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Introduction: Forensic odontology is a branch which deals with proper handling and examination of dental evidence, and the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings. It uses the skills of a dentist in personal identification during mass calamities, sexual assault and child abuse to name a few. The need to estimate the age of living individuals is becoming more frequent because of increasing number of crime rates by and against minors, increase in the number of immigrants without acceptable identification documents and the falsification of data to be prevented from being sentenced to a punishment. Teeth are bestowed with features of hardness and resilience against external factors such as chemicals, putrefaction and fire explosives making them a durable source of age determination. Dental age estimation has proven to be equivalent to the skeletal methods of age estimation. Further dentist's play a significant role in assessing the grievousness of the injuries sustained to the oral cavity. Hence it become a dentist's moral responsibility to act effectively in legal matters of such nature. Here we present a case suspected of sexual assault where age estimation and assessment of grievousness of injuries faced by the victim are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The patency of the pharyngeal airway has a far-reaching impact on craniofacial development. Conversely, the position of the maxillofacial skeletal components in certain disorders may lead to a compromised airway. Therefore, the evaluation of the airway is an essential step in treatment planning. Objectives. The basic aim of this study was to measure the pharyngeal air space volume in the patients with maxillofacial skeletal abnormalities (like Class II, Class III malocclusion, TMJ Ankylosis, Condylar abnormalities and Syndromic cases) and those without any skeletal abnormalities. The objectives were to assess the Linear, Cross-sectional, and Volumetric dimensions of the pharyngeal airway in patients with and without maxillofacial skeletal abnormalities. (Study and Control group) Materials and methods. The Study group included 49 patients with maxillofacial Skeletal abnormalities like Class II and Class III malocclusion, Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis, Condylar abnormalities, Syndromic cases. 49 Control group patients did not present with any skeletal abnormalities. The Linear, Cross-sectional, and Volumetric dimensions of the pharyngeal airway in the Study group and Control group were calculated and compared within the groups. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired t -test, ANOVA test and Tukey's Post Hoc analysis test were for the data analysis of the above study. Outcomes. The Anteroposterior dimension of the airway at the Superiormost level was found to be significantly greater in Class II (p-value-0.039), Class III (p-value-0.002), and Control groups (p-value <0.001) when compared with the TMJ Ankylosis group. The Volume and Cross-sectional area of the airway at the most constricted level of the airway was found to be significantly greater in Class III (p-value <0.001) and Control group (p-value 0.013, 0.003) respectively when compared with the TMJ Ankylosis group. Conclusions. The pharyngeal airway was narrowest anteroposteriorly at all three levels (Superior-most, Most constricted, and Inferior-most levels) in the TMJ Ankylosis group and widest in the Class III group. The least cross-sectional area was found in the TMJ Ankylosis group whereas the greatest was found in the Class III group. The airway volume in the TMJ Ankylosis group and Class II group is significantly lesser than that of the Control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign Cementoblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm of cementoblasts, also known as true cementoma. Cementoblastoma rarely affects the deciduous teeth and its occurrence on the left side is much more uncommon. This case report is of a 13 year-old patient who presented with cementoblastoma associated with a deciduous second molar in the mandible. The objective of this case report is to add one more case of this rare odontogenic tumor to the academic literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocular health is significant as undetected and untreated eye conditions can lead to vision loss and blindness. Usually, dentists, dental assisting staff, and patients undergoing frequent dental corrections are likely affected by eye injuries. Methods: This survey aimed to evaluate eye safety protocols in the dental fraternity. A prevalidated questionnaire was given to practicing graduate and postgraduate dentists to obtain details of the eye safety protocol they adopted. Results: A total of 150 dentists approached; only 125 chose to participate in the survey and answered our questionnaire. Although most dentists used eye protection for themselves, primarily personal eyeglasses and face shields, eye injury was quite common in them. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed that the use of eye safety practices among the respondents could be improved. Clinicians should be aware that they are responsible for providing adequate eye protection for themselves and their assisting staff and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes and obesity are now regarded as global epidemics. Researchers coined the term "diabesity" to describe the relationship between these two diseases as obesity and diabetes rates rise simultaneously. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and numerous types of cancer are all made more likely by obesity. Diabetes and obesity are two examples of complex diseases that are influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors. Due to the lack of knowledge regarding the underlying pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes, additional research is needed before pharmacological and surgical treatments can be used. Therefore, it is essential to use animal models of diabetes and/or obesity to advance our understanding of these conditions as well as to find and create efficient treatments for them. Zebrafish is a desirable model system for studying metabolic diseases due to functional conservation in lipid metabolism, adipose biology, pancreas structure, and glucose homeostasis. Finding new approaches to prevent and treat human diseases like diabetes and obesity is a good fit for it. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using zebrafish as a model to study the pathologies associated with obesity and diabetes. It focuses on studies that have used zebrafish as a model for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hookah smoking has been on raise all over the world, including India, especially among youngsters. There is growing evidence suggesting the high school children experimenting this form of tobacco. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics, behavior, and perceptions related to hookah smoking among the hookah smokers in Mumbai. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 randomly selected young adults between the age group of 15–35 years in Mumbai who visited different dental clinics. The questionnaire was distributed as Google Forms online in the month of November and December 2019 and those who submitted completed responses were included in the study. Results: Only 114 participants returned with the completed forms in the time period of 2 months. The results showed that the majority of participants were between 20 and 24 age, comprising 58% who were having the habit of hookah smoking. Among which 24% females, 76% males had history of hookah habit. Eight percent of males started smoking hookah from very young age. Males (29.89%) shared one hookah pot with four members. Forty percent of the participants stated that they are interested to smoke again because of hookah flavor. Conclusion: Easy availability of newer forms of smoking at online markets could play a role in promoting the use of hookah among youngsters. Most products are being sold without any warnings, and there is no means to control the selling of the products to minors. Educational intervention is urgently needed to create awareness among youth about the harmful effects of hookah smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which has diverse manifestations. Extra-nodal NHL is extremely rare entity. Diagnosis, staging and treatment plan of the patient depends on the clinical findings and radiographic investigations. Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET CT) scan helps in localization of the lesion and also for posttreatment restaging. Here we are presenting a case report of a 21-year-old patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This case report highlights the importance of imaging for localization of the lesion and posttreatment evaluation of the lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The clivus is a part of the sphenoid bone. It may show some anatomical variations such as fossa navicularis magna (FNM), canalis basilaris medianus (CBM) and craniopharyngeal canal (CPC). These variations have been associated with conditions like meningitis and tumors of skull base. Inadequate information about these structures may pose a risk of inaccurate diagnosis resulting in unwarranted interventional procedures. Hence, the knowledge about the prevalence of these variations is important. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of fossa navicularis magna, craniopharyngeal canal and canalis basilaris medianus and its types utilizing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: Retrospectively, a total of 350 CBCT scans were evaluated for the presence of FNM, CBM, its types and CPC. The analysis was done by two observers independently. Cohen's kappa statistics was used to determine the interobserver agreement. Results: FNM was noted in 19.4% cases, CBM in 9.7% cases, whereas CPC was not identified in any case. Type 5 was the most common type of CBM. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between genders and age groups for the prevalence and a highly significant (p < 0.01) substantial agreement between observers for the prevalence of FNM and highly significant (p < 0.01) moderate agreement for the prevalence of CBM and its types was obtained. Conclusion: FNM, CBM, CPC, albeit rare anatomical variations of clivus, knowledge of these structures is important for radiologists, anatomists and surgeons to avoid misdiagnosis and provide awareness to the individual of a higher possibility of meningitis or tumors of the skull base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow in which hematopoietic stem cells fail to differentiate. Overproliferation of these abnormal cells results in suppression of the normal components of the bone marrow. Aleukemic leukemia is a type of leukemia in which abnormal (or leukemic) cells are absent in the peripheral blood. We put forth a unique case of aleukemic leukemia presenting as gingival enlargement, that was diagnosed by immunophenotyping and flow cytometery as acute monoblastic leukemia (AML FAB 5a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]