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A critical point drying (CPD) technique is reported with supercritical CO2 as a cleaning step for graphene field‐effect transistors (GFETs) microfabricated on oxidized Si wafers, which results in an increase of the field‐effect mobility and a decrease of the impurity doping. It is shown that the polymeric residues remaining on graphene after the transfer process and device microfabrication are significantly reduced after the CPD treatment. Moreover, the CPD effectively removes ambient adsorbates such as water therewith reducing the undesirable p‐type doping of the GFETs. It is proposed that CPD of electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic devices based on 2D materials as a promising technique to recover their intrinsic properties after the microfabrication in a cleanroom and after storage at ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A petroglyph showing a hanging scene is incised at DgOv-2 at Writing-on-Stone in southern Alberta. Photographed in 1897 and recorded in 1976 as part of a wider documentation of rock art in the provincial park, the subject of the image remained unknown. Recent research and a better understanding of the Biographic art lexicon suggests this image documents the execution of the Blood (Káínawa) warrior Charcoal (Si'k-okskitsis) following a prolonged manhunt by the North-West Mounted Police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For seven decades, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists has served as a discussion forum for urgent issues at the intersection of science, technology, and society. Born in the aftermath of World War II and a roiling debate over the control of the postwar atom, the Bulletin has been a sounding board for major nuclear-age debates, from atomic espionage to missile defense. Since the end of the Cold War, the magazine has featured an expanding array of challenges, including the threat posed by global climate change. The Bulletin’s contributors have expressed their public citizenship by helping to bring the political aspects of science into proper focus. They have stood up for the political freedom of science, and sought to harness scientific knowledge to responsible ends in the political arena. Such efforts are needed now, as they were in 1945. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Originally described in the late nineteenth century, Image Rock has long been thought destroyed. However, this carved image located in the Table Rock Wilderness area of the Cascade mountain range near Molalla, Oregon, was successfully relocated in order to analyze its content and assess its current condition. As one of only a handful of petroglyphs located in western Oregon, this site adds to our understanding of rock art in the region. Though now in a highly damaged and eroded state, historic records and folklore assist in the reconstruction and interpretation of this rare bas-relief petroglyph located within traditional Northern Molalla lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is part of a special issue entitled "Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50," edited by Erika Lorraine Milam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the views of several certified athletic trainers on professional satisfaction. It was observed that professional satisfaction is attained in a number of ways for athletic trainers. For many it is their participation in volunteer activities and giving back to the profession. The athletic trainers maintain balance in their lives and obtain much of their personal satisfaction from their families. Spirituality was also found to help maintain balance in their lives.

Objective: To determine the time needed to heat hot packs to water temperature (7375 °C) in 4- and 8-pack Hydrocollator® units. Design and Setting: A 2 × 2 factorial design, with heating unit (4- or 8-pack) and number of packs added (1 or 3/7) as independent variables. Dependent variables were hot-pack and Hydrocollator-water temperatures. Measurements: Temperatures were measured with type T thermocouples interfaced with a 16-channel Isothermex™. Hydrocollator temperatures were measured with 2 thermocouples, and hot-pack temperatures, with 6 thermocouples inserted in 6 cells of a hydrated, 10- by 12-in Hydrocollator pack. Temperature was measured every 30 s for 5 min before and 45 min after pack immersion. Results: Packs warmed rapidly from ∼18 to 65-68 °C by 10 rain and to 72.5-75 °C by 20 min. Heating slowed by ∼5% when 7 packs were added to the large unit. Water temperatures decreased ∼2 °C (from ∼75 °C) after 7 packs were immersed and returned to preimmersion temperatures by 20 min. Conclusions: Rewarming is quicker than commonly believed (20-150 min) and might be a function of the number of packs being simultaneously warmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features the dance medicine facility of the Brigham Young University for athletic training and therapy among dancers in the U.S. Description of the hydro equipment for dance facilities; Availability of physician room equipment; Unit prices of the rehabilitation equipment.

