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Although the need for social connection is fundamental, people approach this need through different strategies. Drawing from life history theory, the current research explored whether individuals' early-life experiences are associated with narrow/deep (depth), or broad/shallow (breadth) approach to social relationships. Three studies revealed that participants' childhood socioeconomic status (SES) interacts with perception of economic instability to create diverging preferences in social relationship pattern. Specifically, when economic instability was salient (chronic belief, Study 1; experimentally primed, Studies 2 and 3), individuals from lower-SES childhood preferred a narrower and deeper social network, whereas those from higher-SES childhood preferred a broader and shallower network. Taken together, the present research offers a novel understanding of depth- versus breadth-focused approach to social relationships from the perspective of life history theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many have pondered whether happiness is chiefly made of positive feelings and joy (hedonism) or by acquiring meaning via self-actualization (eudaimonism). Drawing on life history theory, we examined if individuals’ early-life experience (i.e., childhood socioeconomic status; SES) colors their notions of well-being. A consistent pattern was found in two studies (Study 1, N = 183; Study 2, N = 168) using MTurk samples; wealthier childhood upbringing predicted stronger endorsement of eudaimonic happiness. This pattern, supporting claims of life history theory, emerged only when perceptions of (economic) instability was salient (chronic, Study 1; experimentally primed, Study 2). Also, only childhood SES, but not current SES, mattered. This research finds novel evidence that childhood experience and current threat perception may interact to shape people’s ideals of happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric materials are used in a wide range of engineering applications as sensors, actuators, and transducers due to their intrinsic properties. However, analyzing these devices is not straightforward because of the material anisotropy and coupled electromechanical nature of the problems. In this study, a stabilized non-ordinary state-based peridynamic model for linear piezoelectricity is proposed. Fully coupled electromechanical simulation is conducted using an implicit method, and the tangent stiffness matrix is obtained via perturbation technique. Three two-dimensional electromechanical problems with combined static loading and various boundary conditions are used to validate the proposed technique. Then, the crack-opening displacements, and induced electric field on the crack-face are presented for a center-cracked PZT-5H plate. Hence, this study demonstrates that the proposed technique is capable of modeling linear piezoelectric materials and provides a promising method to study fracture and damage progression in piezoelectric materials. • A stabilized, fully coupled, non-ordinary peridynamic model for linear piezoelectricity is formulated. • The boundary effects are significantly decreased by the proposed implicit solution technique. • The zero-energy modes are prevented by a stabilization technique. • Two different polarization directions, causing uniaxial tension-compression and shear, are considered. • A center-cracked piezoelectric plate under combined electromechanical loading is modeled by the proposed PD model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese author names are known to be more difficult to disambiguate than other ethnic names because they tend to share surnames and forenames, thus creating many homonyms. In this study, we demonstrate how using Chinese characters can affect machine learning for author name disambiguation. For analysis, 15K author names recorded in Chinese are transliterated into English and simplified by initialising their forenames to create counterfactual scenarios, reflecting real-world indexing practices in which Chinese characters are usually unavailable. The results show that Chinese author names that are highly ambiguous in English or with initialised forenames tend to become less confusing if their Chinese characters are included in the processing. Our findings indicate that recording Chinese author names in native script can help researchers and digital libraries enhance authority control of Chinese author names that continue to increase in size in bibliographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nonlinear finite element model for axisymmetric bending of micro circular/annular plates under thermal and mechanical loading was developed using quasi-3D Reddy third-order shear deformation theory. The developed finite element model accounts for a variation of material constituents utilizing a power-law distribution of a two-constituent material, three different porosity distributions through plate thickness, and geometrical nonlinearity. The modified couple stress theory was utilized to account for the strain gradient effects using a single material length scale parameter. Three different types of porosity distributions that have the same overall volume fraction but different enhanced areas were considered as a form of cosine functions. The effects of the material and porosity distribution, microstructure-dependency, the geometric nonlinearity, and various boundary conditions on the bending response of functionally-graded porous axisymmetric microplates under thermomechanical loads were studied using the developed nonlinear finite element model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the overall electronic structure of π‐conjugated molecules and the arrangement of their constituent elements is of fundamental importance. Establishing rational design guidelines for conjugated hydrocarbons with narrow HOMO‐LUMO gaps is useful to develop near‐infrared (NIR) responsive dyes and redox‐active materials. This study describes the synthesis and properties of three conjugated hydrocarbons, i. e. an indenonaphthoperylene, an indenoterrylene, and a diindenoterrylene. These molecules exhibit NIR absorption despite the absence of significant antiaromaticity and diradical character. Notably, the indenonaphthoperylene exhibits red‐to‐NIR emission in the 620–850 nm region. The indenoterrylene and the diindenoterrylene exhibit NIR absorption tailing to 870 and 940 nm, respectively. Moreover, the effect of the π‐extension of indenoperylene is disclosed in order to propose guidelines for achieving a narrow HOMO‐LUMO gap with negligible antiaromaticity and diradical character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIII subporphyrins are the legitimate ring‐contracted porphyrins consisting of three pyrroles and three meso‐carbons and their chemistry has been extensively developed since the first synthesis in 2006. However, subporphyrin free bases have never been synthesized, despite tremendous attempts to remove the BIII ion. Here we report that Suzuki–Miyaura coupling between α,α′‐diborylated tripyrrane 1 and tetrabromide 5 gave subporphyrin free bases 6, 6 A, and free base dimer 7 in 6 %, 4 %, and 2 % yields as the first examples. Subporphyrin free bases exhibit curved bowl‐like structures