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Two studies tested the impact of subtle cues that associate masculinity with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) success on women's STEM experiences. Study 1 was a field study conducted in a university campus engineering building where photos of graduating classes were displayed. In Study 2, STEM majors viewed a mock website that depicted either exclusively male or mixed-gender STEM students. Across both studies, women reported greater fundamental need threat—a composite of threats to belonging, self-esteem, control, and meaningful existence—after viewing photos of exclusively male STEM students than did men. This gender effect disappeared when photos included female STEM students. Direct effects of gender and photo condition on career intentions were not observed, but indirect effects were obtained through need threat. Thus, because fleeting exposure to subtle background images associating STEM success with masculinity can negatively impact women's fundamental needs, cues in academic environments should be carefully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracism puts individuals in a vulnerable position as they are desperate to regain attention. As a result, ostracized individuals often value attention and acknowledgment. We examined whether ostracism would alter the perception and interpretation of catcalls – lewd statements or whistling by strangers – and whether catcalls would assist in restoring the needs threatened by ostracism. Participants were either included or ostracized, reported need satisfaction, watched a video of a woman being the target of catcalls, and then, evaluated the catcalls and reported need satisfaction again. Men perceived catcalls as more complementary. Ostracism altered women's perceptions of catcalls, but not men's. Ostracized women, compared to included women, perceived the catcalls to be less threatening. Additionally, watching the video-assisted ostracized women need fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory and research demonstrate that women are frequently the targets of sexually objectifying behavior, viewed and treated by others as mere objects for pleasure and use. When sexually objectified, attention is principally focused on scrutinizing and valuing their physical features, whereas their internal attributes (e.g., thoughts, feelings, personhood) may be largely ignored (Bartky, 1990). Although the processes and negative effects associated with sexual objectification have been examined extensively, no work has examined the "ignoring" component of sexual objectification. We reasoned that sexually objectifying a woman by ignoring and devaluing some of her personal attributes or features is akin to partial ostracism. Although sexual objectification and partial ostracism may seem to comprise opposite characteristics (i.e., attention vs. ignoring), we posit that sexually objectifying a woman, much like partial ostracism, involves ignoring some of her internal attributes (e.g., thoughts, feelings, voice). Across 4 studies, we expected and found evidence that a sexual objectification experience (vs. control conditions) resulted in women feeling sexually objectified, which led to increased feelings of ostracism, which, in turn, threatened and lowered women's fundamental need satisfaction (i.e., belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence). Our findings suggest that not only do women suffer the adverse consequences of being sexually objectified, but when they are objectified, they can also experience the added negative effects associated with being partially ostracized, a novel finding that contributes to both the sexual objectification and ostracism literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Conspecific attraction has been found in many songbird species, but the benefit of settling near conspecifics is generally unknown. Previous research indicates that Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia) use conspecific cues to select breeding habitat, and cluster territories more closely around experimental playbacks mimicking high conspecific density. We were interested if Yellow Warblers at sites treated with playback of high conspecific density would be more likely to detect and aggressively interact with Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), a brood parasite that often reduces the reproductive success of warblers. We found that at sites treated with playbacks of high conspecific density, more Yellow Warblers approached and alarm-called toward models of Brown-headed Cowbirds early in the season. There were fewer cowbirds at high-density treatments, but overall brood parasitism rates did not vary across density treatments. Highlights NOTE: this manuscript was submitted as a Short Communication. • Yellow Warblers aggress towards Brown-headed Cowbirds early in the breeding season. • Aggression towards threats does not change with perceived backup from neighbors. • Perception of having many neighbors alone does not improve nest defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable knowledge about ostracism's impact comes from research using Cyberball, an online ball-tossing game. In Cyberball, the inclusion condition is the control condition, to which ostracism is compared. The assumption is that Cyberball-inclusion is not affirming and represents an expected level of inclusion. However, without a no-inclusion control condition, it is unclear whether inclusion elevates need satisfaction, whether ostracism depresses need satisfaction, or both. We introduce Cybertree—a control condition designed to provide a similar experience to Cyberball without inclusion. Individuals playing Cybertree did not differ from