This paper examines how various private patrons intervened to support research in gravitational physics from the late 1940s through the early 1960s. Our analysis centers primarily on two wealthy and eccentric businessmen, Roger Babson and Agnew Bahnson, and their efforts to galvanize the study of gravitation. Not only did these patrons provide generous funding at a time when the subject of gravitation received few other institutional sources of support; they also helped to knit together a research community. Moreover, we trace the evolution of their patronage efforts, as scientists and patrons revised their arrangements to address what came to seem weak or ineffective features of the original efforts. These unusual philanthropic efforts played an outsized role in spurring what has been called the renaissance of general relativity during the middle decades of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1945 leaders of the American Institute of Physics conceived a bold experiment: a magazine that would help unify an increasingly balkanized discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the use of writing, specifically writing in reflective journals, as a means to enhance learning in clinical athletic training education. Overview on a reflective journal or learning log; Journal format; Evaluation of athletic training reflective journals.

An effort has been made to evaluate disk drive components at high data rates. Fully functional write-head/media components to 2.6 Gbit/s have been demonstrated in spin-stand testing and magnetic force microscopy characterizations. In addition, the drive front-end electronics examined possess complete functionality up to 4.0 Gbit/s without significant performance degradation, which is consistent with electric modeling results. Furthermore, our experimental data clearly indicate that the pre-amp's performance at high frequency is becoming a limiting factor to achieving an ultrahigh data rate in present write-head/media designs. The magnetic moment on write gap edges for certain recording heads shows signs of becoming insensitive to following the write current switching speed at ultrahigh frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worst case bit error rate performance degradation due to the effect of stray fields from the recording layer on the reading and writing processes has been measured for a perpendicular recording system. The system consists of a single pole writer with a conventional spin-value reader and a double layer recording medium. A new method is developed to distinguish the reading and writing effects separately by adjusting the write current time asymmetry. Both effects have also been measured by using the dipulse extraction method. The data show that the measured writing effect is correlated to the value which one gets from adjusting write current time asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied organic matter in the central Black Sea and its northeastern and northwestern shelf break within three weeks in November 2013 to test the hypothesis that in situ production could explain lateral and vertical variability in its composition and distribution. The wide spatial coverage over a short period of time achieved during this study revealed longitudinal variability in organic matter characteristics reflecting productivity at the Black Sea surface. Particulate organic matter was dominantly autochthonous in the central Black Sea. Allochthonous influence of river discharge was only traced on the northwestern shelf by high concentrations but low freshness of particulate organic matter. Compared to the NW shelf break and central Black Sea, primary production was high near the NE shelf break, likely fueled by input from the Azov Sea. Vertical patterns were similar throughout the deep Black Sea and appeared to also be governed by in situ processes rather than reflect variability in the surface water. As concentrations of organic matter decreased with depth, its elemental and isotopic composition indicated chemoautotrophic production at the oxic-anoxic interface and organic matter degradation in the benthic boundary layer. Though profiles of dissolved organic carbon indicated a minor source in anoxic deep water, likely linked to chemosynthesis and reflux from sediments, a negative deviation of concentrations from a conservative mixing line between two endmembers suggested net removal of labile dissolved organic carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment cores from the central Beibu Gulf and its northern coastal mangroves were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the organo-chlorine pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), to reconstruct the organic pollution history of developing south-west China. Reflecting regional development, in the gulf ∑PAH (38–74 ng g −1 ) decreased towards the surface after peak concentrations near 10 cm, while ∑DDT (ND – 0.5 ng g −1 ) increased due to fresh inputs, and HCB (ND – 0.04 ng g −1 ) occurred only in surface sediments. Profiles in mangrove sediments showed a continuing local scale increase in ∑PAH (29–438 ng g −1 ) as well as ∑DDT (0.2–41.0 ng g −1 ) and HCB (0.01–1.01 ng g −1 ) pollution, despite some variability. No trend was evident for ∑PCB (ND – 0.22 ng g −1 ), which was not detected in the central gulf. Calculated loads estimate that 2816 ng cm −2 PAHs and 7 ng cm −2 DDTs are stored in depositional areas of the Beibu Gulf. Mangrove sediments, threatened by land-use-change, contain 1400–4600 ng cm −2 PAHs and 34–39 ng cm −2 DDTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a public health program used to identify, reduce, and prevent problematic use, abuse, and dependence on alcohol and illicit drugs that has been adapted for implementation in emergency departments and ambulatory clinics nationwide.Methods: This study used a combination of observational, timing, and descriptive analyses from a multisite evaluation to understand the workflow processes implemented in 21 treatment settings. Direct observations of 59 SBIRT practitioners and semi-structured interviews with 170 stakeholders, program administrators, practitioners, and program evaluators provided information about workflow in different medical care settings.Results: The SBIRT workflow processes are presented at three levels: service delivery, information storage, and information sharing. Analyses suggest limited variation in the overall workflow processes across settings, although performance sites tailored the program to fit with existing clinical processes, health information technology, and patient characteristics. Strategies for successful integration include co-locating SBIRT providers in the medical care setting and integrating SBIRT data into electronic health records.Conclusions: Provisions within the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 call for the integration of behavioral health and medical care services. SBIRT is being adapted in different types of medical care settings, and the workflow processes are being adapted to ensure efficient delivery, illustrating the successful integration of behavioral health and medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Estuarine particle fluxes are an integral part of land-ocean-connectivity and influence coastal environmental conditions. In areas with strong anthropogenic impact they may contribute to coastal eutrophication. To investigate the particulate biogeochemistry of a human affected estuary, we sampled suspended, sedimentary and