and distinct 14π‐aromaticity. Steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy revealed that the excited‐state behaviors of the subporphyrin free bases are comparable with those of the corresponding BIII subporphyrins. Rotational relaxation processes in the excited states have been revealed, which enhance the electronic interactions with the meso‐aryl substituents and between the two subporphyrins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIII subporphyrins are the legitimate ring‐contracted porphyrins consisting of three pyrroles and three meso‐carbons and their chemistry has been extensively developed since the first synthesis in 2006. However, subporphyrin free bases have never been synthesized, despite tremendous attempts to remove the BIII ion. Here we report that Suzuki–Miyaura coupling between α,α′‐diborylated tripyrrane 1 and tetrabromide 5 gave subporphyrin free bases 6, 6 A, and free base dimer 7 in 6 %, 4 %, and 2 % yields as the first examples. Subporphyrin free bases exhibit curved bowl‐like structures and distinct 14π‐aromaticity. Steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy revealed that the excited‐state behaviors of the subporphyrin free bases are comparable with those of the corresponding BIII subporphyrins. Rotational relaxation processes in the excited states have been revealed, which enhance the electronic interactions with the meso‐aryl substituents and between the two subporphyrins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of excited‐state antiaromaticity on the ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) process of metallohexaphyrins. According to Baird rule, the aromatic metallohexaphyrins in the S0 state become antiaromatic in the S1 state. Because of the metal–ligand redox‐like nature of LMCT process, the LMCT process can release the antiaromatic nature and its energetic destabilization. The metallohexaphyrins show a correlation between the S0‐state aromaticity and time constants for the LMCT process, which well demonstrates that the excited‐state antiaromaticity at the Franck–Condon state acts as a driving force for the LMCT process. These findings elucidate the effect of excited‐state antiaromaticity on the excited‐state behaviors and further provide an insight into the photochemistry of organic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,7,23,27‐Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin 2 was synthesized as a novel octaphyrin bearing two meso‐free positions. Surprisingly, its ZnII and NiII complexation reactions produced a directly fused porphyrin(2.1.1.1) dimer 6, and a meso‐α fused N‐confused porphyrin (NCP) dimer 7, as the first example of NCP tape, respectively, via transannular C−C bond formation. While 6 exhibits a diatropic ring‐current effect owing to the global 36π Möbius aromaticity, 7 shows a paratropic ring‐current effect due to the global Hückel 36π antiaromaticity. In addition, the oxidation of 7 with PbO2 allowed for formation of its two‐electron oxidized species 9 that exhibited a diatropic ring‐current effect due to the global Hückel 34π aromaticity. This work has demonstrated that meso‐free large expanded porphyrins can be a promising platform to produce novel fused porphyrinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,7,23,27‐Tetrabromo[36]octaphyrin 2 was synthesized as a novel octaphyrin bearing two meso‐free positions. Surprisingly, its ZnII and NiII complexation reactions produced a directly fused porphyrin(2.1.1.1) dimer 6, and a meso‐α fused N‐confused porphyrin (NCP) dimer 7, as the first example of NCP tape, respectively, via transannular C−C bond formation. While 6 exhibits a diatropic ring‐current effect owing to the global 36π Möbius aromaticity, 7 shows a paratropic ring‐current effect due to the global Hückel 36π antiaromaticity. In addition, the oxidation of 7 with PbO2 allowed for formation of its two‐electron oxidized species 9 that exhibited a diatropic ring‐current effect due to the global Hückel 34π aromaticity. This work has demonstrated that meso‐free large expanded porphyrins can be a promising platform to produce novel fused porphyrinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

s‐Indacene is a classical non‐alternant hydrocarbon that contains 12 π‐electrons in a cyclic π‐conjugation system. Herein, we report its nitrogen‐doped analogue, 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene. 1,5‐Diaza‐s‐indacenes were readily prepared from commercially available 2,5‐dichlorobenzene‐1,4‐diamine through a two‐step transformation consisting of a palladium‐catalyzed Larock cyclization with diaryl acetylenes followed by hydrogen abstraction. The thus obtained 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacenes exhibited distinct antiaromaticity, as manifested in clear bond‐length alternation, a forbidden HOMO–LUMO transition, and a paratropic ring current. As compared to the parent s‐indacene, the 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacenes showed higher electron‐accepting ability owing to the presence of imine‐type nitrogen atoms. The 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene core is effectively conjugated with the peripheral aryl groups, which enables fine‐tuning of the absorption spectra and redox properties. The two possible localized forms of 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene were compared in terms of their energetic aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

s‐Indacene is a classical non‐alternant hydrocarbon that contains 12 π‐electrons in a cyclic π‐conjugation system. Herein, we report its nitrogen‐doped analogue, 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene. 1,5‐Diaza‐s‐indacenes were readily prepared from commercially available 2,5‐dichlorobenzene‐1,4‐diamine through a two‐step transformation consisting of a palladium‐catalyzed Larock cyclization with diaryl acetylenes followed by hydrogen abstraction. The thus obtained 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacenes exhibited distinct antiaromaticity, as manifested in clear bond‐length alternation, a forbidden HOMO–LUMO transition, and a paratropic ring current. As compared to the parent s‐indacene, the 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacenes showed higher electron‐accepting ability owing to the presence of imine‐type nitrogen atoms. The 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene core is effectively conjugated with the peripheral aryl groups, which enables fine‐tuning of the absorption spectra and redox properties. The two possible localized forms of 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene were compared in terms of their energetic aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Urinary chloride is regulated by kidney transport channels, and high urinary chloride concentration in the distal tubules can trigger tubuloglomerular feedback. However, little attention has been paid to urinary chloride as a biomarker of clinical outcomes. Here, we studied the relationship between urinary chloride concentration and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Methods We included 2086 participants with CKD from the KoreaN cohort study for Outcomes in patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Patients were categorized into three groups, according to baseline urinary chloride concentration tertiles. The study endpoint was a composite of ≥50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline values, or end-stage kidney disease. Results During a median follow-up period of 3.4 years (7452 person-years), 565 participants reached the primary endpoint. There was a higher rate of CKD progression events in the lowest and middle tertiles than in the highest tertile. Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile was associated with 33% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49–0.90] lower risk for the primary outcome in a cause-specific hazard model after adjustment for confounding variables. In addition, for every 25 mEq/L increase in urinary chloride concentration, there was 11% (95% CI 0.83–0.96) lower risk for CKD progression. This association was consistent in a time-varying model. Urinary chloride concentration correlated well with tubule function and kidney injury markers, and its predictive performance for CKD progression was comparable to that of these markers. Conclusions In this hypothesis-generating study, low urinary chloride concentration was associated with a higher risk for CKD progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In author name disambiguation, author forenames are used to decide which name instances are disambiguated together and how much they are likely to refer to the same author. Despite such a crucial role of forenames, their effect on the performance of heuristic (string matching) and algorithmic disambiguation is not well understood. This study assesses the contributions of forenames in author name disambiguation using multiple labeled data sets under varying ratios and lengths of full forenames, reflecting real‐world scenarios in which an author is represented by forename variants (synonym) and some authors share the same forenames (homonym). The results show that increasing the ratios of full forenames substantially improves both heuristic and machine‐learning‐based disambiguation. Performance gains by algorithmic disambiguation are pronounced when many forenames are initialized or homonyms are prevalent. As the ratios of full forenames increase, however, they become marginal compared to those by string matching. Using a small portion of forename strings does not reduce much the performances of both heuristic and algorithmic disambiguation methods compared to using full‐length strings. These findings provide practical suggestions, such as restoring initialized forenames into a full‐string format via record linkage for improved disambiguation performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanded porphyrins with appropriate metalation provide an excellent opportunity to study excited‐state aromaticity. The coordinated metal allows the excited‐state aromaticity in the triplet state to be detected through the heavy‐atom effect, but other metalation effects on the excited‐state aromaticity were ambiguous. Herein, the excited‐state aromaticity of gold(III) hexaphyrins through the relaxation dynamics was revealed via electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. The SQ states of gold [26]‐ and [28]‐hexaphyrins showed interconvertible absorption and IR spectra with those of counterparts in the ground‐state, indicating aromaticity reversal. Furthermore, while the T1 states of gold [28]‐hexaphyrins also exhibited reversed aromaticity according to Baird's rule, the ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer state of gold [26]‐hexaphyrins contributed by the gold metal showed non‐aromatic features arising from the odd‐number of π‐electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanded porphyrins with appropriate metalation provide an excellent opportunity to study excited‐state aromaticity. The coordinated metal allows the excited‐state aromaticity in the triplet state to be detected through the heavy‐atom effect, but other metalation effects on the excited‐state aromaticity were ambiguous. Herein, the excited‐state aromaticity of gold(III) hexaphyrins through the relaxation dynamics was revealed via electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. The SQ states of gold [26]‐ and [28]‐hexaphyrins showed interconvertible absorption and IR spectra with those of counterparts in the ground‐state, indicating aromaticity reversal. Furthermore, while the T1 states of gold [28]‐hexaphyrins also exhibited reversed aromaticity according to Baird's rule, the ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer state of gold [26]‐hexaphyrins contributed by the gold metal showed non‐aromatic features arising from the odd‐number of π‐electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the stability of the bentonite buffer when exposed to cement leachates at temperatures exceeding 100°C is crucial for optimizing the design of deep geological repositories (DGRs) for high-level radioactive wastes (HLRWs) and minimizing the required site area. Experiments were conducted under hydrothermal conditions at 150°C for 30–150 days using deionized (DI) water (pH 6) and K-rich solutions (1 mol/L KCl, pH 6 and 1 mol/L KOH, pH 13) on Ca-bentonite. The 1 mol K concentration is comparable to 15 times the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of raw bentonite. Using various analytical techniques, the mineralogical, physicochemical, swelling, and Cs adsorption characteristics of raw and reacted bentonite samples were determined. Almost no changes in the properties of bentonite reacted with DI water were found for a given reaction time. For bentonite reacted with a 1 mol/L KCl solution, the cation exchange of Ca by K was a primary alteration process, resulting in a slight decrease in swelling capacity. However, almost no mineralogical changes were observed and consequently, there was minimal change in the Cs adsorption capacity. In contrast, for the bentonite reacted with a 1 mol/L KOH solution, the dominant alteration process was the transformation of minerals in bentonite into zeolite minerals, which resulted in significant changes in physicochemical properties, in particular, a decrease in the swelling capacity. On the other hand, the Cs adsorption capacity increased up to 2 times compared with the raw bentonite. • Ca-bentonite were reacted with concentrated solutions containing K+ ions with different pHs at 150 °C for 30–150 days. • Almost no changes in properties of bentonite reacted with deionized water were found. • 1 mol/L KCl solution led to an exchange of Ca by K, but caused almost no changes in mineralogy and Cs sorption capacity. • 1 mol/L KOH solution led to formation of zeolite minerals and a decrease in swelling capacity, but an increase in Cs sorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraversion is one of the most powerful predictors of happiness. From an evolutionary perspective, however, it is unlikely that a personality trait is unconditionally beneficial. The present research examined whether extraversion's 'happiness advantage' diminishes in the presence of pathogen threat, a context in which extraverted behaviors could bring more harm (i.e., infection) than good. Two studies found that pathogen threat can attenuate the relationship between extraversion and experiences of positive affect (PA). In Study 1, the extraversion-PA link was