included individuals in terms of feeling ostracized, level of need satisfaction, and mood. Both Cyberball inclusion and Cybertree differed significantly from ostracized individuals. We conclude that Cyberball inclusion is a reasonable control group for Cyberball ostracism but discuss research questions that may benefit from the use of Cybertree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Theoretical models of habitat selection often incorporate negative density dependence. Despite strong negative density‐dependent effects on habitat selection, more recent studies indicate that animals settle near members of their own (conspecific) and other species (heterospecific) when selecting habitat with social cues. Social cue use for habitat selection is particularly common among songbirds, but few studies have investigated if songbirds use social cues to assess conspecific or heterospecific density (as opposed to just presence/absence) when making settlement decisions. We conducted a playback experiment to evaluate if yellow warblers (Setophaga petechia) and willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii), two potential competitors for breeding habitat, use social cues to assess density (conspecific for warblers and heterospecific for flycatchers) when selecting breeding locations at two spatial scales. We simulated yellow warbler density to be high or low at multiple treatment plots (3.14 ha) with song playback and then evaluated settlement decisions by comparing yellow warbler and willow flycatcher abundances across plots (broad‐scale habitat selection) and individual space use within plots (fine‐scale territory establishment). Yellow warbler density treatments did not affect habitat selection by yellow warblers at the broad scale, but caused individuals to cluster territories at high‐density treatments. Willow flycatchers were most abundant at high‐density treatment plots, but yellow warbler density treatments did not affect territory locations. The results indicate that perceived density affects the habitat selection process for both conspecifics and heterospecifics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding habitat selection strongly affects reproduction and individual fitness. Among birds, using social cues from conspecifics to select habitat is widespread, but how different types of conspecific social cues influence breeding habitat selection remains less understood. We conducted a playback experiment evaluating if the yellow warbler (Setophaga petechia), a species with two song categories linked to pairing status, uses categories differently when selecting breeding habitat. We hypothesized that yellow warblers use second-category singing mode, which is mostly sung by paired males, over first-category singing mode for habitat selection, as successfully paired males should indicate higher-quality habitat. We broadcast yellow warbler first-category singing mode, second-category singing mode, and silent controls at sites in Illinois. Yellow warblers were more abundant at sites treated with second-category singing mode compared other sites. Our results demonstrate that yellow warblers use social cues informing successful pairing over other types of social cues to select breeding habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare fatal genetic disease, affecting 70,000 to 100,000 people worldwide [1] . Numerous countries have specific charitable organizations dedicated to CF, with many funding research to find a cure or effective control for the disease. Cystic Fibrosis Canada, the largest charity in Canada dedicated to funding research and care in CF, conducted an environmental scan of these organizations to learn and better understand their research goals and funding process. Methods A set of questions was sent to 25 CF charitable organizations around the world by email. Responses were consolidated to identify common practices and innovative approaches. Results Among respondents, there were variations in the amount of funds invested in research annually and the number of studies supported. Common themes identified included practicing an open call for research applications, evaluating applications using a peer review process, and placing an increased emphasis on patient engagement. Innovative approaches included funding one larger project; funding a series of sub-projects on a common theme; partially funding a research project; and, indefinitely funding part of a researcher's salary. Conclusions Among CF charitable organizations, there are numerous approaches to research funding. Both similarities and differences were noted between these organizations, all of which share the common goal of working towards improving quality of life and survival for people with CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the nest guild level, nest predation is a major cause of failure for many passerines. Species differ in behaviors that influence nest predation risk, presenting a challenge to nest survival analyses at the nest guild level. At our study site in southeastern New York, previous findings have suggested rodent nest predator abundance strongly drives daily nest survival of the Veery ( Catharus fuscescens), a ground or low shrub-nesting songbird. In cue playback experiments, the sympatric ground-nesting Ovenbird ( Seiurus aurocapilla) shows a greater aversion to chipmunk vocalizations than Veeries. These behavioral differences suggest these two sympatric ground-nesters may be driven by different ecological mechanisms despite similarity in their nesting niche. We examined how nest predator abundance, regional songbird abundance, and timing of nest activity during the breeding season influence nest survival in two songbirds from the same nest guild by building