plant particulate matter along the land-ocean continuum from Nanliu River to Lianzhou Bay in southern China. Riverine particle fluxes exceed inputs from land based pond aquaculture. Elemental (C/N) and isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon (δ13C) and total nitrogen (δ15N) showed that suspended and sedimentary organic matter (OM) mainly derive from freshwater and marine phytoplankton, with minor contributions from terrestrial and aquaculture derived particles. Amino acid composition indicates subseasonal variability of production and freshness of phytoplankton OM. Strongest compositional changes of suspended particles are associated with storm-related extreme precipitation events, which introduce soil derived OM. High concentrations of chlorophyll a reflect eutrophic conditions in riverine and coastal waters. Human impact results in high δ15N signals in suspended, sedimentary and plant particulate matter. Using these in a comparison with two little affected sites shows that anthropogenic influence disperses from the Nanliu River to remote estuaries and mangrove areas. Our results suggest that autochthonous production binds anthropogenic nutrients in particles that are transported along the coast. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Models of cosmic inflation posit an early phase of accelerated expansion of the universe, driven by the dynamics of one or more scalar fields in curved spacetime. Though detailed assumptions about fields and couplings vary across models, inflation makes specific, quantitative predictions for several observable quantities, such as the flatness parameter ( ) and the spectral tilt of primordial curvature perturbations ( ), among others—predictions that match the latest observations from the Planck satellite to very good precision. In the light of data from Planck as well as recent theoretical developments in the study of eternal inflation and the multiverse, we address recent criticisms of inflation by Ijjas, Steinhardt, and Loeb. We argue that their conclusions rest on several problematic assumptions, and we conclude that cosmic inflation is on a stronger footing than ever before. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rattlesnake Cave (DgOw-20) is a small rockshelter located within Rocky Coulee just outside the west boundary of Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park in south-central Alberta. Approximately 40 faint pictographs are found inside the shelter, all drawn in black but a few also showing traces of red pigment. Close examination of the pictographs using colour enhancement indicates that the red was used to show blood from wounds to humans and horses as well as bloody tracks marking the travel of these wounded individuals. This is the first report from a Great Plains rock art site of the use of the colour red to show blood on black drawings. Humans, animals and material culture are described, and 9 narrative compositions--primarily involving combat and horse stealing--are proposed to account for the action depicted at DgOw-20. Rock art at DgOw-20 dates to the Post-contact Period and quite certainly is of Blackfoot origin. Rocky Coulee is interpreted as a focal point in the region for the creation of Biographic style rock art, while the nearby site of DgOv-2 is interpreted as the focus of Ceremonial art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bear Gulch and Atherton Canyon rock art sites in central Montana contain images of 1024 shield-bearing warriors and an additional 150 freestanding shields. More than 800 of these shields are decorated with heraldic designs characteristic of the Bear Gulch style, and form the largest corpus of Plains decorated shields. Using the system of basic meaningful units, Bear Gulch style designs can be grouped into five geometric and five representational categories, but a count of individual shields shows that the heraldic system was overwhelmingly based on geometric division of the shield's circular face. The various design categories are described and interpreted and the entire corpus of Bear Gulch style shields is compared with Castle Gardens rock art style shields and shields from Historic period Cheyenne culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Global understanding of land–ocean nutrient fluxes increasingly recognizes the disproportionate importance of small rivers. We studied nutrient fluxes from a small catchment in fast developing southern China to uncover effects of land-use. Water was sampled in the macro-tidal estuary of Nanliu River and adjacent Lianzhou Bay in spring and summer of investigate spatial and temporal variations of dissolved nutrients. High riverine concentrations of nitrate (NO3; up to 220μM) and phosphate (PO4; up to 3.7μM) mainly originated from agricultural fertilizer input. Riverine dissolved silica (Si; up to 47μM) increased in the oligosaline part of the estuary through human disturbance of bottom sediments. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON; up to 194μM) and ammonium (NH4; up to 40μM) concentrations increased within the estuary due to inputs from livestock and mussel beds, respectively. Aquaculture ponds contained high concentrations of NH4 (up to 355μM) and DON (up to 151μM) but are not an important source to the estuary due to rare wastewater discharge and low absolute nutrient amounts relative to river export. Nutrient concentrations in Lianzhou Bay were low because tidal currents disperse land-derived nutrients offshore into the adjacent Beibu Gulf. A high proportion of regenerated nitrogen in the bay suggests that primary production is sustained by rapid in situ nutrient cycling between primary producers and benthic consumers. High nutrient export makes the Nanliu River an important nutrient source for the north-western South China Sea, despite its proportionately small size. Macro-tide induced short-term concentration changes exceed variability on seasonal and sub-seasonal scales. All nutrients vary inter-annually and between seasons, depending on precipitation-driven river runoff. Total nutrient export to Beibu Gulf coastal waters is stronger during the high discharge period in summer and autumn. In recent years changing nitrogen to phosphorus ratios have alleviated phosphorus limitation in Lianzhou Bay, permitting increased primary productivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Though the notion of a scientific textbook has been around for almost three centuries, the category has hardly been stable. The plasticity of the textbook genre may be illustrated by recent variations as well as long-term trends. In this brief essay I examine two idiosyncratic but highly successful physics books, each published in the mid 1970s, whose production, marketing, and adoption reveal some of the slippage between such categories as textbook, scholarly monograph, and popular best seller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses enrollment in colleges and universities in the U.S. and specialization in the sciences as of 2012. The author examines the physics profession in the U.S. since the end of World War II and suggests that quantitative methods can assist in identifying patterns of isolated case studies, and suggests questions and themes that can lead archival research. The article discusses U.S. colleges and universities following World War II with a particular focus upon the transition from amateur natural philosophy to the rise of professional scientists, which the author identifies as the credentialing of the U.S.

Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Cold War looks ever more like a slice of history rather than a contemporary reality. During those same twenty years, scholarship on science, technology, and the state during the Cold War era has expanded dramatically. Building on major studies of physics in the American context--often couched in terms of "big science"--recent work has broached scientific efforts in other domains as well, scrutinizing Cold War scholarship in increasingly international and comparative frameworks. The essays in this Focus section take stock of current thinking about science and the Cold War, revisiting the question of how best to understand tangled (and sometimes surprising) relationships between government patronage and the world of ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal projectile points were the earliest non-native made weapons to enter the Plains and would likely have caused significant changes in Protohistoric period warfare. Despite this there has been little effort to identify and study these artifacts in Plains rock art, even though it is almost our only archaeological record of warfare from this period. Recent research at Bear Gulch and Atherton Canyon, located in central Montana, has identified a number of metal projectile points used by shield bearing warriors. Described and discussed along with about 30 other examples from rock art sites across the region, these points provide significant insight into the introduction and earliest use of metal tools on the Plains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the investigation of structural-functional associations in the brain. Using light microscopy in 1909, Brodmann divided the human and primate brains into dozens of areas based on cell types and distributions, which has since been supplemented by a 3-dimensional coordinate system, an xyz system of millimeter distances. A number of electroencephalograph tomographic (volume) solutions exist, and this article explains the Brodmann montage developed by the author using the spherical harmonic expansion solution by Pascual-Marqui. The author describes his approach to training specific Brodmann areas with electroencephalograhic operant conditioning or feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay on books about philosopher Carl von Clausewitz is presented. The book "Clausewitz's On War, a Biography," by Hew Strachan, suggests Clausewitz's views on warfare were influenced by the Napoleonic Wars. The book "Clausewitz and Contemporary War," by Antulio J. Echevarria II, discusses Clausewitz's views regarding military leadership in war. The book "Clausewitz in the 21st Century," edited by Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, discusses the role of rationality in war.