weaker but still significant among participants with stronger motive to avoid infectious diseases. In Study 2, the extraversion-PA link became non-significant when pathogen threat was experimentally cued. Moreover, this effect was specific to the threat of pathogens, but not others (i.e., physical violence). The present findings shed light on boundary conditions where extraversion may not always translate to greater happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the first example of expanded heteroporphyrins with heteroatoms at meso-positions, 5,20-dithiahexaphyrins and 5,20-diazahexaphyrins were synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reactions of α,α′-dibromotripyrrin as the key step. While 5,20-dithiahexaphyrins are practically nonaromatic, 5,20-[28]diazahexaphyrins show weakly antiaromatic characters and can be cleanly converted into aromatic 5,20-[26]diazahexaphyrins upon oxidation with PbO2, demonstrating distinct aromaticity switching with maintenance of dumbbell-like conformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have found that collaboration networks are scale‐free, proposing that such networks can be modeled by specific network evolution mechanisms like preferential attachment. This study argues that collaboration networks can look more or less scale‐free depending on the methods for resolving author name ambiguity in bibliographic data. Analyzing networks constructed from multiple datasets containing 3.4 M ∼ 9.6 M publication records, this study shows that collaboration networks in which author names are disambiguated by the commonly used heuristic, i.e., forename‐initial‐based name matching, tend to produce degree distributions better fitted to power‐law slopes with the typical scaling parameter (2 < α < 3) than networks disambiguated by more accurate algorithm‐based methods. Such tendency is observed across collaboration networks generated under various conditions such as cumulative years, 5‐ and 1‐year sliding windows, and random sampling, and through simulation, found to arise due mainly to artefactual entities created by inaccurate disambiguation. This cautionary study calls for special attention from scholars analyzing network data in which entities such as people, organization, and gene can be merged or split by improper disambiguation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5,20‐Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐[28]hexaphyrin was synthesized by acid catalyzed cross‐condensation of meso‐diaryl‐substituted tripyrrane and ethyl 2‐oxoacetate followed by subsequent oxidation. This hexaphyrin was found to be a stable 28π‐antiaromatic compound with a dumbbell‐like conformation. Upon oxidization with PbO2, this [28]hexaphyrin was converted into an aromatic [26]hexaphyrin with a rectangular shape bearing two ester groups at the edge side. The [28]hexaphyrin can incorporate two NiII or CuII metals by using the ester carbonyl groups and three pyrrolic nitrogen atoms to give bis‐NiII and bis‐CuII complexes with essentially the same dumbbell‐like structure. The antiaromatic properties of the [28]hexaphyrin and its metal complexes have been well characterized. Die of a rose in antiaromatic pain? 5,20‐Bis(ethoxycarbonyl)‐substituted [28]hexaphyrin was synthesized and converted to its bis‐NiII and bis‐CuII complexes as stable antiaromatic species with dumbbell‐like conformations. Oxidation of the [28]hexaphyrin free base gave an aromatic and rectangular [26]hexaphyrin with the ethoxycarbonyl groups at the short side. These compounds have been well characterized by X‐ray analysis and other spectroscopic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Synthesis of a series of copolymers containing plant-based cardanol and zwitterionic moieties. • Transparent thin-films prepared by spin-coating and UV-crosslinking processes. • High bactericidal property with larger content of cardanol moiety in the copolymer. • Excellent adhesion resistance to biofoulants with the increase of the zwitterionic moiety. • Sufficient biocompatibility regardless of the ratio of cardanol and zwitterionic moieties. Abstract A series of copolymers (PSH#s, where # is the molar content (%) of (dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate (DMAEMA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA)) containing both plant-based cardanol and zwitterionic moieties was synthesized via free radical polymerization of 2-hydroxy-3-cardanylpropyl methacrylate (HCPM) and DMAEMA, followed by betainisation with 1,3-propanesultone. Transparent PSH# films could be prepared on the silicon wafers through spin-coating and UV-crosslinking processes. The bactericidal and antifouling properties of the polymer films were found to be closely related to the ratio of the HCPM and SBMA moieties in the copolymers. The films having a larger content of the bactericidal HCPM moiety show better bactericidal properties, while those having a larger content of the hydrophilic SBMA moiety show enhanced adhesion resistance to biofoulants. Moreover, all the films having both HCPM and SBMA moieties have sufficient biocompatibility, regardless of their ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, bending, free vibration, and buckling response of functionally graded porous micro-plates are investigated using the classical and first-order shear deformation plate theories. The Navier solution technique is utilized to obtain analytical solutions to simply supported rectangular plates. A power-law distribution is used to model the variation of two material constituents through the plate thickness. Three different porosity distributions are considered and assumed to take forms of cosine functions. The microstructure-dependent size effects are captured using the modified couple stress theory. Numerical results of bending, free vibration, and buckling are presented to determined the effects of constituent material variation, microstructure-dependent size effects, and porosity distributions on the mechanical response of functionally graded porous micro-plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conference publications in computer science (CS) have attracted scholarly attention due to their unique status as a main research outlet, unlike other science fields where journals are dominantly used for communicating research findings. One frequent research question has been how different conference and journal publications are, considering an article as a unit of analysis. This study takes an author‐based approach to analyze the publishing patterns of 517,763 scholars who have ever published both in CS conferences and journals for the last 57 years, as recorded in DBLP. The analysis shows that the majority of CS scholars tend to make their scholarly debut, publish more articles, and collaborate with more coauthors in conferences than in journals. Importantly, conference articles seem to serve as a distinct channel of scholarly communication, not a mere preceding step to journal publications: coauthors and title words of authors across conferences and journals tend not to overlap much. This study corroborates findings of previous studies on this topic from a distinctive perspective and suggests that conference authorship in CS calls for more special attention from scholars and administrators outside