competitive models for determining the extrinsic drivers of daily nest survival. Ovenbird nest survival was best described by nest activity date, where nest survival decreased later in the breeding season, and was positively influenced by conspecific density. Nest survival of Veeries was strongly and negatively influenced by both nest predator abundance and regional abundance of Veeries. Thus, the strong relationship between nest predator abundance and nest survival observed in Veeries does not extend to Ovenbirds. These sympatric ground-nesting songbirds differ in how nest predators influence nest survival, therefore highlighting the importance of considering species-specific differences within nesting guilds to better understand nest survival at multiple ecological levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional contagion - the transfer of emotions between people - is thought to occur automatically. We test the prediction, based on evolutionary psychology, that negative, threat-related emotions transfer more automatically than positive emotions. We introduce a new paradigm for investigating emotional contagion where participants are exposed to videos of faces that morph from neutral to angry or happy expressions. Participants watched these videos under high or low cognitive load. Participants reported more happiness in the happy condition than the anger condition and more anger in the anger condition than the happy condition, supporting our new paradigm. Participants in the happy condition were significantly happier under low compared with high load. Participants were equally angry in high and low load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates whether ambivalent sexism impacts individuals' perceptions of what is appropriate and valued dating behavior, as these perceptions may contribute to the perpetuation of traditional dating scripts. Two hundred seventeen undergraduate students from the Midwestern United States read a gender-stereotypic, gender-counter stereotypic, or egalitarian heterosexual dating vignette. Participants made judgments of appropriateness, warmth, and competence separately for the man and woman on the date. Overall, gender stereotypic dates were evaluated most positively, consistent with previous work suggesting that dating behaviors remain gendered. Evidence of the restrictive nature of the masculine gender role was obtained. Men in egalitarian and counter-stereotypic dating scenarios were evaluated negatively in terms of warmth, competence, and appropriateness, thus potentially experiencing backlash effects. Indeed, the man in the gender counter-stereotypic condition was rated as less competent, warm, and appropriate than the women, but the man in the gender stereotypic condition was rated as more competent, warm, and appropriate than the woman. Consistent with predictions, those high in ambivalent sexism had more negative reactions to gender counter-stereotypic dating scenarios than those low in ambivalent sexism. However, ambivalent sexism did not predict different reactions towards gender stereotypic and egalitarian dating scenarios, and egalitarian dates were rated as most typical regardless of participants' ambivalent sexism. Thus, greater acceptance of gender counter-stereotypic dates was observed among those low in ambivalent sexism, and even those high in ambivalent sexism were accepting of egalitarian dating practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the concurrent and subsequent cognitive consequences of the experience of gender counter-stereotypic emotions. Participants experiencing gender counter-stereotypic emotions were expected to display less emotional expression and demonstrate poorer cognitive performance when in the public condition than when in the private condition. Seventy-one women and 66 men completed an anger- or sadness-inducing task privately or publicly. Participants completed two cognitive tasks: one during and one after the emotion-induction task. Participants exhibited poorer performance during and following gender counter-stereotypic emotions only in the public condition. Direct evidence for greater suppression of gender counter-stereotypic emotions in the public conditions was not obtained. These results suggest that the same public emotional events may be differentially cognitively depleting depending on one’s gender, potentially contributing to the perpetuation of stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Being out of the loop, or uninformed of information mutually known by others, is a common occurrence with potentially negative consequences. We manipulated whether participants experienced being in or out of the loop during a group problem-solving task. Compared to participants who were in the loop and able to contribute to the task, participants who experienced being out of the loop reported thwarted fundamental needs, decreased mood, reduced competence, and less liking of group members. Additionally, out-of-the-loop group members participated less. Mediation analyses showed that perceived participation accounted for the aforementioned deleterious effects for all dependent measures. Analyses of interaction content demonstrated that out-of-the-loop participants had relatively more positive experiences to the extent that they asked for suggestions and gave opinions and did not need to ask others for information or their opinions. Our results have implications for a variety of group settings and draw attention to even seemingly innocuous fonns of everyday ostracism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stranger harassment is defined as experiencing unwanted sexual attention from strangers in public contexts. We conducted two studies investigating the person and situation