotional appeals and identity cues. However, scholarship examining emotional appeals and identity cues in anti-vax messages is still at the nascent stage. Furthermore, most literature on emotions and identities on social media has focused on text-based platforms, despite the increasing popularity of interactive, multimodal platforms. To address these gaps, our paper analyzes recent TikTok anti-vax videos and incorporates the framework of multimodal frame processing, emotion-as-frames model, affective intelligence theory, and social identity theory. Our paper uncovers how different message modalities affect the impact of emotional narratives and identity cues on user engagement. We also investigate sociopolitical identity cues beyond partisan identities, expanding the current terrain of political communication. Our results demonstrate that audiences engage with emotional and identity cues in anti-vax videos differently based on distinct message modalities. We also found that identity cues related to interpersonal relationships (e.g. parental) and conspiracy groups were prevalent, in addition to partisan identity cues. These results offer new insights into sociopolitical identities beyond partisanship and highlight the importance of considering the multi-modal nature of video platforms. Overall, our paper sheds light on the complex relationship between emotions, identities, and message modalities on social media and provides important implications for addressing misinformation and improving science communication on digital platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rise of digital media, conspiracy theories infamous for their emotional manipulation have challenged science epistemology and democratic discourse. Despite extensive literature on misinformation and the role of emotion in persuasion, less is understood about how emotion is used in conspiracy and debunking messages on video platforms and the impact of emotional framing on public engagement with science on social media. Our article fills this gap by analyzing thousands of YouTube videos that propagate or debunk COVID-19 conspiracy theories from March to May 2020. We found that conspiracy and debunking videos used the emotions of trust and fear differently depending on the issue framing of the conspiracy. Our article also reveals a dilemma facing debunking messages—when debunking videos used more trust-related emotions, these videos received more likes yet fewer views. These findings shed new light on the role of emotion on user engagement with misinformation and its correction on digital platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the actual change in clinical hip pain and hip migration after operation for non-ambulatory flaccid neuromuscular (NM) scoliosis and investigate whether there is an association between hip migration and coronal/sagittal pelvic tilt (CO-PT/SA-PT). Patients and methods: This retrospective, single-center, observational study evaluated a total of 134 patients with non-ambulatory flaccid neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent surgery performed by a single surgeon between 2003 and 2020, with at least 2 years of follow-up period. Operation procedures were conducted in two stages, beginning with L5–S1 anterior release followed by posterior fixation. Radiologic parameters were measured at preoperative, immediate postoperative, and last follow-up periods with clinical hip pain and clinical hip dislocation events. Results: The significant improvements occurred in various parameters after correction surgery for NM scoliosis, containing Cobb's angle of major curve and CO-PT. However, Reimer's hip migration percentage (RMP) was increased on both side of hip (High side, 0.23 ± 0.16 to 0.28 ± 0.21; Low side, 0.20 ± 0.14 to 0.23 ± 0.18). Hip pain and dislocation events were also increased (Visual analog scale score, 2.5 ± 2.3 to 3.6 ± 2.6, P value < 0.05; dislocation, 6–12). Logistic regression analysis of the interactions between ΔRMP(High) and the change of sagittal pelvic tilt (ΔSA-PT) after correction reveals a significant negative association. (95% CI 1.003–1.045, P value = 0.0226). Conclusions: In cases of non-ambulatory flaccid NM scoliosis, clinical hip pain, and subluxation continued to deteriorate even after correction of CO-PT. There was a relationship between the decrease in SA-PT, and an increase in hip migration percentage on high side, indicating the aggravation of hip subluxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]