CS who have focused on journal publications to mine authorship data and evaluate scholarly performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Employment status has consistently been associated with health‐related quality of life. This study investigated the effect of age on the association between work status and health‐related quality of life in Korean adults using a large, nationally representative sample. Methods: We used data from the Korean Health Panel, and ran a series of random effects panel models to test the relationship between quality of life as measured by the EuroQol five‐dimension questionnaire and work status. The moderation effect of age on the relationship between quality of life and work status was also tested in the same model. Results: Overall, Korean adults who were employed reported a higher level of quality of life than those who were unemployed. Furthermore, the relationship between quality of life and work status was stronger for those who were aged ≥60 years compared with those who were not. Conclusions: Employment status among older people was found to have a greater association on quality of life than among younger people. Thus, it is necessary to carry out further research for employment status of older people about the relationship with quality of life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1629–1633. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of a polymer microspheres containing plant-based cardanol moieties via suspension polymerization. • Suspension polymerization induced cross-linked structure from unsaturated hydrocarbons in cardanol moieties. • High antibacterial activity with small content of cardanol moiety in the copolymer microsphere maintaining sufficient biocompatibility. Polymer microspheres having bio-based cardanol moiety were prepared via suspension polymerization of 2-hydroxy-3-cardanylpropyl methacrylate (CM). The incorporation of the cardanol moiety into polymer microspheres could impart the bactericidal properties and the microspheres were found to have a cross-linked structure formed during the suspension polymerization by the reactions between the double bonds in the cardanol moieties. The cross-linked structure is very useful to prepared physically stable polymer films using the polymer microsphere. The polymer microsphere itself prepared by CM and the polymer film prepared by casting the polymer microsphere suspension were found to have very high antibacterial activity against E.coli ; the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) value of the polymer microsphere against E.coli was 0.403 mg mL−1 and the antibacterial activity of the polymeric film prepared by casting the polymer microsphere suspension against E.coli was larger than 99.9%. Copolymer microspheres prepared by the suspension copolymerization of CM with styrene(ST) and the polymer films prepared from the copolymer microspheres also showed high antibacterial activity. For example, the MIC value of the copolymer microsphere prepared using 80 to 20 mol ratios of ST to CM was 0.519 mg mL−1 and the antibacterial activity of the polymer films of the copolymer microsphere is 99.9%. The bactericidal properties of the polymer films were found to be caused by the disruption of cell wall by contact-killing without any leaching of antibacterial moieties. Furthermore, all the polymeric films from microsphere of the polymer and copolymers showed sufficient biocompatibility, regardless of their monomer compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Silicon complexation of a [38]octaphyrin (1) was accomplished by reaction with an excess amount of MeSiCl3 in the presence of N,N‐diisopropylethylamine, thus giving an aromatic [38]octaphyrin bis(silicon) complex 2. This complex was interconvertible with an antiaromatic [36]octaphyrin congener (3) by oxidation with MnO2 and reduction with NaBH4. Curiously, mild oxidation of 2 with ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate afforded a [37]octaphyrin bis(silicon) complex 4 as an stable radical cation that can be stored under ambient conditions in the solid state. Owing to the two NNNCC‐five‐coordinated Si atoms bearing trigonal bipyramidal geometry, these octaphyrin bis(silicon) complexes take on similar and rigid figure‐of‐eight structures with different consecutive numbers of conjugated π‐electrons (38, 37, and 36), and are all stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Silicon complexation of a [38]octaphyrin (1) was accomplished by reaction with an excess amount of MeSiCl3 in the presence of N,N‐diisopropylethylamine, thus giving an aromatic [38]octaphyrin bis(silicon) complex 2. This complex was interconvertible with an antiaromatic [36]octaphyrin congener (3) by oxidation with MnO2 and reduction with NaBH4. Curiously, mild oxidation of 2 with ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate afforded a [37]octaphyrin bis(silicon) complex 4 as an stable radical cation that can be stored under ambient conditions in the solid state. Owing to the two NNNCC‐five‐coordinated Si atoms bearing trigonal bipyramidal geometry, these octaphyrin bis(silicon) complexes take on similar and rigid figure‐of‐eight structures with different consecutive numbers of conjugated π‐electrons (38, 37, and 36), and are all stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue was aimed at collecting high-quality papers on the latest developments, techniques, and approaches for the modeling and simulation of the mechanical behavior of structures at macro-, micro-, and nanoscales. The mathematical models of physical phenomena are based on the fundamental scientific laws of physics. Special Issue of Mathematics: Analytical and Numerical Methods for Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Structures at Macro, Micro and Nano Scale. [Extracted from the article]

There have been conflicting findings regarding the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and self-rated health (SRH) worldwide. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between BMI and SRH by comparing its relationship in four East Asian countries: South Korea, China, Japan, and Taiwan. Using data from the East Asian Social Survey, the relationship between weight status and SRH status was investigated and compared between four countries, China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. An ordinal logit regression model was estimated for each country, and the results were compared. We found that the relationship between weight status and SRH status differed across the four countries. In China, people who were overweight reported better SRH scores than those of normal weight, whereas in Japan, obese and severely obese people reported poor scores. In contrast, South Koreans who were underweight, obese, or severely obese reported poor ratings of health status than those of normal weight. In Taiwan, however, no differences in respondents’ weight status were found across SRH scores. There were notable differences in the relationship between BMI and SRH status in four East Asian countries. Individual countries should consider these relationships when designing and implementing obesity intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the equations of motion for functionally graded plates with surface-mounted