factors of U.S. undergraduate males that facilitate stranger harassment. Men from a large Midwestern university indicated their engagement in harassment both when alone and in groups, as well as their motives for this behavior in both settings. We also assessed their Likelihood to Sexually Harass (LSH). We predicted that high LSH men would be most likely to report engaging in harassment when in groups, compared to when alone. We also predicted these group behaviors would be motivated by anonymity and group bonding. Results support our hypotheses about the predictors and motives of stranger harassment in college men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has consistently demonstrated that individuals tent to outperform groups on idea-generation tasks (e.g., Mullen, Johnson, & Salas, 1991). However, mood states have the capacity to alter the coordination and motivation of group members, leading to performance gains or performance losses. In this experiment, individuals and 3-person groups generated slogans for a fictitious company after experiencing a positive or negative mood induction. Contrary to previous research, negative mood groups in our study actually generated slogans that were more creative than those produced by negative mood individuals. No differences emerged for positive individuals and groups. In the negative conditions, the effect of level of analysis (individual vs. groups) on creativity was mediated by persistence on the slogan-generation task. Results are presented in the context of feelings-as-information (N. Schwarz & G. L. Clore, 1988). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, there has been an increased scholarly interest in fatherhood. There have been fundamental shifts in family life, gender relations, declining wage of male earners, increases in female labor force participation and in men's involvement as the primary non-maternal care provider. These cultural shifts have been mirrored in popular culture (films, television, music, and literature). This essay examines the culture of fatherhood as portrayed in four types of influential media: television, children's literature, scholarly journals, and film. Each of the authors uses a unique approach to exploring the culture of fatherhood in each medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the content and consequences of people's naive theories about the effects of group mood. These theories are a potential input in Kelly and Spoor's (2006) Input- Process-Outcome model of group moods and performance. In Study 1, participants generated potential positive and negative consequences of group moods, which were coded using an adapted form of Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (Bales, 1970). Participants believed that positive and negative moods have implications for both task and relationship processes, and these consequences varied according to group type (creativity, friendship, decision making, and sport team). In Study 2, participants watched an ostensible group interaction among friends or strangers who had just had positive or negative experiences. Perceptions of the interaction varied in a manner consistent with naïve theories about group moods and their effects. Implications for future research on group moods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four studies explored a fundamental question in small group research by investigating the impact that quantity versus quality of contributions has on perceptions of group members' leadership abilities. Study 1 and 2 used objective discussion summaries of four group members and demonstrated that quality of contributions influenced perceptions more than quantity. However, when presented with lists of actual statements made by group members (Study 3), quantity influenced perceptions more than quality. Study 4 presented statements from Study 3 sequentially in a discussion-like format. Once again, quality influenced perceptions more than quantity. Unlike previous research, these studies demonstrate that quantity may not always determine leadership perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored whether exposure to nonverbal behaviors that mirror those used by men with sexual harassment proclivity (i.e., high dominance and/or high sociosexual nonverbal behaviors) leads women to perceive those men as potential sexual harassers and lowers women's actual performance on the job. In our first experiment, women's performance was negatively affected when they interacted with a task administrator enacting dominant nonverbal behaviors. The women also perceived the dominant task administrator as more sexual. In our second experiment, viewers rated the task administrator enacting dominant nonverbal behaviors as more likely than the less dominant task administrator to show gender-based attention, social attention, and sexually harassing behaviors. Taken together, our findings suggest an association between perceptions of dominance and sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent theorizing and research has attempted to explicate the functions of moods and emotions within small groups. In this paper, we examine these areas and suggest that affect in groups, as well as specific mechanisms to regulate and maintain certain affective states in groups, have had important roles in promoting group survival over evolutionary history. Specifically, we suggest that affect in groups serves a coordination function, which can take one of two forms. First, affect in groups quickly provides information about the environment and group structure to other group members, thus coordinating group activity via a communication function. Second, shared affect in groups coordinates group activity through fostering group bonds