9 results on '"Karn, Barbara"'
Search Results
2. Nanotechnology and in Situ Remediation: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Risks.
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Karn, Barbara, Kuiken, Todd, and Otto, Martha
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NANOTECHNOLOGY , *SEMICONDUCTORS , *ENVIRONMENTAL remediation , *PHOTONICS , *BIOTECHNOLOGY - Abstract
Objective: Although industrial sectors involving semiconductors; memory and storage technologies; display, optical, and photonic technologies; energy; biotechnology; and health care produce the most products that contain nanomaterials, nanotechnology is also used as an environmental technology to protect the environment through pollution prevention, treatment, and cleanup. In this review, we focus on environmental cleanup and provide a background and overview of current practice; research findings; societal issues; potential environment, health, and safety implications; and future directions for nanoremediation. We do not present an exhaustive review of chemistry/engineering methods of the technology but rather an introduction and summary of the applications of nanotechnology in remediation. We also discuss nanoscale zero-valent iron in detail. Data sources: We searched the Web of Science for research studies and accessed recent publicly available reports from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies and organizations that addressed the applications and implications associated with nanoremediation techniques. We also conducted personal interviews with practitioners about specific site remediations. Data synthesis: We aggregated information from 45 sites, a representative portion of the total projects under way, to show nanomaterials used, types of pollutants addressed, and organizations responsible for each site. Conclusions: Nanoremediation has the potential not only to reduce the overall costs of cleaning up large-scale contaminated sites but also to reduce cleanup time, eliminate the need for treatment and disposal of contaminated soil, and reduce some contaminant concentrations to near zero-all in situ. Proper evaluation of nanoremediation, particularly full-scale ecosystem-wide studies, needs to be conducted to prevent any potential adverse environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
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3. The Road to Green Nanotechnology.
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Karn, Barbara
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GREEN products , *NANOTECHNOLOGY & the environment , *SUSTAINABLE development , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *ENVIRONMENTALISM , *PRODUCT life cycle - Abstract
The article considers sustainability issues involved in using green nanotechnology. The U.S. previously addressed environmental, health and safety (EHS) issues associated with using nanotechnology in 2006. The result was the emergence of the concept of green nanotechnology, which attempts to produce nanomaterials and products that do not harm the environment or human health, as well as to produce nanoproducts that provide solutions to environmental challenges. A key aspect to achieving these goals is ensuring sustainability in all stages of the life cycle.
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- 2008
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4. NANO PARTICLES.
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Karn, Barbara and Matthews, H. Scott
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NANOTECHNOLOGY , *POLLUTION , *NANOPARTICLES , *POLLUTION prevention , *HAZARDOUS substances , *HAZARDOUS wastes , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *NANOTECHNOLOGY & the environment - Abstract
The article discusses how to clean up the possible threats caused by nanotechnology to the environment. The authors mentioned that nanotechnology was slowly incorporated into mainstream products over the years. A lot of manufactured goods today were said to have some kind of nanotechnology in their composition. Still, it was inferred that there may be possible hazardous effect of using the chemicals and related substances of the technology if not treated properly. The authors also reported that the electronics industry launched an initiative called the Green Nanotechnology pioneered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars that recommend practices that limit the manufacturing of products containing harmful nanomaterials.
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- 2007
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5. Nanoscale environmental science and technology: Challenges and opportunities.
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Karn, Barbara and Wei-Xian Zhang
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NANOSCIENCE , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *NANOSTRUCTURES , *NANOTECHNOLOGY , *ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *POLLUTANTS - Abstract
gThe article focuses on the challenges and opportunities in the field of nanoscale environmental science and technology. The technical and popular literature is chock-full of discoveries of novel physical, chemical, and biological properties associated with materials whose dimensions are in the nanoscale domain. Insofar as environmental applications are concerned, nanomaterials offer the promise of novel materials and processes exhibiting enhanced reactivity toward targeted contaminants, better mobility in environmental media, and easier deployment.
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- 2005
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6. Ensuring sustainability with green nanotechnology.