piezoelectric layers, while accounting for the gradient elasticity through the modified couple stress model and linear piezoelectricity, are derived using Hamilton’s principle. The formulation includes the coupling between mechanical deformations and the charge equations of electrostatics. The mathematical model developed herein is an equivalent single layer theory for mechanical displacement field and the potential functions. The in-plane displacements are assumed to vary as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate while the transverse displacement is assumed to vary as a quadratic function of the thickness coordinate through plate thickness. The potential function is assumed as the combination of half cosine variation of electric potential and linear variation of applied voltage on outer surfaces. The approach described here is that standard plate models can be enhanced to include the coupling between the charge equations and the mechanical deformations as well as the size dependent effect of micro- and nano-scale structures. An analytical solution of the developed model is presented using the Navier solution technique. A parametric study is performed to study the effect of material variation through thickness of plates, length scale parameters to capture the size-dependent effects, and thickness ratio between piezoelectric layers and the whole plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive technologies have been recognized as a particularly powerful aid for increasing the independence and social integration of the people with disabilities in an aging society, where the extent of acquired disability is significant. For the development of novel assistive technologies to be effective, it is necessary to properly understand the needs of consumers. Therefore, this study identifies the heterogeneous preference of potential users of 3D-printed prosthetic hands with regards to their daily lifestyle patterns using discrete choice experiment and latent class analysis. The results indicate that the consumers of prosthetic hands have varying group-wise preferences for different types of prosthetics based on their lifestyle patterns. Specifically, those who spend more time at home were less concerned about weight and dexterity than those who were younger and spent more time outside at work and leisure. In all, the development of 3D-printed prosthetic hands needs to be directed towards reducing weight and increasing functionality for further adoption. Our findings will enhance the understanding of assistive technologies adoption and provide important strategic implications by suggesting the required progress and development pathway of 3D-printed prosthetic hands to increase market penetration and satisfy unmet needs. • Despite the need of assistive technology, customization is key barrier for adoption. • We analyze heterogeneous preference structures in choice of prosthetic hands. • Those who spent more time at home were more concerned about the price of prosthesis. • Younger and more active users were more concerned about weight and dexterity than others. • We suggest development pathway of 3D-printed products to meet the needs of the unmet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have often relied on name initials to resolve name ambiguities in large-scale coauthorship network research. This approach bears the risk of incorrectly merging or splitting author identities. The use of initial-based disambiguation has been justified by the assumption that such errors would not affect research findings too much. This paper tests that assumption by analyzing coauthorship networks from five academic fields-biology, computer science, nanoscience, neuroscience, and physics-and an interdisciplinary journal, PNAS. Name instances in data sets of this study were disambiguated based on heuristics gained from previous algorithmic disambiguation solutions. We use disambiguated data as a proxy of ground-truth to test the performance of three types of initial-based disambiguation. Our results show that initial-based disambiguation can misrepresent statistical properties of coauthorship networks: It deflates the number of unique authors, number of components, average shortest paths, clustering coefficient, and assortativity, while it inflates average productivity, density, average coauthor number per author, and largest component size. Also, on average, more than half of top 10 productive or collaborative authors drop off the lists. Asian names were found to account for the majority of misidentification by initial-based disambiguation due to their common surname and given name initials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the association of employment status with health-related quality of life in adult Koreans, as well as the gender difference in the relationship, using a large, nationally representative sample. Using data from the Korea Health Panel survey, we examined the relationship between quality of life measured by EQ-5D and work status among Korean adults. We also tested whether and how the relationship between quality of life and work status differed by gender. Quality of life among working adults was better than among non-working adults. The gap between the two groups was larger among male than female participants. Further, the gender differential effect was larger in the 41–60-year-old age group than in the 18–40-year-old and 61-or-older groups. Being employed has a positive relation to quality of life among adults. Work status plays a more important role in quality of life for men than for women, especially for the working elderly men than working elderly women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many scientific fields, the order of coauthors on a paper conveys information about each individual's contribution to a piece of joint work. We argue that in prior network analyses of coauthorship networks, the information on ordering has been insufficiently considered because ties between authors are typically symmetrized. This is basically the same as assuming that each coauthor has contributed equally to a paper. We introduce a solution to this problem by adopting a coauthorship credit allocation model proposed by Kim and Diesner (2014), which in its core conceptualizes coauthoring as a directed, weighted, and self-looped network. We test and validate our application of the adopted framework based on a sample data of 861 authors who have published in the journal Psychometrika. The results suggest that this novel sociometric approach can complement traditional measures based on undirected networks and expand insights into coauthoring patterns such as the hierarchy of collaboration among scholars. As another form of validation, we also show how our approach accurately detects prominent scholars in the Psychometric Society affiliated with the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finite element analysis of functionally graded plates based on a general third-order shear deformation plate theory with a modified couple stress effect and the von Kármán nonlinearity is carried out to bring out the effects of couple stress, geometric nonlinearity and power-law variation of the material composition through the plate thickness on the bending deflections of plates. The theory requires