and group loyalty. These two functions of affect in groups are closely related and mutually reinforcing. Current research and directions for future research within an evolutionary perspective are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell death is mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes through various granule serine proteases released with perforin. The unique protease activity, restricted expression, and distinct gene locus of granzyme M suggested this enzyme might have a novel biological function or trigger a novel form of cell death. Herein, we demonstrate that in the presence of perforin, the protease activity of granzyme M rapidly and effectively induces target cell death. In contrast to granzyme B, cell death induced by granzyme M does not feature obvious DNA fragmentation, occurs independently of caspases, caspase activation, and perturbation of mitochondria and is not inhibited by overexpression of Bcl-2. These data raise the likelihood that granzyme M represents a third major and specialized perforin-dependent cell death pathway that plays a significant role in death mediated by NK cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Attentional Focus Model () predicts that time pressure should lead group members to focus on a restricted range of task-relevant cues and to adopt task completion as their major interaction objective. Although this prediction has been supported in several studies (e.g., ; ; ; ), the exact processes that underlie information restriction have not been specified. We propose that two processes are involved. Specifically, the restriction of information may occur because time pressure affects the way in which information is initially encoded or attended to before a group enters its decision-making phase, or because group members filter out what they judge to be less important information during group discussion and decision making. We assessed both of these processes within a decision-making experiment where time pressure was manipulated prior to learning information that would be used to perform a task. Recall of information learned prior to group discussion did not differ by time pressure condition, arguing against an encoding process. In contrast, interaction data demonstrated information restriction by group members, arguing for a filtering process. Thought listings collected 1 min into the group discussion in some groups also supported a filtering process, as did questionnaire data. Implications of these findings for the Attentional Focus Model and for effective group decision making are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents information on a study which reported a partial replication of the finding that women face a double-bind with respect to emotional expression. Evaluation of men and women regarding the appropriateness and sincerity of overreactions; Implications of study findings for other types of social judgments.

Natural killer (NK) cells may modulate the development of adaptive immune responses, but until now there has been little evidence to support this hypothesis. We investigated the primary and secondary immunity elicited by various tumor cell lines that express CD70 and interact with CD70 ligand (CD27), which is constitutively expressed on NK cells. CD70 expression enhanced primary tumor rejection in vivo as well as T cell immunity against secondary tumor challenge. Primary rejection of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I?deficient RMA-S.CD70 tumor cells was mediated by NK cells and perforin- and interferon-γ?dependent mechanisms. This NK cell?mediated process also efficiently evoked the subsequent development of tumor-specific cytotoxic and T helper type 1 responses to the parental, MHC class I?sufficient, RMA tumor cells. Thus CD27-CD70 interactions provide a key link between innate NK cell responses and adaptive T cell immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study that examined the perceptions of several Caucasian participants on who are likely to harass. Methods used in the study; Results of the study; Reasons for the importance of the knowledge of the process of judging a person who is likely to sexually harass.

We empirically test Shields' (1987; Geer & Shields, 1996) proposal that women face a double-bind with respect to emotional expression, such that both expressiveness and emotional control in women are negatively evaluated. Participants assessed the appropriateness and the degree of overreaction of behaviors described in a series of scenarios. These scenarios depicted over- and underreactions to happy, sad, and angry scenarios in either interpersonal or achievement contexts by either male or female targets. Women's over- and underreactions to happy and sad events were judged as less appropriate than men's, whereas men's over- and underreactions to angry events were judged as less appropriate than women's. Furthermore, women's overreactions were judged as more of an overreaction, and underreactions judged as more of an underreaction, compared to men's reactions for sad scenarios. Men's overreactions were judged as more of an overreaction, and underreaction judged as more of an underreaction, compared to women's reactions for angry scenarios. This suggests that stereotypes of emotionality may underlie the appropriateness judgments. Implications of the double-bind for both women and men are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study concerning the differential association of emotions with men and women by establishing that gender-emotion stereotypes are context specific. Characteristics of men and women in the personal and achievement context; Implications of the context-dependent nature of gender-emotion stereotypes for men and women.