A list of articles, clinical corner and technical notes featured in volumes 1 to 12 of the journal is presented including "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Neurological basis and treatment alternatives," "Gates, states, rhythms, and resonance: The scientific basis of neurofeedback training," and "Neurofeedback: One instrument in the orchestra."

Abstracts of various papers presented at the 2008 Society for the Advancement of Brain Analysis (SABA) 7th Annual Conference are presented, including those on the effects of psychoneurotherapy on brain electromagnetic tomography in depressed individuals, synchronicities inherent to electroencephalography (EEG), and coherence and comodulation of low and frequencies in frontal lobe.

Abstracts of various papers presented at the 2008 International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR) 16th Annual Conference are presented, including those on neuropsychological effects of left frontal magnetic stimulation in depression, the polyvagal theory of brain functioning, and brain imaging through combined electric, magnetic and chemical gradients.

Circadian effects in human electroencephalography (LEG) have been studied for decades, although less is known about ultradian effects (less than a day). LEG spectral activity was examined across a 12-hour time period for semicircadian and ultradian influences in 130 individuals. Analysis was performed on spectral magnitudes of six narrow-frequency bands from 3 to 15 Hz. A maximum peak of activity in all frequencies was observed around 1 p.m., which is consistent with previous findings. Local maxima (peaks) also occurred every 2 hours or so in parietal activity, which would fit the literature's basic rest-activity cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Misconceptions about coherence and comodulation has hindered their simultaneous use in assessing electroencephalography (EEG). Coherence refers to phase synchrony, whereas comodulation refers to magnitude synchrony. Child and adult EEG data were analyzed for age functions to demonstrate coherence and comodulation differences. Method. Eyes closed resting EEG was analyzed for 101 children and adults between ages of 5 and 35 years (34 female, 67 male; M age= 17.5 years). Spectral analysis focused on site-centered connectivity of 10 frequency bands. Site-centered connectivity refers to averaged coherence or comodulation associated with a site, an estimate of its network traffic. Results. Site-centered coherence and comodulation increased with age for frequencies below 30 Hz in most sites. Age-related changes in anterior connectivity occurred for adults but not for children. The strongest age function was found for alpha comodulation at electrode site T5. Differences in coherence and comodulation results are also reported. Conclusion. Functional connectivity increases steadily with age. Anterior EEG connectivity increased during adulthood but not during childhood. This finding parallels previous research on anterior callosal myelination and suggests that EEG connectivity measures may in part reflect myelination patterns. A model that associates coherence and comodulation with feedforward and feedback activity of the brain is proposed. A Periodicity Table for creating new and potentially relevant psychophysiological coefficients was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the corruption of science brought about by the power struggle in politics as seen in Nazi and Stalinist denunciation of genetics. American physicists in the 1950s, who worked to study about their Soviet counterparts, were among the science workers who used their knowledge in political liberation. The abuse of the power of science for political purposes are visible in historical episodes discussed including Geoffrey Chew's influential nuclear democracy in application of hydrogen-bomb tests and the Korean War in the 1950s.