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Wong, Stanislaus and Karn, Barbara
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NANOSTRUCTURED materials industry , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *PRODUCT quality , *NANOTECHNOLOGY , *THERAPEUTIC nanotechnology , *NANOTECHNOLOGY & the environment , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Nanotechnology offers immense promise for developing new technologies that are more sustainable than current technologies. All major industrial sectors have felt nanotechnology's impact, mainly from the incorporation of nanomaterials into their products. For example, nanotechnology has improved the design and performance of products in areas as diverse as electronics, medicine and medical devices, food and agriculture, cosmetics, chemicals, materials, coatings, energy, as well as many others. Moreover, the revenues from nanotechnology-enabled products are not trivial. For instance, Lux Research maintains that commercial sales in both Europe and the USA will attain revenues of over $1 trillion from nano-enabled products by 2015. The manufacturing of the nanomaterials for these products uses many processes equivalent to chemical manufacturing processes. As a result, manufacturing nanomaterials can produce either harmful pollutants or adverse environmental impacts similar to those from chemical manufacturing. Unlike the chemical industry, however, those same processes are not ingrained in the manufacturing of nanomaterials, and the opportunity exists at the initial design stage to purposely account for and mitigate out potentially harmful environmental impacts. While prevention has not been a priority in current industries, it can become a main concern for the new and future industries that manufacture nanomaterials on a bulk commercial scale. This is where green nanotechnology comes in. Green nanotechnology involves deliberate efforts aimed at developing meaningful and reasonable protocols for generating products and their associated production processes in a benign fashion. The goal is a conscious minimization of risks associated with the products of nanoscience. The green products of nanotechnology are those that are used in either direct or indirect environmental applications. Direct environmental applications provide benefits such as monitoring using nano-enabled sensors, remediation of hazardous waste sites with nanomaterials, or treatment of wastewater and drinking water with nanomaterials. Indirect environmental applications include, for example, the saved energy associated with either lighter nanocomposite materials in transport vehicles or reduced waste from smaller products. The production and process aspects of green nanotechnology involve both making nanomaterials in a more environmentally benign fashion and using nanomaterials to make current chemical processes more environmentally acceptable. Examples of producing nanomaterials in a 'greener manner' could involve but are not limited to the use of supercritical CO2, water, or ionic liquids to replace a volatile organic solvent. Either self-assembly or templating might also be used to eliminate waste in manufacturing. Renewables could be utilized as replacements for either nonrenewable and/or toxic starting materials. Microwave techniques might potentially help to conserve energy, as could both facile thermal and hydrothermal processes. Catalytic and photocatalytic reactions could also increase efficiency and decrease the formation of harmful byproducts. In addition, engineered nanomaterials themselves can be used as catalysts in current chemical processes and as separation membranes to aid in the efficiency of these operations. Furthermore, in order to be truly green, these products and processes must be considered within a lifecycle framework. The papers in this special issue are but a small sampling of the myriad of possibilities that green nanotechnology holds. In the nascent nanotechnology industry, green nanotechnology offers the opportunity to get it right in the first place. It is not too late to take Ben Franklin's words to heart, 'an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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7. A framework of criteria for the sustainability assessment of nanoproducts.
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Cinelli, Marco, Coles, Stuart R., Sadik, Omowunmi, Karn, Barbara, and Kirwan, Kerry
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SUSTAINABILITY , *NANOTECHNOLOGY , *SUSTAINABLE development , *STATISTICAL correlation , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis - Abstract
Nanotechnology applications (nanoproducts) have entered the market or are expected to do so in the near future. Robust and science-based criteria are required to appraise and manage their sustainability. This paper describes the approach used to develop a comprehensive and reliable framework of criteria, which was missing until now, for evaluating the sustainability of nanoproducts. A literature review of the frameworks and tools employed to assess nanoproducts sustainability implications was firstly performed to select an initial set of criteria. A survey of experts in the sustainable nanotechnology domain was then conducted to elicit their knowledge in terms of completeness, reliability and validity of the criteria set. Ranking and correlation analyses completed the research by identifying the parameters of major interest as well as the links and dependencies between them. A total of 54 and 65 experts replied to the pilot and main survey, respectively. The reliability and validity of the criteria was assessed with the responses from both questionnaires, whereas the answers from the main survey were used to calculate the relative index of the criteria as well as their correlations. This research resulted in a framework composed of 68 criteria, which are structured into six main areas: (i) economic performance; (ii) environmental impacts, (iii) environmental risk assessment; (iv) human health risk assessment; (v) social implications and (vi) technical performance. This study helps to broaden the understanding on the identification of criteria for sustainability assessments. It also provides those interested in evaluating nanotechnology implications with the basis for real case studies, possibly by integrating available information with the stakeholders using tools that support decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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8. Viable methodologies for the synthesis of high-quality nanostructures.
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Patete, Jonathan M., PengThese authors contributed equally to this work., Xiaohui, Koenigsmann, Christopher, Xu, Yan, Karn, Barbara, and Wong, Stanislaus S.
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NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *IRRADIATION , *ULTRASONICS , *SULFIDES , *FLUORIDES , *METALLIC oxides , *SELENIDES , *PHOSPHATES - Abstract
The development of environmentally benign methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials has become increasingly relevant as chemists look to shape a more sustainable future. In this critical review, we present current work towards developing alternative methods for synthesizing a wide range of high-quality nanomaterials with predictable and controllable size, shape, composition, morphology and crystallinity. In particular, we focus on the inherent advantages of utilizing porous membrane templates, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation, alternative solvent systems, as well as biologically-inspired reagents as reasonably cost-effective, environmentally responsible methods to generate metal, metal oxide, fluoride, sulfide, selenide and phosphate nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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9. Viable methodologies for the synthesis of high-quality nanostructures.
- Author
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Patete, Jonathan M., Peng, Xiaohui, Koenigsmann, Christopher, Xu, Yan, Karn, Barbara, and Wong, Stanislaus S.
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CHEMICAL synthesis , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *CHEMISTS , *SUSTAINABLE development , *CRYSTALLINITY , *METALLIC oxides - Abstract
The development of environmentally benign methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials has become increasingly relevant as chemists look to shape a more sustainable future. In this critical review, we present current work towards developing alternative methods for synthesizing a wide range of high-quality nanomaterials with predictable and controllable size, shape, composition, morphology and crystallinity. In particular, we focus on the inherent advantages of utilizing porous membrane templates, ultrasonic and microwave irradiation, alternative solvent systems, as well as biologically-inspired reagents as reasonably cost-effective, environmentally responsible methods to generate metal, metal oxide, fluoride, sulfide, selenide and phosphate nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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