no shear correction factors. The principle of virtual displacements is utilized to develop a nonlinear finite element model. The finite element model requires C continuity of all dependent variables. The microstructural effects are captured using a length scale parameter via the modified couple stress theory. The variation of two-constituent material is assumed through the thickness direction according to a power-law distribution. Numerical results are presented for static bending problems of rectangular plates with various boundary conditions to bring out the parametric effects of the power-law index and length scale parameter on the load-deflection characteristics of plates with various boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are conflicting results about the association between body mass index (BMI) and depressive symptoms in older adults. The present study examined the relationship between weight and depressive symptoms over time in older adults in South Korea. Methods: We used data from three waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging and ran a series of cross-lagged panel models to test the reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and obesity in older Korean adults. We assumed a temporally stable relationship between depressive symptoms and obesity and, thus imposed equality constraints over time. Results: After controlling for the effect of depressive symptoms two years prior, underweight older adults had a higher depressive symptom score than those of normal weight. When controlling for obesity status from two years prior, older adults with higher levels of depressive symptoms were more likely to be underweight and less likely to be overweight than normal weight. The same patterns were observed in data from 2006 to 2008 and from 2008 to 2010. Conclusions: These results show that there is a correlation between depressive symptoms and weight status. In middle-aged and elderly Asian populations, depression can lead to weight loss rather than obesity, and underweight may develop depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from couples (N = 1,195) who participated in a large community-based study of families, we used maternal reports of parental discipline to examine mothers' and fathers' use of and patterns related to aggressive and nonviolent discipline of their 3- year-old child. First, we separately examined mothers' and fathers' patterns, or classes, of disciplinary behaviors. Second, we identified joint mother-father class profiles. Maternal reports indicated that the patterns among fathers and mothers were similar, but fathers were more likely to be in the low-aggression classes than mothers; and mothers were more likely to be in the highaggression classes than fathers. Dyads in which both parents employed high levels of aggressive discipline were characterized by higher parenting stress, poorer parental relationship, and lower quality community context. The majority (81.2%) of dyads used congruent disciplinary behaviors. Discordant dyads were similar to dyads in which both parents were high in aggressive discipline, in that these groups had children with the highest levels of aggressive behavior. Implications highlight the need to target both mothers and fathers with parent education efforts to reinforce positive parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the bi-directional relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and depression using prospective data. Data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) were used to test whether IPV was associated with an increased overall level of depression and with the rate of change over time in depressive symptoms and whether this model of change in depressive symptoms was associated with subsequent incidences of IPV. This study utilized data from 3153 married women who participated in the KOWEPS from 2006 through 2009. The KOWEPS is a panel study of a nationally representative sample of Korean households. The women's responses to multiple questions adopted from the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) were used to create a dichotomous IPV variable at Wave1 and Wave4. The CESD-11 was used to measure the women's level of depression. We utilized a latent growth model (LGM) of depression using IPV at Wave1 as a predictor and IPV at Wave4 as an outcome predicted by the model parameters of the LGM of depression. We found that after controlling for the effects of age, education, social support and income, IPV at Wave1 was positively associated with overall depression levels and negatively associated with the growth rate of depression. Further, IPV at Wave4 was associated with the intercept and the slope of the depression LGM and with IPV at Wave1. The overall model fit the data well. This study indicated that experiencing IPV influences a woman's level of depression in terms of its overall level and rate of change, which, in turn, influences the victim's likelihood of experiencing subsequent IPV. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Analytical solutions of a general third-order plate theory that accounts for the power-law distribution of two materials through thickness and microstructure-dependent size effects are presented. The Navier solution technique is adopted to derive analytical solutions to simply supported rectangular plates. The modulus of elasticity and the mass density are assumed to vary only through thickness of plate and a single material length scale parameter of a modified couple stress theory captures the microstructure-dependent size effects. Examples of bending, buckling, and vibration problems are presented to show effects of the power-law distribution of two materials and the microstructure-dependent size parameter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective Localized scleroderma (morphea) is a rare autoimmune disease limited to the skin, characterized by cutaneous fibrosing and obstructive vasculopathy. Localized scleroderma may invade into the subcutaneous fat layer and cause permanent functional disability. Because of its rarity, there have been few clinical surveys of patients with localized scleroderma in Korea. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical presentation, serological data, and clinical outcomes of localized scleroderma. Methods This was a retrospective survey conducted by reviewing available medical records during a 7 year-period from 2004 to 2010 in a single medical center in Jeju Island, South Korea. In total 43 patients with localized scleroderma were included. Results Localized scleroderma occurred primarily in females (female to male ratio 2.6 : 1.0). Most patients were between 10 and 29 years of age and the mean age at diagnosis was 26.2 years. Plaque (51.2%) and linear morphea (37.2%) were most common. No case was associated with systemic scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). The most common site of plaque morphea was the trunk (47.8%). In the linear type, the most common site was head-neck (52.9%). Fluorescent antinuclear antibody was positive in 23.3% of all cases. Treatment included systemic corticosteroids, colchicine, anti-malarial agents, D-penicillamine or intralesional triamcinolone injection. Clinical improvement, including significant and partial response, was