Presents a study which examined how men who differ in their likelihood to sexually harassment (LSH) are perceived by themselves and others. Examination of Caucasian males; How higher LSH men reported additional traditional attitudes towards women's roles; Statistical information on the finding of ther study.

This study investigated whether interaction style mediates the effect of sex on group task performance. Specifically, we examined whether women's more socio-emotional style facilitated performance on an optimizing task and whether men's more task-oriented style facilitated performance on a maximizing task Women and men worked alone or in same-sex triads. Group interactions were coded according to Bales' Interaction Process Analysis. Analyses produced the predicted sex differentiated interaction styles, such that female groups engaged in more positive socio-emotional behavior and male groups engaged in more active task behavior. Performance analyses were also as predicted. Female groups performed significantly better on the optimizing task, whereas male groups tended to perform better on the maximizing task. However, further analyses revealed that interaction process variables did not appear to mediate the relationship between sex and task performance. The impact of sex differentiated interaction styles on other potential mediators is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we present a new system for analyzing group interaction process. The Time-by-Event-by-Member Pattern Observation (TEMPO) system provides a flexible set of coding categories applicable to a wide range of group task performance settings, and is useful in the study of a wide range of conceptual issues. Of special importance is that TEMPO is designed to permit the investigator to tie group interaction process to indices of group task performance effectiveness, and to individual member contributions to the group's task product, and that the system can be used for groups doing a wide range of types of tasks. We discuss several indices of group process that can be derived from TEMPO, and contrast the system to other systems designed for similar purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the initial and persisting effects of time limits on group creativity. Uses tasks performed by triads; Measures of creativity; Time as a neglected factor in human performance.

Presents evidence from seven different studies reflecting on the capacity/capability hypothesis on performance. Prediction of performance through result of initial trial; Difficulty as a problem of capacity and capability; Variations in task types of studies.

Sexual objectification is an umbrella term for a diverse range of experiences that make someone feel as if they are merely a body that exists for the use and pleasure of others. This special issue presents nine empirical papers examining the connections between sexual objectification and self-relevant variables (e.g., self-concept; self-esteem). These papers provide innovative theoretical and methodological approaches to studying the antecedents and outcomes of sexual objectification. We encourage psychological scientists to build off the research in this special issue, expanding it into cross-cultural and policy contexts, thus providing potential solutions in the journey toward increased inclusion and social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the Basic Manufacturing Orientation for Employment (BMORE), a program for upgrading skills of employees through training. Elements of the BMORE program; How the courses of the program were delivered; Key for replicating a BMORE program.

Transactive memory is a system for encoding, storing, and retrieving information between people, where each person has knowledge of the other’s memory. Through two studies, we assessed whether transactive memory occurs in best friendships (N = 682). Results showed that transactive memory systems (TMSs) do exist in best friendships. Importantly, stronger TMSs are associated with higher friendship quality (satisfaction and commitment), and their strength is related to different friendship characteristics (e.g., trust). A novel method for assessing TMS structure was developed. Mixed-gender friendships were associated with more differentiated structures (different knowledge), and friendships higher in inclusion of other in the self were associated with more integrated structures (similar knowledge). These studies have implications for the quality and operation of friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper presents a qualitative evaluation of a graduate-level internship for Latino and Native American library science students or students who are interested in serving those populations. Methods: The authors analyzed semi-structured interviews with thirteen internship program graduates or participants. Results: The analysis suggests that the program increased participants' interest in health sciences librarianship and led to improved career opportunities, both in health sciences libraries and other libraries with health information programming. It also highlights specific factors that are likely to contribute to the strength of career pipeline programs aiming to bring Latino and Native American students and students who are interested in serving those communities into health librarianship. Conclusions: Exposing graduate-level interns to a broad range of health sciences librarianship tasks, including outreach to Latino and Native American communities and formal mentorship, is likely to maximize