The article presents abstracts of articles related to electroencephalography (EEG). These include: frontal EEG asymmetry and premenstrual dysphoric symptomatology; sleep microarchitecture in childhood and adolescent depression: temporal coherence; and clinical correlates of quantitative EEG alterations in alcoholic patients.

This article provides a basic description of quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) in the context of neurotherapeutic application. Issues associated with spectral analysis of human EEG are discussed and an example quantitative EEG assessment report is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicists in different branches of the discipline were puzzled by the problem of mass during the 1950s and 1960s: why do objects have mass? Around the same time, yet working independently, specialists in gravitational studies and in particle theory proposed that mass might arise due to objects' interactions with a new (and as yet undetected) field. Although the questions they posed and even the answers they provided shared several similarities - and even though both proposals quickly became 'hot topics' in their respective subfields - virtually no one discussed one proposal in the light of the other for nearly 20 years. Only after massive, unprecedented changes in pedagogical infrastructure rocked the discipline in the early 1970s did a new generation of physicists begin to see possible links between the Brans-Dicke field and the Higgs field. For the new researchers, trained in different ways than most of their predecessors, the two objects of theory were not only similar - some began to proclaim that they were exactly the same. Charting the histories of these two objects of theory illuminates the complicated institutional and pedagogical factors that helped to produce a new subfield, particle cosmology, which today ranks at the very forefront of modern physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents news about clinical neuroscience from other journals and websites. This includes "the effectiveness of neurofeedback and stimulant drugs in treating ADHD, "EEG spectral changes in treatment-naive, actively drinking alcoholics," "Gender differences in stress reactivity among cocaine-depending individuals."

The article investigates neurobiological considerations in high school violence in the U.S. Violent and antisocial behavior is associated with deficits in social information processing. It is necessarily exacerbated by complex social environments. School shootings may be in part a response to the unprecedented social complexity of large schools.

Unlabelled: This study examined whether an EEG biofeedback protocol could improve outcome measures for a mixed substance abusing inpatient population.Method: One hundred twenty-one volunteers undergoing an inpatient substance abuse program were randomly assigned to the EEG biofeedback or control group. EEG biofeedback included training in Beta and SMR to address attentional variables, followed by an alpha-theta protocol. Subjects received a total of 40 to 50 biofeedback sessions. The control group received additional time in treatment equivalent to experimental procedure time. The Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and MMPI, were administered with both tester and subject blind as to group placement to obtain unbiased baseline data. Treatment retention and abstinence rates as well as psychometric and cognitive measures were compared.Results: Experimental subjects remained in treatment significantly longer than the control group (p <0.005). Of the experimental subjects completing the protocol, 77% were abstinent at 12 months, compared to 44% for the controls. Experimental subjects demonstrated significant improvement on the TOVA (p<.005) after an average of 13 beta-SMR sessions. Following alpha-theta training, significant differences were noted on 5 of the 10 MMPI-2 scales at the p<.005 level.Conclusions: This protocol enhanced treatment retention, variables of attention, and abstinence rates one year following treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commentators have often complained about specialization in the history of science. This essay discusses recent intellectual trends within our discipline in the light of significant changes in graduate training: both a relatively recent consensus as to the types of sources that are appropriate to analyze in a dissertation and the tremendous growth in the number of new dissertations completed each year in our field. It suggests that this kind of focus on pedagogical concerns provides useful analytic tools for historians investigating other fields in various times and places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]