seen in only 62.8% of treated patients. Conclusion Localized scleroderma is a chronic inflammatory condition confined to the skin. In order to exclude other conditions, thorough history taking, physical examination, serologic studies and histopathologic examinations should be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiomyocytes are the fundamental cells of the heart and play an important role in engineering of tissue constructs for regenerative medicine and drug discovery. Therefore, the development of culture conditions that can be used to generate functional cardiomyocytes to form cardiac tissue may be of great interest. In this study, isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured with several culture conditions in vitro and characterized for cell proliferation, myofibril organization, and cardiac functionality by assessing cell morphology, immunocytochemical staining, and time-lapse confocal scanning microscopy. When cardiomyocytes were cultured in liver cell line derived conditioned medium without exogenous growth factors and cytokines, the cell proliferation increased, cell morphology was highly elongated, and subsequent myofibril organization was highly developed. These developed myofibril organization also showed high level of contractibility and synchronization, representing high functionality of cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, many of the known factors in hepatic conditioned medium, such as insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), did not show similar effects as the hepatic conditioned medium, suggesting the possibility of synergistic activity of the several soluble factors or the presence of unknown factors in hepatic conditioned medium. Finally, we demonstrated that our culture system could provide a potentially powerful tool for in vitro cardiac tissue organization and cardiac function study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper a general nonlinear third-order plate theory that accounts for (a) geometric nonlinearity, (b) microstructure-dependent size effects, and (c) two-constituent material variation through the plate thickness (i.e., functionally graded material plates) is presented using the principle of virtual displacements. A detailed derivation of the equations of motion, using Hamilton’s principle, is presented, and it is based on a modified couple stress theory, power-law variation of the material through the thickness, and the von Kármán nonlinear strains. The modified couple stress theory includes a material length scale parameter that can capture the size effect in a functionally graded material. The governing equations of motion derived herein for a general third-order theory with geometric nonlinearity, microstructure dependent size effect, and material gradation through the thickness are specialized to classical and shear deformation plate theories available in the literature. The theory presented herein also can be used to develop finite element models and determine the effect of the geometric nonlinearity, microstructure-dependent size effects, and material grading through the thickness on bending and postbuckling response of elastic plates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although accumulated research findings point to both short- and long-term salutary effects of time volunteering on older adults' physical and mental health, little research has been done on the effect of older adults' making charitable donations on their wellbeing. Guided by activity theory and the theory of volunteering and using data from the first and second waves of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS, 1995DS1996 and MIDUS II, 2004DS2006), this study examined the question of whether time volunteering and charitable donations nine years earlier had a positive direct effect on psychological wellbeing among individuals age 55 and above. Controlling for time 1 (T1) psychological wellbeing and T1 human, cultural, and social capital resources, a moderate amount (up to ten hours monthly) of T1 time volunteering and any amount of T1 charitable donations had a direct positive effect on time 2 (T2; nine years later) psychological wellbeing. The findings also show a greater effect on psychological wellbeing of any amount of charitable donations than of any amount of time volunteering, although the extent of the effect of both time volunteering and charitable donations was small. With regard to human, cultural, and social capital resources, T1 self-rated health and generative quality were significant predictors of T2 psychological wellbeing, but T1 social capital had no significant effect on T2 psychological wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although accumulated research findings point to both short- and long-term salutary effects of time volunteering on older adults' physical and mental health, little research has been done on the effect of older adults' making charitable donations on their wellbeing. Guided by activity theory and the theory of volunteering and using data from the first and second waves of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS, 1995–1996 and MIDUS II, 2004–2006), this study examined the question of whether time volunteering and charitable donations nine years earlier had a positive direct effect on psychological wellbeing among individuals age 55 and above. Controlling for time 1 (T1) psychological wellbeing and T1 human, cultural, and social capital resources, a moderate amount (up to ten hours monthly) of T1 time volunteering and any amount of T1 charitable donations had a direct positive effect on time 2 (T2; nine years later) psychological wellbeing. The findings also show a greater effect on psychological wellbeing of any amount of charitable donations than of any amount of time volunteering, although the extent of the effect of both time volunteering and charitable donations was small. With regard to human, cultural, and social capital resources, T1 self-rated health and generative quality were significant predictors of T2 psychological wellbeing, but T1 social capital had no significant effect on T2 psychological wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study assesses fathers’ discipline of their 3-year-old child. Data are from 1,238 mother and father participants in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Latent class analysis (LCA) of nonaggressive and aggressive behaviors, as reported by mothers, indicated four distinct paternal disciplinary profiles: low discipline, low aggression, moderate physical aggression, and high physical and psychological aggression. Serious forms of psychological aggression directed toward the child were uncommon but may identify those fathers most in need of intervention. Use of nonaggressive discipline was high and nearly equivalent among the parenting profiles. However, child aggressive behavior increased as the child’s exposure to paternal aggression increased, even when aggressive discipline was combined with high levels of nonaggressive discipline. Fathers who exhibited more aggression toward their child had higher levels of alcohol use, used more psychological aggression toward the child’s mother, and were more likely to spank their child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]