interns' interests in both health sciences librarianship and service to these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previously healthy, fully immunized 7-year-old girl presented with a 7-week history of daily fevers and a worsening cough with persistently elevated inflammatory markers. Before admission, she had an unrevealing outpatient workup by infectious disease, rheumatology, pulmonology, and otorhinolaryngology for her fever and other symptoms. Multiple courses of antibiotics had no effect, but brief courses of steroids seemed to modestly alleviate her symptoms. At an outside hospital, a computed tomography neck and chest scan revealed mediastinal lymphadenopathy. She was subsequently transferred to the authors' institution. Her examination was notable for a febrile, tired-appearing girl in respiratory distress with a muffled voice and inspiratory stridor. Her laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis with left shift, microcytic anemia, and hypoalbuminemia, as well as elevated inflammatory markers, ferritin, and fecal calprotectin. Her peripheral smear, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase were all within normal limits. Infectious study results, including blood and urine cultures, cytomegalovirus serologies, and Bartonella serologies were negative. On the second read of her outside computed tomography imaging, her lymphadenopathy was felt to be nonpathologic. Based on a recommendation by rheumatology, an ophthalmologic examination was obtained, which revealed bilateral anterior uveitis; however, rheumatologic laboratory test results returned negative. Her fevers continued, and inflammatory markers remained elevated despite antibiotics. On day 6 of hospitalization, she developed worsening respiratory distress, necessitating intubation and transfer to the ICU. Repeat laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy revealed severe purulent tracheitis; however, throat cultures remained sterile. Her clinical deterioration without identification of an offending organism prompted additional evaluation for a systemic etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored how the relationship between sources of ostracism, whether they are friends or strangers to each other, influences the targeted person's reactions to ostracism. Participants interacted with 2 confederates who indicated that they were friends or strangers with each other. Participants were then ostracized or included by the confederates in Cyberball. The results indicated that being ostracized by 2 people who were strangers to each other made participants feel worse than being ostracized by 2 people who were friends with each other. Additionally, participants felt best being included by 2 people who were strangers to each other. These findings may have occurred as a result of differential expectations for inclusion and exclusion from 2 people who are friends, rather than strangers, to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of research on sexual harassment focuses on achievement contexts where the perpetrator of the harassment is known to the victim. More recent work has begun to explore sexual harassment perpetrated by strangers in public places. The current work sought to bridge the gap between research on sexual harassment in achievement contexts and stranger harassment. In doing so, the current work manipulated factors related to three important distinctions between these topics: the relationship between the perpetrator and victim, the location, and the type of sexually harassing behavior. The current study provides evidence that stranger harassment elicits more negative reactions than harassment from a coworker. Additionally, harasser type interacted with harassment type, with situations involving strangers making physical contact eliciting the most negative reactions. Thus, the current work suggests a need for more research on stranger harassment, as well as on additional factors that may operate differently depending on harasser type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research sought to explore the antecedents and consequences of commitment in the context of friends with benefits relationships (FWBRs). Data collected from an Internet sample of participants (all of whom currently had an FWBR) revealed that these relationships do indeed uniquely combine aspects of both sexual relationships and friendships. In addition, results indicated that satisfaction, investment, and alternatives were predictive of commitment, consistent with the antecedent factors specified by the Investment Model of C. E. Rusbult (1980). Moreover, high commitment was associated with desiring a transition into a more interdependent relationship (i.e., a true romance), as well as reduced condom use during intercourse. These findings have both theoretical and practical relevance to understanding relationship transitions and safer sex practices across many different types of partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Out-of-the-loop' experiences, or situations where people perceive being uninformed of information mutually known by others, pervade people's lives. Two experiments examined the psychological impact of this form of partial ostracism. In Experiment 1, compared to in-the-loop participants, out-of-the-loop participants experienced a variety of deleterious effects (e.g. depleted fundamental needs), even without significant costs for being uninformed. In Experiment 2, out-of-the-loop participants were led to believe that their lack of information resulted from their group members' decisions or chance. Unlike those who experience complete ostracism, participants typically reported negative psychological consequences only when group members were responsible for the exclusion decision. Information exclusion also affected factors related to group dynamics (e.g. liking and trust of group members), which may ultimately harm group functioning. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the social and psychological importance of being in the information loop in group settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes necessary for defence against stressed, microbe-infected, or malignant cells. NK cells kill target cells by either of two major mechanisms that require direct contact between NK cells and target cells. In the first pathway, cytoplasmic granule toxins, predominantly a membrane-disrupting protein known as perforin, and a family of structurally related serine proteases (granzymes) with various substrate specificities, are secreted by exocytosis and together induce apoptosis of the target cell. The granule-exocytosis pathway potently activates cell-death mechanisms that operate through the activation of apoptotic cysteine proteases (caspases), but can also cause cell death in the absence of activated caspases. The second pathway involves the engagement of death receptors (e.g. Fas/CD95) on target cells by their cognate ligands (e.g. FasL) on NK cells, resulting in classical caspase-dependent apoptosis. The comparative role of these pathways in the pathophysiology of many diseases is being dissected by analyses of gene-targeted mice that lack these molecules, and humans who have genetic mutations affecting these pathways. We are also now learning that the effector function of NK cells is controlled by interactions involving specific NK cell receptors and their cognate ligands, either on target cells, or other cells of the immune system. This review will discuss the functional importance of NK cell cytotoxicity and the receptor/ligand interactions that control these processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study examined the relationship between parasocial relationships (PSRs; one-sided relationships with media figures), PSR characteristics, and empathy. We also examined whether people are biased toward those with PSRs, and whether people higher in empathy are less biased. Participants completed a survey that assessed whether they a) had a PSR, b) their satisfaction with, commitment to, and investment in the PSR, c) their degree of parasocial interaction (PSI), d) biases toward people with PSRs, and e) empathy. Results showed that empathy was positively related to self-identifying as having a PSR, commitment to and satisfaction with PSRs, and overall PSI. Results also showed that bias against individuals with PSRs exists, but that individuals higher in empathy are less biased. This research provides new insight into how empathy relates to PSRs and provides evidence of bias toward people with PSRs, as well as a potential way to reduce that bias (empathy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the likelihood to sexually harass (LSH) indicates that men high in likelihood describe themselves as more socially and sexually dominant than low LSH men. Perceivers are able to distinguish men varying in sexual harassment proclivity by merely viewing silent video clips of an interaction between these men and a subordinate female. The present study investigated whether men high and low in the likelihood to sexually harass differ in dominance and sexual interest nonverbal behaviors when interacting with a subordinate female. Male undergraduates varying in the likelihood to sexually harass were surreptitiously videotaped while being interviewed by a subordinate female. Judges reliably coded the participants' nonverbal behaviors. We found that high likelihood to harass participants expressed more dominant nonverbal behaviors, but not more sexual interest nonverbal behaviors, than low LSH participants. Implications of these nonverbal differences for detection of, and coping with, sexual harassment proclivity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The two alcohol dehydrogenases found in Zymomonas mobilis have each been purified using dye-ligand chromatography and affinity elution with nucleotides. 2. The isoenzyme with lower electrophoretic mobility (ZADH-1) is a zinc enzyme with properties essentially similar to preparations described elsewhere. 3. The faster isoenzyme (ZADH-2) accounted for some 90% of the ethanol-oxidizing activity in freshly prepared extracts and corresponded to the iron-activated enzyme previously described. This enzyme was inactivated by zinc; activity could only be retained during purification by including either ferrous ions or cobaltous ions in the buffers. 4. ZADH-2 has relatively low acetaldehyde reductase activity; consequently ZADH-1 is responsible for about half of the physiological activity (acetaldehyde reduction) in Zymomonas cells. 5. Kinetic studies showed that ZADH-2 is activated by ethanol in both reaction directions; a hypothesis for the mechanism of activation is presented. 6. Metal ion analysis of ZADH-2 prepared in the presence of iron or cobalt indicated one atom of the relevant metal per subunit, with no significant zinc content. 7. N-terminal sequence analyses showed that the ZADH-1 has some homology with the Bacillus stearothemophilus enzyme, whereas ZADH-2 resembles the yeast enzyme more closely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]